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76- 25,422

KADLETZ, Edward, 1947ANIMAL SACRIFICE IN GREEK. AND ROMAN RELIGION.

University of Washington, Ph.D., 1976
Literature, classical

Xerox University Microfilms, AnnArbor. Michigan48ioe

Copyright by

Edward Kadletz

1976

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Animal Sacrifice in Greek and Roman Religion

by

Edward Kadletz

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy

University of Washington

19?6

Approved by

________ ____
(Chairperson of Supervisory Committee)

Program Authorized
to Offer Degree______

Department

Date__________________

of

Classics___________________

May 10, 1976 _______________________

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UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
November 20, 1975

W e have carefully read the dissertation entitled "Animal Sacrifice in Greek and
Roman Religion"___________________________________________________________
------------------------------------------------------------------ submitted by
;
______________ gg d .Kadletz_______________________ in partial fulfillment of
the requirements of the degree of__________ Ph.D._________________________________
and recommend its acceptance. In support of this recommendation we present the following
joint statement of evaluation to be filed with the dissertation.

The purpose of this dissertation is to collect and examine the

ancient evidence on animal sacrifice among the Greeks and Romans in
order to determine whether specific animals were sacrificed to specific
deities and what significance, if any, was attached to the sex and color
of the victims.
The writer has grouped the testimonia under the names of
thirteen major deities from Greece and their thirteen counterparts from
Rome.
No such collection has ever been made, and the chief contribution
of the dissertation is the collection itself.
The writer discusses the validity of the various, and often contra
dictory, m o d e m theories which are based almost entirely upon generaliza
tions of a few ancient authors. He concludes that the ancients did follow
certain rules in selecting victims for their sacrifices but that those
rules often were based upon more subtle distinctions than the sex or abode
of the deities.

DISSERTATION READING COMMITTEE:

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Doctoral Dissertation

In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the Doctoral degree at the University of
Washington, I agree that the Library shall make its copies
freely available for inspection.

I further agree that exten

sive copying of this dissertation is allowable only for

scholarly purposes.

Requests for copying or reproduction of

this dissertation may be referred to University Microfilms,

300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 4*8106, to whom the

author has granted "the right to reproduce and sell (a) copies
of the manuscript in microform and/or (b) printed copies of the
manuscript made from microform."

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION..........................................
I. TESTIMONIA ONGREEK DEITIES...................
Introduction toTestiraonia..................
Aphrodite......... ...........................
Apollo....................................
Ares.............................,............
Artemis.......................................
Athena
............
Demeter.........................
Dionysus
.........................
Hera...........................
Heracles...........................
Hermes.............................
Persephone
.........................
Poseidon.........................
Zeus.............................
II.TESTIMONIA ON ROMAN DEITIES........................
Apollo. ............
..............
Ceres....................................
Diana..................................
Hercules...............................
Juno
.........................
Jupiter............................
Liher.........................
*
Mars.......
Mercury. ...............................
Minerva
............ ...............
Neptune
... ........... ..............
Proserpina................................
Venus............................
III.TABULARIZEB DATA AND COMMENTARY.....................
BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................
INDICES.... ........ .............................
VITA........................................... .

PAGE
1
7
7
10
26
77
81
96

205

20

256

26

26
268

27

27^
316
32^
338

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I would like to express my gratitude to Professors

Daniel Harmon and Colin Edmonson for their guidance and
diligence.

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INTRODUCTION

Any study of ancient cult must take into account the central
act of most religious rituals, the sacrifice.

The ways in which

the Greeks and Romans sacrificed, and the types of victims they
chose, can tell us much about their beliefs.

In some sacrifices

the offering was fruit or grain, but most rituals, especially the
official rites of the state religion, demanded the sacrifice of
some animal.

Why certain types of animals were chos.en for par

ticular deities is a question which has interested scholars for

centuries.

Unfortunately, no lastingly acceptable theory has

yet been advanced.

No general rule for the species of animal

has ever been discovered, beyond a few basic observations

(e.g., it was the normal practice to sacrifice eatable animals.)
Regarding the sex and color of sacrificial victims, however, there
there has been a long history of theories and arguments.
Amobius, an inhabitant of Proconsular Numidia, wrote (ca.
A.D. 300 ) an anti-pagan work entitled Adversus Nationes. His
book is an attack on Roman paganism, but he frequently refers to
Greek cult as well.

His statements about the sex and color of

sacrificial victims are (Adv. Nat. 7.19).:

nam dis feminis feminas, mares maribus hostias immolare
abstrusa et interior ratio est vulgique a cognitione
dimota...,Sed si sexibus sexus pares, id est feminas
feminis, mares autem hostias dis maribus immolari
sacrificiorum iura praescribunt: quae in coloribus
ratio est, ut merito his albas, illis atras conveniat
nigerrimasque mactari? Quia superis diis ... color
laetus acceptus est ac felix hilaritate candoris, at
vero diis laevis sedesque habitantibus inferas color
furvus est gratior et tristibus suffectus e fucis.
There are no important textual problems in this passage, and

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Amobius' meaning is quite clear.

He is ridiculing the pagan

rules of sacrifice, which state that male deities receive male

victims, female deities female victims, heavenly deities lightcolored victims, and infernal deities "black victims.

A very basic

problem stands in the way of a proper interpretation of this

evidence.

Amobius nov/here states whether his rules apply to

Greek cult, Roman cult, or both.

Thus Marquardt (Staatsverw.

171) can quote Amobius as evidence for Roman cult, while

Stengel (Opferbr. 191) quotes the same evidence for his
theories about Greek cult.

Without some corroborating evidence

it is impossible to interpret Amobius' statements properly.

The quotation from Amobius is the only general statement
on the sex of sacrificial victims which has come to us from
antiquity.

There are, however, two other sources which mention

rules concerning the victims' color.

Eusebius, bishop of

Caesarea, wrote (ca. A.D. 312) a-Praeparatio Evangelica. This

work contains a purported oracle of Apollo which reads in part
(Praep. Ev. 4.9.2):
<f a t f g l i .

ju v

o u g * U L & t.s /

'

Again, there are no textual problems, but a problem does stand

in the way of a clear interpretation: the oracle is unknown ex
cept for this mention in Eusebius, and it cannot be determined
whether the oracle refers to a general practice or to the prac
tice of some particular cult.

Finally there is a scholium on

Homer's Iliad 23*3 which reads:

W

-C flc i

ZL

The oldest manuscript containing this scholium dates to A.D.

1059 (Gudeman, RE 2A, 1 (1921), s.v. "Scholien," col. 6 3 0 ).

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The very late date diminishes greatly any value the scholium
might have had.

These three quotations are the only general

statements from antiquity concerning the existence of any

general rules regarding the sex and color of sacrificial vic
tims.,

It should be obvious that the modem theories which are

based solely upon this evidence must be subject to serious doubts.

J. Marquardt, in his book Romische Staatsverwaltung, is the
first modem author (1885) to discuss these general rules.

He

gives only two references as supportive evidence for his theory:

Am . Adv. Nat. 7*19 (quoted above) and Cicero, Leg. 2.12.19.

The

testimony of Cicero reads:

lam illud ex institutis pontificum et haruspicum non
mutandum est, quibus hostiis immolandum quoique deo,
cui maioribus, cui lactentibus, cui maribus, cui feminis.
This statement of Cicero adds nothing to Amobius' argument, for
Cicero never tells us what the rules were.

Marquardt adds no ex

amples of sacrifice from the ancient sources.

It is impossible,

on the evidence which he has presented, to accept Marquardt*s

conclusion that Amobius was correct.
In the following year Paul Stengel wrote an article on the
sex and color of sacrificial victims in ancient Greece (Jahr. f.
Phil. (1886), p. 321ff.).

This article has become the standard

reference for these questions of sacrificial ritual.

Stengel

denies that the rules regarding sex and color were universal.
In his view, if the rules were always in effect, they would have
been self-obvious and would never have had to be mentioned.
Stengel does think that the rules were generally followed, and
he gives some examples which show the efficacy of the rules as
well as the occasional exceptions.

He does not, however, give

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any systematic presentation of the evidence0 Nor does Stengel

tell us why exceptions existed or how extensive they were.
Other modem authors who discuss the sex and color of
sacrificial victims use the same methodology as Stengel.

They

quote various ancient sources in a seemingly haphazard way to

corroborate theories which are based on an acceptance or rejec
tion of Amobius' rules rather than on an objective examination
of the evidence itself.

Sbhoemann-Lipsius (Griechische

Alterthumer (1897-1902), p. 2^2 ) assert that the rules governing

the animal's sex applied only to Zeus, Hera, and Athena in Greece.
Wissowa (RK, p. ^13) says that at Rome rules of both sex and color
were observed.

Latte (RE 91 (191^), s.v. "Immolatio," col. 1120)

argues that both rules were in effect at Rome.

In 1920 Stengel

repeated his earlier conclusion that the large number of excep

tions does not allow us to speak of rules, but rather of the pre
ferences of male deities for male victims, etc. (Kultusalter.,
p. 151-152).

In 1931, Krause stated ( 1 5 (1931). s.v. "Hostia,"

col. 2 W ~ 2^6 and 268 -271 ) that, while the rules for color were
generally observed at Rome, the number of exceptions to the rule
of sex was so large that the Romans could not have observed any
such rule.

In 1939, Ziehen.(MS 18,1 (1939) s.v. "Opfer," col.

59 ^) stated that the rules existed, but that the exceptions were

numerous.

Finally, in

';0, Latte (RR, p. 381) completely denied

the efficacy of these ruj ,s:

Die Regel, dass man m&nnlichen Gbttem m&nnliche und
weiblichen weibliche Tiere darbringen muss, gilt
keineswegs ausnahmlos. Die ebenda vorgetragene Lehre,
dass den himmlischen weisse und den unterirdischen
schwarze Tiere dargebracht werden mtissen. ist
unzutreffend.

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5
This thesis will present a detailed examination of the Greek and
Roman sources which indicate the sacrifice of a particular animal
to an identifiable deity.

Only by setting theories aside and

objectively examining the evidence of the ancients themselves can

we arrive at any clear understanding of the actual practices of
antiquity.
It has been necessary to impose certain restrictions upon
the scope of the evidence which I have considered in order to
keep this study to a workable size.

Evidence will be presented

for thirteen deities from Greece,together with the thirteen

deities identified with them by the Romans.
are;

These divinities

Aphrodite/Venus, Apollo, Ares/Mars, Artemis/Diana,

Athena/Minerva, Demeter/Geres, Dionysus/Liber, Hera/Juno,

Heracles/Hercules, Hermes/Mercury, Persephone/Proserpina,
Poseidon/ileptune, and Zeus/Jupiter.

This list does not include

foreign deities, such as Sendis and Mithras, who never attained

any universal following and who were never accepted as members
of the Greek and Roman pantheon.

Nor shall I deal with entities

such as Robigus or the Lares, who were worshiped only by the

Romans.

The list does contain all the major deities who re

ceived animal sacrifice in public cults in Greece and Rome.

In

cluded in this study are seven male and six female, ten Olympian
and three chthonic deities.
I shall consider evidence from the entire Greek world.

From

Italy, however, only evidence from periods after the attainment

of hegemony by Rome will be considered.

The inclusion of evi

dence from times prior to the achievement of Roman predominance

would lead to the study of cultures outside the mainstream of

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Classical antiquity.

I have made every effort to include all

the pertinent evidence from literary, epigraphical, and artistic

sources.

In addition to an examination of the standard handbooks

on ancient religion (e.g., Nilsson, Geschichte der griechischen

Religion; Latte, Romische Religions-geschichte), I have used
glossaries to authors, where they exist, or have read those
authors who were at all likely to mention sacrifices.

For in-

scriptional evidence, I have examined in detail those collections

which deal with cult (e.g., Prott-Ziehen, Leges Greacorum Sacrae;
Sokolowski, Lois Sacrees des Cites grecques), and have consulted
the indices to other major collections.

Representations of

sacrifice in art have been the most difficult to collect.

have examined some major collections of ancient art, especially

those collections dealing with religious ritual in art (e.g.,
Rumpf, Die Religion der Griechen; Ryberg, Rites of the State
Religion in Roman Art), but have found a disappointingly small
number of examples which represent a specific deity and a recog
nizable victim.

A complete list of the works consulted will be

found on p.316-323

I have been very careful in my search for

the ancient evidence, and I hope to show that, although some

instances have doubtless escaped my notice, the evidence which I
have collected is extensive enough to be valid.

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Chapter I
TESTIMONIA ON GREEK DEITIES

Introduction to testimonia. ..... ............

Aphrodite.........

...................... 10
26

Apollo..................
Ares

.... . . . . . . . . .t .......

77

....

81

Artemis

Athena................ ... i
Demeter.

132

Dionysus......
.... -........

l2^2

..... ....................

1^9

Hera.........
Heracles
Plermes

96
*122

.........

........................................ 159

Persephone........
Poseidon

.163

......

Zeus. . . o. . . . . . . . .

17

....

.185

***
Introduction to the Testimonia;
I have listed the deities in alphabetical order according
to the most common spelling of their names in English.

Under

each deity the evidence is arranged alphabetically according to

the type of victim sacrificed.

The names of the animals are

given in English, with the following exceptions.

I have used

the Latin term boves to signify any animal from the bovine genus;
English does not contain a suitable word which refers to both
bulls and cows.

I have also used the Latin term suovetaurilia

to refer to the Roman sacrifice of a pig, a sheep, and a bull to

Mars.

For the Greek sacrifice of three victims I have used the

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Greek word C^l-c-CclA*

The Greek sacrifice demands a different

name because it, unlike the Roman suovetaurilia, v/as not offered
to one deity alone, and because it seems sometimes to have been
made up of different animals.

The suovetaurilia refers only to

the sacrifice of three specific victims (pig, sheep, and bull).

The alphabetic list of victims is as follows:
Ass
Bear
Bird:
capon, cock, dove, goose, jay, partridge, thrush,
any bird.
Boves
Deer
Dog
Fish
Goat
Hare
Horse
Sheep
Suovetaurilia
Sv/ine
Trittoia
Wolf
Any Victim
Under each victim the evidence is presented in a rough
chronological order, with the inscriptions coming first.

I have

separated the inscriptions from the literary evidence because

inscriptions generally provide a more accurate and reliable form
of evidence.

With this more reliable information presented first,

it is possible to examine the literary evidence critically.

I have attempted to give all pertinent data with each piece
of evidence to aid the reader in his evaluation of that evidence.
For inscriptions I have given the catalogue number from the
major collection in which the inscription first appeared, e.g.,
IG VII 351 followed by a description of the inscription as a
decrees a sacred calendar, or a dedication.

I have also given

the area and time from which the inscription comes.

If there is

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any major disagreement among the editors of the collections con

cerning an inscriptions date or provenance, reference to the
various theories will be found in the notes.
For literary citations I have given the place of residence
and dates for the author in the upper set of parentheses.

In the

lov/er set I have given the dramatic place and time for the events
described in the citation.

The assignment of a dramatic time to

many of the quotations has been very difficult.

Often the only

date which can be given to an incident is "before the author's

death."

Thus an incident in a poem by Callimachus might be dated

"before 2^0 B.C."

Many citations have to be given a dramatic

date of "mythical period."

This date can have widely differing

meanings, e.g., the time of the Argonautic expedition or the

reign of Tarquinius Superbus.

These dates are not, however,.

critical for this study, and they are given only as an aid to the
reader's interpretation of the evidence.
For artistic representations I have given the date and place
of manufacture, when known, the present site of the work, and
references to any books or articles which contain pictures or
descriptions of the work.
Indices of authors, inscriptions, and artistic representa
tions will be found on p. 32 ^.

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Aphrodite

The animals sacrificed to Aphrodite in Greece were:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
0.
7.

Birds: cock, dove, goose, partridge, thrush, any bird.

Boves
Goats
Hare
Sheep
Swine
Any Victim.
The animals forbidden in sacrifices to Aphrodite in Greece

were:
1.

Swine
Birds
Cock:

1.

Ziechen, LGS II 1 3 8 ; Decree.

(Cosj 3rd c. B.C.)

Guetw6]
[IJefpeJu; to u AttoXXojvo; ev to u (a[t}vI to u Ila v a ]t S i] eoSopiai a lya t i JA 9poS'T[at a -o Spa]X fiav elxoct x a i t i svo.Tca to u afuTou pu;vo;]

a ly a arro to u laoo x a i xa?.aiSia Tferrap a] '

Staypa90VT6) S i to i v a ~ o ia i tc o [i a el x p i]apiivcoi Tav iepcoouvav ev tcoi p j v f i

]-

tot x a i vXKy.c Spayjiac eixocu mote 6ue[v Tat 5A ]9poSirai aly a ' Gusto Se x a i o iepeu; to [u A tt 6?>]-

10

Xcovo; Toil etxaSt a lya a~o Spa^jiav ei[xogi] '

Guovtid Se x a i Toi pspuaOMpiEvoi t o ; is p o [; x a ]t o ; x a i t o (3a).aveiov exaGTo; auTCov ept9[ov]
[ajrco Spv.yjj.xv Ssxa~evTe[---------------------. a ; ev axpoTToXei a.

15

01 .

y [ --------------

[Gu]tco opiofco; A I A I ----------o . Aitov yepf------

Line
reads

The inscription actually

Paton (Paton-Hicks, Inser. of

Cos. 369 ), followed by Dittenberger (Syll. 2 621),

conjectured 4 ia \ i-Tu>L and understood it to mean

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11
Ziehen (LGS II 1 3 8 ) argues convincingly

young pigs.

against this interpretation, saying that the diminutive

of

is elsewhere unattested, that the word is

Homeric and unsuitable for a sacred decree, and that no

price is given for this victim as it is for the others
in the document.

He makes no conjecture for the read

ing, hut Sokolov/ski (LSC 1 7 2 ) makes the restoration

\ ^
shown here,
ul , which must he correct.
It re
quires only a slight change in the inscription; poultry
is more in keeping with the small scale of this sacri
fice, and the omission of cost for victims as small as
chickens is more understandable than it would be for
swine.

This inscription from Halasama on Cos, contains the only

extant reference to the sacrifice of a cock to Aphrodite.

Dove:
2.' IG II2 659; Decree

(Athens; ca. 287-6 B.C.)

Em lepsEa; 'Hy7)<n7ruX7];.
b? Eu0Eou dpjrovTo;, hd
AlavrESo;ScoSsxkttjcrputavEiac. Nauci(xev7);
5

NauaixuSou XoXapyEu;

oav EXxXrjaEav 7ipooayayetv tov

[o]Exelov t t] ; tEpsEa; xa i XpvjpiaTEcrai
vtEpl to jtcov, yvc&pjv Se ;uv6dXXs[o]0at t t j ; pouX% eE; t&v St^ijlov 620

eypafipiafeusv, Sxipocpopiwvo; vvji xai veai KaXXEa; A [u ]-

7) vTop.7r; t?(l AcppoSErrji te l navSr,-

CTipayou ''EppiEto; eotev 8jt[co]10

; av ol aaTuvijjioi ol txel X a v /[d ]vovte; empiXsiav xo iam -afi]

tou lepou t t); AfppoSE-n;; t r$
IIkvS^hou x a ra Ta Trarpia, -nSX7]l ayaOEt,

SaSoyBai t t (l

|3ou-

Xtjl, to u ; 7tpoSpou; ol av Xdxw-

[ t ] l SoXEL T7)L pouX^L tou; dcruvo(j.ou; to u ; asl Xa^ovTa;, oTav

(iot, rapacxEud^Etv si; xd0apoi[v]

25

TOU Ispou TOpiOTEpZV, Xai TEpiaXE[t]tou ; Pwjxou; x a i riT T & a a i T a;

[S tipa ;] x a i Xouaai Ta

eSrj xapacxE u-

[acrai 81 x a ]l Troppupav 6Xxt}v H ------ - Ta E7t l t - -

15 (TtV 7TpOE&pEUSlV eE; TY)V E7TLOU-

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12
Lines 23-2^. e U
U 3 U^cC rfe ^ C t^ /s /
. Note
that this is not a sacrifice to Aphrodite, but a purifica
tory sacrifice for her temple. This is the only extant
reference to a dove as a victim for purification; the only
other reference to dove sacrifice in Greece is the mention
by Diogenianus in the preface to his Synagoge (Leutsch 1,
p. 180) of the Cypriot custom of sacrificing doves to
Adonis, Aphrodite's frequent cult partner.
This inscription concerns the temple of Aphrodite Pandemos
at Athens (lines 11-12). This epithet was also applied to Zeus
at Athens and at Synnada in Phrygia, but it was most'frequently
and commonly applied to Aphrodite (Eisele, in Roscher 3.1
(1897-1902), s.v. "Pandemos," col. 1505-1515)
Goose
3. Ionnes Lydus, De Mens.

o liz ji

Ji pl'J

(Constantinople; ca. A.D.

^90-560)
(Greece? before A.D. 560 )
'^ \ u s

ir e g S u M ;

Jt y

This quotation contains the only known reference to both

geese and partridges as victims to Aphrodite in Greece, ,
The reasons which Lydus gives for the sacrifice of these
victims are fanciful, but this is a very common habit.of late
writers on cult. The only other mention of the goose as a
sacrificial victim in Greece is in Pausanias (10,32.16), where
Isis receives geese among other victims at Tithorea in Phocis.
Partridge;
(3 ) loannes Lydus, De Mens. 4.6^. (Constantinople ca. A.D. ^90-560)
(Greece; before A.D. 500
)
See above.
This is the only extant reference to a partridge-sacrifice
in Greece.

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13-

4.

Plato Comicus. Phaon; non-choral.

(Athens; Phaon produced

ca. 391 B.C.
(Lesbos; ca. 600 B.C.)

Line 1.

. This epithet, child-nurturing,' was

More commonly applied to other goddesses, but also
belonged to Aphrodite (Famell, Cults 2.704*).

The

context of this passage in the play makes it per

fectly clear that Aphrodite is the goddess refer
red tc (Kock, CAP 1.64-9).

This fragment (Koek, CAP 1.6^8-6iP9) is found in the

Deipnosophists of Athenaeus (10.441 f.). The subject of the play
from which it comes is the love affair of Sappho and Phaon, and
thus the dramatic time and place are fixed.

Any Bird
5.

Ziehen, LGS, II 119; Decree.

(C.os; 2nd c. B.C.)

Q ro ;. T 'j/a ayxGa.
6 V.Z Gs)//j 0U7)V E-l TOj |3lOU.[c7:>]
txc *A ??oSha; ca ; I I s-.| Oo:/ | x a i t u 'Epp.?. G-jstco

....
| [pyjtov [ o -.-i y.z Os)//, xai
epasv y.al Ovj/.u r:>.[a]y y_o![pul
x a i opviOx 0TTi[va y.z 01)//,]

[TrXay---

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Lines 3-4

The cults of

Aphrodite and Hermes were related at several sites

(Parnell, Cults 2.653).
This inscription, from Mytilene, is concerned with the cults
of Hermes and Aphrodite Peitho.

Peitho was a separate deity who

was closely associated with Aphrodite and often lost her in

dividuality to become merely an epithet of the more important
goddess (Voight, RE XIX, 1 (1937)* s.v. "Peitho," col. 19^-217).
In this cult all birds were acceptable victims.
Boves
6 . Sokolowski, LSS 110; Decree.

Line 1.

(Tmmnos; after 200 B.C.)

s. Enough remains of the name to make the

restoration and identification certain.

4.

poOv

. No mention of the victim's color or sex-

is made.

7.

Aelian, De Nat. Anim.10.50 (Rome; ca. A.D. 170-235).

(Ervx. Sicily; before A.D. 235)
Ot-\<^ L TixJ
..

fUL

U<~)

tvo
Pyji b U U

The adjective shows that this victim

was a cow.

There is no mention of color,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

8.

Theocritus 2 7 .6 ^.

(Alexandria; ca. 300-ca. 260

.B.C.)
(Southern Italy?, before
260 B.C.)

rtO-CcA j3 ,.W

j A w , No sex or color is mentioned for this victim.

This line is from a shepherds song; no dramatic time or

place is indicated.
9o Lucian, Dial. Court. 7.1.
(J\ r*>

(Athens; ca. A.D. 120-190)

(Athens; before A.D. 190)

T /

p .-/ t '2

ovUVt<i

J6

< /
ekpilL

a-/ tfyrTciS

Line 2 . -|

A"

/W ^ y V

This epithet, heavenly, was an ex

tremely common name of Aphrodite (Famell, Cults

2 .6 2 9 -6 3 1 ).

j iv K'jrfoLi

There was a famous statue and

temple of Aphrodite

at Athens (Paus.

1.19.22. Judeich 3 7*0.

This word fixes the sex of the victims, a
heifer.

No color is mentioned.

References within the dialogue clearly fix the dxamatic site

as Athens; the dramatic date is uncertain.

1 0 , Anth. Pal. 6 .3I8 .

. (Byzantium; ca. A.D. 980 )

(Greece; before A.D. 980 )

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

Line. 1

The adjective Kypriscan refer

to no divinity but Aphrodite.
see above, p.1 3 .

For Kourotrophos see

This word fixes the sex of

the victim, a heifer.

Ho color mentioned.

No dramatic time or place can be assigned to this epigram.

The date given above is for the compilation of the anthology and
says nothing of when the poem was actually written.

Goats
(1)

Ziehen, IGS II 1 3 8 ; Decree.

(Cos; 3rd c. B.C.)

See above p. 1 0 .

Line. 2.

-oZ

Enough remains of the

goddess' name to make the identification positive.

See above p. 1 .
9 .

jZ

/ifygoT/cn.

-i

Again enough remains of

the deitys name to make identification certain.

Enough remains of this word to make the
restoration of the ending and the interpretation
of the word itself clear.

This inscription, from Halasama on Cos, contains four

references (lines 2 ,^,9 ,1 0 ) to the sacrifice of goats to

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

17
Aphrodite, and one reference (line 12) to the sacrifice of a kid
to the same goddess.

None of the references contains any mention

of color or sex.
11,

Prott, LGS I 10? Decree.

(Cos; 3rd c. B.C.)

. . u

r
V r '1
[- - - t
o
i au ro i] ajispai
T y ie [i]Ar
[ a t .................- - *0]|i.OVo(ai olv

5 [

E]4TOl*ttdQ-

[y a te la a v x a i o lv ] sxIttoxov T e?i[av dale ] A cr/A a -iw i ev , Ic 0u.w [i]

[olv te Xeov ITa]va(iou vsupt,7]viai A xai ' d Z
10

OueJtoci e- 1 r a ; ' I ct Jkc

~ A^poSijTai IIav&a|zcoi spiI <pOV 0flXEiav] * TKUTKV 0'JEI rE3=-rf i c- - - - - - -1

. n
r*T > /
-T ,,"1 1

5 'ilr ' _ _ A t * . " . 1.

r____________ J<c?t
r
^

j r t i ya).;

apKvr t5<"3A * f^ p va
e .ajawoyo;
' E x a -

[aO/jvov y.al aAolJrwv vjplsv.Tov y.al

Line 12.

.,. ?/U y y 7 l]o .c

The epithet Pandemos was

applied to two divinities, Zeus and Aphrodite (see

discussion on #2 above).
the ending - tA L

It is impossible to construe

with the name Zeus, hence the identifi

cation of the recipient of this victim with Aphrodite

is certain.
1 2 -1 3 .

$oe.L . Enough remains

of the word

to make the restoration of its ending

quite certain.

The restoration of the adjective

is based on the gender of the relative pronoun

The antecedent of this pronoun, however, is uncertain; it

may refer back to some word, expressed or understood, such
as 9iS<iU. . Hence it is impossible to determine the sex
of this victim with confidence.
This fragmentary inscription, from the deme of Isthmos on Cos,
contains references to sacrifices to several deities, but that of a
kid to Aphrodite (lines 12-13) is one of the few which can be
positively identified.

No mention of color is made in the extant

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18
portions of the text.

(6 )

The sex of the animal is uncertain.

Sokolowski, LSS 110; Decree.

(Tymnos; after 200 B.C.)

See above p. I k ,

No mention of sex or color is made, but the word (lines 2, ^,)

does fix the age of the victims, kids.
12.

Plutarch, Theseus 18.

(Chaeronea; ca. A.D. ^6-120)

(Attica; Mythical Period)
fiC-s/ V Ai=\ J-.cc oL\>tAt^

St olOzA ['fhit-S

9-yjppwU
<Tuv'6^/r^6-v^
0& M
'C'j'J

TT0L&r<&'At

PJoJtL Jt rf^oS

rJoCop/c^^
S)Ao\!

Line 3 . j X p

c<V

j A p o!lp
) to

fUL

9 - ^ \ iu w

o3<nw ^ o to j- u o o s

Z p p \f'

See the commentary below.

if, 'A r T c t p p is /. This cult epithet was applied to no other
divinity in Greece, and was a common name of Aphrodite
in Attica (Parnell, Cults 2 .6 3 3 ).

This sacrifice was performed by Theseus just before his jour

ney to Grete to destroy the Minotaur, and thus before his king
ship and synoikismos of Attica.

The site of the sacrifice is

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19
left vague by Plutarch, who merely says

The cult

of Aphrodite Epitragia, however, appears from the extant sources

(Famell, Cults 2. 7 3 3 , note 14b) to have existed only in
Attica, and thus the site of the sacrifice is fairly certainly
fixed in Attica.
. This story is probably an attempt to explain the common
representation of the goddess on a goat's back (Parnell, Cults
2.

68 ^-6 8 6 , and plate ^3b), and her epithet, Epitragia, which

can only mean "upon a he-goat."

No mention of the Victim's

color is made.

(9)

Lucian, Dial. Court. 7.1

(Athens? ca. A.D. 120-190).

(Athens? before A.D, 190)

See above p. 15*

The article and the tenor of the

Line 1

passage show that the epithet refers here to

Aphrodite.
1

pj KJd*

This fixes both sex and the

color of this victim, a white she-goat.

This

word is poetic and rare; it occurs only this once

in the references to animal sacrifice.

13. Tacitus, Hist. 2.2-3.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 56-115)

(Cyprus; before A.D. 115)

templum Paphiae Veneris ... hostiae, ut

quisque vovit, sed mares deliguritur* certissimus
fides haedorum fibris.

