Math. & Engineering Phys.

Department
Mansoura University
Faculty of Engineering

Engineering Physics
Mechanical Properties of Matter
Ch-2 Mechanical Properties of
Matter

Dr. Mohamed Farhat Othman

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Chapter Outline
Introduction to the Mechanical
Properties of Matter.
Stress and Strain
Elasticity and Plasticity
Brittle and Ductile Materials
Poissons Ratio
Safety Factors
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Questions to Think About

Stress and strain:
strain What are they and why are
they used?
Elastic behavior:
behavior When loads are small, how
much deformation occurs? What materials
deform least?
Plastic behavior:
behavior At what point do dislocations
cause permanent deformation? What materials
are most resistant to permanent deformation?
Brittle and ductility:
ductility What are they and how
do we measure them?
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Stress
Stress is a measure of the internal resistance in
a material to an externally applied load. For
direct compressive or tensile loading the
stress is defined as:

load F
stress =
Cross sectional area A o

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

1- Normal Stress
tensile stress

compressive stress

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

1- Normal Stress
Normal stress ()

F
Ao

The normal stress

F The force in ( N )
Ao The original crosssectional area (m2 )
Units of

N/m2=Pa
lb/in2=Psi
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

The Cross Sectional Area

b
F

Cube
A=Lo2

Rectangular
A=ab

Cylinder:
A=r2
A= (d/2)2 = d2/4
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

2- Shear Stress

= F/ Ao
The force is parallel to
the upper and lower
faces (N).
Ao: The original crosssectional area (m2 )
Units of

N/m2=Pa
lb/in2=Psi
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

1- Normal Strain
L L o L
Normal strain ()

Lo
Lo

Lo
L

is the original length

without load,
is the instantaneous
length.

Strain is
dimensionless
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

2- Shear Strain

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

2- Shear Strain
x
h

x
Shear strain ( ) tan
h
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Elastic Deformation
2. Small load

1. Initial

3. Unload

bonds
stretch
return to
initial

Elastic means reversible.

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Plastic Deformation (Metals)

2. Load
bonds
stretch
& planes
shear

1. Initial

elastic + plastic

3. Unload
planes
still
sheared
plastic

Plastic means permanent.

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Linear Elastic Properties

Hooke's Law:

=E

E
Pa or Psi

Load
Unload

Modulus of Elasticity, E:
(Young's modulus)

F
simple
tension
test

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Hooks Law
The proportionality of stress and strain (under
certain conditions) is called Hooke's law
Normal Stress
Young Modulus (Y)

Normal Strain

Pa or Psi

Shear Stress
Shear Modulus (S)

Shear Strain

Pa or Psi

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Example 2-1 (page 27)

A structure steel rod has a radius R = 9.5 mm and
a length Lo = 81 cm. A force of 6.2 1011 N
stretches it axially and Young modulus
Y =2.0 1011 N/m2.
a) What is the stress in the rod?
b) What is the elongation of the rod under the
load?
c) What is the strain?

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Solution
F
F
6.2 1011 N
8
2

2
.
2

10
N
/
m
A R 2 (9.5 10 3 m) 2

L Lo
L

Lo
Lo Y
L o 2.2 108 N / m 2 0.81 m
L

0.89mm
11
2
2.0 10 N / m
Y

L 0.89 10 3 m

1.1 10 3
Lo
0.81 m
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Example 2-2 (page 28)

A steel rod 2.0 m long has a cross-sectional area of 0.3 cm 2. The
rod is now hung by one end from a support structure, and a 550kg milling machine is hung from the rod's lower end. Determine
the stress, the strain, and the elongation of the rod.
Young modulus=201010 Pa

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Solution
F 550 kg 9.8 m / s 2
8

1.8 10 Pa
4
2
0.3 10 m
A

1.8 10 Pa
4

9
.
0

10
Y 20 1010 Pa
8

L

Lo

L L o 9.0 10

2.0 m 18 10

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Example 2-3 (page 29)

A piece of copper of cross section area 410 -3 m2 and
height of 1.0 m is subjected to shearing force of
40000N. Calculate (a) shear stress
(b) shear strain (c) linear displacement x.
The shear modulus is 4.201010 N/m2

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

The shear stress:

F
40000 N
7

1
.
0

10
Pa
3
2
A 4.0 10 m

The shear strain:

S

1.0 10 7 Pa
4

2
.
38

10
S 4.2 1010 Pa

The linear displacement x:

tan x / h

x h 2.38 10 1.0 m 2.38 10 m

4

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

L
z
L
D
x
D

Poissons Ratio

z
F
D

D
y
D

x z , y z
y
x

z
z
y
transverse
x

axial
z
z

L
x
y

E = 2 S ( 1+

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Example2-4
A tensile stress is to applied along the long axis
of cylindrical brass rod that has a diameter of
10 mm. Determine the magnitude of the load
required to produce a 2.510-3 mm change in
diameter

if

the

deformation

is

elastic

(Y=10.1104 Mpa , = 0.35)