The temple of Aphrodite at Paphos on Cyprus was famous in

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

20

the ancient world (See references in Famell, Cults 2.740-7*1-1).

Note that in this cult any victim was acceptable to the goddess,
but that she was particularly pleased with male victims, and
most particularly with male goats.

Hare
(4)

Plato Comicus, Phaon; non-choral.

(Athens? Phaon produced

ca. 391 B.C.)
(Lesbos; ca. 600 B.C.)

See above p.'13*

This is the only reference to the hare as a victim to any

deity in Greek sources.

No mention is made of the animal's

sex or color.

Sheep
(7)

Aelian, De Nat. Anim. 10.50

(Rome; ca. A.D. 170-235)

Eryx, Sicily; before A.D. 235)

See above, p.14.

No mention is made of sex or color for this victim.

14.

Ioannes Lydus, De Mens. 4.65. (Constantinople; ca. A.D.

490-560)
(Cyprus? before A.D. 5 60 )

Line 1.

Kiofii). U t M p h r t

This phrase has

been the subject of much discussion and contro

versy (see Smith, Rel of Sem. pp. 469-479* and

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Cook's note on p. 6 9 1 ; also Nilsson, Feste p. 3 68 .

However, every interpretation accepts the meaning
of

as sheep.

No mention of sex or color is made.

(6 ) Sckolowski, LSS 110; Decree.

(Tymnos; after 200 B.C.)

See above, p. Ik .

No sex or color is specified, but the word

age of this victim, a lamb.

fixes the

Note that on this particular day

either a lamb or a kid could be offered.

Swine
15.

Callimachus, fragment.

(Alexandria; ca. 305 -ca. 2^0 B.C.)

(Argos; before 2^0 B.C.)

This quotation (Pfeiffer, ad frg. 200a) is found in

Athenaeus 3 .96 a.

Nothing else is known of this festival.

Nilsson, Feste p. 386 ).

No mention of the victim's sex or color

is made.

(lh-)

Ioannes Lydus. De Mens. h.6 5 . (Constantinople; ca A.D.

^90-560)
(Cyprus; before A.D. 5 6 0 )
See above p. .2 0 .

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22
/

Line 3 .

0^5

>

t'Kc*/

. Note that wild pigs are

y
The adjective ^^LoS> can have either

specified.

two or three terminations; thus the sex is not

necessarily male in this case.

No color is

mentioned.

16.

(Alexandria; ca.305-ca. 2^0 B.C.)

(Castnium, Pamphylia; before 2^0 B.C.)

Callimachus, Iambs.

US

( j

U l f 6 ^ ^ \ ) c<S9dt

1U

ftv t^ u J ty tU L

9&S>

oi y U y

t ijx /

U 5, -CtO j>c\/6tUj

O'tL J-ftJ-j

zZv

uZj

Q oVcX\j

This quotation, from Strabo 9*5-17> gives no sex or color

for the victim.

17.

(Pontus; ca.6 ^ B.C.-A.D. 21)

(Metropolis, Histiaea; before A.D. 21)

Strabo 9*5*17.

o t
i^ \jU

' 'T

L\/U L

i*

u < C & ( c y t

HAL

o i

y u v

lf^ to v S >

fa L

z j\ J

>

6rV

-C-j.

Ji

&

0S

-Z o o V C ,

to v

1 iy t g o ir d M * *

This sentence follows the quotation of Callimachus given

\ U
above (1 6 ), and the context clearly shows that
refers to pig sacrifice.

<U cS

ta o v o

As above, no determination of the

victims sex or color can be made.

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23

Swine Forbidden
18.

Pausanias 2.10.5.

,/\

'C*' c

'Ctsj^f e)'ZA.\avL

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Sicyon; before A.D. 150)

Cbo j A o s

)/

Uuoo^L.

ft A^

fpo)ii}L$

Jd

c,r' /

The context of this clause shows that the site of the

sacrifice was Sicyon.

Note that any victim, except the pig,

was acceptable to Aphrodite.

No rule for the sex or color of

the victim is given.

(5)

Ziehen LGS II. 119; Decree.

(Cos; 2nd c. B.C.)

See above p. 1 3 ,

Line 7 . i f l j f j f t / Enough remains to make this

restoration quite certain.

This decree, from Mytilene, allows the sacrifice of any

victim, male or female, including birds, to Aphrodite Peitho;
only the pig is forbidden.

For a fuller discussion of this

inscription, see the commentary above, p. 5 -

19.

Aristophanes, Achamians 793; non-choral. (Athens; play

produced kZ5 BeC.)
(Athens; before ^25 B.C.)
o o ix

X A fc i

% u tt^

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20.

Achamians 7 9 3 .
if o / \} c t

no

h>S

&ooj<SL

'X a /'^ o S ,

'Z ^

^ $ t \ u z r - Z J >7 Jed. Zoo ^j^to-Jcsf oMZcV

2 1 . Aristophanes . Peace 39.

CD

22.

'Loott

,, U\&j>0%<- C0 J

c/

u*S

>\ \ /
d. A/<c:'CfLc>o$>

23 = Artemidorus 5-,80, p. 270.

oi \foL^ oTccas

Zk.

TC

<2v

O?=

S
O

US , ,

/4 p 6 ' < ' T i C ^

u */

k! 6U

Tfd-X 0<fO]/

T?js

ibo o

(Ephesus; late 2nd c. A.D.)

(Greece ; before A.D. 20 0 )
O

Diogenianus, Vind. I.8 9 .

()/6r&<j>fctuC/oSj

'? . /

// a

oS .

(Heraclea; ca. A.D. 120)

(Greece; before A.D. 120)
fft

1'.u O \f

ty jg o b /ty

d i^ ^ j-

4 l ^ j S

j& L

oi> d> tyt)tX>*L ,

This quotation (Paroem. Gr. II p. 15) indicates that the

sacrifice of swine to Aphrodite must have been very rare, for
the proverb would not otherwise make any sense.
This last group of quotations (20-2^) contains some
references which are quite clearly restatements of past refer
ences; this is indicated by the repetition of a rare word,
in #2 1 #2 3 and, with only the slightest change,
in #2^.

Hence care should be taken not to give undue weight to

these references merely because of their number.

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25

Any Victim
.(5) Ziehen, LGS II 119; Decree.

(Cos; 2nd c. B.C.)

See above, p. 13 .

Any victim, except swine, was acceptable to both Aphrodite

and Hermes in this cult. No rule is made concerning the vic
tim's color, and the decree specifically states that both male
and female animals were acceptable.

(13)

Tacitus, Hist. 2.2-3.

(Home; ca. A.D. 56-115)

(Cyprus; before A.D. 115)

See above, p. 19 ,

At Cyprus, the goddess showed a preference for male victims

especially male goats.

But Tacitus says that any victim was

acceptable.

(18)

Pausanias 2,10.5.

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Sicyon; before A.D. 150)

See above, p. 2 3 .

This quotation, like the decree from Cos (#5) states that
any victim, except the pig, was acceptable to Aphrodite.

No

other exceptions, including any concerning color or sex, are

made.

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26

Apollo
The animals, sacrificed to Apollo in Greece were:
1. Boves
'
-
:
2. Goats
3. Sheep
4. Swine
5 . Wolf
6 . Any Victim.
The animals forbidden in sacrifices to Apollo in Greece were:
1 . Ass
2. Horse
3 . Sheep
4. Swine
Ass Forbidden
25. Antoninus Liberalis 2 0 . 1-3 (birthplace unknown; ca.
, A.D. 200)
(Greece; before A.D. 200)

Almost nothing is known about Liberalis except that he

based his stories on Hellenistic sources.
This tale lists the customary victims to Apollo as goat,
sheep, and oxen (line 8 ). The sacrifice of asses to Apollo is
forbidden for everyone except the Hyperbomeans, and since no
one knew who or where the Hyperboreans were, this is, in effect,
an injunction against the sacrifice of asses to Apollo in the
Greek worldo

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2?

Boves
A,

A red-figure krater (Beazley, RFV p. p.11^3,1; Alfieri and

Arias, Spina plates 82 -8 7 ) from Spina, now in the museum at

Ferrara, contains a representation of a sacrificial procession
to Apollo at Delphi, in which the victims are two hulls.

The

painter Kleophon, a student of Polygnotus, and he flourished

between

(25)

B.C.

(Alfieri and.Arias, Spina p. 56).

Antoninus Liberalis 20.1 -3-. (birthplace unknown ca.

A.D. 200;
00)
(Greece; before A.D. 2 0 0 )
See above, p. 2 6 *.

jWi

are listed as one of the customary victims to Apollo

(lines 7-8).

26.

No color or sex is specified.

Syll. 3 60^; Decree.

(Delphi; 192 B.C.)

&ecI. | apyovTo; K A E o o d p o o l,

pooXsudvrov ApdvTo, Geo^ ^ go.

Ffpajta, soo;e rat zoXei tuiv [ AsXsuiv etteiSy; gzavsXOdvTs; OecoooI

oi dzo-tcOivTE; szl rdv

EzayyeXlav t5 v

U-jfiim*

ApdvTa; xal

X a p $svo;3 Pd? ;oud ts dvY,vsyy.av zapd Xspaovar.Tav t5v ex too |

5 novtou, x a 8 i ; ^ 4

XeXoTpcspUvoi 5 {,* a^5v xal ZEzoXou>pr,pdvoi

ip ravToi;, xa[l. aujjtol Eie ).eTev dxoXoi&u>; toT; yEypappsvoi; dzoXoytCdpEvopav e> . ev a7ps[aiv]|wrcl Tdp zo'Xiv tcov Ae^ffiv xal XOtVoEt
xal xa& iSiav -dvro-.;, xal vov dzc37s!Xa[v7E;] | O o p p tW xa l'H p a xXsloaV Ousi'ctv O'JVETEAEECtV Tut te fii ExaTc^av OUZptu[tpOV 6, xai] I
S(i>8sy.a?oa7 0otkpcotpov t a i A fidvaiB, -,*{ Td
10

zpXjpTat;], 1EzoiTjSavto

Zk xai

%fia TSp

f3oiv otEVEtpav

aOtol tdv iztoaptav xataSfo,; xal

atStfflv xai tcuv dzosTStXdvjTcov afooi;, oeoo . i Tai zo'Xei tuv

AsXeuiv, Izatvsoai te Tai - oXe i B Twy XepsoJvasiTav twv ex too
n&v70j y.al t&T; azoataXsvToi; 6z autuiv Iz t ts Tai aipizEE | at
epvTi xal sovoiai zo rl te xiv OeJv xai ta p zdXiv twv AsX?5 v oeEdo8ai oe xai TaijfzdXjEi tfiv Xspoovaoirav zpouavtEiav, xai toT;
15 azotnaXEVTOi; (Dopptuvi xal ' H p a ^ i S a i zpoUviavlO .

dvaypd^ai

oe to t^acpiopa too; dpyovTa; too; evdpyoo; ev t S i j [ijEpun too

Azo'XXuivo;- dzo3TE~Xai 5e xal Uvta i
xa l Hpa[xXs]{6ai Toi; T a ^ a ; Xapt'UvovS, ,

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28

Line 8 . 'Ctiu Q ttit . In a Delphic decree concerning the

Pythian games (lines 3-4),"this can refer only to Apollo.
8 . j J c v ? This is a sacrifice of a hundred
victims, including one hull or cow (cf. Hesychius, s.v.
o o J and
CColA.
).
No mention is made of the color or sex of this victim.
2 7-

Syll.3 671A; Decree.

(Delphi; ca. 162 B.C.)

A (ar.o\h tou xoXdvxot/al x i | L l xal a l O uafot

xwv l->.rArr
-.xav TWV Etjp.evt<ov YW0(U xaxd -aof xaxaYpai|mu ol dpXovxs; del 0! evapgot iv x 5 i F i vl tS i Iloixpoxfan iv rat iw o ^ n ix -

. , . :*Xr1ofai * ivtauxiv i u ^ x d ;
' oca oi

wMA

aw vra i 8id) |[rac

xpsT; ix twv rp o j^ O iv tw v, o3;

*A?ool. ol] Si *t*oto[8]!vte5

i[p.vudvTci) *> 0 [A ]; [xal xdj d U a dpXel xal ix *p [d ]avre; too dpyo[ploo|too; xdxjou; oovxe/.smw xdv 0 [uotav xal xdc] 7 ip.d; xal
t iv

SajioOotvt'av iv x fiitH p a x X s fo i F vl xa[i | BwBexjdxaiS G.

x d ttw ta , xal Adyov d[-ooiodvr]a> toT? jia a x p o ^ iv t S i aixun F i vl

uireuBovot Svxs?, | [ffiajxep xal ol xd d U a cro&cepa xal Barfdjoca [Xe]c-

5 pt'CovTE?,

x a l iv xoT; aoT? i~c-i|xoi; evoXoi estfmjsav xaxd Top.

paorpixov vcSpovS. &odvxa )4 [i 0]l

AaxoT xal t 3cA ptepm , xal td W

T f iiA w J X to m x acljxcu
ll

Isfpejta

iv xav o a p o O o iv fav x a [B ]i; ecOiaxac ocvoo oi aval.ioxdvxco F xprr

xd;

x=[aa]|pdxoVTa5. Tai oi ivoexdtac tooHpaxXefeo p[Tj]vi; i Xi-<o-

aav xd lepsia Exoipa xal x2i ScoBexdxai xfopljraodvTa. Gpa; oso-

10OoGveo

xal 0[ Ttpuxdveii xal dpjrovrt; xal [t]d dXXa dpXeta xal ol

X a ju ta B to ta l, d? ixdaxa; ?0X5S7 dvjops? oexa. xaxaypa'idxamv

twv A!ys-

o i xou; XajiTcaS&vxa; ol dyeas've; xav cpoXav el Si n ;

pdvwv ui;. jta p d o p i eStdxToi); to&; Xajxfcjaofovxa;, "pdxxcuo; Icxco

xai txO,sc dpyupi'oo oexa | a t a ^ v
:

0cW

xal ol dpXovxe; ix -

rp[d$]avxe; xal iv xal; lepoF v{at; 8 Ti jxiv f/ F ,ov afttol | i Xercuaav5

r-x i Si ^ Wov Trox^pdvtw iv Xdyiojv* el Si F j Svvaivto k m & k t ,

:16 dvsfpa^dxwoav evjxov Sap.rfo-.ov *{v x *e , xaOG; voplCexai. I

: .oprfpoc ycveaBu) i x to o Y o jiv a o b o aXpt sort xov pioJadvlO, I 5;
Z j ; iv d ltxla i, & | k o i

oovaxi; Gv, vrpdxxcpJ

d f V t S i Ayepdvi xal xol? dUoi^AapraoiaxaT; d[pj!r op(oo oexa

v: iotai

xal iv .xa l; U ^ v l a t j B . el oi

ASivaxo; elpsv

i> ^

otax^pa,,
?,r p e o ^

; ; Tspo;, | AJopoadaOu), ol Bi dyspdvs; a/Aov Avt a'j[x]oo xata7ps-;dvTw.

20 olSi

lepei; xoorkdUiovo;12)

ijxetxa -ojjlxeuowvtc,xa xe u /e o O w o av

;xd E o p e v e ia lS xaOio; voplCsxai. d Si vixeoooja] xdv f?o];ld v xdv

-ia jiK d o a , lap^avstto el; 3u=l[a]v. dpTupcoo oexa axaxrjpa;.
I.

top pcuuov

: ; -xoxl [xj&v

dvaypdiai

& w pdstv xdv urdpXou-av toopaot?io ;14 xapd

tou3A~oaAwvo;xlou; ivdp]!Xou; ^ool.suxd;, xal
$ * T l r t to dvxtrpa?ov too 6aylo pa< o ;l

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

29

'CthtLzJ^*

Line 5

No mention of color or sex

is made for the victims, only one of which was

destined for Apollo; the other two were for Leto
and Artemis

28.

Syll3 6 ?2; Decree.

(Delphi; 160-159 B.C.)

[ ........... ctovxeXeivxco] tocv [Guclav x a l xa? x i]-

45 [|ia? x a l xav SapioGoivlav Iv ] xok 'H pa[xXslox jx^vl xa i]

[xpsicxaiSsxaxai x a l] Xoyov axoSovxw [xoi? |xacr][xpoT? ev xcoi auxtoi] piYjvt el 8 e pirj, ol fiaaxpol i[epav]

5 [cuv.av 7ray]6vxw xax avxtov x/.o -xc xaxa xopi p.[aoxpixov]

[vopi]ov Guovxwv 81 ol li:ifj.E?.rix ai (Sou; xe).d 50 [011; xpjsi?, ou? xa ol rroXixai Swvxi, xwi AxoXXtovi x a l xat A [a ] [xo]i x a l xai Apxlpitxi, xal xa XXa Ispeia [xa6]a>? Siaxlxax[xai]
utcep xov (BxaiXsa 'Axxa/.ov, 7Toxay[op]suovxs? xav 0u o [l]10 av AxxaXsia xaxaypElcDwoav 81 xa xp la ev xav 8apioG[oi]vlav x a l oivou pisxp7;xa? XEXxapaxovxa * xai St ScoSsxaxfai]

55 xou *HpaxXeou pjvo? lylxoaaav xa lepeia exoipia, xai 81

xpEtcrxaiScxaxai TtopiTVEUovxio o l xe IspEi? xou 'A t: 6}Jmvos
x a l xSv aXXiov Gswv x a l rcpoxavEiq x a l apyovxE? x a l ol

15 7ta l 8E? EGTEcpavcoiLevoi "op.7:Eu6vxco 8s ex xa? aAuo?

Iv xov vaov I - e I S i x a "opiTTEvacovxi ol lEpEi? xoii A~6XXoi-

60 vo?, xaxEuylaxov TtoxayopEuovxe? xav Gualav \AxxdXsia xaGw; EiGiaxai 07:10? 81 x a l !pioi:v 9j fj xa lipYjcpiqifs]va, avaypaipai xo i^atpiapia Ix l xav sixova xou fiaciXEW? A xxaXou.

Lines 6 -?. |?ouj>

. This inscription

which is very similar in form to #27 above, also

makes no mention of sex or color for the victims.

2 9*

Syll. 3 73 A; Decree.

(Delphi; 9^ B.C.)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

30

0(/;. xdyav a y a 0 av. I[dpycvxo]; K/.EoBduoo too Klstuvo;!,

xdv "pturav e;dur,vov K/.sdvopou too Tf|uov[o;, |J

xpdJxEo; too Tsi'swvo;, yfplauuaxsuovxc.; oe poo/.5; Nixia too D . eujyo ;,

loo'e -at t Easi xuv A<?.;x5v ev] dyopai xsfeiut outi ^dipoi; Tai;

5 Evvdp-oi;-

Afiaaivio;
Aautovioo
A0r(vaTo;2 dvr,p dya|:Oo; uv3

(a;

x]*[i] Sia TiavTi; spdvoiav xioisiaEvo; -a; t:ot? too; Osoo; eB=e3e

-oXXoE; (Uv xa? xa).oi;|[s?; xdl; xwtujv xtud; skovdxi; BiarE&Eixai ?.dyoo;4, Os'Xtov Be xal Sid tSv i
Tidvra] Su&ixr^e rd t;ot? tov Oi
Tcdvtoi; t5; Saaia; xal CaX&ov xatd tov xd5 |[ta; c
xpfoo;, ttzv TE 7T0T? tov Osov euoipsiav xal xdv t:ot? too; "'EW.ava.-^OavSpawlav fv te toT; ][JspoT; t]oT; xatd xdv dpydV2
vairosaoTSv xapsfo^xat, xaoav Baxdvav xal yopaylav ttdooova tt10 Oejievo; j[ta; ro]tl xd xd[XA]ioxa o^ouoa;, xdv
xa?
xdv avaaxpoipdv d;i'av ssrohjxcti too te xffiv

v apzr.io^tm
*H aim

Sd,tfi]oo xai

xa; xtov 'EUr.viov ej:1 xd IloOia ouvayuiyr

wv

d-ooEXEoOat xe xal xifiav xoi; eo|o^

fiixaioodvai Eia-

.; xwv avopiov xuyai dyaOa

.. zdlei x5v Moffiv,

i jxiv] |A^xdmov Aptp.iovfi

, xai jx^avfisai aikiv

)egu crr<pavu>i

&i

xdxpio

4dpyUV

; Trapa xa; rcdho; djiSv.x:.

15 aaoXtav, dxeistav, sposSo.'av Iv S a
v

yzu

Be' dart AeX-

aoxioi |x]a{

r.po|iamt'evt spoSixlav,
.yi^vjoc; oi;

&

xtoli; xi-

rttua S xa? xoi; a ^ i ; -e n v o i s xa; xo'/.io; 6xdpxtEjx^ai Be aikS', xal Ssvta xd 'idlnvta

Line 7 iToti W Peov

hi

xiov vd|iu>v.

Aimnonius the Athenian,

the man being praised in this inscription, was priest of Apollo

at Delos in 102 B.C. (IG II 985^6), and it is his sacrifices
to Apollo made at that time that are referred to here.

No mention of color or sex for the victim is made.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

31

30.

Sokolowski, LSS l^j Decree.

(Athens; 129-8 B.C.)

'Eoo'sv 7si poXsi y.y.l 7Mi S-ppiui ;

Es[v]o... S(o-X7p'lSou Sow.su: si-ev e-siStj nx/rpidv

[sjcrrfiv x a i s]0op t w i Sr(u.coi t w ; AOvjvaiMV xa i u ~ l twv -poyovwv

"[a]paS:[S]ouvov r.zp i xaeigtou ttoeioOx1
. -r/jv rpdp to o ; Gsoup
[sucsosiav] xa i Six -rauTx -o /.Xa(i)p (~zt at:) x a i exi vavol
a7px7si(xi)p r r,v
xae[iv]otx7cov spycov x a i x a ra y7,v x a i xa/rd GxAa.77av suSo'ia[v]
x a i [euXoyiav x ext J/jvtxi dpydasvpi Sid p.vTop axo ( tou Aid?
t o u ) ScoTvjpo:
[ t 7(: - ]p o : w ic Gsod: doid^Top, dxdpyEi Sd xa i 6 AxdX/.iov d

FIuGio?
2>v 70i? AOpvaioi? ITxTpwio? xai d;r,r/;r>(: 7wv dyxGwv, dpio-w? e
10 x a i xoivvji ccor^p -dvTtov 7cov 'Eaat;vcov d 77,? Atj-egu? x a i too Aid:
[uidp, tou?]o[u] Se Sid -rwv y.ppopicov T rp G G ly^ xy J^ o ? auTOi?
>.[i]T? v [eu ][o ]a [i t o v ] Oeov tov I ixa/.oujisvo <u >v narpoxov xa i -oioupiEvov?
Tap
[ a7pi]ou[: Guo!]a: i ~ h too 07,1x00 too AQpvaicov 701: 70U evixueov '
[xaipoi? 7cdi 5A-]d[/.]/.covi [0]dov7x? to; xdrpidv Igtl t(~oi S'^coi:
15

-p[dooS]ov xgiv.gxiievo? xpd? r'ry pouttjv Tiuapyo: S^ttio? 7apiix:

P o o / % 700? 7e] y[pv;(7a]od: xal 7d d7 d.py.ov7a dvsvE<Sox70 7^ ] *
rp[to]70v S[id vd|iwv 77aypLv](a) 7cot Gemi ottco: gov tj te
.

Tap 7 Gualap xa l 7d?

pouXf) xai d S-oplop

p rd 7Ta7pia, dXXx xal
:i tzsocz
-p o c --[a u ]-

71%

xx/.Sp xa l

zuazfac,

H0V(7EC)
i'va x
xa
ai a
aod twv

.Gsco[v]
xr^acov7ai Tap xa-a^iap yapi7ap A ya G ii T o /s t, SESdy.Gai 7ci

77,v

Tod)p XaydvTap -posSpoo? elp

Pou>i[i]
ettigogxv exxXr^iav y.p7,p.7>cai

-sp l
70J 7[wv], yvcojir// Se Pup.dd)J.Eo0ai t t , : pou/.^p ei? 70v S7,llov 671
te ; PouXd[i] ' Td [px]v [ a ) la
y.pridij.0'j(p), Gogx.i 7 l - l toT?
25

SoXEl
7 fit AxdXXom xa.7d

7ou(p) a 0 T [ ..........] T 0 T
TTposir,910^ 001? uxrdp x.0700 tov [ 7]s

70V te dpyovTa x a l tov [xa]0 cxacTov evixdtov eoojievov x

(o7p)a7rJyoup,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

32
<xal tou? <jTpXTr(YOi? > , EfciTEXjecxi Ta? te Oucla? xa l rd? -optTEx?
Xkov Eop[-TTji] ev Kvj-oi? xa 0 e [ to ?]
r iK A T ... .

'E )X r(vci)[v]...................
30

riji 0a pY *jdyopLEvou(?) k [p e i]x ort

xaX[>.]iic]T[a] xa l sxl to e?[5j]? -sptK P A T O N A E O .. . N E IN T E K A IM E ll IT .Q N ..............

O A IN T E I n A X T A S T

012- -

- - - ..............

T A M E I ...........................................

av Taura cuptrravTX 6 usv e-1 too

ou

T H ..

yev6[ie[v]o;...........................

O IH .

1 T O T - ....................

0 E N T A S E H -----E X ................................... Tovta 0 ugxv [ tco] v te ol kpei? xa l at lEpEiai

(x )a l S[6v ] twv O I
KH.

A T I ................

A P A IS

t [ i ]0 etwoxv '

E-1 noy jiwptoSy xa l

Euy_E[cO]cijoav * 0 a p yr(XIoi? te EixayTE? Ta? soya: - opltteuetmoxv o [x [ e] v kpeu? too

3d

A oXXtovo?
tou riuOto[u x a ]l ol E?r,y/)Tal xa l oi aX[X]o[t] kpsT? xa l ol e[v]vex

T/j'xa l

N
dpyovTE? xal o kpo[<pav]o [SaiS]o[u]yoc xa l ol piETa toutojv y-xovte? x a l ol dycovo0ETXi

[ ]

[ay]G v[o; too -p]o? too IT j GIou te (Xoupkv) ou x a l ol av y.o[p]r([y]o l

O I.

A H r .........................

[Sc?tv x a l] oi kpo~oto[l x a l]
I H H . . A . .E N A IA N E P X O X T A IA T ..

------------------------------------ A IA O N K A I--------six.lignes illisibles

45

tt}[.]

]arojv In i

jlou[-----------------------------

tw v e [ ----------------------------- at

Se TrapOevot 'ppeTco]o-[a]v to kpov xavouv [ t 5 i 0ec5i ------------------- ---------- ] 6 [t]x v xaTa Ta nd-Tpia y.pic.piot f (jjt[epat-

--------------------------------------------

xa l tov x oaptrr

t /)v

50

x a l 7r[------------------------------------- n o t] AnoXXcovt n ot AXe&xdxoii

optolco; Se x a l [a vkcO at a~o tw v Epywv tou? otxeTa?] x a l too;

S r^oclou ? avTa? < x a l > XetTOupYEia? d - [ 6 -d o r,? t']0j e['EOJcav o {JaatX]s&? x a l 6

t%

k ps 'i? x a l o XYjpuiApelou Tcayou poufXr,? xa l ol 0eopio0ETat] xaTa t x Se 6 ptev

to u AtoW .m vo? to u

IIuGlou iTttpteXeoSco

[tt;?

xx0ijx]oi(n}?

kpsu?
Oucla?

ev [K r /x]o t:
l l tou IIuGlou T(eX)eiav ouv (napaa-r^oa?) x a l n o t te A[~oXXcovt

55

Ttot A]XeEixaxci)t, x a l n o t HaTpcitcot

pouv, x a l n o t A~oXXvt n o t IluOtco'. ((3ouv, Xapi)[j3dvcov Ta?] auTa?
pteptSa? xaOd x a l -poTEpov,
x a l o Taptia? Se tS v OTpantuTixcav ixtto tS v to u et[o u ]? npoGoSwv
0UETO) pouv

u-ep too Sr(ptou tou A0r(valo)v [xal -al]So>v xal Yuvatxwv xal unep
TOU SrjU.OU tou
'Pcoptalcov x a l SiSotg) to Oupia to i? k p o -o .[io i? 0ue]T<o(cav) Se
x a l o l Tapttai tw v oitcov tx fiv x a l o Taptia? t?;? (3ouX?j?, 0uTw[oav Se x ]a i o l npuTavei? ol
av Tuvydvtootv

60

puTavsuovTE? to e^a ii^via to v [ dv]TE?j [d]ToSoTW Se o Taptlar twv

OTpaTtWTtXWV
ei? te r ljv Gualav x a l Tr(v to iz t ^ v , optolco? [S]e x a l o l 0EGpLO0ETat
r[dv]T? x a l ot dv (jleX(X)[o)otv 0]E[api]pOETa[t] E[tvat ravTE?] xa l ol[--------------

ei[

]coat[---------- -------------

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

35

Lines 5^~55 Q&l

pctV. This was a common epithet

of Apollo (Famell, Cults ^.153-161), and the

rest of the decree clearly shows that Apollo is
the deity referred to here. These lines contain
many restorations and corrections, and are open to
several different interpretations, but the words
jl

^oCv', are on the stone, and their in

terpretation is clear.

No indication of the victim's color or sex is given.

31.

IGY 11 351? Decree. '

(Oropus; 3rd c. B.C.)

Ejrixpar/)? ApjrtTntou elxev ujrep lepwv

aupraaEvei t))(x
vroAiv Axpaupiltov ajiocrreOiKt -pEcoeuTa; xpEi; SvSpa; tou; SiaAeEojiEvou; pisra tou lepew; y.al tou Trpo^xou 7;p6; xa; roAet;
xa; ev xijt Boiojxlat xal xapayevopEvoi el; ttjv iyyj.rpirxM to te

4'Wla
5

pa aveyvojaav to 7rapa xcov Axpai^teiwv y.al rapExaAouaav xov

Sr.uov auvauEsiv ttjv Quoiav tgh AxoAAom xwt H tcoI cui xaOa-Ep
xal to
xoivov Botcoxcov xal y vroAi; xuv AxpaupisEtov o-co; av o5v

tpalvTjTat/;toXi;
10

xtov UpcoTtiwv xa0ajrEp auxet 7rpoc^y.ei, euoeou; y.al evSoEgj; xa repo;

xo i; 0sou; cuvxeAouaa y.al euxapicxouaa xei 7coAei AxpaupiEKov
SeSo^Oai te l |3guAsl y.al xtot Sr,u.ox * xov ap-/ovxa xal tou; -oXe-

[xapxu;
tou;

15

del yivopivou; xal xov ypap.jj.axea rapmeiv jiouv a~o xv;; rdXtw;
et; xa Ilxtota xal auxou; cnjfj.7ro[j.~euEiv y.al toEAAk raxvxa rpxxxstv
xa0axcp ev xa"; Aonrat; Guariai; yeypa7XTixL a l; roAi; Oust ev xwt y.oivwi
B olo.itwv avaypaij/at Se tou; -oAejxxp^ou; xoSe to i^ iffp ia ev xwi
lepui xou Ajxcpiapdou ou av auxol; <patvr/:ai ey xoAAIgtgh elva.1, to Se
dXGjjxa to yevopevov el; ttjv avaypa^v tou tl/T^tajxaxo; Souvea,
xov xapuav xov Ttpoapxovxa ttjv Seuxepav TExpdpnjvov.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

3^

Lines 11-12. iftpjrtLy/ jScCif.. .

TFtJu

Taking these

lines in conjunction with line 6 , (f

'Zr^l yoCU^ -Cool. J rfc})iO/i CoJt ffuoi^L, it is clear that

this victim was meant to he sacrificed to Apollo.

On the festival, see Nilsson, Feste 162-16A; see
*H6*fer, in Roscher 3*2 (1902 -1 9 0 9 ), s.v. "ptoios,"
col. 3267 -3 2 7 1 .

No mention of the victim's sex or color is made.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

32. Syll.^ 102*1-; Calendar.

(Mykonos5 ca. 200 B.C.)

0 eol xu/jrji ayaOr,.

10

15

20

25

30

35

E7C* apyivxwv Kpaxlvou, rioXu^TjXoo, <lHXo(ppovo;, 6te

crwwtxiaS^oav al Tt&Xei;, xaSe Soev Muxovloi; lep[a]
0JEiv po; toT; xpoxepov xal E7tr(Vop0w0rj 7repl tcov 7tpoxepcov IloaiSewvo; SuwSexaxei IlocjeiSom Tepievt77)t
x p ii; xaXXiaxeuow Xeuxo; Evopx/j? o xpio; el; roXtv fo]uX elodyexat * vcoxoy xal irXdxr) xoxxexai 1 7] nXaxrj gxevSexai tw l Up si yXaicca xal (3pato>v ' TY)t auxrji rjpxpai [IoaeiSwvt 3>uxlon ajxvo; Xeuxo; Evopyv); yuvaixl ou 0p.i; xal
K7ti 70S teXou; twv ty_0[u]wv (JouXt) TiptapivTj lepeia elxo ci Spaypiuv SiSoxco -riji auxrji rjpepat A^pirjTpi XXotji us;
Suo xaXX'.cxeuouaai rj expa ev xu [x[m v ] vwxoy x6~Txa[i]
7ij; eyxiijxovo; 7a; 5; |3o[uX]7) x[piv]x[(d] |za[yl]pcoi apy_ovxe;
SiSivxtov oatpuv xal xuXijv 773; 06; xvj; exepTj;, aXiplxcofv]
Suo xolvixa;, oivou Tpst; xox0X[a]; AvjvaiSvo; Sexdxrji
btl cxSiji U7tp xapirou A-qpiijxpi uv evxupiova xpcoxoxoxov,
K6pi)i xarcpov xeXeov, Ait BouXei yoipov xauxa SiSovxcov lepo7ioiol ir.b too lepou apyuplou xal ;uXa SiSovxcov xal oXa; *
7U|aeX<j0o)v St 7<ov lepwv fireo; xaXa
Spjrovxe; xa l.lepel; eav Ss 71 Srjl xaXXiepeiv, lepoxotol 3lS6v[t]wv ei; Se
ttjv sopxvjv [(ia]S^ETa MuxoviaSwv 7) (3ouXo[p.]e[vyj x]al tuv olxouowv p, I;iux6[v]coi oaai exl AqpwjTpa Te7eX[r)]vxat * evSsxaTTji, ETtl to(u)t[o] xXrjOo;, SejzeXtil erfjoiov xouxo evaTE0ETai SuwSexoIttji AiovuffioL AtjveT eTrjfftov ' uxtfp]
xa[p]xwv All XOovton, Fiji XOovwji Sepxa piXava exiqcri[a] *.
^evcoi ou Oelu; SaivuoGcov auxou ' Baxjacovo; Se[xd]7T)i ev AeipaS[i] Aiovuawi Baxyei ^Ipapo; xaXXwr7Euw[v] '
t Jjv Ttp.7)v tspoxotol SiSovfwv xal auvecmaaOcov, S[at]vic0cdv Se aurou * 'Exaxopoaicovo; eSSopji terrapivou *A7t6XX(im 'Exa70}j.6!wi 7aupo; xal Sexa fipvE; * vcotov
70U 7aupou xoTtrsTat 7co1 lepei 70D 7aupou SlSo-raL yXwoaa. xal ppayjcov tw v ap[v]Gv aiv ol 7ialSe; 0uout7t, lepei yXw[o]<ja xal 7wi mxiSl yXcoaaa Exa7epcot &v ol vuiicptoi 6u[ou]aiv,
7cov ap[v]cov 70)1 lepei xal xcoi vujzcplcoi yXcoaaa exaxepcot [7^1]
auxiji f||zepat AyeXwtcoi xe Xeiov xal Sexa [ap]vs; 7ouxo)[v 7p][l]a, xeXetov x al l7epa S60, xcpS; 7cot (3[o)[z]5i afyaxjxExfat], xa [Se]
[]>Xa e; xov xoxapiov 6 epyaCopievfo; to x^pjlov 70 ev Xa
t o u AxeXAiou pitcrOcopLK dxoSiS[6]xo [el; xa xwi] AxfeXwijcoi vo[jxipia] xouxo xaxaGueaOco [ex ]I X [a . . . xcoi 0eui ] * xep7txr(i

te[i uy
40

[xa] Apjpjyingi e7 qulov[------maigres resles de six lignes

The word Xa O^o s fixes the sex of this victim, hut

mention of color is made.

For this epithet of

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Apollo, see Nilsson, Feste 17^.

33*

Demargne 2; Dedication
[TovS

hi<lT,/.](. vaov

(Clous, Crete; ^th c. B.C.)

'I'oiSon

fy.ptv

IIcO.o. uio;

Aapfoyjzpx; Ov[oa; ixJocti xa! Suo pou;

No mention of the victim's color or sex is made.

3^.

Syll.3 398; Decree.

AtoxAi}; OiAlvou

(Cos; 278 B.C.),

i-Eior, t<uv j3ap$aptov orpatetav TioiTjoa-

psvtuv Stu I too; "EAAava; xal s ri to lepov to ev j AsAipoT;, avayyiA6 AsraU to ; psv iAjOo'via; eI to isp'iv Ttpcopi'a; TTEu|y_Ev 67:0 too Seou
xal uj:6 t5 v avSpuiv | Ttov i~i,3oa8r(3dvTu)v tu ji lepuii iv t 5 i | t5v
{lap^dptov i'po'6w'.2j To o l lepov Sta-Ej-po/.d/jki re xal i-txsxo3p7}o9ai
10 toT; | u~6 twv l^'.OTpaTEjodvrmv o;:Aoi;3( j tu>v 31 Aotruiv tSv aTpaTSuadvTtov | tou; ttAeistou; d~oAu>Aev iv to"; ysjvouEvoi; dyuisi to tI
15 to o ; tfEAAava; | auTo";' >:xxx onto; ouv 6 oauc; <pavE|po; fp oovao6psvo; isrl Tai yEysvr(pElvai vixai toT; "E/.Aaoi xal Tail Oecui /ap io -|
T7jpia a-ooioou; t 5 ; t ->.avi'a ;4Ta; ysyV7(pE'va; evexev iv toT;
20 TTEpl | to Ispov xivouvoi; xal td ; Tu)vEAAd|vu)Y oaJTr(p ia ; x x x ayatlai
Tu /ai, SEjoo'yJlai Tiui odutoi, tov dpycOs'topov y.al | t o u ; tktopou; to u ;
d'.p^pEVou;^, -' xa j d'plxuovTai si; AeAioou;, Ouaai tuji A~o'AjAum
25 Tail Ilolk'uH j3ouv ypuodxipu) u ^ i p j r a ; t & v 'EAAdvcov aioTr(p la ;
xal i-o|)'o[)ai Tali te odptoi t w i Ktottov ylvEaj&ai Ta ayaOd xa!
pi& Spovoia; ::oAt|TUv iv SapoxoaTtai, xal toT; l-iBcajOrjiJaoi tuiv
30 'EXAaviov to u lepuii eu ?jpsv j i ; tov del ypo'vov. xoir,aao&ai ol (b otav6 1xal tou; rpoaTara; tuji te AtoAAujvi | tuji ITuOIcoi xal rail Ait
run Sto ^ p i? xal ra i | N i'x ar OuadvTto ol Ttov Osuiv ixdoTioi | IegeTov
35 teAsoV iv at Se xa apspai Tav Oojoiav xoiGvTas, Ispav Tav duipav
?jpsy xal | OTEipavaipopElv too ; uroAiTa; xal to u ; | rcapoixoi); xal to ;
aAAo; t4 ; ivoa'psuvTa; iy Kuii x d v ra;- 6 81 IspoxapoS j avEixaTa,
40 oTi 6 Sduo; iepav ayei Tav dpfpav | ix l Tai Ttov 'EAAdviuv atur/jpi'ai
xal vfacat, j to"; Se cte'pavaipopr/oaai Awiov xal ajpsivov IjpEv.

tov

Se Suoiav xostoOcov iv | tu>i pijvl Ttoi Ilavdptm8 toI oe Tapi'ai ocJvtoj |

45 i ; pev Tav iv AsAipoT; Ooai'av co a y p i; | tEtpaxoola;, i ; 61 Tav iy
Ktut Spaypa; | ixarov Eiry/ovra1 to I ol xpooTaTai ixijpsArjOEVtio cttiu;
toT; te flEiopot; dxoajraArpO to apyupiov xal t a i iy Kffii fiuoi'ai ys-j
50 viovraf to I 61 TrioAr^Tal pio9a>3avTa, a|vaypd'}ai to i/dciopa iaraAav
AiBlvav | x al dvallspsv i ; to Ispov tou AaxAa-iou.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

37'

Lines 2 3 -2^. $o<fj.L Zujl A rfo ))w t -zT/Ol Tfo&uoc j>c3y/

. This

sacrifice was made as a thanks offering when the Gauls were

driven out of Delphi. No mention is made of the victim's
color or sex.
35.

Syll. 3 577; Decree.

^ ^ (Miletus; 200-199 B.C.)

loots tun OTjUW., veiiAT, ouviBpwV -tof; Eu'St^o; 0 aXXi'jcovo; alpoii- I

pevo; EUEpYStsTv tov orjpov y.al t?jc autou ?piXo(Tt)So;ta; 1 ei; tov
del xP^vov .u-^ a v u-dpx$tv trjV dp{str(v ^^YT^'lTctl Suiasiv s? ~ ai5 ostav tuiv Xsu9spcuv Ttaiomv dpyoplou td|Xavta Ssxa uvrsp te autou y.al
t<ov dosX'puiv Msvdvopou y.al | Atuivo;, Byr/p iVJai M iX r^ io t;1 777,07)31)01
psv EuoT,pov tr(; j tteoI t a <ut)2 xaXXista 0-0007); evexev y.al etvai
v ETupsXsi'a!. j rapd r/)i pouXip y.al tuk Sr,pu>r
touttov ouvra;i; | tuyxdvrp

iva 0 rt rspl I I

Trpooiy/.ouai); oiy.ovoptac, Eu 3t(uov psv

10 Biaypd|'iai to itoosip^pevov 77/.r,0o; tuiv ynrl\i.'J.-M') toT; Tapia1

.; tujv |
yxuy.Xov3 ev toT; Tstayps'voi; xa ta tf(v ::ayysXtav xp^jvoi;, tou;
oe tapt'a; aroSioo'vai Trapaypijpa toT; trI t 7); o^poaija; tpaTiECZjC .
alpoups'voi;4, too; os uOTStvjaapEVou; Xo'|yov tto'Xeio; ,tw v 7:100-

16 OcVta)v ut:o EBBtjpoo xpTjpataJV e l ; 7rat|oEt'av Tuiv Xso 9 sptov

77a i 0tov 5 yypdttS39at to BiBopsvcv y.al BijaipXctaosiv, -apaoioo'vai
oe y.al toT; psO3 aito u ; a!.ps9T)oops|voi; tpa-sCi'tdi;, etu; 6 B?jpo;
PouXsu37}Ta(Ta)i zspl tyj; oopsvrJ; | a~3 aifcuiv xtpoaiow av oe prj
ttapaBuioiv xaOdti y^TP3 1) B'fsiXsjtujsav tait or,pu)i. otri.doia t a
20 x p ^ p a ta - tou; B3 dvatd xta;6 tou; Bio[i]|y.ouv:a; t a ; tr(; tto'Xew; 7tpooBBoo; taips7v x a 93 exaotov eto; v | t 9ji dvatd-si otat^pa; tpiaxoot'ou; avtl ti); ioopsvrj; a~6 tuiv yprf$.6
.-m Tiposooou y.al pspt'Csiv
v toT; avaXuipast tuiv tauuiiv BzdsjtuH y.atd pr(va to iTtipdXXov
edv Be pr( ;sXu>3iv y.aOoti yEYpajxtai, B'-pstXstu) exasto; autuiv ata-

25 tTjpa; Ttevtaxosi'ou; tspou; [ Eppou y.al Mousuiv.

rou; Be pooXo- I I I

pvou; T raiB o tp ip elv ij Ypdpata j BiBdoxstv axoYpdcsaOai ttpo; too;

y.aOicrrapsvoo; traiBovopou; si; | tov -io'vta viautov, elvai Be tjjv azoYpacpljv y.ai>3 exaotov eto; di:o | tr(; oixopr(v(a; ew; t 5j; slxaoo; tou
5iptEpi3iuivo;7 p7(vo';, tou; Be y.jti9s'vat t a Bvo'pata autuiv e?; trjv
30 tVvtiBxeovS crroav tfp Be iYSo'Jrp avops'vou tou autou p^vo';, ETtEitdv9
BxxXr^i'a cwaytiry., ti' 0E3;0ai v typ Bp/Tjatpat tpfcoBa y.al 9upi'atpov, tou; Be IeoeT; to'v te | tou 'Eppou tou 3EvaYU)Vt'oo tou v trp
TraXai'otpu tuiv trai'Bujv xal tov tiiiv Mo'Vouiv y.al tov IspoxTjpuxa
xal tou; y.Exs'.poTov7(ps'voD; -y.al psXXofvJta; apX*-v traioovo'pou; xal

35 psxpi pV Ctuifp EuBrpov, psta os tau ta | tuiv azb EuBrjpoy tov

Ttpsoputatov B-iOupaoai Xipavuitov tiui te'E pjpffJi xal taT; Mousai;
xal t\.t:oXXujvi Mouarp/Etrp' tov Be lEpoy.r(puxa ETrEujlasOai toT; x' yjyijsid'ouotv, dart; xs poTovoi'rplO TtaiBotpipa; xal | tou; td Ypdppata
BiBa^ovta;, oD; apiota vopi'Csi t 5v Ttalotuv BTu^taTrjastv xal pr(OEpiai
40 otXotipt'at Ttapd 14 Bfxatov t:poovpot rrjv | autou Yvc,a7ivi ajiswov
aBitut elva i [a]v Be p^, toBvavtlov* peta Be j touto ol psv 7ratBovBpot
TrapaBcJttoaav xwi Ypappatet t ij; pouXij; t a j BvBpata tuiv a^oYpa^a: pvmv, 6 S3 litapiztn xa ta Sva* tuiv o3 7ti 7:opeuop|vwv exaotov 6p; xioatwsav 01 te lepsT; xal 6 lepox^puS. 6 Be Bpy.o; eotcu | toT; pev

46 TtatBotpt'pai;

BBe- Bpvua> tov *Epp^ prj 7tapaxExX7jxevai pr(| 9iv a

Mi-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

38

tajOMov, 61ru>; {is eiporoviji, pr(o irsptut zpoatetayivat zap a jx alioa i

6zip ipou xal izapda&u) sBopxcuvti psv apstvov eTva[t], | icptop^ouvtt
tdvavtla* tot; 8s YpappatoBtoaaxaXot; t a psv a.l[Xa] | x a ta tau ta,
ipvutcooav 8s r[o]v jA(zo')XXuv(a) 11 xal t a ; M ouaa; ^stpotojvs'tollai
50 8s x a l dxoostxvuoDai ix tuiv izeMldvwuv zatBotpt'pa; jtsaoapa; xal
., 7papparoot8aaxaXoo; tesoapa;.

tstayjiat. 8s pia|8ov tSv psv IV

zatBctptpaiv ixaarw t p ijv i; sxaatou Bpayjia; tptajxovta, tuiv 8s

ypappatoBiBaoxdXiov ixaotun pi]vo; ixdasou ] opa^pa; Tsaospaxovta.
t a 8 e x a ta t a ; iztSst'fcet; autuiv xal td a[X]jXa auvtsXsTaSai xa ta

85 tov zatBoyoptxiv vdpov * i$sTvat 8s to t; yetpoto]v7j9sTaiv zaiBotplpat;,

ia v dyovts; dOXrjta; ix t Ttva ttuv ote9aviJzuiv dywvtov ixYor(pstv
PouXmvtat, zapaXuoapsvot; tou; rai8ovd|poo; xal xataXtzouatv etv&
autuiv t iv iz to ta n p o v ta tuiv irai'otov j apsotov toT; zatoovipot; ixyor,psiv.

8xu); Bs to ytvdpsvfov) ^x-aujtot; eutaxtu); uzijpsrijtat, tou;

60 tapi'a; BiBtfvat to tsrayps'lvov toT; ts z a i8o tp t|ki; xal ypapatoBtoaaxaAoi; pijvo; e|xdatou tip voupr^vlai* ia v os t t; pd) Buit, BysiXstto otatSjpa; zsv|taxoslou; tspou; 'Eppou xal Mouauiv, eTvat 8s
xat

aBttov xal (zp ) j zpa;tv tou pta&ou toT; zatBotptpiai; xa l ypap-

patoBtBaaxdAot; | x a ta tov dyopavoptxov vopov 12, to 8 sla'cpoups-

65 vovlS sif tau ta x a ta tijv | dvdta;tv pvj etvai psrsvsyxsTv el; aAAo
pijOsv tpozun pr^Osvi'- ia v | Be t t ; elmjt 7/1) zpoOrp rt izt^tpi'arp 75
pstsvlYXijt

ta frji eXasoov tou ixjxstpsvou, BtpstXetw 6 routwv t t

zot-fjoa; otatrjpa; zsvtaxootou; | Ispou; 'Eppou xal MouoSiv.

t 4 84

Aotzov tou i;atps 9svto; el; tau ta j d'patpouusvuv(u)v) ttov ptoOSv

70 XapSdvovts; ol zaiBovdpoi zpzstu)[oav tail Azo'AAum tw t AtBupsT

{3ouv to; xaXXtotov ev ts tip zev 9str(pi|xuit toT; AtBopsi'ot; 14 xal
ev rot; aAAot; etestv toT; j3oiT/ytoi; xal | zopzsus'tiooav autol te xal
ol iziA syivte; uz autuiv zaTBs; | xal ol xs/stpotoVTjpsvoi iz to td ta i .
autuiv xa l pey.pi psv tou vjv j EuBijpo;, psta Bs tau&3 6 zpeopu-

75 ta to ; tuiv azo EBovjpou ysvopijvcov t i Bs zsptpflsv tspsTov Ouoavte;

ol zatBovtJpot 8iavstpdtu)oav | toT; ts zaiolv azaotv xal toT; aAAot;,
ou; yiypaztat oupzopjzsustv.

dbsTa&ai Bs xal tou; zaTBa;

VI

a z 4 tuiv paStjpattuv xa& ejxaatov p rpa trp zs'pztrp lotapsvou xal

tou; zatBovdpoo; avajypdtpstv xal tautrp ev t a t ; zatotaT; psta tuiv

80 aXXiov Tjusptuv, xa 9d t [t ]| 4v t S i zatoo(vo)ptxuit vo'pu)tl2 ouvtstaxtat.

tva 8 ti ts tou Btjpou zpoat'psjot; xal dj(t) ysysv^ps'vrj zspl ta u ta V I I
uzo EuBr^pou tptJ.ooolt'a raotv | Ix 'favrj; Bzdppp, tou; tst^ozotou;15
psta tou dpy_tr;xtov[o; izijjpsXrjdfjVat, 8zto; to <j/7,<ptopa ttJBs dvaypatp^ el; orql.a; Xt[0t'va; ouo], | xal otr^oat pt'av psv 4v trp zatBt86 x^t zal.atatpai, Iv cot av tc![ztoi Szt'ljtTjOstov stvat ^aivr^tat, tijv
0 itepav iv tuit tspSt too /Izdp.i.tuvo;] | tou As^.ctvtou iz l t tj; iU Bpa; t ^ ; d va ts & sto ^];^ uzo [EOBrjpou] | tou 0a?.?.liovo;' 0zu>; 8 iz l
t7p zspl tau ta 9t).ottp(t'jai ttp^& rp xatajjlttu; Euo7(po;, pouXeuoaoOat
tov Bfjuov iv tot; xa^ xo u o tv] | ypdvot;. eBo^s tiot Brjptot el; Xsuxcspa avaypdijiat t [4 ^f/jtapa].

Line 7 0 .

tto c

C ^l

AtS<JptZ

U<A)[\uAt^ -J ,

This inscription is concerned with the manner in

v/hich money, left to the schools of Miletus by a

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

39

certain Eudemus, was to be spent; part of the in

heritance was used to send a sacrificial victim to
Apollo.

The adjective

itftW shows that this vic

tim was a bull. No restriction on color is shown.

For the epithet, see Famell, Cults 2. 227-228.

36.

Homer, II. l.lKMH.

j -< /

yj LL

(Ionia; ca. 8.00 B.C.)

(Troy; Mythical Period)

f
^
2
rfbZL -Cc-L UA'CU, if u M

J. 3 ^ 0 / -yjj

Sy } / ,

d tp v / / . ,

In these lines, from Chryses' prayer to Apollo, the victims

are bulls. No color is mentioned.

37.

Homer, II. 1 .315-316 .

Jy
lUvi-oJ

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Troy; Mythical Period)
tT6/^*<r<r^s eddtopfids

yjl

lIUpl-

dCfO'tftCcco

Again, the victims are bulls, but no color is mentioned.

38.

Euripides, Iiippolytus 535537i choral.

(Athens; produced k28 B.C.)
(Delphi; Mythical Period)

Voodoo
\

crR
,

j^oVos/

f s

\ \\

i:)/W

e^dHs/ots
/ ?\\ >/2'
( * < - / ^ 6 &6 L '

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

ko
tA trrc l7u9k<. tL^upsidti

Line 2

cult of Apollo at Delphi.

ffSgu

This refers to the

The phrase in line 1,

fltytu), refers to the worship of Zeus at

Olympia (Barrett, Hipp. p. 261 .)

3*

^<jvc\/ . The word jWskv usually means herds

man, hut it is used in a few phrases, such as this
one, to signify "of cattle."

No determination of the victims' color or sex can he made.

39* Xenophon, Hell. 6 .4-.29.

(Athens; ca. ^28-354- B.C.)

(Delphi; 370 B.C.)

iifJw Jd ir&hv
'Cj.Cs
qSi hUI oh UAL
lo$ t h

hJ.l 6 j

tTyv

J wem]^
SAL h ifd(^J4^sqUSsL
.

ffSvV j i L ' C ^

l Asxc

1T & IL l i b t f t t y o v p
f A
A u k A , W P o < w p u t* f7
A6
.UA y j i o g u .
<r\
J
i
t SS\L VuSyeHA
LO'S

ifoAtu)i

O / I e
po6V

I.

e X 'f f o U

M
k
^ttcjxSSiit
AtStAl^ Y
jtii " C^ W

7\ \

^ 6) n

iU A i cfrTo A &S P 610

Lines 6 -7 . ^>iUy/ 'j^jSoW

6) f h

V^ 6 j cl 1-. .

The adjective j^C\/U<fta^

shows that the leading jldh , at least, was a bull.

No color is mentioned.

This incident took place just before the assassination of

Jason of Pherae, and thus the date is fixed at 370 B.C.

This list

of animals sacrificed to Apollo differs from that of Antoninus

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Liberalis (#25 above) only in the inclusion of swine.

AO.

Demosthenes, Against Meidias 53 P* 531* (Athensj 38 A-322 B.C.)

(Athens; ca. 350 B.C.)
0
c
^
UgU

^ ffo W u J J L
> \

4-rtriAL'JLL

'to o A l u 5
\ ~
\
'C th tL s l (& L

iv

30 0 /

o lr f d T t ^ o ^ o k i

% k - iL j

KV / l

O /

/&<

tyJ ^

J c o V v fy
,/'
\
c 1/
I
L < tU \'^ L j

j'A L

J\

GcttjtUv-rj>L'^6c^
/

(t,A(zOL//sC{/2> l-LkL. dOO/iCvS) , J&4L. d>/icV/yt^V hjo/v

/\

,L'

/tiL L

Q -

U 'C 'Y iiU 'g

600V

t <.*s

/ t t o / 'o V

<

"

/>
.

j}>oov PS&l . Neither the sex nor

Line 3 . jljfc))wy(

the color is mentioned for this victim.

For this

epithet of Apollo, see Preller 2 7 6 .

This is the text of an oracle from Dodona to the Athenians.

Demosthenes does not say v/hen the oracle was handed down, but he
does say that it was still in effect at the time he wrote this
speech, ca. 350 B.C.

Al.

Plutarch, Theseus lA.

/O

^CrX^b'J

> {/

AM^JL

\
A 5U

ii^UxyUCjL

ro ts

(Chaeronea; ca. A.D. A6 -1 2 0 )

(Marathon; Mythical Period)

I/'

~r

i7L Co/

> <>

Oik!cute

t^jv

V
/
> ^ ff
'
XlL/->kJ<i*Ht/o 6TT6Jki(pUXo )*o/i{

J lO,

c'/

T'

i/O^c/ j

CO^

"V

tU

>/
~Co o Ufte^s,
9

u <l J

This version of the story, followed by Diodorus Siculus

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

k-2
(#^2 below), has Theseus sacrificing the Marathonian bull to
Apollo.

There is another version, in which Theseus sacrifices the

bull to Athena (Pausanias 1 .2 7 .1 0 , see #115 below.

versions mentions any color for the animal.

None of these

For the epithet,

Delphinios, see Famell, Cults 2.1^5 1^7*

Diodorus Siculus k-, 59*6

jAL-cX Jb

(Sicily; ca. 20 B.C.}

(Athens; Mythical Period)

i'J

-CbA^J <i$)oV fcM

^ W

c* ir y ^ > t

6cS

<Soyrc)uKt).h f o t s t O i ]
6cs t7<

i/cj,
\

n V'

VC)

-ffUfA./U yt'J'J b u u & s /

tio-cbsi 7

/tt^eos

>h / \ \

/ijfoA/xJ^L .

Note that the site of the sacrifice is moved by Diodorus

to Athens.

Compare #^1 above.

^3 . Pausanias 9*12.1.
'Cu)

$6

/4rro}}/.oVL

(Lydia? ca. A.D. 150)

(Thebes; before A.D, 150)
& ' i hut-cL ZiP T i m t u f ^ o o s

\ > t/ ^
0 ,1 y
^ '
^/9/eUcv" UdL ifztb Tfr/Ooutfits
J
^
~ Q
/-

< 0

lopd

r * c v i t u \ 'l

X'C&eo'J tio J

tri$ t/o tiu s

/ >A
v y*J?J^uV ' ooz^o
c/
co

e^AZcks

kdtod tiX) & 6 to

^

p ojs

t /
^ CC
^
< p tL t-p 6 0 f> tp
I c
Ir / J \
fa t *L rTbpfVtdtbS 6 itl

r v fhifAXufico
^
' v' <tj
' $
Jyj
poco <c fiUl

Q / L
'/P
Vubtd vo^Lyoo^c

i-rf ^

e^U./

c/
yj ffc
I \

zw

s,

6 )(btdao

Note the curious differentiation made between udvfcA. . and

>ou$

Perhaps, here,

means ox.

For the epithet see

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Parnell, Cults 2 . 221.

Aelian, De Nat. Anim.=12.1.

r* )

&{L

(Rome; ca. A.D. 17-5-235)

(Myra, Lycia; "before A.D. 235)

> /

/\

/\v<u

y/e*J Jrfo)\)io/a^ i<CLj

^

O^jjlO 'Cb DL

I 9 O ti

iu t e ] f t L _ i r j ^ j

o -toufb -tou 9&oC

fV
/ 'ClsJ 9blo <

oi ^ 0 Oi ifjpcG'/ tco<itj

J-yTtou

iboost'd 0 L^

e ttL j

/<&t '
-0/ A'c^'/

OoflbVdL ^ekL'Co.podbS .

Lines 2-3. ]l^b<k

The adjective

ji/ s/ m

shows that

the animals sacrificed to Apollo at Myra were

young, but no determination of the victims sex
can be made.

There is no mention of the animals

color.

^5

Hesychius, /<WU Kb-Ag .

l/dVd l<td$
6 ^ C i t L ^ L

Lpd\Jtb<>j

Jrft))i6oSL

Line 2.

^o)>s

(Alexandria; ca, 5th c. A.D.)

(Sparta; before A.D. 500)
c

oc

>

6 /<!

a /

6rfJi))d

t5>^
$Soji&>/oo

Q^

f>^Lct<t/6 'iCcS

. This epithet of Apollo seems

to have been used only at Sparta.