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

solution
d= 10mm, d = 2.510-3 mm ,
= - x / z
x = - z

F=?

d
L

do
Lo
L (2.5 10 3 mm / 10mm)

7.14 * 10 4
Lo
0.35

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

solution
F
But Y
A

A r 2

L
F AY A
Y
Lo

d2
(10 * 10 3 ) 2 7.85 10 5 m 2
4 4

F 7.85 10 5 m 2 (7.14 10 4 ) (10.1 1010 )

5663.82 N
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Example 2-5
A solid cylinder of diameter d carries an axial load
F. Show that its change in diameter is 4F/Yd
where Y is the Youngs modulus of elasticity.

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Solution

y
transverse

axial
x

y = - x

The cylinder is under compression

therefore, x is negative

y x

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Solution

y
transverse

axial
x

x
x ,
Y
y x

F
x
,
Ao

y x
F
x
,
2
Y d / 4

d
F

d
Y d 2 / 4

4F
d
Yd

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Stress-Strain Curve
Proportional Limit

Necking Point

Yield Point

Fracture
point
Elastic
Behavior

Plastic
Behavior

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Yield Strength, y
The yield strength
y, can be determined
using the 0.002 strain
offset method (where
there is noticeable
plastic deformation).

0.002
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Tensile Strength (TS)

Tensile Strength
(TS): or Ultimate
stress
is
the
maximum
stress
corresponding
to
the maximum point
on the stress-strain
curve.

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Example 2-6
From the tensile stress-strain behavior for the
brass specimen show in the Fig. determine
the following:
a) The modulus of elasticity.
b) The yield strength at a strain offset of 0.002.
c) The maximum load that can be sustained by a
cylindrical specimen having an original
diameter of 12.8mm.
d) The change in length of a specimen originally
254 long which is subjected to a tensile stress
of 345 MPa.
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Example 2-6

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Example 2-6
a) The modulus of elasticity.

E = slope=
20000 psi 0

0.0014
14.3 106 psi

0.0014

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Example 2-6
b)The yield
strength at a
strain offset of
0.002.

250 MPa

y=36000 psi
or 250 Mpa
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Example 2-6
The maximum load that can be sustained by a cylindrical
specimen having an original diameter of 12.8mm.

Ts = 65000 psi
450 Mpa

or

450 MPa

65 000 psi

Fmax
Ts
Ao
Fmax Ts A o
5.77 10 N
4

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Lo=254 mm
L=? for
=345 Mpa

345 MPa

At stress 345 MPa

0.06

0.06
Lo

0.06

L 0.06 L o 15.2 mm
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Brittle and ductile Materials

A material that suffers
very
little
plastic
deformation is brittle.

Ductility is a measure
of the plastic deformation
that has been sustained
at fracture:

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Ductility, %EL

Ductility may be expressed by

1- percent elongation
(% plastic strain at fracture)

% EL

l f lo
lo

Lo

Ao

Af

Lf

x100

Engineering
tensile
stress,

smaller %EL
(brittle if %EL<5%)
larger %EL
(ductile if
%EL>5%)
Engineering tensile strain,
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Lo

Ao

Af

Lf

2- Percent Reduction in Area: The reduction in cross-sectional area of

a tensile specimen at fracture=

Initial cross sectional area - Final cross sectional area

100%
Initial cross sectional area

Af - Ao
%EL
100%
Ao
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Factor of Safety
W

y
FS

F.S. is the safety factor

is the yielding stress,

is the working stress.

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

When a rubber strip with cross section of 3mm1.5 mm is suspended

vertically and various masses are attached to it, a student obtains the
following data for length versus load:
Load gm

100

200

300

400

500

Length cm

5.0

5.6

6.2

6.9

7.8

10.0

Lo= 5cm , A= 31.5=4.510-6 m2

Load kg
Length m
Stress M pa
Strain

F
A

0
0.05
0
0

mg
A

0.1
0.056
0.2177
0.12

L
Lo

0.2
0.062
0.435
0.24

Li Lo
Lo
0.3
0.069
0.6533
0.38

0.4
0.078
0.8711
0.56

0.5
0.10
1.088
1

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

0.2177 Mpa 0

1.814Mpa

0.12 0

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

mg (0.450)(9.8)

0.98Mpa
A
4.5*106
From graph: at 0.98Mpa

If the load applied is 450 gm

find the length of the strip.

0.77
0.77 L / L o
L 3.857 cm
L 5 cm 3.857 cm = 8.857 cm
Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3

Thanks for your attention

Engineering Physics Course: Lecture 3