(Kruse, RE

V A,1 (193;+) S.V. "Tetracheis", Col. 1070)

The participles ou
this animal was a bull.
color.

and JCoojibfov show that

There is no mention of the victims

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

44

k6

Porphyry, On Abstin. 2 d 5

ou

(Ca. A.D. 2 3 2 -3 0 5 )
(Thessaly; "before A.D. 305)

(ye.-C'C^Mo

ztd ^ u -C o j-i^ s

Line 2. tJ

<r 7 Tu@;.

This title was applied to Apollo

(Parnell, Cults 2.157-158).

Goats
(2 5 ) Antoninus Liberalis 2 0 .I-3 . (birthplace unknown, ca.
A.Do 200)
(Greece, before A.D. 200)
see above p. 1 7 .

Goats are listed as one of the customary victims to Apollo

(line 8 ).

No color or sex is mentioned.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

k-7'

Sokolowski, L3G 18; Calendar. (Attica; ^00-35 B.C.)

[0]
A tj

ij

a p x I

(i 6 to v

A
9 IIaiavio)v v

35

MeTayEiTviSvo? SwSe/.atE -

a i , A H - d
AvOeoxrjpitovo-

76

i, *A r XXo)vi v A -

, A ia a io i;, ev

uxslou, ev aax-

90

Scttei ev "Aypx?,

ei, olg, oO
, App
$EXaXEl TtpOX

40

6
01
69

A il MiXiyio)!,
olq, vrt<px>>to;
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20

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ndytoi,

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ol?, A H- v
[S]xipo9&ptwv-

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30

OS TpiTEi i(Jxaplvo, A il I I oX.ie, spi IIoXe

EpyiSai, ols,
ou 9opa-, App
ex-fat eJttI 8exa [--------

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E p y i: 0I5 : A v
[rjapir^.icovo? 6ySovji laxapi , AroXXoivi A TTOTpOUaiWl

'ExaTop-Saiwvo? Sexdxei i>crrlpai, Kopo-

35

[Tpjoipwi, EJtl t -

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yotpo;, oii 90pd, PPP
ApxepiSi, hnl to "Axpo Epyia, al, oii <popa, Seppa xaxa-

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lepeat to 8ep(ia, App v
MoviyiSvos 8exdrei ucnipai, TpiTOTtaTpeuoi, Epyt,
ols, w)9aXioou 90pa : App

apYUjXiCvo?

MeTayeiTViSvo? ScjSex.cct-

15

20

25

s, A6r(vai I I oXtaSi, epi IIoXe

b> ica-E, ol? : A
BoijSpoptwvo? 7c2[i7trei lapyiaoi, yolpos, oXoxauxoS, \nq9dX1 : PPP
TETpaSi 961vovtos, 'Eppijt, epi nd yw i *Epyia: ols : App
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evdxei enl 82xa, MeveSet-

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xapi : 'E- 07UI, E-

30

50

55

60

ole, oii 90P, App

Sxtpo9optSv0? TplTTJl loxapivo, IloereiSuvi, ep II6Xe E p x t: oI? : App
KeipdXatov
HA

Epyia, ols, App

*EXa9V)6oXiwvO? EXTTJl E7tl

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MeTayetTviSvos evocte
etcI Sexoc, *Hptotvat;, etci
5

35

crat? TCap[a]SocipLos, At-JlySoy) Ecrra-

ExoEvcot Ep-

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Earaptivo, E PXL: vEtcotci,

OLpQ?, 0X0X-

15

y-

auTo;, v-njipaXio;, H-l- v

TerpaSi 9-

topiou,

20

IIo<tiSe<ovo;
EXT7JI ETC

25

50

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Xpto;, TOUTwt EspEcoaOai TOV XTJp
J-

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S^fxapxo?, A

60

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

A9

A u .'O p u o i, E -

vjttgh,

PXtaai, y o i-

30

apfrjv],

vij<paXi[oc, o]-

po?, o i 90 : Fhtr ap]).L<Svo?

eSSojxyji to-

..

65

u <popa, [Pf-h i>]

2 xipoip[optw]vo?-------

T ap ivo, jA tco-

------

M & m A uxe-

Lines A 32 -3 6 , A jTo^

mjl

see *1-0 above.

/foCgrfuluoL, . . ^ (p

For the epithet

No mention of the goat's color or

sex is made.
B^7 -ij<9 . /Iffo)l)wA Tfu9ui)L. . ,'edC.
kG above.
r 3 335*

For the epithet see

No mention is made of color or sex.

/4jf<0/Uy'c jflrfotgoTfelLioL.. .*<.(? . No mention is

made of color or sex.

E^O-^3 .

I'O'Jl

...uib.

For the epithet

see Schmidt, RE XVII, 2 (1937). S.V."Nyraphegetes,"

col. loO^o

No mention is made of color or sex.

This inscription contains the sacred calendar for the deme

of Erchia in Attica.

A8 Syll.3 1 0 3 8 ; Calendar.

(Eleusis; ca. 330 B.C.)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

50

----------------- ]o a [i]a
[ . ..]o iv zlq EXsuatvtov

7tiv7vzEilaxapLEVou
IspoipavxTji x a l xr,puxt
[!]? aptCTOV TTjV EOpTTJV

TTpOXyopEUOUtTlV XCOV
H I!

npOTJpOOlMV

AA

AirdXXam IluOuot al
x a l xa e <j> lepoic, 7:poy6viov

------

EoSojiEi laxauivou

10

15

A A E [ -------

30

isp[------xeX[------

x a l xa [iExa xouxouj

nocrfeiSam - -

xpaTCE^av x o a p ja a i

^EXafv&s - -

x 5 i Oecoi, tEpEtiffuva Ispst

marlelage

txeX[------x [- - -

l[p]otpavT7]t x a l x a [i]e

A A -[-------

IspEiaii; Tcuq e EXfeJuaifviou]

------

ev xei toxvvuxISi
Ttapl^Eiv cmovS[Y)v]
tpaiaxa x x [i.]^ -

Line 9* /j-fibWfO'it

u ik

victim's color or sex.

4-9.

Prott, LGS I 26; Calendar.

No rule is given for the

See 46 above for the epithet.

(Attica; 4-th c. B.C.)

B

[xcTip-nj; x]pt[ijvo

Mouvixttovjo?

II]paHT7|pltol xptdq App

0apyr]Xico]voi; *
]7tapa x4v mipyov oT? App
Exipoipopt>]vo? .
]v ayopai xpi6? App
]ei . Ail Oplei ole App
]iat ol? Ap
xaSe xou tcov v- - ]viauiou Sxaoxov
- xax]a !$?
yypa7rri
]xov -civ v xoip
- -]xapok t4 EXeuoIviov
- -]u t v Kuvoaoupai
7tap]a xi 'HpdxXeiov'
TETapTT);

w [----xdcSe 6 8r)[ictpxot;]
[8 Ma]paOwviov Ooei [v----------------Tnvxai Sxa Yjpepoiv rjpoit (xoTpo? ppp Tjpulvrjt]
Xotpo? ppp xpaxeCa xcoi i^pcpft xal -rijl Y]pcoIv7)l p]
BoijSpOpUOVOS T!fb |i[o]OT[7)]p[lMV . ---------Jio; f? AAAA ol? App Koupoxp6!j)oi[i
Seuxlpa? xpip^vou I I ooi8eco[vo(; ------- -pous I I |7 ol; App ^)pwtvT)t [oT; Ap Upcoauva]
PPP r^ i v Fuati; pou; xuouaa
AA[AA tepcuauva -]
TeXet^ : axuXta : AAAA vac.
xptrr;; Tpiptijvou . ra|]X[icov]os vac.
Aalpai ol? xuouaa App tspciouva p vac.
Fiji rcl xioi piavTsltoi ol? Ap Atl 'TwfipHOtI oXioi oT? App Kopoxpiput XPi? H + Tpi:sJa p Upcoauva PPIC
Onipalcoi [dip App]
Jjpwtviry ols Ap Upcoauva pp| ijc.
EXa[<p7)]6oXicovos 8exiti )i lata|ivo [r^t xl xcoi]
|iav[TE]iut Tpdyo? 7ta|i|iXas AP Ufpcoauva p]
TETap-nTpiptrjvo Mouvi/uovoc ApfiOTOjjid]<ve>x <oi pou? r7 AAAA ois A.pp Jjputvrji ol? Ap U[pcoau]-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

51

[xptpEnvoMou]vixtAvo?
25

30

35

40

45

50

55

]vou ol; Ahh

JtpAxT]?
[rpi|i7)vo 'Exa]xo|i6atcovos
[6SA(x.ttji taxaJpUvou
[AxixXcovc A7t]oTpo7cai ali; Ahh
[SEUxipa? xpt!(xr)vo IluavocjnSvoi;
------------]wv ole; xuouaa A phh
[xexdpxij; xpt]|iT)v '
Mouvixtcovo?
.............. ]7)i aI5 Ahh

va Phi- Ncavlat p0? p7 AAAA ol? Ahh XotP[? I+ H

JjputvrjL ol; Ah Upcoauva PhhIC vac.
tiSe 6 8r]uap/.o; 6 MapaOcovtcov Oust -i$pwi ^
paaiXetai ol? Ahh xpaxE^a h 7)pwtv]i ol? Ah
J^poii raxpa x& 'EXXcoxtov ol? Ahh xpaxeOx h ^pwtV7]t ol? Ah vac.
apyijXiuvo? Axatai xpc6; Ahh 07)X[e]a Ah
Upciauva hhr. Molpx;? X^r? Hhh Upc&[c]Exipoipoptcovoi; Jtpi Extpcov * YxxtjvIcoi xa <5>pa[t] ol? Ahh Kopoxpiipcoi x"p? hhh Upcoauva hhl
Tpixoroxxpcuai oT? Upciauva hh Axd|iaacv
ol? Ahh Upciauva hh vacxaSe t 6 xepov xo? 7tpoxpa 8pa[xoa3vr) *Exa[x]op6aitovoi; AOvmjvatai 'EXXcoxtSi poq p?AAAA
oTe? xpeci; AAAhhh XoTPS hhh kpciauva Pi----Kopoxpfiipwi ol; Ah XP? hhh Upcoauva |----Sa<pvr}<p6pote; Phh vac.
xdSs x{> Sxepov Sxo? Oilexat ^xa EtfSouXov ctpxM"
vxa Texpa7coXeuoi uoxpa 8papocniv7)
*Exaxon6aicovoi; AOijvaCai 'EXXwxlSi oTs A[h],
Kopoxpiiptot xoipo? hhh Upciauva hIC*
Mexayeixvioivo!; EXsuaivtat Po? f^AAAfA],
K6p7)i y.pi6; Ahh XP01 TPe? Phhhh lsptA[cr]uva P h llllC dXiplxcov ixxrii? HU otvo X5[? "l
Kopoxpfiipui olq Ah Upciauva h
Atl AvOaXet ol? Ahh Upciauva hh.
'AvOeoxTjpiGvoi; EXeuotvtai 5? xuouaa : AA,
Upciouva hi XX6r)t 7rapoc xa MecSiiXou u? xuo[aa]
AA Upciauva h dXcplxcov &cxs&s III I otvo xt5?-]ExtpoipoptSvoi; ' Ttpi Extpcov TaXlcoi xpi6; A[hh]
Upcoauva hh <ppaxoc Ph Tptxoxaxpsuai
xpdtnE^a h
TpcxopuvOot xdcSe 8aa 8x>) Trpcixrji; xpt|i7)V0 .
MexaYet[xv]iGvoi; "Hp[aiJ : Pou? : A A ^A A ot; Ah.
-----------] KoupoxpAcpcoi

-]ciov Ahh
XCldtpXT]?
txpipt^vo . Mojuvtxicovo;
A-]acot aT5 Ahh
.............. JoU Ahh
----------]vt : ol? Ah

Spa(i]oa[ii]v7)
[8EUx8pa; xpip.]r)vo Huavocjncovoc;
------------- P]ou; p^AAAA
[xpxj; xpiji7)v]o ra(jLT)Xiuvo?
--------- -]8ut 3? xuouaa [AA]
[xexipxi); xpi^vo ] MouvixiAvo;
] Nupupay^xEi: al^ : Ahh '
]ot xpt6; : Ahh
................. ]aI5 : Ahh
.............. ]x7)i xptii; Ahh
-]ou6xcot al^ Ahh
o f t Ahh
joXxi : ol? Ah
it3]vo;
JoT? : Ahh
[A07)va(ai 'EW.u]xSi x P?

Line A26.

This epithet was

applied to three male deities; Apollo, Heracles and

Zeus.

Heracles "bore this title only, at Echesus;

Zeus was called Apotropaios at Erythrae, Elatea, and

Olympia.

None.of these cities is in Attica.

Apollo,

on the other hand, was commonly referred to as

Apotropaios, and this epithet was especially common
in Attica (cf. AO above). The restoration of his
name, therefore, is fairly safe in this instance.
(see Jessen, RE II, I(1 8 9 5 ), s.v, " ^Tfo-C^OJUcoS.11
col. 189 -1 9 0 ).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

52

A.^5*

,*

This epithet was applied only

once to a deity other than Apollo,

RE

(see Schmidt,

XVII, 2 (1937) s.v. "

" col.l604).

Neither of these references mention the color or the sex

of the victim.

50.

SokolowsldL LSC 1?0; Decree.

(Isthmos; 3rd c. B.C.)

a'C 0usTat
vac.
tocSe (X'h
to
TE(iVO; TOU 'A~OJj.(X>[vo?] TOU Oil),LOU ELLLCmOV

iayiptvzc,

No mention is made of the victims color or sex.

For the

epithet see Famell, Cults ^.23 ^.

er Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

thpcoovrightowner. FurtneiiF
Reproduced with permiss.on of the copy

53.

51.

Sokolov/ski, 1SS 115A; Decree.

(Cyrene; ca. 300 B.C.)

[>A]pXXcov ^ [ c e ]

[k

x ]s l xaOapuo?; x a l a y v y la .; x a [ l l>

[xsT]y'.a'.c -/pstpivoc tx v Asooav olx[sv].

1
5

[at] xa -1 t x T yav y s-l tx .u -oX-.v sTtslyc vooo[; y Xi][ llo] c v; Oxvxtoc, Oosv tix-pocOt tx;i -oXxv [xx.Oa][pLt]a cu a~OTpo-a(o. t o x A tto/Xcov. tco'. A-OTpo[-al][wt] 7 > aP&v =P'J0?w.
[x]aXov ev ia p S i -spx o c Kl' xa tSj 0-wt txv t !,x x [ v]

yJloiyzr^ry.

f' [^oslgec, tSi

,,i (Xa] xal
ja-.apa.

xal sc lapa xal sc jSaS[a]-

; i [a-]o yuvxtxor avyp txv v j x t x xotux.Osc Goes? o [ -,]

M
'
Ss fy e p *v xc.iii.a0s; Xcogx;xsv[oc]
[ xxtsit '. sc lap]ov t i , o p ? x a ^ X y .ra t, rrXav y sc t [ o]
[ ..................

j Ta V T * v & X [ - - - ]

[i

Xjsyyln opocpoa. a-.avs? Tiv ja[-------------- tov]

[5 sj'opopv 00 {tsavst, a? xa ^

7
,
'
.
,*P)-k

i ^ v O y f o S a![vGc]-

[fuho;, 5 xa HvSo^
fisv atapo: t svtx[i ipt][sp*]c tP?c, a.XXov 5s oO puavs?, ooSs 6- 0? xa sv0[y-]
(o]oto; 6 av0pa>-oc.
i; AxaptavTlcov ocxa ttxvtI xal ayvco'. xal a 6aXo>[i]ttXxv a- avGpco-o) Bxttco tco tco ap/aysTX xal
Tp'.TonaTspcov xai aero OvopixGTGo tco AsXocoi,
a- aXXco, 6-y xv0pco-oc sxa.us, cox o g i x 'iyvco[.].
tcov 5s lapcov ooia xvtI.
a? xa s~l pcopia,- Goer/ lapy-ov, S - piy vc;,cc Gosv, t[o]
ncT-iauLca. aosXsv arrc cm Bcoulco xal xttottXovat xal 76 a.XXo Xou.x avsXsv sx tco lasco, xal txv txvov i -0 t> JScouco 'xal to n?p cbsXsvsc xaOapcv
' xal toxx 8y x.-ovioxusvo;, xxGapac to lapov xal
?apilav Oogxc Sctov tsXsuv, toxx 8y Oostoj cLr vopfoc ...]
oxco/poc fisGTa sc aAsXpsoov texvx .
:

si- Ssxxtoc *?/. av0poj~o; yoa.Tac, xaOapac x(o]toc auTC-v atptaTi, xaOapst to lapov xtuXy-

l^Js? ev Tat ayopai 6-oacco xa ttXsIgtco a.Hco: y['.].

poOucs? -po Tac Ssxarac Haulav Sctov tsX[sJjv, cox 5.-5 txc SsxaTac, xal toxx Sy Goes? txv
[5]sxxtxv xal a-oiGs? sc xaOapcv al Ss ;iy. tojv a0i~]wv SycyTai * s- olxlov Ss oles? ~a: o OoojV

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

54

[ % C oe xl -A t ! xx sxup p-.xi, x ^ oei ^ ' r x ,

101* xotov x a i rxpixE o i S b . ai e xa Excop p .x , /...
>0]xpEi to Ix p b xal txp ix v -poOoCEi P otov teaeov.
xl xa / cy/Px t x Se x x t x f(>, sxripxcxc t x
Ja], x x Oxcei t o Ix m v xal y.?VP*-a. Siyx, x a . t o x x
|*R -poOicst : , i v ? o v Ti>~v,
* * > - j ?t Z K [?.:]. -/-/ riv.v St, OvgiI
V Stisfatv t.tI i-v.cei ^
[xa]0apov ai Se p b tcov x ^tcov ^ ^ ( t x -.); tcov &s -/pr.aa-

-i

|tco]v , 5c xa Se x x t x f/., evtoioiov o d x evGv;gea

l~cu o]i8l ev , c j Se Z o t a x o Ige I -plv xx tcoi Oe o i a..o[M
[x x t e ]ogei ai Se x x -/ot X x bixEi t( svcosix bOr/., x x [6x]pxc TO A tCOAACOVIOV Ex.fi.ixv -po0DGEl XXTK TXV
[apLxjpTCXV pOTOV TEAEOV.
[at x jx Sexxtoc scbv xvGpc.j-o; y-oOxvrp, xxTXX.op.i[HxjvTEC TOV xv0pco-ov EX'. IIEV -OXTicTXl XLLEpXl
[s i]0y,gel o ti XX Sy/a^tx'. e~1 to cxpx, ScOTEpOV 8[e o]5Se ev, -piv XX 4-g8exxteocei TCOI 0ECO-, xxl o[i][8e 0u ]ge 1 Co S 1-1 TO GX.pX Eld ' EXTtUXOEVCl Se
[xx -/.JeIotoj &V.OC
Jcotvir i&v tGi OeSi (x)x0xpx[:]
[Se t o ] A - oaacovlov xxl TX y_pY,pXTX Si/x, Xpo01[cx][c x o t o ]c tapixv poTov t eaeov c o x xtto t x c Se (x )x [t ][xc, -po]6copiov, Ooge T t x v Se x x t x v ccpoocopiov x [x ][i x - o ]igei EC xxOxpov ai Se p./,, t w v x o t w v 8t(g e 1:t [xi].
[a xx a-]oOxvY,i Se x xt oc ecov xxl t x t e x v x x x t x /.i[-][SpEvx t ]x p b roil, TX Se iroflavr^, Ixtl ^ g x c t x [4][-CyEVo]pEVX, c*OGGCO x x - a e Ict g : XCIX -?(l, xx0xpx[: to ]
[ A - o >X.co]v '.ov x x l TX -/pr.px-x S i/x , x o o Oogei txp [iav ]
[txv TO) yJoxtx poocoxiov, xxl TOXX Sr, GogeT txv 8e[x][XTXV -po]6copiOV TOV Ss Z'jl'J XX.OxpXC X'JTOC XOt[o][v x x 0 a p ]*T O Ixpov Siyx :ccoA#c ev txl iyo pxi 0[u][cl TXV t ]co yoXTX rxpixv Sctov TEAEOV Xxl TOX.[x S>(]
[0ogei t x ]v Se x x t x v xxl xttoigei e : xxOxpov ' xi [Se p][/), TCOV X'jt ]cOV SyGElTX.l.
[ev /;6eoe ]iv sxsi xx xs ce txi , Goev x x t x vopov [x
i xx]
[EC yauov ev ]0'.V., t o aoi~ ov Gogei irtox.x. xx Sv .v;[txi xi]
[Se xx A & ]0 r/.r K*0z?ui: i-oycsl, ot:[oT] tic t [4v rxpOf][vov oOsp'/ji]. x.xOxpxi oi Sei xi Se x x Sv .y;t [xi , b to ixpoj[v xxGxppjx -poocopiov OlGEt. O-UI t [ic t x v -xpObov]
[^Gsprp x i x]v0pcooc S ,Z 5a x ce t [xv ttxe Oevov exoe ][ oav

-------------- ]; pb

--------

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55

Lines 6 -7 . Cv<~ AtfoW w t- Uo\_ ^mC^oJrTAuoiJ Acpj.^ e ^ o B ^ .

For the epithet see ^1 ahove.

This decree gives

hoth the sex and color of the victim, a red he-goat.

This part of the inscription (lines 1 -?) gives the rules

for the purification of the city in case of an epidemic.

52.

Sokolowski, LSS 116: Decree.

(Cyrene; 2nd c. B.C.)

[AJ vejxoi; a[lE]

Axo/Aam A-[o]-

701; ev]
tco[l------- ]

XXL 7GLC [EV TOIL]

6 I ,
o ifcv e^ uyov

A0XVXLXE Xl[E].
tg lc Se iv 7XL ayopxL XXL toTc srv]

TeXecgxle %

xxpeSpoL; [ - - - ]
N ojx? xl [e ---]
x X iv 7 [ C 0 V - - - ]

7on npuravslcotO

10

IIXLXVL XXL [Tot;]

5;.

Z ijvl IlavSsiwt xx l
AGxvxlxl IIxv Gslxl
15
1

ZtjvI 'Y-;a>.x(col
xa l AGxvxlxl

v*[-

A x 6?.[Xovl xxl Kup.]-

9x[i;---

'Y - E /lx b .t *XZ.

K[-----

IxTpUL S;.

r ---

ZvjvIxl', 5;.

XXL 70L?
gI?.

Lines A 3 -5 .

/4fTo\ \ iovl

j & j p^U

Pugliese Carratelli (Parola del Passato. 15 (i9 6 0 )

29 ^-29 ?) understood pZ}d

and translated it as

"apples"* Sokolowski takes it as it is written here,

and translates "especially a he-goat."

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

56

This meaning fits better with the rest of the ins

cription, in which only animal victims are named.
For the epithet see # ^ 0 above.

No mention is made of the goats color, but male goats

seem to have been preferred.

53.

Syll? 589; Decree

(Magnesia; 197-196 B.C.)

[XTE^xvr^opouvfTo; AJpiGTsco; tou [Ar(]p-/;Tp[t]Gu tou

[ . . . jwvo;, pr^vo; Sp'.cicovo;.

u/.r(; nposSpsuouarfi

; [ A rrajXtSo;, ypappxTsuovTo; tt;i jBou/.rp T1u0o[x7.]ei' [ou; t]ou

TETpaS. drxovro;, ev vopalai ex[yp.Tfiizi, posSpcuv etxgtxtouvto; MevectTpxtou

. tou AprEptScopou, uTTsp tou avaSEtx.vucOsct. exx.otou

svtauTou tcoi A il Taupov dpyopsvou crrropou x a l u -lp xaTEu-

77

-/rfc xa l rou. n^; x a l Ootjla; x a l u rlp tou /p/vu'cOa'.. Do/.ov

ev t 7/ ayopai xal orpcovvucOat. Gtpcopvx;.
10

eSoES T7p [jO'Avjl xal TOX S/;pCOL, yVCOpV; St,UOU o x w ; ot olx.ovopot ol evectt/.ots; ayopaococriv Taupov xal ol asl xaGicrTap.Evoi dyopa^cocxv Taupov to; xxXauitgv tou pv/vo; tou 'Hpaioivo; ev r/p Travyjyupsi cxaaTOU etcu;
xal avaSeixvucuat tool Ail dpyopivou cxopou pr(vo;

15

Kpovicovo; ev -rip v o u prp la i psTa tou Ispsco x a l t 7(;

lep sia; T y ; ApTspiSo; t 7(; A euxooou^ v?,; x a l tou
CTE9avrj9opou x a l tou lEpoxr,puxo; x a l tou Xr(TOupy o u v ro ; Outou ttji x o /.el aooteaaeiv Se tou ; xatSov6[xou; x a lS a ; Evva auotOa/.Et;, dxocrTEXXsLV

20

Se x a l tou; yuvai.xov6p.ou; -apOsvou; evvex d p (piOaXEt; * xa l ev t & i dvaSEixvooGai tov Taupov xarsu-

/e tO q
Ispox.^puE psTK too IspEw xa l t t; ; lE pita; xa l
tou GTEcpavr/popou xa l Tcop alSwv x a l tcov rapOsvcov
xal Tcop xoAspdp/ojv xal tcov I apycov x a l tcov ol25 xovopcov x a l tou ypappaTECo; x7(; j3ou?.-;.; x a l tou
avriypapEco; x a l tou OTparryfou uxfp te ocoTVjplac t ^ ; te 7c6?.eoj; x a l r7(; ypopa; xal Tcop t o Xitcov
x a l yuvaixcov xa l texvcov xa l tcov dXXcov twv xaTOtxouv-rip 7toXei x a l -rip ycopai uxsp te ipr(v/j; xa l
xa l citou oopa; x a l tcov aXXcov xapcov -d v -

tcov ev te
x Xoutgu
tcov

x a l tc3v xtt ;vcov SsSoyOai Trp PouXrp x a l tcoi

^ p co i tov orsyavr^opov tov asl yivopsvov psTa tou I s-

psco x a l t7(; Ispsla; t rfi ApTspiSo; tv;; Auxo pur;v(rJ) ; s ;d _ [y]yiv

op7(v tou prpc,; tou ApTspiotcovo; rip Sco3 d Ssxarrp xa i Gusiv tov Taupov tov avaSsixvupsvov,
ffup7:op7rEjEiv Se r ; v te yspoucrEav x a l tou;
lepsi; xal t o u ; dpyovra; t o u ; t e yEtpoTovrpou; xal

tou; x)i7jpcoTou; xal tou; E9700U; xal tou; veou; xal

40

tou; xalSx; xal tou; td Asuxo 9 pu7jvd vixcovra; xal

tou; dXXou; tou; vixcovtx; tou; OTEoaviTa; dycova;

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57.

6 Se OTEoavr^opo; aytov rtjv rropiTrnv <psp7to 6ava 7ravTv twv StoSsxa Oeoiv ev gOv;giv tor xxXXIg-

. '

7a i; x a l 7njyvu7to OoXov ev 7751 ayopai ~po; 7toi Jjtopical

: tw v StoSexa Oetov, GTpMVurw Se x a l G7p(optvi; 7oei; to;
45

v.aXXGTac, crapE/erco Se xal axpoaptata, au/.yt^v, auptctttjV, xiOxpiGT^v xapiGTavETtocrav Se x a l ol olxovouoi ev

7gu pir.vl tcoi \A p 7ep1iGiSv1

ScoSexxtt^ Ieseix 7pla,

[a] Gmgodgi 7<oi 7E A ll 7tot S cogittoXei xa l tyji Ap7EiuSi

Asuxoppuyjvvjt xa l 7(0'. AttoXXwVI 70H HuOltOl, 7(01 plEV
50

[A il] xpiov to; x x XX'.gtgv, 77/. Se ApEEpiiSi a ty a, 7toi Se AttoXX'V'vt dkTTjyov, 0uov7e; 7<ot ptev A il e - l tgD (Jtoptov rov A to [;]
70U 2tOG'. oXtOE, 77,1 Se ApTEpilSt xal 7tot A oXXcovi sxl 7[ovj

55

PtopLoD 77^ Ap7EpiiSo; XapLoavEtv Ss 7a yepa 7a EtGiGpiEvpa]

70up IspEtC 7tOV GetOV 70'J7(0V 70V Se pOOV G7XV GuGCOGiV
[S]iaVEptE7tOGaV 70t; CUptTTOpiSUGaGlV, 70V Se XpLOV xa l T7JV
aiya x a l 7ov K777,yov SiavEusrwcxv cut 7E g7eoxv7,o6[p]toi x a l 77,1 Icpelat xa l 701; ;roXspdtp/oi; x z l 70tr -pc-sSpoir
[xa ]l VEto-otat: xa l euGuvoic x a l 701; Xr(70j p .'rJGaGtv, Siavs-

60

[ptE]7toGav Se 7au7a ol olxovoptot orav Se KvaSsi/Of, 6 7x5[p]0C, EySoGtV XOlEtaOtOGXV ol olxOVOtlOt OXtOE 7pE?7,7ai urro
700 lpyoXa6riGav7o; ayerto Se 6 spyoXao7(Gxr 7ov 7aupov
etc 77)v ayopav xa l aysip&rw Trapa 7s roiv gi707:o>Xg)v
xal apa 7tov a/.Xtov ayopaltov a avyjxsi el; ttjv Tpooyjv, xa l aptetvov stvat 70t; StSoootv. 70 Se tl^cpiGpia 700E avaypa-

65

i[at 7Go; otxovoptojE el; 70 tepov 700 Ato; Etc.ryv TzxpxarxSa, avaXtGXE-wcav Se eIc rx ih a xav7a 7a ysypaaptEva ol [ol-j
xovoptot ex 7tov xoptov tov syooGtv Etc xoXetoc Sto[txr.Gtv. 76 Se]
[^ tp tc fp ta 7oSe] etvat si; ouXxxvjv [tt-c ttgXeco;]-

Lines 5 0 -5 1 .

fi

was the Ionian word for he-goat (Amob. M y .

Nat. 5.6)

The text gives the sex of the victim as male, but no restric
tion on the goat's color is made.

(3 6 ) Homer. II. 1.^0 -^-1 .

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

Troy; Mythical period)

See above, p. 3 0 .

There is no mention of the color or sex of the goats.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

5*K

Homer, II. 1.6 ^ -6 7

0 <>
>/

K*

'C L

c./ %
tu ^

>/
c*L

b<~tfOL
o

\/

'o<$<fc\/

U b 't

n /\

>

v i V c L U .G v ii

/ !ft

>s)

/ ;

e r fin b J -t jt 'C d L

d f> y w /

>

1 /.
6 u /^ > k

l? o v \ic .iL

(Ionia; ca 800 B.C.)

(Troy; Mythical Period)

K s /i^ v ji

t s'

^ \

Yji'lL'J

ye)

/Q

t y ^ Z o y iP y S j

?b

-C tA b ^ v

-> ~

slrro / cl^ c V' ^ jiu s /c J L

These lines are from Achilles speech suggesting that a

seer he consulted to find the causes and possible remedy of
the plague.

Mo mention is made of the sex or color of the

goats (line 3 ).

(37)

Homer, II, I.3 15 -31 6

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Troy; Mythical Period)

See above, p. 3 9 .

There is no mention of the color or the sex of the goats.

55.

Homer, Od. 21.265-268.

ii30 6 V f t
p1

oiL^S

>/

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Ithaca; Mythical Period)

Kbhtc&h l / le)\U^9ccv')
s\

/ \

JiiTo\cS ^iycZv^

)//

-v

<*<- rfML pkft bloAcL ofLfTALeL<.Vj

o<j(f t-ift J i j j ^

CCoo

C. ,\\Z bJlbuJj-it'S p<^/L"/ ,

ifbL^tOj1b<r&'

i^).UCo-CoChJ

'y

Line 2. U^A.5 No mention of color or sex is made.

3* ^rfo/VWvc K\oto?.oiio . For this epithet, which does

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

39

not seem to have teen used in cult, see Hfffer, in

Roscher 2.1 (I89 O-I8 9 7 ), s.v.

(39)

Xenophon,

Klytotoxos, col. 12^9.

(Athens; ca.
(Delphi; 3?0 B.C.O

Hello

B.C.)

See above, p. *K).

Line 2.

. No mention of the victim's color or sex is

made.

56.

Athenaeus ty.138

d u c u ^L

L6^6lo\/

(ca.A.D. 200)
(Amyclae; before A.D. 20 0 )

<V -&<l S ^offc4L\J

d L j/d S j

u \}d

Line 1. 6 V acS

, The Hprfc%

Was a part of the

festival known as the Hyacinthia (see Nilsson,

Feste 1 2 9 -1^0 ).

No mention of the victim's color or sex is made.

Note

that no other victim is allowed.

Horses
57.

(Forbidden)

Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism 3*221.

(unknown; ca. A.D. 200)
(Greece; before A.D. 200)
Irfffos/
l,(o ail

TfcftSftJ'/L
c>

JaA'n/ ol tfh y'lp&s .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

This is the only extant reference to the horse in connec

tion with the cults of Apollo.

Nothing is known of a horse being

sacrificed to Apollo Didymaios.

Sheep
(25)

Antoninus Liberalis 2 0 .I-3 .

(unknown; ca. A.D. 200)

(Greece; before A.D. 200)

See above, p. .
27.

In.this context, opposed to

must mean sheep.

(A7)

(line 8 )

and

No color or sex is mentioned for the victims.

Sokolowski, ISC 18; Calendar.

(Attica; ^00-350 B.C.)

See above, p. A5.

. ds *

Lines A3~5*

For the epithet see

Parnell, Cults A.II3 -II5 .

A28-30.

UoL, , . o ii . For the epithet

/frro))wvc

see #Al above.

"fU iiott.., oii . For the epithet see

B52-5A.

Parnell, Cults 4. 3A- 2 3 5 .

E33~3o*

tyrtoWrt'JL

.. o ii . For the epithet

see above, lines 3 -5 .

None of the references mention any color or sex for the

victims.

(32)

Syll.^ 102A; Calendar.

(Mykonos; ca. 200 B.C.)
See above, p. 2 6 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Line 30*

/&<_
For the epithet see #32 ahove.

^y6S .

Neither color nor

sex is mentioned for the sheep.

58.

Sffll.3 loHj Dedication.

(Halicarnassus; 3 rd c. B.C.)

,A-o[crT]et?.avT&; Ilo[cr]ei8[toviou xp]Yjc;a.[a0a]t

T&ii AxoXX am , t av auTcoi te y.al t o i ; e ; auTov
: *i'Lvo(xevoi? y.al oucnv ex. te tcov apGEVccv x a l tcov 0-tjXe'.cov e?7] Xco'iov x a l xxeivov -xoiovcuv y.al paa -

gougiv, ^/pTjUEv 6 Geo;. egegGxi Xco'iov y.al dp,eivov auTOi; tXac/.oasvot; x a l Tcp.cocrtv, xaGa-ep
.xal ol xpoyovoi A la ITaTpcotov y.al A-oXXcova TsXsjaegoou (XeSeovtk x a i A lo ip a ; x a i Decov MvjTspa
Ttpiav Se y.al IXdtrxEcOai y.al AyaOov A a lpo va IlocrEi-

10

Scovlou x a l TopylSc;. t o i ; Se Tauex SiacpuXdaoouGiv

x x l Tioiouatv ap-Eivov egegGxi.
I I ogsi Scovio; larpoxXeou; u~ eOy)xsv t o i ; e; exvtov
y.al too; ex toutcov yivofCEVoi; ex te tcov apacvcov
x a l tcov 0r(Xsicov x a l t o i ; Xxu M vougiv e ; auTtov

15

[ e lj ; Guotav o l; 6 Oeo; e/ py; gev, aypov tov ev A gtu [x a jX a lx t tov opioppovvTa AvOsi x a l AxLtxyr.TCoi,
[ x ]a l t->,v aiX/.v x a i to v xr.xov x a l t x epi to [J.vr,!j.elov

20

Scovlou 6 TrpEGovTXTo; cov asl x a f dvSpoyevEiav, ^

[y.]al to o ev TapdpL coi e\r(pGGlov to r^'.G'j. xxpxeuTeItco Se x a l Iepxtevetco tcov exyovcov tcov ex rioGS'.axoSiSov; x a f Eviautov ypuoov; Teacupa; areXea ; . eSo;ev DocfEtScovlcoi x a l t o i ; exyo voi; t o i ;
ex ITogeiScovIou x a l t o I ; etXvjcpoGtv e ; avrcov a lp e loGdt E-i[i.rJvloj ; e ; exutcov TpEi; x a f EVixuTojyj,
25

o itiv s ;

d-oXaaodvovTE; tt,; uxoOyxr,; - fa p ]a j tov 1-]

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62

EXsuGspiou [ y > a [ o v ; ]

Tioo[a]px; cuvTsJiaoucnv txc Gurf*? Sv S[e] R Ar-oSiScoi vj r OsXr/. x a p -E X tv , Etvac Ta firawtst.aeva x[oi]vi xai tou;
fctifofovtou; eyStSovxi, -re Si t^svo; sfcai [xocjviv [xjxl
30 t[ou; eJ - i r v Iou; iypuoGovv xai to r ^ c o r xai to bnr
[pojcrtov xdjutfRvoi RVO-: 'EpRicovo; feijzsXrf i Soo r^iipa; tcoi Ups? t& vo^oasfva]
; c i; tx.; Oucia; - a v r a tt/. fziv ~[p]cor/;t
(Wsiv T o r i AyaGr/. zaTpo; xai r t Po; JIoae[iSto]viou

35 [xjpiov
Aaipcovi AyaOSi "
IIoGsiScovtou
" * xai
'-H[FoplyiSo;
IV
- xai'..........
xpiov, rc Si &urpai Aii IlaTpcoico
'
TsX src co o p r f f e n xpftiv] xai i
xai Oscov Mr^pi alya 6 Si Kps]*; XapcSavi ixx
iepsiou xcoXvjv xai TETxpr;(uo]piSx cr-Xayyvcov
xai tcov aXXcov iaopioipo; i'forco] * t a Si Xoi-a xpsa oi
-rot; -

Ta;

Si xs'paXac xai

tou ; t:68 x ;

auroi iyovtcov,

tx.

Si

XCOlS.a TtCOAOUVTCOV EV TCOI G l* 0 l Xtti Vftl <

Xoyov a-oSovTcocrav -p o tou Srjfiov, ava; el; o exacTov Av^Xcotw x a i tS
itspiyiviiisvov avaXtaxsiv si: *vxOr(RT[a].
avaypaiai Si xai tov x p w Av xai T ry irroOrxry
50 x[a]i tS SSypia iv g t r , i XiOtvry xai aRcai iv k

Lines 36 -3 7 . ^fo^/Vvc 7 6 /\t^<T<ToO y it<btc'}ZL

The context leaves no doubt that the restoration of

ji^cos/

is correct.

The sex of this victim is indi

cated, but the ram's color is not.

For the epithet

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

see Ruge RS V A }1 (193^) SoV."Telmossos,"

col. *K)9 -*H0 .

Homer, II. 1 .6 *1- 6 7 .

(5*0

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Troy; Mythical Period)

See above, p.

58.

No color or sex is given for the sheep (line 3)*

59-

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Troy; Mythical Period)

Homer, II. *{'.101-103.

c '/

'

No sex or color is given for the victims.

c ,

S'?

For the epithet,

Lycegenes, see Famell, Cults k. 11*^. For Klutotoxos see #55

above.

These lines are repeated, with slight changes, at *{-.119-

121 and 2 3 .8 6 3 -86 *!', 872 -8 7 3 .

(39)

Xenophon, Hell..6.4.29

(Athens; ca. *t28-ca. 35*!- B.C.)

(Delphi; 370 B.C.)

See above, p. *K>.

Line 2. 0i$

. No mention of the victims color or sex is

made.

60.

Pausanias 2.2*f.l

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 1 5 0 )

(Argos; before A.D. 150)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

6k

Line 2 . tyvzpM-ji <. ,

. The participle shows that this

victim was a ewe.

6 l.

Theocritus, 5* 82 -8 3 .

No color is mentioned.

(Alexandria; ca. 300-ca. 260 B.C.)

(Thurii; before 260 B.C.)
p i y d . t<Uc & }c S

\
K^Lo^j

/'

// ^

doctO

v T '

> l /
tci }<fUL t}y)
>

The Kameia mentioned in this poem was probably not the

famous one held at Sparta, but another held in Thurii (Nilsson,
Feste 125.

The victim in this quotation is a ram, but no

color is mentioned.

Sheep Forbidden
62o

Svll. 3 624A: Decree.

(Thasos; ^75-^50 B.C.)

NupttpYjtatv x axoXXcovt N upKpijY^1'

xal apaev apt poXrjt TipoospSsv, olv oii Ocptt? ouSe y/upov
06 TraiamCerat.

In this cult any victim, male or female, except the sheep

and the pig, was acceptable.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

65
Swine
6 3 . Sokolowski,' LSS 19; Decree.

(Athens; 3 6 3 -2 B.C.)

0 e 0 i
ettI XapixXslS dpyovTo; A0r,vx!oi; . e-1 toig[8]e Stplxlx'j oi Siai-r^Tal SaXajiivlo:: to: ex. tcov fe r*
5

9j?.wv x x l SxXa|v>;

too; d -d Sovto duo-

XoyoOvTa; a?A^>.oic x.xaco: e/elv a Eyvcooav ol 8lsA y x -

10

Aa^Tpsd;, KyjoicoSoto; AlGaxi^; 7 Tx;t

ova; x.ocvd; elvat xjitpoTEpcov si; tov alsl ypdvov ty;; AOr.vax; t t ;; Ix apaSo; x.al r^v tS H pax>iou to

ini nopOudu, xa l

d jv t 5 Eupuoaxo: x.al djv tt,-

; AyAaopo x.al riavSpdao x.al tt,; KopoTpd?o x.al x >.T,poG0xi xoivr,i

15

il dpiyorepcov s-siSdv

t e Xeut -

fc s i ti ; tcov UpsiSv 7, tcov lEpscov t o ; Se J.av/ivovra; IspscocGx!. ? olc-sp xa l ol -poTspov Ispecovto tt(v Se yr,v tt,v 9 'Hpxx.7.s!coi tcoi e~1 17opGfj.coi xal t/)v aX<X>-;v x.al tt,v ayopav tt;v ev KolXtji vel^acOa-. S. '/a a ry ; sx.aTEpo;, x a l opo; CTyoxt -r7r
; exvtcov sx.aTEpo; ' Gds'.v Se toi; Qeoi; xa l toi; rr

20

pcoat x.XTa txSe

00a usv t, ~d/.t;

-xpsysi ex. to 8r,pi-

oalo r, -a p a tcov co[c]x.oodpcov 7, -a p d tcov Ssi-vocpdpcov ytyvETat Axpioxvs.v BaXapi'.vloi;, TaoTa (aev
x.otv7,i ap/poTEpo; Ooovtx; veuegOxi Ta x.psa cbpc25

a Ta 7,u!gex sx.aTEpo; ogx Se d -d t7(; [A'.gOcogeco: eGoov Sa7.au.lvio!.

SaXxulvioc -a
- p a c-pcdv aoTcov 0oeiv x.aTa Ta
0oov
arpca, to ypoco ex.xt s ?o ; c '
j u o x 7Ao ;
ievg ; si; aravT a Ta Ispa toi ; Se LEpEooi x.al Tat; lEpsiai; d-oStSdvat Ta ydpa Ta ysypaptusva t o x Se t o 'H p -

AAA

30

ax.Xso; Ieoec IepecSgv vx

Spxy.pd;, e I; tteX xv ov Si h f* h Spxyux: tootcov to y,u jg u sxaTEpo; croupdAXsoOac Voiv Se Ispslcov Sv av xxTdp^Txt tcov
xoivcov XauodvE.v SapTo Sioux x a l to gx s /.o ;, eGc t o to cx.eX oe , poo;
tcoi

35

Se evvex odpx.a; x.al t o Sdpua

Se t o Eupucxxo; Ieoel Ispscoauva P h Spa/fix-

Cjel; s7.avdv

duooospcooE P h K Spayud;, gx.eXo ; x.

a l SspuxTo; ev Evpvoax.slcoi A I-h i- Spayjxd; t o ot cov to 7,(1000 Ex.a-Epo; couddX/.soOai * tcoi r,pcoi tcot E -l r7,i aXy. tcov Ooouevcov XauodvE'.v to Sdppia.
x.al to oxiXo; vfjUEtv Se to I; IspEooi x.al T a i; l40

Epslai; ev to I; Iesol: otto dv sx.aoTOi Iese G vt ai fisplSa - a p Ex.a.Tspcov t o ; d=To; e ; SxipaSo; vdpcEiv x x -a tccSe , d/yE/.dvTa; e; drrdvTCOv t o ; vopu^op.Evo; dpaipEioOat xaTa Ta rra.Tpia x.^pux.i dpto v , AOr.va;

45

lEpsla1
. dpTOv. 'H o ax ./io : Ieoec dpTO-

v, navSpdoo x.al AyXadpo IrpE-lac apTov, KopoTpdTcovSidcTa -/;u.tGEa sx.aTEpo; dpyovTa Se x -

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

66

Xr,pov eu. fiipsi 777.0 sxxTipwv ooti; v.7.txo 77,osi

70; ocv.ooopo: xxl 77.: Scirrvooopo; p77. T /j; is50

p rix; 7.7.1 70 v.r,pvxo; 7.7.7a 7a 777.7017 77077. Si avaypxAai ; crr/.r,-. v.oivr/. a ^ O T ip o ; v.ai 077,07.1 iv 7 i hpwi t-7,; AOryS; 7-?,; Sv.1p7.S0; tov Si a i 70V Upla IV7.1 7(01 E'jpVOXV.Sl V.7.1 70)1 T,p(Ol 7(01

1*1 77,1 7>.r,l 7V Si 71 Sir,! ETTIGXEUXGXI 7(0V Is55

pwv, ETiioxEviteiv v.oivr/. c u a C x X X O .^ iv o ; 78 r ^ UOU ixXTipO; ; h i XxOIxXeISg Spy.OVTO; ol x 7(0-

V 7777 (puXoiv 777.p<r/OV XpyGVTX * 77. Si yp 7.fAji7.7Ela v.atva eIvxi a[pio]o 7pcov x - x v t x r>,v Ss y ry ip y x-

60

fcoQxi 7 ^ [ ^ M a Q o ^ v o v Ico; av
o yp ivo; Sv 1100(00X70, 7.77oSlSoVTX. 7*,V ^ O E IX V pilo6(001V V.77p0i; 70 Si 77pO0'),U.7. tS apiXXo ipi u ip

T(OV Si Xp(OV 77. f'UlGS7->,V Si l-

65

a 77 7p!7 T(OV S;
1007.1 7C0V 7 iSl((o)v V.7.1 T(OV V.OIVWV c l; TOV Bor,Spopiicova p.r,vx to v I71 XapixXeiSo apyovTO;.

70

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rcuOfj; O7.oopv.1So, 0 >.X6v(o;

h e AvSpopiivoo;, XxpiaSr,; XxpixXso;, 0 :(o)oavr,;

Z(o? 7.voo;, 'H y la ; 'H y ^ io , AaE-.vix; OiXivo. h a A vTioOevou; AvTiyivou; Ayapvico; xp/ovro; XaXapuvioi; oiSc wpLOoav ev. tu v - 77. ooXiov Op 7.oov.Xr,;,0 p7-

75

owvo; B0077., S 7P7709cov Stp^tcovo; Ayp-J, M eX ittio ;

E;r,v. 07iSoo

Boot?.,ApioTapyo; Ar,u.ov.Xoo; Ayxp,

Apvioov E jp.r,XiSoj A /a p , Xa-.pio 7p 7.70; I I xvv.XeiSo E Tvixr/pi, Ar,iioov Ar.piapiTO ApvoXr, B

77. lopa Ooiooi alel t o i; Oeoi;

701; y,p(ooi v.aTx 77. rrxTp-x xxl
8txW.av.7a i apipoTEpoo; v.7.1 ol
aipEOivTE; wpiooav, 187,9toOai SaXaaivi01;, 7ovapyovTaAptOTxpyov SyypxAxi 77.; Oooia; 7- 7.07.; v.al
77.; 71,17.; 7(ov Upiiov ei; t t ;v G77,Xr,v iv ei
7.1 SixXXxyai eioiv, otxo; av ot apyovTE; a k l Ttapav^oTipiov eISugi 0

Apy.iXE(o; eIttev o tto ; SaXaalvioi

^0

Y'-'Yv-^TcitO eipo l;

v.7.1
Sirj/JXaEav ov

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S
e
9

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'V-.

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Ko-J?07?09(0l
ai-,'7. A,
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IoXilo! 01V 0/.0V.7.D7GV A P I AXv.liVjVE! olv
A M -, M 7.17.1 olv A h h 'H p rxX ci
PA A , 7,?(o-. h a o il' aX ii olv
A P, xpwi AvTioapai y.ovpov hl-i- I I I , r,p(ovE - i /Tpov hl-h I I I , I(ov(i) olv G-jeiv EV7./X.7.; - a p ETo;

54Xa i 9 ^ ? o i; xal o l; ^ ~oXi; 8(S(ooiv x v.voSsov

A SySoEi 7:1 Siv.a Eupooa.v.Ei : ov : A A A A , cv/.a ? U?ov(;) x a l
el; 77.>Aa M - h <Tr

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67

5v A A A A rS).y. io lz p o ic x [a i zi]c gSW-x h h h . MEGxyEtGvicJvo;

eoSouel A-o>Awv- riaTpto'.coi uv A A A A , A t,ggi yo^ofv]
[h] 1-1- I I I , 'A prziuSi xotpov hhh I I I , AAr.vxi A y z li x i yoipm
hh h I I I
l o fepoi; xxl si? g&>.x h h h I I I . Bor.Spopicovo? * IIoge'.-

90

Swvi ' I oSpopiox 3v : A A A A , tiPo>i <Dxly.i xotp(o)v h h h I I I , *lPc*

T eixp w i xotpov hh h I I I , t,p<oi Naucsfpcoi x P v h h[h III ] ,
?u?.a I'p- Upot: x a i gxW.x h h h . nuavo^ifivo? sxgel 0t,g e l 5v
A A A A * ei: gx/Ax hhh A-xgouolole A -i flpxGptoi 3v AA AA
Eu?.a S9 * U p o lsx al gS.x hhh. MxLpaxGr.pifivo; AAr.vatSxipiSolv Iv x V o v a Ahh, Saipan olv AP. E4?.x -1 tov ptopiv hhfh],
X" t a S a V i v '
[ l- i]

g^?

yy? 4 ? ) * ? ' *Hpax X[ e(&x ]

Bovlo, SpyupLov Gup6xX>.opvou? exx7ePooe I ;

octexvgx r i

is p a ia v Se t ie e l- s l r( ap /w v - i i r l9 LGEt gougcov g l xxGaxfu]95

[g ]x l v, GpsyEL - o l xa).oge go apyipiov, u~eo0uvov eIv x l g S l yv-;

x ttx v g l x a i golc Uoe-jgl xx g x gxugx x a i ESlxl u~ 6Sixov x a i g w l Pou?.opvcoi SaXxpLvtcov.

Line 8 8 . %
aboveo

6k.

w.

For the epithet see #30

No sex is mentioned for the victim.

Syll.^ 7 3 6 ; Decree

(Andaniaj 92 B.C.)

[uOpxo? i]Epo>v xai ispav ' o ypap.fi.aGEu? gcov g u v e SPcov tou?

yEVYfOivTa? iopou? Apxi&wa Trapaxprjpa, ap pr, tl ? appcoG[GEi],
[lePc5]v xaiopvo)v, atpa xai OlVOV GTTEvSoVGE?, GOV OpXOV TOV UTTOysypappEvov *opvuo) g o u ? Geo-}?, ol? Ga pucG^pia et:lg [e]V e Eelv, Stjw ? yivr/rai Ga xaGa gxv ge Xsgolv
[XeTJg z l , ETttpei
eEcrpETtS? x a i axo - xvgo? gou ffixo
[ g] o? pyjGsv Sox^pov pr;Se aSixov rot^GEiv
pUGGT,pLCOV

p 7)Se

aV.COL

ETOGpEtJ/ELV,

a/Aa

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

68

07)<Ttv toi? yeypappEvo?, E^opxtostv Se x a l Ta? Ispa? xa l tov lEpvj

xaxa to Staypappa ' Euopxouvxt pv pot eiV) a toi? eugeSeoi?, Eipiopxouv-i Se Tavavxla* av Ss ti? |X7) 0eXei opvustv,
iptptouxco Spaxpat? ^ l a i ? x a l aXXov avx't toutou xXapcoaatco ex t ? aura?

9uXa?

Ta? Se Ispa? opxtxco

0 tEpsu? x a l

ol Ispol

ev xcot tEpcoi too KapvEtou Tat -poTEpov aptEpat tcov puar7}plcov tov au-ov fipxov, x a l 7roTs?opxt6vxco 7rE-ol7]fiat Se x a l ro x l
tov avSpa Tav aupotcoatv octco? x a l Stxalco? * Tav Ss p[y}]
GsXouaav opvustv tpcpiouvxco ol Ispol Spavpat? xt>.tat? x a l pvj
EJTtTpETTOVXCO E7EITE?.EIV Ta xaxa Ta? 0j ola? pjSs psx[]yzi\ tcov piucmqptcov, a l Se opoaaoat etutsXouvtco ol Se yEyEvvjpsvoi

10

Ispol x a l lepal ev tgh Trsprxcot x a l TrsvxTjxoaxcoi

EXEI OpOGaVTCO TOV aUTOV OpXOV EV TCOI EvSsxaTCol JJLTJvl ~po TGjv
puaxr;p[cov. apaSocrio? * Tav Se xap xpav xal t x
(3t6X(a, a SeScoxe Mvaotaxpaxo?,- rrapaStSovxco ol Ispol toi? erttxaTaoTa0EV7oi?, apaStSovTco Se xa l Ta Xoura oca
av xaxaaxEuaa0Ei yj*Plv

puaxyptcov. a x 9 avcov cteoxvoo-

Se exovtco ol psv Ispol x a l a l Ispal ttiXov Xsuxov

tw v Se xsXoupvcov ol TrpcoTopucxai axXsyylSa ' oxav Se ol tEpol
TrapayyslXcovxi, Tap. psv axXEyylSa a7:o0EG0coaav,
GTEcpavoocrOcocTav Se ttscvte? Satpvat. E lp a x t a p o u ' ol TsXoupsvoi

15
.

Ta puaTYJpta aVUTroSsTOt (TTCOC7aV x a l E^OVTCO TOV

elpaxtopov XeuxSv, al Se yuvatxs? p7] Stayav^ pr^Ss Ta aapEta ev
to i? slpaxloi? rXaxuxEpa T,piSaxTi>Xlou, xal al
pv IStcoTtE? exovtco x^cova XtVEOV x a l Elpaxtov pTj ttXeiovo? a?tx
Spaxpav IxaTov, a l Se natSE? xaXxaTjptv ^ atv-

SovtTav x a l EtpaTtov prj tcXeiovo? ipa pva?, al Se SouXat xaXaar(ptv

7)

cjtvSovtTav xa l Etpaxtov pvj ttXelovo? a a a Spa-

Xpav TCVTrjXOVTa * a l Se Ispal a l psv yuvatxs? xa>.aemjpiv rtU7roSupa

pv) exv ax ta? x a l EtpaTtov p?) itXeovg? a?ta Suo

20

pvav, a l Se [tociSe]? xaXacrcjptv rtEtpaxtov pvj rXslovo? aEta Spa/pav

Exaxov ev Se Tat TxopTOtt a l psv Ispal yuvatxs? uttoSoTav x a l EtpaTtov yuvatxEtov ouXov, Gapsta e/_ov pr( TtXxxuTspa
JjptSaxTuXlou, a l Se 7ratSs? xaXaoTjptv xa l Elpaxtov pyj Staq>avl? pr) exetco Se p^Sspta

youa'ia. pvjSs

ouxo? pr^E tltplOtov

PkjSe avaSepa pr^E xa? Tptxa? avTrs-XsypEva? pr^Ss u~oS ^ p aia eI pyj 7rlXtva rt SsppaTtva IspoOora ' Sitppou? Se exovtco al
tEpal Euautvoo? arpoyyuXoo? x a l etc auxcov -oxix.E!pa>.ax
rj OTCtpav Xeuxoc, p-fj E/ovxa pvjxs axtav pr^xs 7rop9Upav * oaa Se Sei
Statr/.Eua^EO'Oai ei? Oscov StaSsatv, exovtco tov Etpaxtapov

25

xa0 6 av ol tEpol Staxa'covxi * av Ss Tt? aXXco? E/st tov Eipaxtapov

7tapa to Staypappa
Tco

o ^aivaixovopo?

rtaXX.o Tt t 5 v

XEXcoXupvcov, pr( ET:txpE-E-

xa l E?ouaf,av exetco XupatvEcrQat, x a l ecxco Ispi

tcov Oecov. 8 p x 0? y 0v a t x 0v 0p o u ' ol Se Ispol oxav x a l auxol opoacovrt, opxtsovxco tov yuvatxovopov ettI tcov auxcov Ispcov, eI pav
l?Etv 7ttpE>.Etav Ttspl te tou ElpaTtapou x a l tS v Xoittcov TCOV

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

69
ETriTETaypievajv p.01 ev t A i StaypdptpLaTt. T ro p -a ? ev Se Tat
r o p r a i dyeiarco MvaatarpaTop, etteitev o Ispeu? tAv-G^Av ol?
Ta puoTrjpta ylvETat psTa tS? Isplap,

zizzizx ayuvoGeTap,

lepoOuTat,

ol auXvjTal pTa Se -rauTK a i TrapGevot a l Ispal xaGAp av Xx30

X03VTl) ^youcrai to: appaTa E7TtXEipva? xIgtx? Erotica? lepa puGTixx *

eItev a GotvappoaTpta a elp AdpaTpo? x a l a l uTroGotvappoGTptat a l epoEoaxutat, eItev a Ispeta Tap AdpaTpop Tap <? IttttoSpopan, eItev a Tap ev AlytXa etteitev a l Ispal xaTa plav xxGA? xa XdypdVTt, Etteitev ol Ispol xaGAp xa ol Ssxa StaTapwvTt o Se
yuvatxovopo? xXapouTto Tap t e lepd? x a l TcapGEvou? x a l ETTtpsXEtav

iy iz a o-wp TToa~E'jojVTi, xaGAp x a XaycovTi avEcGw Se ev t x i

ttopttxl xa l t x OupxTa, xa l Gugxvtc) tS i pev AapxTpt guv ett'.tgxx,
'E p p a vt xpt6v, M evxXoi? Gsot? SdpaXtv ouv, A ttoXXojvi Kapvslcoi xa-pov,
"Ayvat
35

olv.

axavav

axavav

Se p-f)

ettitps7t6vtw

ol Ispol

piTjGeva S^elv EV
TSTpayAvon
ttgSAv TptdxovTa, pr(Se 7Te p it i Ge [xev Tat? axavat?
ptQTE SsppEip (XTQTE aoXslap, (XTjSe EV At av TOTTCDl 7TptGTppaTAawvTt ol I eooI pvjGeva t A v (jltj .Svtcov lepAv e/etv axavav
(iVjSe TTapEpTTETCO pTjGsl? dp'JYjTO? Et? TOV TOTTOV OV Xa TTSptGTEppat A gwvti

y_wpapavTco Se xa l

uSpavap * avaypa'pdvTO) Se xa l

aq> Av SeT xaGapt^Etv x a l a pv] Set e^ovTa? elffTTopEUEoGat.

ev

a (jtvj Set e / . e iv
T a t? a x a v a t? p 7]0sl? xXlva? e/etco ev Tat axavat pirjSe
apyupApaaa ttXe Io v o ? dpta Spaypav TptaxoGtav . e ! Se pvj, pyj

E7TlTpE7r6vTO) ol Ispol, xal Ta TTAEtova^ovTa lepa eoto> tAv GeAv. a x o a p o u v tcov ' oTav Se al Guolat xal Ta pucTrjpta ouvTEXetfat,
40

suipa-

petv - a v Tap x a l dxousiv tA v ~apayysXXopsva>v tov Se d-etGouvTa vj

axpE-Ap dvaoTpsooptEvov stp to Geiov ptaortyoiivTCi) ol tEpol
x a l aTtoxtoXoovTco tA v puorpotcov. paoSotpopwv paoSooopot Se
EOTtOOaV EX tA v IspAv EtXOGt, x a l TTElGapyoOvTCi) TOt? E7XTEAOUVTOtp Ta ptu<jTr(pta, x a l ETTiptEXstav e^ovtoo, ottco? Euaxr/ptovcop xal
EUTaxTW? utto tA v rapayEyEv^ptEvcov 7:dvTa ytvr(Tai, xaGAp av

7rapayyE>A&)VTi

ol ettI tovtcov TETayptEvot to up Se aTTEtGouvrap r(

arpETrAp dvaGTpE9optsvoup ptaoTtyouvTco av Se ti? tA v papSooopwv ptTj TTOtst xaGAp yEypa7TTat r,

o t i dStxot r, rrotot ettI
xaTaXucEt tA v ptucrppluv, xpiGstp ettI tA v IspAv av xaTaxpiGst pt.vj
45

ptETE/ETOl tA v ptUGTTJpluv. TTEpl t A v Staq) 6ptOV

1TOt

Se 7Tt7TTOVTa

Std^opa ex tA v pti)GT7]pto>v EyXsyovTW ol xaTaaTaGsvTEp utto

TOU SdptOU 7TEVTE, Et09p6vT6J Si

0*1ap/OVTE?

dvdvxal TTOCVTEP, ptr( Sip

Toup auroup, Ttptapta eyovTa sxaoTov ptv; eXxogov raX.dvtou, x a l tA v xaTaGTaGsvTtov TrapaypayaTto d yspouata to Ttptapta,
AcauTwp Se x a l to tA v EtGEVEyxavTtov TOtp Se syXoysuovTotp
Ta Sta9opa XEtToupystTG) 6 dpyupoGx6~op * orav Se exiteXegGei to:
ptuGTTQpta, dxoXoyiGaoGcoGav ept rdvTOtc ev Tat xpWTat guvvoptcot ouvaycoyat tA v ouveSptov, x a l ypa 9<xv axoSovTU t A i Extptea0

Xr(Tat xapaxp^pta ypzcpovzzz ett ovoptaTOp za. TTETiTWXoTa S t[a]9opa cbro tou xaGapptou, x a l Atto tA v 7rpcoToptUGTav to uTroGraTtxov
x a l 6tv Tt a>XwO xegei, x a l ttjv yeyEvxptEvav e^oSov x a l Tt av el
XotTTov, x a l apiGpiTjadvTto Trapaypyjaa t A i Tapttat x a l SoTOGav
u-optaGTpot,

av

ti

EuptGxeovTat

aStxouvTsp,

StTrXaatou

xal

ETTtTlpttOU

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

70
[SpayJpSv '/.[ijXtav, x a l ol StxacT[al

S EV

a^a-.pouvTco p-^Qsv ol

TMl TTepTITCOt XKl TrEVTTjXOCTCOt 8te i xaTsoTapvoi E-oSix-

. aav-rto xal Mva[cic]TpdTa)i to StSopEvo[v auT&t] Sidoopov el; t 8v ctt^xvov otto

t5j; [ ~ 6]Xeo;, Spaypd; E;axtaxtXla;, a-oSovrco Se toh Taplat xal
Sea xa eI
[Tp]oEEwSiaapva Sidyopa [uxjo to>j Taplou e[v t G i -Ip x -c o : xal
55

TCVTiijXocTTox] te [ i el;] t x xaTacxeoa^opeva ev [ tw ] i Kapveiaalon vj Sarravoupeva xdptv t<Sv pucTr.ploiv * to Se [Xowsov ex t&v
Stafpopcov to j to u

too too;] eo&ik6v[tco ol xevTE el; ~]

E7U0x [ eux ]$ p e v a ev tcoi Kapvetaclcoi, xa l v tw o ; 8t i xpsla si [xapa TauTa;

T a;] toQoSou;, yepovtco ypxtpovTe; pvjj/rco; e]; 8 av yjpdv. eI, xal
ol dpx&vt e ; x a l ol coveSpoi SoypaToxotelcOcocav o ti Set tov Taplav [ 8tS6p]sv
Ta Staoopa ooto Se tw v - it:to v t v ex tw v puaTT;pwv dxoxaO'.(TTacrflco tcoi T aplai t Sid^opa, x a l -a-oSovTCo ypa^av tcoi empEXrjTai 7repl 5v xa StoixdjCCovTt, x a l laxcocav uTropaoTpoi av t i
dStx-qccovTt, xx8o); errdvw yEyparTai o Se t a p la ; 8cov xa xapaXdoet Sia9 opov
Xot7CQV EX TOUTCOV, ypaipETCi) EV U7rEX0EpaTl e I; T0CV ETUGXSudv TCOV
60

EV T6X
KapvEtaclou, x a l p.-}) avaxp^cdcflco el; a)At> p7)0ev, pE/pt av exiteXec0ei Sccov yjpz
w. e c tI tto tI Tav tcov puor^plcov covTe/.siav
pr.Ss ypafj'dro) p-rjOsl; Soypa, o ti SeT Taura Ta Sidoopa eI; aXXo Tt xa ra yprr
cac0pt ' el Se pv), to te ypaipev kteXs; ectco xal o ypdya:
dxoTEtcdro) SpxX p d ; S t a d i a ; ' opolco; Se xa l o T ap ia ; 6 t i xa e^oStdasi StxXoov
x a l Spor/pa; Stcx & la;, x a l ol SixacTal p-)) dyatpouvTW pr(0Ev.
ex TauTav Tav xptclcov Sia<popa

b~ctpyi-u> el;

x a l t x x Itctovtx
Tav IxtcxEuav tcov

ev t : Kapvetaclcoi orav Se e x ko teX ec O e i 8ccov xpsia ^CTx o tI to cuvte XeTv

Ta pucr^pta, uxap^eTco Ta TrlxTovra Siaipopa tcov pocr/jplcov

el; Ta; T a; TtoXso; ecoSou;.

65

O up aT iov

x a p o jr a ; ' ol Ispol
peTot to xa-

TacraOyjpEv -TpoxapuEavTe; ey&ovTCo Tav rapoxav t u v OopaTwv wv

SeT OuEC0at x a l 7:aptcTac0ai ev toT; pucTr,plot; xal Ta el; too;
xaOappou;, EyStSovre; av te Soxei covtpepov elpsv errl to auto rcxvTa
Ta 0iipaTa, dv te xaTa pepo;, to ji to eXaxtCTOv utpicrrapEvoj'.
Xap'j/ECuai Sta90pov * e c ti Se a SeT ffapexew 7rpo too apxec0at twv
pucT7jpl<ov * dpva; Suo Xeuxou;, e r l too xaOappou xptov efixpouv.
xa l otxv
ev t S i Oed.Tpco'. xa0alpEi, xotplcxoo; cpeT;, oxep to o ; TtpcoTopoc-a;
dpva; exxtov, ev Se t x i ro p x a t AdpxTpt cov erctTOxa, toT; Se
M syaXoi;
0eoT; Sdpa).tv Siet^

cov, *Eppavt x.piSv, A to ^ w v i Kapvetwt

xdxpov, "Ayvat otv o Se eySe'dpevo; xaTEyyueoca; 7to rl to o ;

tepou; Xa70

(Jeto) t x Sta9opa x a l 7rapicTaTco Ta OopaTa eotEpa xa0xpa oXoxXapa,

x a l ErtSet^dTO) toT; lepoT; TtpS apepav Sexa ttov pucTTjplwv
to T;

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71
S i SoxipacrOsvToi? aapslov etuoxXovtco ol Ispol, x a l t o capstco0EVTa
TrapicrraTto o EySs-dpsvo? av Se (jlvj 7tap tarai ete'i Tav Soxtpaclav, rpaaaovTO) ol Ispol to o ; syyuou? auto x a l to fjptau, Ta Se
0upaTa auTol TrapsjrdvTCo x a l obio tcov 7:pax0vTCOv Sta90pcov
xoptcdaOcocav
Tav

ysvopsvav SxTrdvav e i? to 0upaTO. t e ^ v i t S v e I? Ta?

o p tT s la? ol Ispol rpoypayovTto y.aT* evixutov too? XeitoupyrjCTOvTa? v

t e t o i ? 0uclat? x a l putrojploi? auXTjca? x a l xiGapicca?, ocou? xa

ESplaxcovTi EO0ETOU? U7Edpy_ovTO?, xa l ol 7rpoypa9EVTE? XeitoupyouvTCO

75

toi? 0sot?. d S tx T jp a T io v av Se ti? ev Tat? apspat?, ev al? a l

t e 8uclat x a l Ta pucrrjpta ylvovcat, aXcot eite xexXcSco? site
kXXo t i aSty.Tjpa 7ES7iot7;xco?, ayEcOco etti too? Ispou?, x a l 6 p lv sXsuOspo? av
xaraxpiOst dxortvETco St~Xouv, o Se SouXo? pacTiyouaGco xa l
azoTEicaTW SttcXouv to

xXsppa, tcov Se dXXcov aSixnipaTcov ETtiTtptov Spay.pd?

EtxoGi av Se pv) extivei TtapaypTjpa, 7rapaSoTco o xupto? tov

oixetov tcoi d-

8ix7;0evti

ei? a-spyaalav, ei Se pfj, u7roStxo? ectco tto tI 8t~Xouv.

7tpl TCOV XOTTTOVTCOV EV T U t

IspCOl ' pTjOst? XOTETETCO EX

TOU IspOU TO-OU

av Se Tt? dXcot, 6 pv SouXo? pacTtyoucOco i'j-o tcov Ispcov, o Se

EXsU0SpO? aTOTStcaTCO OCOV x a o l Ispol ETtlXptVCOVTl O Se E7riTUXO>V

aysrco
BO

aoTOU? E7tt tou? 'lEpou? xa l Xapoavscco to Yjptcu. tpuytpov s lp e v

t o t?

8010X01?

t o i?

SouXot? tpuytpov ctco to tEpov, xaOco?

av ol Ispol

aTCoSsl^COVTt TOV T07C0V, Xal pr,0El? U - oSeXECtOcO TOU? SpaXETO? P^S e

GtToSoTEtTco pr^Ss spya viapE/ETCO o Se ttoicov racpa tx ycypap(

psva u7toStxo? ectco tcoi xuplcot to? tou crcopaTO? a?la? Si~Xaola?
x a l ETEtTtptou Spaxpav -svTxxoatav, o Si Ispsu? E-txptvsTCO TTEpl TCOV SparrsTtxcov Scot x a VJVTXl EX Ta? apSTEpa? -OAEOE
x a l Soou? xa xaTaxplvst, -apaSoTco to i? xuplot? av 8s"p*
TrapaStScot, iU r;-

xuplcot a-OTpE/Etv E/ovTi. ~ E p l ra? xpdva? Ta- Se

xpava? to? cI>vo<t>pacpsva? Std tcov dpjcalcov s^-ypdycov 'Ayvxxal tou yc[yt]wjpvou t o t I to i xpavat dydXparo? Ttxv ETrtpsXEtav e^ etco MvaclcTCO Tcot

85

TpaTO? ECO? av e i , x a l pete ^ etco psTa tcov Ispcov tov te 0uctav x a l tcov puc-njplcov, xa l oca xa ol 0uovte? teotI Tat xpdvat
Tpa7TE^covTi x a l tcov Oupdccov TO SippaTa Xapoaverco MvaaloTpaTO?
t 5 v S Sta96pcov Sea x a ol Ouovte? ro c t Tat xpdvat rpOTtOr^VTt f
eI? to v 0r)caup6v, oTav xaTacxuac0Et, IpSdX.covTt, XapoavErco
/
^^va
elcTpaTO? to TptTov ppo? to Se Suo pepij x a l av Tt avd0Epa u~o
to v

0uaia^ovTcov avaTtOrjrai, tspd gcrco tcov 0 scov o Se tspsu:

pot E7TtpXEtav EjtSvTCo, oxco?

xzo

x a l ol U tcov Sta 9opcov dvaOspaTa xaTaa-

XEud^vjTai Tot? 0ot?, d av to i?

90 [a]?

ol

cuvSpot? Sd?t.

07jaaupcov

x .aT a ex E u lEpol ol XaTECTKpEVOt EV TCOt TIEpZTCOt Xal TTSVTTJXOOTCOl

^TEt TCtpXEtKV E^OVTCO pETO TOU dpJClTEXTOVO? OTTCO? XXTaoXSUaff-

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72
[0]?jvTi Gyjcraupol XtGtvot Suo xXatXTOt, xal ycopa;dvTCo tov pev Iva
et; tov vaov tcov MeydXtov Gecov, tov S &XXov zo t 'l Tat xpdvat ev
& t v T0- cot Soy. el auTOt; aa'paXco; e;etv * y.xl e z i Qevtco x X a tx a ;, y.al too
pv z a p a Tat xpa vat e/ etco Tav dtTepav xXatxa MvatnaTpaTo;,
Tav Se dXXav ol lepol, tou Se ev t m i vaak eyovTco Tav xX atxa ol lepol, xal
avotyovTco xaT5 eviauTov t o i ; uuGTEploi;, x a l to eEaptGpt^Oev
Stdtpbpov e[E]
exaTepou tou 07]<raupou ycopl; ypdtpavTe; aveveyxdvTco dzoSovrco
Se x a l MvaattTTpdTcot to ytvopevov au[Tw]t Staipopov, y.j.Gtb; ev
[ tco-.]
95

StaypappaTt yeypazTat. le p o u S e lz v o o ol lepol dzo tcov

0upaTcov tcov ayopevcov ev Tat z o p z at acpeXovTe; a<p Exacrrou
Ta voptfpx]
tol;

0eot; [ tcc Xot]zd xpea xaTayp^caaGcooav e l; to lepov Setzov

pteTa t v lepav x a l zapGevcov y.al zapaXxoovTco tov te tcpr,

[x a l Tav] Ibpeav x [ a l cujvtepeav tou Kapvetou x a t MvaatcTpaTOV
x a l Tav yuvatxa te y.al Ta; yevea; auTou y.al tcov TeyvtTav tou; Xet[To]u[py/j]oavTa; [ev to. ] i ; yopetat; y.al txv Ozijpetxtav tou ; XetTOupyouvTa; auTOt; xat e i ; tx Xotza SaravapaTa p-Jj zXetov avdXcop*
[ z Joiouvts ; S p a yp a v.........................a y o p a ; 1 ol lepol tozov azoSet(xvtco ev >t xpaGr(oTat xdvTOt 6 Se ayopavopo; o I z t zoXeo;
<ezt >
100 eztpeXetav eyeTCo, Szco; ol zco X ou vt e ; ilSoXa x a l xaGapa zcoXouvti
x a l ypcovTat aTxOpot; x a l p frp ot; oupcpcovot: z o t I Ta Sapoota, y.al
p r; TaooeTto P7, [t ]e zggou Set zcoXetv, pvjSe y.atpov txctcj'etco ptqSe
zpaocreTco pr(0el; to u ; zcoX ouvtk; to u totcou prjGev * to u ; Sb pvj
Xouvtx ; y.aGco; ybypazTai, tou ; pev SouXou; paortyouTco, to &; Se
eXeuOepou; ^aptouTco etxoct Spaypai;, xa l to xptpa eotco ez l
tcov lepcov v GSxt o ; eybrco Se eztpeXetav o ayopavopo; xat zept tou

uSaTo;, 6~co; xa Ta tov Ta; zavayupio; ypovov pr-Gel; xaxozotet

R te
[ to pjfjXvjpa pvjTE tou ; oyeTOu; prye av Tt a>Xo xaTacxeuacGet ev
tcoi

lepcot yap tv TotJ uSaTo;, x a l ozco;, y.a0<5); av peptoGet, pet to

fiScop xat p [ r j 105 [G]e[l; ajrtoxcoXuet to u ; ypcopbvou; av Se Ttva XapSavst 7totouvTa

Tt tcov y.ey.coXupevcov, to v pev SotJXov paaTtyotiTCo, tS v Se eXeu0epoy
[^aptouTco] etxoat Spaypat;, y.al t 6 xplpa eorco era tcov lepcov.
a X e lp p a T o ; x a l XouTpou ' o ayopavopo; ETrtpeXetav eyeTCo,
oxco; ol QsXovte;
[PaXaveiiejtv ev tcoi lepcot prj xXetov 7rpd(jccovTt tou ; Xouopevou;
. Suo yaX.y.cov x a l xapeycovTt mjp x a l pdxpav eUy.paTOv y.al Tot;
xaTaxXu[^opbvot; ujScop Euy.paTov, x a l 07rco; o eySe;dpevo; tcov ^ uXcov Tav
7tapoyav e l; to dXetXTTjptov 7rapeyet ^uXa ^ p d x a l Ixava t o i ; aX.et-
[qjopevot;] x a r apbpav f a b TETapTa; copa; eco; eoSopa; * SouXo;
Se prjGel; aXet^eaGco ol Se lepol eyStS6<t>VTC0 Tav zapoyav tcov

110 [ tcov e l; t ] o aXetzT^ptov * av Se

t i ; tcov

^uX[co]v
eySe^apbvcov r, tcov paXa-

vecov pv) zotet y.aGco; ybypazTat, tov pbv SouXov pacmyouTCo o

dyopavo-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

73

[pto;, t ] ov .Se >.eu0()pov apttourco xaG exaarov dSlxv-pia elxotxt

Spaxptat;, x a l to xplpta egtco exl t G v lepuv. o u v ia t o ; a v a cpopa; ol le [pol 6]<ra xa StoiXTrjaomt ev Tat xavayupst ?j-xaTaxplvwvTt Ttva;,
cuvegiv aveveyv.dvTO et; t o xpuTavelov dvaypa^dvTto Si xal
[el; t ] 6v olxov to v ev t w i lepcot ou; av xaTaxp'tvcovTt xal e~l xotcot
aStxYjptaTt.

a v T l ypapov

x Elv

'r0^

StaypaptptaTo; ol

xaTEOTaue[vot oo]<tte ypdipai to otaypaptpta xaGcb; av SoxtptacrGst Sovtco t o i ;

volcoSe Ixtocl; dvTlypapov, oi Si XaScvrc; extSetxvuovTco Tcot

ii5

fyovn x a l

[xpeljxv

ev t o i ; ptuoTr(ploi; cuvXetToupyouvrco Tot-

lepot; x a l o xxpu; x a l auXujTa; x a l pcavTt; x a l apxtTexrcov!

[ toc; x a T a j o T a a t o ; t w v S e x a ol Sapttopyol too extgu ptrvc.rat ScoSexaTat np6 too tov xX(a)pov tcov lepfiv

[ x ] a l Tav lepav y l-

6
60

vec a t axoSovTfto]

120

twi Sdptcot xsiporovlav x ) ; x a T ac ra-

ex x av tcov tGv
xoXtTav Sexa pt^j
oet

vecoT^pou; tcov

125

73
6

TeacrapdxovTa, pc. [Si] SI; tou; a utoo; t[o]v y wv evia\n v * x [o ][Tjeia^epSvTco Si o l te

fipXOvTe; x a l tcov

fiXXtov
130

6GiXcov,

pipovre;

elcrGv y i -

y p a x ra i tou; lepou;

xXapoucGat * to ; Se
xaTaaTa0evTa; o [p]-

135

xt^aTco
ypaptpiaTEu;
TCOV GUviSpCOV TOV

Spxov 6v ol lepol optv[u]ovti exSvtco Si ol xa'racrraOsvre; irtptiXetav.xepl xdv140 tcov Sov Set ev rot; ptu-

cmjplot; cruvTeXetorGat, x a l ypovTt^ovTCO

ocov zpdct earl e l;

t 5 EXtTeXeioQai Ta
145 [tucfTTQpta ' xpoypapSvTCo S i ex tGv tepcov x a l pa6Sop6pou;
toS; euGetcotcctou;,
optolco; Si x a l ptucrra150 ycoyoii; * tou; Si cruv-

XetTOupy^ffovTa;
ptETa MvafftoTpa[t]ou rpaypapovtco <5tv
[T]tva; eSplcxosvTi eu155 Getou; u-dpxovTa;
x a l tcov ptvj ovtcov lspcov x a l ol Trpoypapevte; xeiGapxo
JVTco
x a l exiTeXoiivTCo, 0 av
160 Tcpoypapvym tov S i
ptYj xoiouvTa xaTaxptvdvTO elxocrt Spa[yjptat; xa l eyypatjfavto) el; to6; xoXsptdp165 XWS

^ paSSo'pdpot

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

74
jiacmyotivTCo ou; xa
ol Sexa xeXeucovti,
ol Se y.a-aoTa0v-

o i; crpoyiov xopipupiov.
180 aypa<pcov ei S Tiva
cypa<pa earc ev ro il SiaypaptptaTi - o t i Tav

t e ; Sexa xpivovro
170 [t]ix

x[p!|j.a]'ra

[xavTa]

tw v ptucrnjptcov x a l
Tav 0'JCTtav ouvteXei-

a [v S xpzia. el re]pl Ttvo; StaSouXiov [y ljveaQat, cuvayovTOi

185 av, pouXeulaOcoGrav ol

cuveSpoi, p j p.eTaxL-

ol Sexa xaveec to u ; lxal x a 0a>; t o i;

v o u v te ; exl y.aTaX[u]-

175 epou;,

crsi t u v (xuaTTjpitov fx[vj]0ev tcov x a r i t o Sia-

xXeiovot; S6;ai, e x itc-

XetoOw (popouvTco Se ol
Sexa ev toT; [xucr^pt-

190 ypap.}i.a ei

Se p.rj,

to

y p a y iv aTeXe; Scttcd *

lines 34; 6 9 .

. For the epithet

see Famell, Cults 4.131-135.

Note that in the

Mysteries at Andania, it was a wild pig that was

sacrificed to Apollo.

The sex of the victim is

not mentioned.

(39)

Xenophon, Hell.6.4.29.

(ca. 428-ea. 354 B.C.)

(Delphi; 3?0 B.C.)

See above p. Ipo.

Line 2.

. No sex is mentioned for the victim.

The pig is listed here, but not on the list of Apollo's

customary victims given by Antoninus Liberalis (#2 5 ).

65.

Pausanias 8 .3 8 ,8 .
>t

>

6 V 'C o U
L h .P b 'j

6 .^ L k \y j^ c 'J

t t 'Q

J l j'if L o s /

(T)/
V o o o < i~
( \ /

d 'r 'u h M ,

y l6 ^

6V

1 A

St

j\

opco<,
T

olvrttts

o )
t-r j

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Mt. Lycaeus, Arcadia; before
A.D. 150)
\
* >/

ft*
L

t
t

>/.

* /J/J A \

u j/a fiU

tfd ffp c V
'

c \

/ir f d /t /t iO y ' l
c

Ltp<Lt.cV

J
/ 4 y * c As

-CcJ

6S

/
C jf c K<>o/> l u
x
ro

c
'
#</

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

75

fU ffU 4 io u 4X
oJ

'LA

Lt

atoZofyl

t ^ ib p o 'l't k i

"

\ -r'

j<ALao<)L

-tbO Liz^tLco

j^U L i) 1

v t I&L 7T0fi7ryj Kxc_

' j
\ '

tU L

U''/etft<-$Xoo<;<-V

/}rfo\\tovc<>, . . tU ^ A iu o . For the epithet see

Lines 1-2.

Nilsson, Gesch. 1.528.

lfu9io'/

2.
h-.

. For the epithet see #k6 above.

k> /4rfz}}/Aj/L. lip

For the'epithet see

Nilsson, Gesch. 1.508.

In this cult a wild pig was sacrificed.

No sex is mentioned

for the victim.

Swine Forbidden
(62)

Syll. 3 62kk\ Decree.

(Thasos; ^75-^50 B.C.)

See above, p. 6^.

In this cult any victim, male or female, except the sheep

and the pig, was acceptable.

Wolf
66.

Sophocles, Electra 6 .
^ K /OK,tTi> V&V

lv<al <^KcAl v y
lZ

(Argos; date unknown)

O

p h .'J

HL<A

Vo

j>ij}<AKy -rfdicoj-uvoy faos

irftjic'iQjoS cAuVt-os <J>iJbJtc'J Jto /d ie \aJoJ c^JtT aJ <j>U<$L

iv V

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76

This is the only extant reference to the wolf as a sacri

ficial victim to Apollo, or to any other divinity.

The wolf was,

however, a common feature of Apolline mythology and cult,

(see

Farnell Cults 4.114-115), and its sacrifice to him is not

impossible.

Any Victim
(62)

Syll. 3 624; Decree.

(Thasos; 475-450 B.C.)

See above; p. 6 ^.

In this cult any animal, male or female, could be sacrificed,

with only two exceptions, sheep and swine.

Prohibitions against

swine were common in the ancient world. (cf Aphrodite above

#18-24, but sheep were rarely forbidden (cf. Sokolowski, LSC
114, commentary).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

The animals sacrificed to Ares in Greece were:

1. Ass
2. Birds: cock
3 . Boves
k . Dog
5. Goat
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to Ares
in Greece.
Ass
6 7 . Comutus, Th.Gr. Comp.21

c^(h

,v W
c

7W

06S

oVdO S

t -A S

tC lK o ^
Uof-L

S > ^ i> o ,

j L l i i f y b O V

h tU t

T T A L L < t^ L

~
v'

To

j o
0

'f r ig * A i-0 6 b $

rx v 0

K<J\JUS

J tA

00

'

u tfo

C c i o O Z ^ u V \/ ^^v'AJv'

,/* j/

J -/

JCck

Y'k //

a6

X lJ A J *< [l> U l

;>^

'f T b / lt r t i. iS t o A

/\

cC <jL

cl''

ol

6 J s / J
'C o v

~
C io j

'I

g/uzTaJ

- C i \/b b

(Rome; ca. A.D. 20-70)

(Site unknown before A.D. 7 0 )
Y^

> *

o v ^ y } (j6 jo s

t,

rr l u

H < k \ i <( <A.

M L

i/^y/ovo/

U.J.L

'

1v

6 o ) o s ( L H iL

\
& L

\
'C o

Line 1. oyooS Comutus seems to be naming the victims com

monly sacrificed to Ares, and assigning reasons for
the choice of these animals.

As is usual with

late commentators, the reasons are fanciful and not

to be taken seriously.

He says that Ares was es

pecially worshipped by the Thracians, Scythians,

and such types, but does not specifically say.who
sacrificed which victims.

The victims' sex cannot

be determined.

Birds
Cock
68.

Plutarch, Inst. Lacon. 238F.

(Chaeronea; ca. A.D.4-6-120)

(Sparta; before A.D. 120)

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78

ou>J

c o li,

/J >lA (L L

9 oO O ^ * OCIV y

]3 00V

r f c } bjiL o u i,

6ft -COO j>^e^o C J u}(zt<to/M j

'Cdbi yj^aujj/vcJi ot>; jJo

pii-JcJ
J

\6f4L.

L
<y\).u. UUJ/

Boves
(6 8 )

Plutarch, Inst. Lacon. 238F.

(Chaeronea; ca. A.D. ^6-120)

(Sparta; before A.D. 120)

See above, p. 77.

No sex or color is mentioned for the victim.

Dog
6 9 . Sokolowski, LSS 85; Decree.

(Lindos; ca. ^00 B.C.

[ ESo![e 7S1 {JoXai xat]

[ tco] i Safzon, O t [

[ftjc&terat X0.70. [ ------------ 3

[ -------------a]7T0[G]7E/.[X]-

[ I ] t o7 * 7 < Z [ . . . . . . ]
5

ftftco Se a {3oAa 7[a]v B[o ]^ [t:]-

[G]apXoc eI tte 7G1 E [v d ]-

35

[]X[<oio[Exa] G7po7E[4]-

IxAtvSo ft] S[a]p[o][a]t*i r, LStat [xa7a]G[][o ]v t* i

[4]ptav t K * [t Av]SoT

fxtaGS E a H p ^ E v Se [ ]-

[o]v G7pa7ayo[v] 79 o ? [y 4 ]-

40

[p]tov xal 7rapStS[6[iEv]

M G it a p y jt ^ o Se ?.[oi-o][I] IStokat ~a[pS]'.[S]6[v7][<o] Tfit lopijt 6 Se [E]apS[ i ] -

gu-

v t a i / G ^ A v p [ c i] ? iv [7 ]oo !!S.
[7]
Se G7po7ayol
.
a
t x...
[*]7i apyypiov [ft ic z p x [']ov7t 7700 7WV G7[p]o7l(07a-

v tS a-6 XaGv t[o1] o[570>

15

[/.] 5 po)A5xo70G7[oo]ei [o][ijxov Se 7701^01 70H [ E ][vfcsXtol, lx [E i] x o [ 7 ] o 5 p [ T]-

tov e|a[xocrT]av [7]- ^

10

f t]v 77Sg[0 ] g) [S]e6xXl70,

[ 7] 0L? tapoA 6-iaa[o)'

45

[vA]vov EG76) 77071 70

[Os]5 XOL .j77e40'JVO7 G7[w x]07O 707)70 Se XJtl OGG-

[50 xa7evtau7o[v] xai [ tt] - '

[oi]

[a]pStSo7<o 7St ia[pr(i 7]-

[70] Se apyupiov o c .r.

[yS; xa]! T0! W[ia-]_

20 GtEaiov7L ypa[9]ov7Co

50

Ss 701 7X070.70.1 [fi x a e]-

oc G7pa7E'jt0V7[ai Gucta]v S E 7 7 0 ^ V 7 [ 0 ) 7 ^ Ev]-

[0]vb.pE0-7S S[E]

(u]a>.tCOt 701 77P-j[7avtE']

.

[ 7]o l 70V [ >Ap]70.p.'.[7lOV p j ] -

30

[e]v Se 70)1 Evua>.[coi x a ][x ]p c v , XJVO, Ep'.'yOV [a t xo]

[v]a -pu7avE-jov[7EE 04]-

[at e]t7EI xo ea[0co][V]7l XO7o0 % e][v] EU. JIT;VI 770[p 7]-

[o]Xov 701 G7pK7a[yoi afi][7]0i xol 70 XotTjftv, 0 x]25

!StOt G7pO7E'J0)V7OL *

[y]07XY|J.a ayy55

[p]a4at e; G7o?.-

70V Pcoptov 70 Ev-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

79

Lines 29-30

U^^Mj 6^ .^ 0-J The restora

vV*\Jtw<.

tion of the word

is unjustified. Given the

, other words, such as

ending

or y^cV

could just as easily he supplied. No mention is

made of color or sex for these victims.

70 .

Pausanias 3*1^.9*

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Sparta; before A.D. 150)

ivzTc^S^ LUA-CtfU
lZ

% y o *\L

-c Z v e jj^ u y s <Siio\uKJ,

9 ooo<l }

LLPeZoyJ KkZi V vW H W d\!AL

y

^ V
j j i .

V.

fSuVos

'A

fo

X\i<Lp.MJC^A

/\
if /
A \
4ko M K *t$ ooJ&yM u.ppooi,

c6M^vvu\/ y^tjov-z&s Qotui oL ^->j

Line 2. a3 fc /jv ^ u o ,

- W

oc*<A

f&hjioVious**

Enyalios was a common epithet for Ares.

(Parnell, Cults 5.^02-403).

Kc\o<j>io\/Lcos Pausanias gives no clue as to what

5*

deity received puppies as victims from the

Colophonians.

The victim's sex cannot he determined from this quotation.

No color is mentioned.

71.

Plutarch, Quaest. Rom. 290D.

/\

(Chaeronea; ca. A.D. k 6- 120)

(Sparta; before A.D. 120)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

No sex or color is given for these victims. For the epithet,

see #69 above.

(67 ) Comutus, Th. Gr. Comp. 21 (Rome; ca. A.D. 20-70)

(Site unknown; before A.D. 70)
See above, p. 77 ,

Line 2.

. No sex or color is given for the victims.

Goat
(69 ) Sokolowski, LSS 85 J Decree.

(Lindos; ca. ^00 B.C.)

See above, p. 78.

. This word fixes the age of the victim,

a kid, but no mention is made of its sex or color,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

81

Artemis
The animals sacrificed to Artemis in Greece were:
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8*

Bear
Birds: cock, goose
Boves
Deer
Goats
Sheep
Swine
Any Victim'.
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to Artemis

in Greece.

Bear
72.

Phanodemus (PG-H 3B325> frg. l^a) (Athens; ca. 330 B.C.)

(Aulis; before Trojan War)

oL Xb.

CtL

}l ^ t y / b U y /

d^-co-J

52
UcAL -Cyd

\oo\c>pidl*>V

Cj)/

M Y S lj vj J/{Z6j4tS

Ji-

tyb.c'j 6 l) 'CkO{>o-Tfo\o-Jj .

6 /l^cV

A lu a v T ^ c '/j

Jco

islOo<j>Ve'J

This quotation is from the Etymologicum Magnum, s.v.

X io ^ J -fo ^

. Phanodemus wrote an At this, from which this mention

was probably taken.

The story of the sacrifice of Iphigenia at

Aulis and the substitution of an animal has many variations, but

this is the only version which mentions the substitution of a bear.
This is also the only mention of the bear as a sacrificial victim
in our sources.

No mention is made of the victim's sex.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

82

Birds
Cock:
73.

(Epidaurusj ca. ^-00 B.C.)

Syll. 3 998; Decree.

to

xal

t*

EvSoaOtSia.

vac.
[ t AttoXXovi 0uev (3ov pcr]-

t o i AaajcXamot 0uev [35v fipcrsva xal hofiovaoi?

[eva x a l hojzovaoi? (3ov ][pasva, E7tl t]o u [j3op.ou to u ]

5

20

i? Pov OeXetav, ettI to u [3-

a l xaXatSa t i A aTot x a -

opiou rou AovJ.kttlou 0ue-

l TApTapiiTi fiXXav, (pspv-

. 25

vav

7TUOOV hEjJuSlfifZVOV, 01-

I t o aox>.0? to u ^oo? To

vou hefitTEtav ctxeAo? t o

il 7rpaTou, t o S aTEpov ox-

7rpaTOU [3o6? 7rap0EVTO t foi] 0101, TO S aTEpov Toi l-

Xo? t o I lapofipivaptovE?
<pEpOC70O, TOU SeUTEpOU (315

xal xaXaiSa av0AcxXaxioi 9 EpxpiOav fii8i|i.fi.vov, a-

v Tauxa
vto t o i

av t o i 0ioi xpi0av
{IfAVOV, OTTUpoV hE(xtSl[i.(lVOV, OtVOU hEpLLTEtaV x a 10

(3ov epoEva xal hopiovaa-

A 7r6XXo[vo]? Ta[uTa] 0[uev x ] -

30

00? to l? aotSoT? S6vto

tS <txXo?, tS S aTEpov ax Xo? to i? ippoupoT? S6v-

[apo]{ivafiovc (?[E]p6a0o, t [ou Ss]uTpo to i? aotSoI[? S0VT0], TO S aTEpov Top]?

[tppoupot? SoVTO xal T* Ev][SooOtSia]

. t?-

Lines 5-6.
must refer hack to

vac.

The pronoun
. The sex of this victim is male.

Goose:
Bo

A dedicatory relief (Svoronos, Ath. Nat, plate 135) of about

ij-OO B.C., from Aegina, shows a sacrificial procession to an
altar of Artemis.

The victims are a goose and a deer.

There

is a photograph of the relief in Rumpf, fig. l6 l.

Boves
(2?)

Syll. 3 671A; Decree.

(Delphi; ca. 162 B.C.)

See above p. 28.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

83

Lines 5-6.
The sex of these victims cannot be determined.

(28)

Syll. 3 672; Decree.

(Delphi; 160-159 B.C.)

See above p. 29*

Lines 6 -8 . j?ous , . .

<c

No color or sex is

given for these victims.

7^.

Euripides, Iph. Aul. 1110-111^; non-choral.

(Athens; produced ca, A05 B.C.)
(Aulis; before Trojan War
)
iU tb u
k>$>

IfOjU'Ct.ow ifcttgo*
-jfJfhA cx/

-tt.
Z t.

<L$c6TTLyU ^L;

|3^XU<V Z fo ^
5s %

iff)

oV
r U Z ttU

In these lines, Agamemnon is speaking of Iphigenia's supe\

posed marriage to Achilles.

calves were female.

(72)' Nicander

The pronoun US

shows that these

There is no mention of color.

(Colophon; 2nd c. B.C.).

(Aulis; before Trojan War)

See above p. 72.

According to Nicander it was a bull which Artemis substi-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

84

tuted for Iphigenia.. Tzetzes (Ad Lycoph.183). however, quotes

. cS

Nicander as saying that Artemis

To/u^oV

So it may he that Nicander said nothing about what

animal was substituted, but merely said that Artemis carried

Iphigenia to Taurus.

Deer
B.

A dedicatory relief (Svoronos, Ath. Nat, plate 135) of about

400 B.C. from Aegina, shows a sacrificial procession to an
altar of Artemis,

The victims are a goose and a deer.

There is a photograph of the relief in Rumpf, fig. l6 l.

75.

Euripides, Iph. Aul. 1587-1589; non-choral.

(Athens; produced ca. 405 B.C.)
(Aulis; before Trojan War
)
Ir fL

llt Z M

J u ir s iir ^

/ftwc

-a

Euripides gives the most common version of the miracle at

Aulis.

He says it was a deer which Artemis substituted for

?
/
1
/
'T
The words
Cy , and ~rjS all show

Iphigenia.

that Euripides envisioned the deer as female.

of the animal's color.

He makes no mention

Several of the following references are

merely repetitions of this famous incident.

76.

Euripides, Iph. Taur. 28-30; non-choral

, >
(Athens; produced ca. 415 B.C.)
(Aulis; before Trojan War
)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

85
&M<jcV

J> y > >

Z \tp /*<$>*. JA 6S

J \/t c T o u < / po o

$ l\

)uHrrcv j L Q t t

/ X^
Z-*j\l V

/
IdO^UiJ

V/}/

No mention of the victim's sex or color is made in this

reference.
77.

Euripides, Iph. Taur. 783 -7 8 6 ; non-choral

(Athens; produced ca. 4-15 B.C.)
(Aulis; before Trojan War
)
^ OU>lL\C
!6 j

'

ddlliO-i

>

c" -

Cyj'jo&

65

6:/^U<iz\J d\IZl}d
/ j ** ' . yjc'S/ ^S)
s')
6C>o<\

< A .'< fc

j/V' / /

j/JriLZ ' cpIlJ,^

HoO
/

>N

e iic s

/L-

The pronoun -^V (line 2) might show that the sex of the vic
tim was female, but since it could refer back to some understood
word, such as
the sex of this victim remains uncertain.
No color is mentioned.
78.

Plutarch, Agesilaus 6 . (Chaeronea; ca. A.D. 46-120)

(Aulis; 396 B.C.)

J-tfJstvU&UL

tTd V

-fcCUTZo

idJCoo yd^ltcs!J out u4l\b^ 6ui>&6C

"ClAjJ

jpCLtO'CiOs/

ZZtZoi^^}6 v/C6

This sacrifice was carried out by Agesilaus before his ex

pedition against Asia Minor, and thus the date is fixed. No
mention of the deer's color or sex is made.
79*

Apollodorus, Epitome. 3.22. (birthplace unknown; ca. A.D. 100)

(Aulis; before Trojan War
)

d U '^ L s /
J* /
ido^aus

I t ^ h U 'J

fU{VU<S'tyj<iU'ZcX

ZiO

^/ipZeH cS,
<
L
y L J t-jS

Jt

do'cxs!
/

1J

ip t f S d U i d
VA

C-cs

*vc

> ~
d Jlji

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

The Bihliotheca, which comes down to us under Apollodorus'

name, was actually composed during the first or second centuries
A.D., although Apollodorus flourished ca. 1^-0 B.C.

He is retell

ing the story of Iphigenia with no significant changes from

Euripides' version.

The victim's sex and color are not mentioned.

8 0 , Anecd. Bekko 1.2^9*

(Site unknown; ca. A.D- 900)

(Athens; before A.D. 900
)

Affb 'Ct'O'J
Z-yj

cVe Z.C'i/fcS

6 /U^-yp / X f

J \f> X k p S c

Jiyjyc 'CbOXicO k:b\Jo\/~Co

The pronoun Au (line 2 ) fixes the sex of these victims as

female; no color is mentioned.

For the festival, see Deubner

2 09 -2 1 0 . For the epithet, see Famell, Cults 2 .^3 3 .

81.

St. Mag.,

(Site unknown; A.D. 1150)

(Athens; before A.D. 1150)

MI

/iQyj

trAi

{Jt)uc>\! to

j
Z'Q

A fib
&\-U<j>yj^) o\ i*j

khfLAiJ 0'/bj4i$&6cS> j
/^ T k j i i J c

,^1

Mo sex or color is mentioned for these victims.

(72) M * Mag.. "fciupotfcMs/.

(Site unknown; ca. A.D. 1150)
^-(Aulis: before Trojan War
)
See above, p. 81.

The phrasing suggests that a deer was commonly thought to

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

87.

to have been substituted, and that Phanodemos and Nicander wrote

uncommon versions.

82.

No color or sex is mentioned for the victim.

Ovid, Met. 1 2 .3 0 .3 ^.

(Rome; ^3 B.C. A.D. 17)

(Aulis; before Trojan War)

Rexque patrem vicit castumque datura cruorem

Flentibus ante ararn stetit Iphigenia ministris,
Victa dea est nubemque oculis obiecit et inter
Officium turbamque sacri .vocesque precantum
supposita fertur mutasse Mycenida cerva.

In Ovid's version of the story of Iphigenia, the deer is

female.

No color is mentioned.

G-oats
S3*

I2 5; Decree.

(Eleusis; ca. 500 B.C.)

["E S o x fflfv [ t e i PoXei] x a t [ t ] ol Sfioi h6 [T ]e IIa pa i6 T E [s

eypafi[zaTeue]
[itpoT^jXeta j [ ue] v to ; hiepoTroit; j EXsucrtvtov x a l [i& A a;
otrta; e]v

[te i

EX]euatv[t

auAjsi

hEpjjta Evayovfot Xapwnv j atya [j ~po

EXeuatvtjov

[IloaeiS jovt

[xpto]v *ApT[XiSi j a ly a Te>tecu&p6p.oi Tpi[7tTO>ifzoi Tpayov]

[ I I X outo] v i A[o ?.(]xoi: eotv Tptrroav poapyov j ev vet Eop[Tet]

Line

No color or sex is given for this

victim.

This inscription is concerned with the celebration of the

Eleusinia. For this festival, see Deubner 91-92.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

(^7)

Sokolov/ski, ISC 18; Calendar.

See above, p.

36

(Atticaj ^00-350 B.C.)

Lines Bll-1 3 .

There are other

animal names ending in / /

, .hut they are all at least five

letters long and would not fit in this space.

There are also

two other references to goats as victims for Artemis in this

inscription.

Artemis and Hecate are frequently, associated

in cult (Parnell, Cults 2 .5 0 3 -5 1 0 ).

P 8 -1 0 .

No color or sex is given

for this victim.

j/)8-10

.,.

a l (p

Again no color or sex is

mentioned.

8 ^.

Sokolowski, LSS 92; Decree.

(Ialysos; ca. 200 B.C.)

IIoVTCOpSCOV.
5Ap7a[U7'0J
ixaS i ApreasL
' <l>ayar a ly x
5

x a l toi icpUpo:,
Oust tip v .x .

No sex or color is mentioned for this victim.

(53) Syll.^ 5 3 9 . Decree.

(Magnesia; 197-6

B.C.)

See above p. 56.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

89

Lines 4-8-50.

Z^ji

.. .

J l^x. . No color or sex is mentioned for this victim.

For

the epithet, see Famell Cults 2.482-4-83.

85.

Xenophon, Hell. 4.2.20.

(Athens; ca. 428-354 B.C.)

(Sparta; 394 B.C.
)

yiutCe^JL-Hds/LcL
JivfiotrtpUJ
Vo
.//
1 c ~f j\ \ >
v
.
lLjA<Ai(U'lj tJ^dJV
Co 61U.
M<~Loui> .
The victim offered By the Spartans was a she-goat.
is mentioned.

86.

No color

For the epithet, see Famell, Cults 2.434.

Xenophon, Anah. 3.2.11-12.

(Athens; ca. 428-354 B.C.)

(Marathon; 490 B.C.
)
ohjrct-b

fU p rrb A L

<fc

o ld to l

/*t

elU^Jzl X
OAUiftAS
e ip & k ,

V
lU y

\/
V otL 'l.

u 'JZl
)U cJb,*Sk>-'/

CKKM

>!

Jcocs
w

w 4j

k tc

a *i> y ^ u ' t

0^
m ru m u s

* ^TdUozotC
> Q\S 'J .

For this famous sacrifice, see Deuhner 2 0 9 . The victims

were five hundred she-goats.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

90

87.

Aelian, Var. Hist. 2.25.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 175-235)

(Marathon; ^90 B.C.
)

t'oO
>
r l0 , > '/
>, .;
<UvdV^J
M lZ cJV

/h
C

u ^ )u * 1

y\ yC / j

t-r]

/A A
/ ,u *f<
- MQ

k
u
L
W
.
j
J col
, S
V,,
J f ^ os/ 'U t i /jU ) yM

\/

lfd }}o U . t . tfjX

j

/
i t

'.<,

'TfesjttL Ja >Jtrty irjfo M

\ ^/}f) ^ ot
f'z y
VJ

^ diX>t/uo^<<~
j' <d/

>Ac

<ys CfUKo<fL*S) fa tU

67?'/ 6 iy^ Tou

\. V
T{.if'ivj'CbS
^
IM iL/i'CLU.Joo
t'o'J'COi

This refers to the same sacrifice as #86 and #8 8 . Aelian

mistakenly gives the number of she-goats sacrificed as three
hundred (Deubner 209, n.6 ).

88.

: Aristophanes Semites 660.

\ ! f ~

(Marathon; ^90 B.C.)

r r ^ t jid ^ d

T o j O O S
jk/^56t)!> (bS lid^u

L,

tyo& Lj
,Tf6L^iJ

z* i

0<fous

o iv it& d t

t - j

is
6i

hi JuMb'JeS Xo<dotSLi &ou $o<fdL} A 9u<it ^LHAipSi .

' I /
rv <fuVfcpim/J
D A 6 utf^ k ;b 4 ^ j ^/i j S
W
/ ,
/iVTjHboLi*

This refers to the same sacrifice as the previous two

examples.

89.

Sextus Empiricus. Outlines of Pyrrhonism 3 .2 2 1

(birthplace unknown; ca. A.D. 200)
(Greece; before A.D. 200
)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

91
oli^Li

U t\t

>
J

j
COtf

oijj

/! <!/<!) y rtc^.

No sex or color is mentioned for the victim.

Hesychius, Sf.MJPiO'jPoti .
^ ^

90.

S ^ y fs /U

kUd
hyt-CAL
a

(Alexandria; ca. 5th c. A.D.)

(Attica; before A.D. 500
)

tfAl $ u 6 t*c

jib .

No sex or color is mentioned for the victim.

For the

festival, see Deubner 207-208.

91.

Eustathius, II. 2.732.

ol0 0

irfl

fi.

77l

lJMUS

<rojjL<u<%.L ,

(Constantinople; 12th c. A.D.)

(Athens; before A.D. 1200
)
UtOjZ

tt\'<

ifgyfat :0

I*

< y
j <*L/

7& ^ b i o ^ l s
A

9 vj u u u v

U f a t 6 $ 6 t<ryj

0 9eoS

)
fez*

IrfL

b S u tio ,

6 rfk^btefo J

Ad 1:ls z y

ft j

6 ^ C oS

zAjs! L t ^ i O ^ Y '

^dV 0S

J u M p -lM
ftp

tY jl
l$ y ,L

oo^drtA /U<j j v

W o d '/tiy jij

d o Zoo

l u yp

u o

L%

'} ^

6y / ^

^
Iftfycs

tij

<j>ov'cy-*-'5 .

The source of this quotation is unknown.

given for the victim.

LPj. ^

^ A ^ e v a s

y < ry y ^ $ y s

) lylj

orfo

fiuGtt-

o iJ tY P ^

o 9 t i & U

'Cootb<ZL

No color or sex is

For the epithet, flcoyu'/tPl , see Famell

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

92

Cults 2. 4-57* This story is repeated, without any important

changes, in the Appendix Proverbiana (Leutsch 1.^02), in Suidas,
and in 'the ^OM^.D^yj
(Anecdo Bekk. 1.

'igTj^LjiiOJ

Sheep
92. Syll. 3 658; Decree.

(Ithaca; ca. 207 B.C.)

f in jt l Sojitop'/aiv Apvtaxo'u tou - s i T]tpdvopo; [too ], | Avat?.aoo

too KXsop-TjOEo;, [ixxl.vjota iv ] Tuit OooossEftut, Ypajipo:Tc'oc AJjyAaotsAso;- ksiOT) M byvTjTSS o[i a ]n[i Ma]tav8poo oIxeToi ovte[;] x[al '
5 et'Aot] | t ; niAto; Ttov 18axu)v2 TtpsopEoftd; [dnjooret'AavTE; too; 8i
o4[to&;]J xal ktayY^Tjjpa; EStuotxAijv AtoxXio;, ApwTo'oapov Atoxlio;,
Att5[Tt]!pov Mr(vo'ftAou, oitivs; t 6 te tjjcttpiopa dnsStoxav xal au-o't
draXoY$av|To Tav te Ta; ApTsutoa; Sntc?dvEiav3 xat Ta; YEYEvr^s'va;
uni tojy irpoY<!|vu)V auTtov ev tou; "EXXava; EuspyEai'a; xal iv to Ispov
10 tJ iv AsXtpot; | 8ia te tujv X P W 3^ xal Sta tujv notT(TaY xal ota
tujv tiatjiapaTcov | tujv unapyovtmv outoT; napx rat; xoXi'ot; xaAuiv
te xal ivoo;u)v, ^apavslYvujsav Ei xal tov ypr^pdv, iv tut xaTaxsytuptopevov ftv, Xuitov elpsv xal | dpEtvov Tot; ospouivoi; Apxsptv AeoxotppuTjvav4 xal Tap. ndl.tv xal '"ciy| X pav tepctv xal asoXov voptCovrot;,
SsEoyOai rat ixxlijai'ai inatvsoat | piv tov 8apov Top
15 MaYVTjTuJV int te Tat norl tou; eou; eiosflEtai | xal in i Tat xot!
too; "EXXava; xaXoxaYaSfat, xal xaXsTv tov oapov Tip Ma^v^rnY iv
Tav nposopfav toT; 08uaaEtoi; elpsv oi autuiv to v te ndAtv xat |
Tav youpav Ispav xal aooXov, xaSaj; 6 Auo'XXtuv 6 iv AeX'poT; dvteptoasv | Ss^Es8at Si xat rdv Ouot'av xal tov dY<3va, Sv ti'9evti Tat
ApTipiSi to i | Aeuxo?por^ai aTEtpavtrav toonu9tov5 to i; Tipa7;6- So20 psv 8i xal iv a|xapyav Tat 8eSi opaypa; intytupt'a; oexoxevts xat
t6 ivsortov 8u|[p]a otv xaXioat oi auTou; xal ix l sivta in i Tav
ndrptov iort'av | iXs'o&ai oi xal Osapoooxov riv unoSsJotipsvov Ta; del
napaYtvopivaf;] j &sap{a; napa tu p MaYVr(Ttuv atpiOr, lyepra;?
IlpauXou inatveoai 8i | Ttfv te apytOeapov StootxArjv xal tou; Seo25 pol>; ApiaidSapov, Ato|Tipov, irE te to i unip Ta; atktuv narpfoo;
tptXoTtpEat xal in i Tat cnoujoai tou poXeTv no8 dpi, xal Etpsv autou; npo^ivou; xal EuspyETa; Ta; | noXio; tujv I&axcov, xal undpyEtv
airoT; napa to; noXto; navia to tptXavjBptona, daa xal toT; allo t;
npolevoi; xa! eSepyetoi; unapjrEf avaYpai|iai 18i to8e xi t|>acpiopa
30 ioraXa; Suo xal dvaSipsv Tap piv iv Ttot [OoJuoosEtut, | rav 8i iv
Toil Isptot to ; Afiava;' 6 8i IntSapiopYi;8 Sujti'ujv Tav intpijXEtav
nowjoaoSto.

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

93

Lines 18-21.

, , , ot v .

No color or sex is mentioned for this victim.

For the

epithet, see Famell, Cults 2. ^82-483.

93* Euripides, Iph. Taur. 1222-122^; non-choral.

.(Athens; produced ca. k l5 B.C.)
(Taurus; Mythical Period
)
x ;k i$ ^

UiL 9 b U
\

td ftim
V

s*

t " fW

* 4

Note that this isnot actually a sacrifice to Artemis, hut

rather a sacrifice to purify her temple.

The adjective

has only two terminations, and thus no determination of the vic

tim's sex can he made.
new-horn lamb.

The adjective

There is no mention

9^. Apollodorus, Epitome 2.10

o
f f ' J f U L j

that this wasa

(birthplace unknown; ca. A.D. 100)

(Mycenae; Mythical Period
)
Tf*-a -cCjv

ll^yu-C^s!

doesshow

of thevictim's color.

-Couoc

uoccj^

ifi>t

AfrCbptotj

This is the story of the origin of the famous golden

fleece.

The participle

and the adjective /^ucpp

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

show that the animal was female.

Swine
(6 3 ) Sokolowski, LSS 1 9 ; Decree..

(Athens; 3 63 -2 B.C.)

See above, p. 6 5 .

s
/ c>l c\/

Line 8 9 .

95*

Athenaeus 4-.139b.

q ^Qu.'^( hA iC6$

Athenaeus ^.l^Ob).

No sex is given for this victim.

(Egypt; ca. A.D. 200)

(Sparta; before A.D. 200)

was a Laconian word for a suckling-pig (see

This rare word is probably used genetically

and does not necessarily refer to a male pig (LSJ 12^8).

This .

sacrifice was made to Artemis Korythalia (see Famell, Cults

2 .^6 3 ).

96.

Hesychius, /d^rJ>ciivcs .
0

(Alexandria; ca. '5th c. A.D.)

(Samos; before A.D. 500
)

For this epithet, see Famell, Cults 2. ^3 2 .

Any Victim
97*

Pausanias ?.18.12-13.

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Patrae; before 150 A.D.)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

95

6$ -Cds/ ptOpC'/ 0y<- SuS

<S jLf/'i/VwtfC

Jjto}Lpt>0<> ^AL Lk&U Oj^OUO^

tfJLL

& )iJt<J>ca$

-ft

/< U C

j CL

M U f l'/ O O ij

CL

^6

6 f6 J6

>6 <c

ft Z^Ji
U<> ^ LqoS

\o U o o \/^

AWC

7l d t t t k u

For this yearly sacrifice to Artemis Laphria, see Nilsson,

For the epithet, see Famell, Cults 2 .^3 1 . No

Feste 218-225.

restrictions of color or sex are mentioned.

98.

Pausanias 9.19.7*

3*6
1

jos>

/1
e T T tfo g o J )

o S ^ lo o

$ 0 6 ^

/H ) ,S c

tp U s lH -C o i\

'e y

/tg z /fttft

UdL

iv >4jj/jt

i'J

ewV^o

L t^ e to t

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Aulis; "before Trojan War)

rfJtoM d -coci b / ilyW

Si
^ f
i^

dt
^ e c

Qj4&u*>S>

L t 6 U

UV& JioO
a& C o^
i d

d U L

i i j

q fc tc v
& yM *

6 te L V c O

7ot*Lfl4 .

No restrictions of color or sex are mentioned for these

victims.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

96

Athena
The animals sacrificed to Athena in Greece v/ere:
1. Boves
2. Goats
3 . Sheep
k . Swine
The animals forbidden in sacrifices to Athena in Greece were:
1. Goats
2 . Sheep.
Boves
C.

An Attic black-figure vase from about 5^0 B.C. (Rumpf,'

fig. 153)i now in the Berlin Museum (cat. 1686), shows
a hull or a cow being led to an altar of Athena.

D.

A black-figure lekythos, from Braona near Sparta, to be

dated about 500 B.C. (JHS 31 (1911) 8 -9 , fig, 8 ), now in the
British Museum (I9 0 5 .7 -II.1), shows a a cull or a cow being
led to an altar of Athena.

E.

A Boeotian black-figure dish from about 50 B.C. (Rumpf,

fig. 150), now in the British Museum (B80), shows a bull or
a cow being led to an altar of Athena.

F.

On the north-frieze of the Parthenon is depicted a part of

the Panathenaeic procession, in which bulls or cows are
being led to sacrifice, probably to Athena (Rumpf, fig. 156).
This frieze is to be dated about *!40 B.C.

Compare H below,

page 10 *h.

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97

99*

Syll.^ 8 3 ; Decree.

Eleusis; ca. 423 B.C.)

[ T i [J.o] te>.[j ] ; Ayapve[i>?) sypapijtxTsye '

[&8oyc]V te i PoXst x a l 701 Septet, KexpoTil? ETtpuTavEus, TtpiOTe[?.s? iJypa^piaTeuSj Koxvea? kmaracc TaSe ol yauyypatpe? Xouv^
[ypja^cav dfoidpyecOat t o iv QeoTv to xapxo x aTa Ta 7C<XTpia x a l te 5

V pwcvTEiav te v ey A e^90v ABsvato?

am

to v hexaT&v pteSlpivov [x ]-

ptOov pie SXarrov hex/rsa, xupov Se a~8 to v hexaTov ptsStptvov pi SXarrov (e) hEpiubtTeov ' la v Se ti ? ttXeio xapxov to ie i e t[o c ;o u to ]v t SXst^o, xaTot to v auTov Xoyov a7:dpyeG0ai eyXeyEv Se [tS ? S]eja-

"

dpyo? xaxa to ? Septo? x a l TOxpaSiSovat to i? htEpoxotoi? to i?

10

EX euoiv SOev EXEUfftvaSe olxoSopiEcai Se cripi? Tpe? EXeuatvt x a w Ta 7txTpta hoxo av Soxei t o i ? hiepo-otoT? x a l toi ap [y]tT xtovi eitite Ssiov vai, axo to apyupto to to iv soTv * to [ v Se x a ]pxov EV0au0ot EptodXXev hov av. 7rapaXd6offt xa p a tov Septapfyov] *
axdpxEcOai Se x a l to ? yaupipuixo? xaTa TauTa * Ta? Se xo Xe?

15

[^ ]\[]'

.
yea? heXecrOai to xapxo xa0oTt av Soxei auTeat dpiara o xapxo[?] eyXeyetTEcrOai e-eiSav Se eyXey0Et, cbroxEptpoavTov AOeva^e,
to? Se dyayovTa? TrapaStSovat toi? hiEporotot? toi? EXeocti-

vo0ev EXeuatvdSe : e[a]v Se pt xapaSe^oovTai xevte eptEpov . . . .

exeiSav eravyeXei, jrapaStSovTov tov ex te? xoXeo? h60ev av [?]20

[t] o xa[px]o?, eu0uv6o0ov hot htepoiiotol ytXiatTtv Spayptecri [h ][exaajTO? x a l xapd tov Sepiapyov xaTa Taura 7rapaSeyw
ea0at

N?]u[xa]? Se hsXopiive he poXe xep^craTO e? Ta? xoXs? a[y]yeXXov[T]a?

NO
[vuv] liE909to'fieva toi Septot, to ptiv vuv Evat ho? liyicza, to

Se [X]-

otxov h orav Soxei auTEt xeXeueto Se x a l ho htepotpavTE? x a l [o]

25

SatSoyo? MucTsptot? a-dpysaOat to? hEXXeva? to xapxo xaTa

Ta Ttdrpta x a l tev ptavtetav tev ey AEX90V avaypayoavTE? Se e[pt]

7rtvaxtot to

pteTpov to xapxo to te xapa tov Ssptdpyov xaTa to[v S]-

[ejptov hexaorov x a l to xapa tov xoXeov xaTa tev ttoXiv hexa( 7[Tev]
[x]aTa0evTov ev te Tot EXeuclvioi EXeuatvt x a l ev toi PoX[eut]e30

[p]tot eJtayyEXXev Se tev poXev x a l Teat dXXeat xoXeai [t]e[ch] h E [X]Xevlxe0iv axdoEci hoxot av Soxei auTEt Suvarov evat, X[eyo]vTa? ptiv xaTa h a AOevatot dxapyovTat x a l oi ycruptptayot, exe[vot][?] Se pte EXtTaTTOVTa?, xeXeiovTa? Se axdpy_ecr6at Eav ^oXovTat,
[x]aT a Ta xaTpta x a l tev ptavTEtav tev ey AeXyov xapaSe^eaOat S-

35

e x a l xapd toutov tov xoXsov eav ti? axayet, to? htepoxoto? x a toc TaoTa ' Ousv Se am ptev to xeXavo xaDort av EuptoXTitSat [ly a h e ][yoJvTat, TptTTotav Se (ioapyov ypuaoxepov toiv Qeoiv hexa[Tep][a t a]~o tov xpt0ov x a l tov xupov xa l toi T p i 7rroXEpiot xa l toi [ 0 e ]01 x a l tei eat x a l toi EuSoXot htepstov hexdorot teXeov xa l

40

tei AOevatat pov ypucoxepov Ta? Se aXXa? xpt0a? xal 7njpo? &71-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

oSoptivo? to? hspoTOto? (xetoc te? (3oXe? avaOepuxta dvaxtOiva i toTv eoiv TOieaajiEvo? h a T t av to i Sipwt to i AOevatov Soxei, x a l tmypxtpev toi? ava0Epix(Tiv, hoTt axo to xapTo te? anapyz? avE0E0E x a l hEXXevov tov cxTrapyojjivov [to i]? Se Tauxa mxoai
45

xoXXa ayaQd iv a t x a l Euxapmav x a l ~oXuxap~Ea[v, holjTtvE? av

[pt]i aSixocrt AOevato? (xeSe tev toXiv tev A0Eva(ov ptsSi to Qe6.
[A]api7rov eTto Ta piiv SXXa xaOaxep at 7 <n>yypa9 a l te? arap^E? to
xa p -o to iv 0 o lv * Ta? Se xauvypacpd? xa l t 6 (poeytCTpta toSe avaypatpcaTO ho ypapLp^TEU? ho te? |3oXe? ev cniXatv SuoTv Xi0tvai-

50

v x a l xaTa0ETo te v ptiv EXeuctlvi ev to i hispoi, tev S i hexipav [e ]pt to X ei hot Se woXeral dTOptiaOocrdvTov to axeXa, hoL Se xoX[axp]Srai Sovtov to dpyiipiov Tauxa jxev TO[p]l te ? drrap/.E? To^xap-

M5 Motv eoiv dvaypaqxrat e? to crxEX[a] (jtsva Se Hi sjzooXXev hExaxovSatova t Sv veov Spyovxa tov Si pacrtXea hopLaai Tahtspa Ta ev t [ o]55

60

i ITEXapYixotj x a l to Xomov pti ivlnSpuEcOat popiA? ev to i Ile X a pytxot avso te ? [4oXe? xa l to Sspto, pteSi to ? Xt0o? xiptvev ex to [II]Xapytxo ptsSi yev iy a iy z v ptsSi Xt0o? eav Se ti? TtapaSatvet o
t
otSxov t i , d7roTivro tovxaxoota? Spaxptct?, EaayyeXXexo S i h [o] {3aaiXEU? e? xiv poXev TOpl Si to sXato te ? KTrapye? yoYtyypacpaa? Aaptxov Ert&Eixadxo te i (3oXei etcI te ? evixte? xpuxave'ta?,

he S i (3oXi e? t Sv Septov kypsvevx to exdvayxe?.

Line 4-0.
victim cannot be determined.

The sex of this

There is no mention of the

animal's color.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

99

100.

Sokolowski, 1SS 1 0 ; Calendar. (Athens; ca. ^00 B.C.)

A
30. T4Se to ete?gv eto; 04et
ExaTOfxSauovo;

40

60

A ll

65

A ^ r - i ol;
EPpe94rTr([iA Phh xpifc
AP
ol;
Ap
AeUym t f a

SK.Ssr
f-

9-j>.o6ra>i>.Ejci
voiro '

,KopoT;?oo'.-jy.yA

.sir

EzVovyjAO-

sils'i
TaOra [0-iooR

S S E U
50

SSfei

P ^ i [xfi;
A ri-I- xPir<5?

70

"" , - J S s r !'
45

15 [Al-h

e^S i ole

Ahh

iv.
PaotMxcoV
n e iv w v ^
.W w iv u o v
rpiTTit olv

35

4[..............

"

SSPf

A <I>,a mixm
A0/.vai Opa- a p &>.
p
/ e
uove
:ApI
<o x
X
r.-AY'.'

hi TOV o rr
(H F h /?[os - - ]
AH'EcrOai oT:
30 A H AOfp/aaxi ol
A
Xi[pwi 'B pIpvoTs.
AP
Ev[a"0)vi(>)i

l- H II

85

-V c / / # } , ;
? E / (ftv
^ eS ^ voi

AP
AP

"Hfpai? olc^
A[il oI?j
-------

B
- A I- - a ? ] 'A I- h

--------I- - -

AI - - 5

A hh

U pw 7e[A'.ov]

- - - - -

ev

..............
-----------

ATtO/j.WVl
IE?0VTE/.[E*V]

A t/ . w . T a /

noce- ^ 0
10...................

xpwr
- IT O . I E

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

100

Lines A8 -5 0 .

A ll

Ua l

) \ 9 ^ alal

<$^z^u l

^>oL 7J* . Neither the sex nor the color of the victims is

mentioned.

For the epithet of Athena, see Famell,

Cults 1 .3 0 2 .

(^9)

Prott, LGS I 26; Calendar.

(Attica; 4-th c. B.C.)

See above, p. 50.

jc>3 . . . OLbi>

Lilies B35 -3 6 .

, , . "]toL^o5. This sacrifice is an example of a trittoia,

called the suovetaurilia by the Romans (Stengel,
Onferbrauche 82).

Neither sex nor color is mentioned for

p's . For the epithet, see Famell, Cults I.2 7 6 .

101.

Syll.^ 271; Decree.

(Athens ca, 330 B.C.)

[0
e]
0
[I]
[Em ............ ]pxovto;-[----------------------- --------------]g[ ....] ApiGTOvixo? *Api[aTo-riXo][u? Mapa0oivio? elrjev *t u yr^i ayaOvjt to u Sqpiou [to u AOrJ5 [valov * 6~wq av T?)i] ACbjvai rj 0u<jla w? xoXXIgt[t) $ji Ilaval[Gvjvaloi? to i? pijixpoi? xal xpocoSo? a>? t:Xe([ctt7j lyX][e^0^t to i? 0eo]l?, Ss86yv0ai to i? vo[xo0ex[a]i[? t tjv ptlv]
[Nav iiioOoiraiJoav Sixa Tjpipai? Trpdrepov v[
ot 7c]~
[ojXijral el? Sex](a) Irq xara SixX7}plav tm i t 6 7:[p&Sop.a a]10 [uv0evti tS i 7tp]orptoi te i rt&i av tj AA.ANTI [pucrOcoOvj][t xal fiXXoi? fitjaOurai? eyyu^Ta? Xa(z6avoy[ai to u? &][e moXujTot? t} j]v Trevnjxotrnjv moXeiv ttjv ev t7 )[i Nsai x<o]-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

101

[pi? tcov d),A<o]v ' tou? St TtpuTttVEi? 7rpoypa9Et[v ev cxttjA][aiv Suotv t}]]v {je-CctQcoitlv -rij; Nea? SiapptqSTjv [x a l t % 7;]15

[evT7]XoaT7)?] ttjv xpaaiv T7j? ev T7ji Neat X pt[? exacrrjv] *

776 5

[ xotv S ) ip ]cro o? yevvjTai Suotv T aX dvTo[iv

]
[
ex t]wv xTJjpaTcov tcov ev r ijt Neat x [a l T7j? ttevt][ y)xoctt^? U7ra]pxeiv ttjl A 07]vai touto [avaAcocai el? T7)][v Ooatav riavJaSyjvalcov tcov pixpcov t[
20

ol Se a]-

[xoSexTal pE]piovTcov auro el? Tau[Ta toi? Upoxoio][t? * Sta),oytap]ov S elvat x a l Top. 7tpo[Tepcov TrpoaoScov ' ] .
[ ................... x ]a l pia0ouv xa0O T [i----------[ ......................] t tov S ra p la v [-----------[...........]ovTaa-njC7.-[-----

25

- X --------p lu sieu rs lignes manquent

Stcco? dv ep]a[e6]co? xa -

[ I -----------------------------------] xixt eviaur&v x [al TOfi.7rv)Tat fj TropTr}] 7:]apeaxE[uacpe]v7) cb? dptora Trjt A [Orjvai xa0 exaaTo]v tov eviauTov U7iep tou Strjpou tou A -

[07}vatcov xal TaXjXa oca Set StbtxyjTai ~epl tJjv eopTTj-

[v tJ)v dyopevqv t]y)i Oecot xaXco? u~o tcov iepo7iotcov el?

[tov ael yjpovov, eJ'inrpplaOai tcoi Svjpcot ta pev dXXa xa d-

[xep TTji PouXijt, ]ueiv Se tou? lepoTCOtou? toc? pev Suo

[Ooata? tiqv te Tvp] AO^vai Trp T y t e la i x a l rJjv ev tcoi Ap10

[jrYjyeTtSo?

uo]pevTjv xaOtnrep irpoTepov, x a l vetpavT-

[a? Tot? irpuTav]eoiv xevTe peplSa? x a l rot? evvea dp[youctv Tpet?] x a l Taplat? ttj? 0eou plav x a l toT? lep-

[oxoiot? p lav] x a l toi? CT[paT] jyot? x a l tol? Taipapjr15

01
1

77
0
0
3
3

[ ? Tpet? x a l t]oi? iop r[eucn]v toi? AOrpatoi? x a l Ta[t? xavTjyopot]? x a ra elco[ oTa] Ta Se dAXa xpa A jvato[ ? pepl^etv a]x o St tcov Te[Trap]axovTa pvcov x a l rrj? p i

07

ta? tcov ex ttj? p ]ic coaeco? -nj? Nea? (locovr/aavTe? ol lep-

751

[ otto tol pETa t]5v ( ocovcov ~ep'|avTE? rr(v xopTrljv T

0e[coi 0uovtcov ra]uTa? Ta? ( ou? axaca? e~l tcoi ^copcoL t %
20

[*A07]va? tcoi pEjydXcoi. plav Se exl rrj? Nlxr,?, Ttpoxpt[vavTe? ex tcov] xa>At(JTeuouaSv pocov, x a l Ouaavre? ttj[1 A0jvdi Trp] IToXiaSi x a l rip AOrjvdi -rip N Ixtji dxacco[v tcov (3ocov tco]v d~o tcov TETTapaxovTa pvcov x a l pia? ^co[vtjp^vcov vep]ovTcov Ta xpea tcoi Sr^pcot tcoi 'AOijvalcov ev

25

[KepapEtxco]i xaOaxep ev Tat? aXXai? xpeavoplai? a [7r][ovpetv Si:] Ta? peplSa? el? tSv Sijpov exacTov xaTa [t][

06

? 7rip 7rov]Ta? otocou? dv nccpbrni 0 Sijpo? exacTO? * [e ]-

[l? Se t<x pi]c0copaTa ttj? 7rop7rij? x a l to p ayeipixiv x a [l]

[xSopTjoiv] tou (icopou tou peyaXou x a l TdXXa oca 7rpoa[^]30

[xei 7rpov]oetc0 a i xepl ttjv eop-rijv x a l el? xavvuyjSa

[SiSSvat] : F : Spay_pa? * tou? St lepo7roiou? tou? Stoi[x][ouvTa? T]d riava0fjvaia toc vjclt' eviaurSv xoetv T7)v x a [v ][vuxtSa] cb? xaJXtcTrp T7jt 0ecoi x a l tyjv 7Cop7i7jv -^p7re[t]-

35

[v ap a *fj]Aicot avi6vTi, ^TjpiouvTa? tov pvj 7cei0apjco[uvT][a Tat? e]x tcov vopcov ^ p la if? ] * eXeoOai Se tSv S^pfov . . . ]
------------------ d[v[S]pa? e? AOijvatcov ax[avTCov - -

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

102

Tf0\u b L /&1 Zy c A&>j^c

Lines B22-23.
<$rfci4tojy C W

p>oowJ.The context of this pas

sage makes the interpretation and the restorations certain.

These victims are all cows (line B19, zk 5 j^oGs <W<MS

For the epithet, Polias, see Famell, Cults 1 . 299j for Nike,
see Cults I.3II-3 1 3 .

This decree is concerned with the conduct of the lesser

Panathenaea (lines A5-6).

(26)

Syll.^ 60k) Decree.

(Delphi; 192 B.C.)

See above, p. 2 7 .

1kkL J19* m c . Neither sex nor

Line 9*

color of these victims can be determined.

For the term

, see Colin, BCH23 (1899) 85 -8 9 .

102.

Syll . 3 1026; Calendar.

(Cos; 350 -3 OO B.C.)

----------------- ] ei yepY] Xapoxvst 8sppa xal cxeXt} r[a t aur]a t a p i pea * 'P s a i oT? xusuoa x a l U pa occasp tou IlESayEiTy[uo]u y iy p a T tra i toutcov oux amxpopa * 0 uei lapEu; x a l Ispa Trapeze'.

M5

ip ij Xapoavsi Ssppa T- Ssxdarat "H pai Apyelai 'EXclat BaaiXstai

SapaXi? xpixa xpivioSco 81 pf) eXaaaovo; <ov> cm)pva t c v t YjxovTa 8 pay.pav 0usi lapsus x a l lepa Trapsy/i yiprj Xap6a[vei]
Ssppa x a l axsXo; Tauxa? auoipopa * ivSopa ev&epsTKi x a l 0Os[Tai]
foil T a i tcmai ev t S i vaGi Ta v8opa x a l EXarJjp e 7jp'ixTou [tn:]-

10

upSv * to u tw v oux ix<popa ex to u vaou L evSExarai ' Z tjv i M kx &~

vvji (Joy; xplverat t o aTEpov hoc, i<p ou xa ecovti K[a]pvsTai, xa[0a ]Tcsp to u BaTpoplou t G i Zr;vl Ttui rioX(.9ji xptvETai, x [a i] yotpo? rcpoxauTEUETKi, x a l TcpoxapucoETat xaOa~Ep t w i rioXir/. "L Suo>8e[x]daai Zujvl Ma^avrp oIe? TpEi? teXeoh x a l (3ou; 0 xpiOsl; to

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

103

15 Srepov xo; iy ou xa e u v ti Kapvsiai, to Se axepov e to ; ole; t pei; teXeoh - xauTa 0uei lapsu; 6 tS v AytpSsxa 0 e 5 v , xal Upa r ap^Ei t o u to i; 7rpo0uE7ai ~ap to y xotvov, k tpipovxi OuXEoaayJSai aXipiTCOv rjpusxxov, oivoo TETapTav yep?) Se <J)uXeo,uayjSai; SlSo-at to u poo; oxXa, xapco;, tcov Si oicov xi cogioy,
20

e ou a 0EO[xoipla TajivsTai xa l [to ] g[u]v/_o; * yipyj XaptSavsi o la peu; ctxeXtj x a l SEppiaxa t 2 l auxai aptspai A0avatat M ayja[v(]Si SapiaXi; xpixa to axepov eto ; e<p* o5 xa ecovti KapvEiafi, t ] o S i axepov eto ; o l; xeXia 0uei lagey; xat a-ogpalvsxai 0aX-

25

darcrai toutcov oux KTtotpopa ' arupa SlSoxai xai 0s 5i eXat[o]u TETops; xoxuXeai, oivou TExapxa, xrpoyoi xa iv al Suo x a l xuX[i]xe ; xa iv al xpei; x o t[; Si KapvEi]oi; Tap. uoXiv coveToQai Sap[a][Xiv pvj iXaaaovo; 7revnqxov7K] Spay.fi.av ' T aikav - -

Lines 2 1 -2 2 .
was a heifer.

. This victim
For the epithet, see Drexler, Roscher 2 .2

(189^-1897) t s.v. "Machanis," col. 2228.

103.

Ziehen, LGS II 13 I; Decree.

(Cos; 3rd c. B.C.)

-------------- ia xpfiuara fi b ib l--------------| o]ca [x](a) bi]h]rai diro

| {711 |io]vupxou <J>iXickou xo[u NiKopdxou --------- | xaXavxa?] b(v.a
5 kpa toi 1 te A il tu ii [Cuixfjpi xal xai AOdvai Tai Cuixeipai || ] ZAiepoi
fipXOVTOC p[------------ | ir]6Xiv uuj ) AXeravbpefiav bpax.uuv----------------| ]
afdveuc*) Ka0a al t [ -------------- iepac0ai j h i toO] pdv Aioc tov tou u !o [0 ------10 | ]ov xpdvov t 6v trpecpufxaTOvs) ------------ tov be || pd\Xovx]a xpdvov dei
tuiv iYTd[vujv tou TTuOoKXeOc tov npecfSuTCixov ^ --------- | ] bei'icei dpi0ueTc0ni
to | ai hut' dviauxov buoiuic | OiXickov x6v Nikopa x [o u
tov pdv | uptiixov d]Edui)vov diro tov iro0[6buiv------------- tov
15 bt beiixepov ditb toO [| t6kou] tu iv xpnudxuiv K i nax[------------ xdv diripaXAou|cav pep]((b)a dirobibdvxui dKdcfxim al bd Ka pf| dito|buivxi 6cpletX6v. tuii bnrXaciai t[Kdcxun *)--------------| ] 0uc!ac f!vec0ai xaTa x[d xrdxpia-------j 0 __ | ] Tac xfic itdXioc nnvc Apx[a|iiTiou
(indxOuv Sep^ujv5) || toO Aio]c
Kal TSc AOdvac xal d'fUj[vo0^TOU xal6) lepgwv tuiv bauoTcjX^uiv xal] fupvacidpxou Kal fiuo-fupvacidpxou x a l
tuiv veviKaKdxuiv*) Tic dTuivac Kal tuiv
tit | dpETai] Texipapkvuiv Kal tuiv pep[ic0uip^vuiv--------------| e]ic Kal tuiv ditoYdvuiv t[ uiv TTu0OKXeuc------------ 0uev (!o0v j AXeHav]bpeav bpaxpav bKOTb[v------S5 _ || b]dpaXiv pi'i tXaccovoc [ AXeHavbpeav bpaxpav------------ | it]dvxe Xappavovxac ic | bibopev dc t6 v t6kov t o
I vtui t6 dmXutipiov del d f[ tu bd Kpda bibocBai | toic 0]ucaci, dcpaipeOdvxuiv )
30
U auxov *) tou ApTaumo[u piivoc------------| A]Xetavbpeav bpax.u[av
_______ |dev b]d Kal 6'iv AXeEavbpe[av bpaxpuv itevxeKaibeKa
0u6vtui
bd Kal | toI d]it6fovoi xol TTu0oKX[euc---------------| ]v Xaupdvovxec toI [ -------35 _ || bpjaxpdc biaKociac irapa[--------------| a]uxolc 0u6vtui bd Kal t [ o I ----------------j
Pou]v5) AXetavbpeiav bpaxp[uv
Kal
| ]KOvxa- 0u6vtui bd ko[!
tuii A il -------- | K]ai tui AOavai 6'iv AXe=a[vbpeiav bpaxpav itevxeKaibeKa
ta
bibocSai oe AXetav^ opjeiac bpaxpac xptdKov[xa tu i b e iv i---------------| ]

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

104

Guev be OUTOV tuii Aii 6'iv [ TiOdpev | bd] Kai dfiiiva xupvtKiv Ta(i)
[beKdTai tou Aptaprriou pr|voc
t 6c bl Trapa-frfvopdvoc | fc] Te toc Buciac
Kal dc toc d-fjfuvac HeviZovTW to!
Kai creqiavouvTui | t 6c] vikuivtoc
45 GaXXoO erecpd[voic------------------------6 iepeuc tou || Aio]c Kai <5 Tac AGavac Kai
6 pjovapxoc0)
kuI 6 dfwvoGdTiic K ai
Toi | lep]eic toI baporeXeic
Kai fup[vaciapxoc Kai Oiro-fUMvaciapxoc Kal toi vcvikokotcc |toc df]u)vac
Kai to'i fir dpcTai Tcrfiuautvoi Kai toi peuicGuiudvoi
|tuc] tt6Xioc Kal
toI dnd'fovoi t [ o! TTuGoicXeuc
j 6]poiuic biaveipdTui10) toTc c[---50 ||oc]a diriTdTOKTai Guev au[T0ic------- to bibo pe]vov auToic kot dviauxo[v
-------Ic tov Hevi]cpov? AXeHavbpeiai b[paxuai
Ouovtuj bt ol
Kai o iu ) | jxvidbai Kar[d] koivov tu)[i pev A ii pouc buo AXeHavbpeiav bpaxpav
biaKOCiav 6'fbor|KOVTtt Kai 6'iac bOo | AXeH]avbpetav bpaxpav TpiafKovra Kai Oc
55 bdo AXeHavbpeiav bp' xPv irevTiiKOVTa, tui bd AGuvai pouc buo ||AX]eHavbpeiav
bpaxpav bia[Kociav Kai 6'iac buo AXeHavbpeiav bpux.uav TpiUKOvxa Kai uc buo
AXeHavbpePuv b]pax.uav ttevti'ikovto bi[boc6ui hi auxoic ic tov Guciav Kal ic
pov Kai bupoGoiviav *)
AX eH]avbpeiuc bpaxpac X>Xia[c iKaxdv epbopi]xovia' dpotiuc be koto koivov Guovtui oi4)
Kai ol | ]acioi tiIii pdv
Ati poOc buo [ AXeHavbpeiav bpaxpav btuKociav 6'fbor[KOVTa Kai 6Vac buo AXeEavbpeiav | bp]ax,adv TpiUKOvra Kai uc b[uo AXeHavbpeiav bpaxpav TrevTpKOVTa, tui b i
60 A0dvai PoOc buo AXeHavbpeiav |j bpjaxpuv biaKOciav Kai o'iac [buo AXeHavbpeiav
bpaxpav TpiaKOVTa Kai Pc buo AXeHavbpeiav bpaxpav uevifilKOv^a" bibocGai b i
auToic [ic Tav Guciav Kal ic
pdv Kal Tav bapoGoiviav AXeHavbpeiac bpav i.],jc
XiXiac iKOTbv dpbop[r|KOVTa' 0u6vtiu bi Kal ol tuii pv Ail"pouv
AXeHavbpeiav bpaxpav iKaTov Tec|c]apdK0VTa Kal 6'iv AXeHa[vbpeiCv bpaxuav
beKairivTe Kal Ov 'AXeHavbpeiav bpaxpav etKoenrevTe, toi bi | A]0dvqi pouv
AXeEavbpeifav bpaxpfiv dKarov Kai 6'iv AXeHavbpeiav bpaxpav beKairivre Kal
65 Cv AXeEavbpei|;a]v bpaxpav elKocl1rivT [bibocGai bi aProic ic Tav Guciav Guciav
Kai ic t 6v
p6v Kal Tdv bapoGoiviav AXe] |Havbpeiac bpaxpac irev[TaKociac
6rbor|KOVTa- 0u6vtuj bi Kal ol
tuii pdv Ail poOv AXeHavbpeiav bpax|pa]v
iKOTbv TCcapdKOVT[a Kal 5'iv AXeHavbpeiav bpaxpav beKarrivre Kal uv AXeHav
bpeiav bpaxpav el!Ko]cmivTe, rat bi A0ava[i PoOv AXeHavbpeiav bpaxpav dKaTbv Kal 6iv AXeHavbpeiav bpaxpav beKa|ird]vT Kal Ov AXeEavbpe[iav bpaxpav
70 etKociirdvTe' bibbcGai bi aProic ic rav Guciav Kal t6v
|| ]pov Kai Tav
bapoGoivi[av AXeHavbpeiac bpaxpac nevraKociac bpboriKovTa- 0u 6vtui be Kai
o l
tuii pdv | Aii] pouv AXeHavbpeiav [bpaxpdv iKaTov TeccapuKovxa Kai
6'iv AXeHavbpeiav bpaxpav beKairivre Kai Ov AXeHav|bp]eiav bpaxpav eko[ciTrdvTe, Tai bd AGavai pouv AXeHavbpeiav bpaxpav iKarbv Kai 6'iv AXeHavbpeiav
bpaxpdv 1beKa]irivT[e------------

lines 5 ^-5 6 . tAL

J - Q b u s Too < < oiAS Too
\ O
. . &{L US, duo o This is another sacrifice of trittoia
to Athena.

104.

No sex or color is mentioned.for the victims.

Syll.^ 1046} Decree.

(Amorgos; ca.,250 B.C.)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

105

8eo(. | aya85ji ~^Xril- ^ Sijfiiopyoul flaYxplxou, | (Mjvd; Kpovi5 vo;2)

e5o?ev xoT; lepoupYoT;31-rijq M r (va; xr^ Ix a m a ;*' iretSrj E-tvo5 p.(8?;; | 0 EOY6VOU apa; xijv apyj(v xr(v el; Ittuvta^ | vffi xe Suola;
xal x5j; iropiit^s ojtto; yevjjxafi] x^t Oedu tu; xaddi'arrj Tauav okouotjV
dnorj|3axo, xal xujp Topeuopsviuv el; ttjv iopX7)v | xaXiu; xal tptdojO Tt'pto; Jj;e|AeXr(8ij, xou; jisv j xdxou; xod; ytvopivoo; auxuk cato xou
6>tclpIXOvws ueXavoiJ8 tf, i SedSi, cttp dip irpdtepov ^ 9u|ata ouvsxeXeTxo, Itio o u ; xdii xoivioi xdit tepouplyiuv el; xaxaoxeuljv tou xepe16 vou;, xo Be avd|?.iupa xd yevdpevov el; xjjp [)ouv xf(v 8u0cTaa[v] | x al
tdjV aW.r(v Bairdvijv d-aaav avaXtuofa;] | dx xtuv IBt'iuv xal xou; xopeuopevou; el; rrjv dop[x7jv], | ovxa; oux iXduoou; itevxaxooltuv jievxt(xovx[ct], | atp5jxsv duuppdXou;^, TpoxijpuSa; dv x iji ayopai j <lt; 6 vduo;
20 irpoaxdsasi x ad fi; xal Stxattu;, yevo|pEvou xou avaXtupaxo; oux dXctooovo; opay_pto[v] | /tXt'tuv y.pivoiv xouxo piyicxov xal xaXXtsxov | etvat,
otatpuXaooeiv rrjv xe ~pd; xdv ojjpov euvo[t]|av xal X7jp itpd; xou;
Oeou; edoepeiav urcep ouv j xouxtov oeoo'j'Sai -o l; lepoupyoT; X7j; Seou,
25 l~at|veoai ETtvopt'Sijv 6 eoyEVou dpexf,; evexa xal | [tp]tXoxipt'a; dj;
ljuiv 8ia*eXet repl xd xoivdv xv [fepjoupyuiv, xal atetpaviooat adxov
OaXXcu oxetpdvu)[i | y.a]rd xdv vdpov, xal avaxr(puat xdv oxetpavov |
30 [-lot - x]ou; irpoxavsi; Iv xr(i dopxJjt xal | [_is i - xd]v xe [ap]/[ov]ra
xal xou; sp[u|xdvet; . h i . xa!) exaajxov eviaux|[xdv

Line lA.

j?ej/ Z^jV Qa$&c<ajyj. The articles and the

participle show that this victim was a cow. No color is

mentioned.

This sacrifice was made to Athena Itonia in the city of

Minoa on the island of Amorgos. For this epithet, see Farnell, Cults 1.265. For this cult, see Nilsson, Feste 89-9 0 .

105. Sokolowski, ISA 9; Decree.

(Troy; 2nd c. B.C.)

[Ej-etSv; d leped; xtov rxvxcuv Oecuv 'Epsua; Exxptxv[Splo'u

[xjdv -apaxxEuylwv x[v;ji xs xcov -poydvtov el; xdv 8[r)pov_
oi/.oxipiai xal xy, TrpoG^EpETat xal
[xa] ~pd; xdv S?(ij.ov spUayxGcu; xai peya/ouepco; ^po[aipo]upievd;
xe xai av a_

r> [~dv] exo; xou; Oeou; xtpaoOat xai xdv S7(pov o'-AavOtpJoj-eicOa'.
exttSeSouxev

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

106

[x a l]

acpispoi apyuplou SpaZ [p]a?

AXs!;avSps[a? piufpla]? xal

7TEVTaxtGxtA[a:,
[xpoa]r(xi Se tcol Sr,picoi axoSE^apisvioi auTOU r/;v 9 iX a[y]a0lav -re
x a l g~ oj Sy;v
[SixJrdHai 7EEpl tcov emSESopisvcov ypvjpidTCov co? xx[0]v;xov eotiv,
Iv a a l te
[tcov] Gecov Tifial (xtco tcov xpyj|i.aTC0V xal al el? tou? xoXiTa?
iXav (p)co rtat Sia-

9 0 7

10
'

[fiivcoajiv el? tov axavTa xpovov ' dyaG^i tu/_v]1, eto uyislai xal
acor/jplaL x a l tol[?
[aXXoi?] ayaOoi? raaL, SsSoyGai TTji pouXTji x a l tcoi S7jficoi Ta (jlev
XprjpiaTa Eiva[i]
[toc etuSeSo|ze]vx uro 'Eppuou Espd rr(? AGvjva? ' tou? Se Tpa-e[(|]LTa?, e te I Siays-fpxLip.E[va egtl Ta S]ia

90

pa, Zelv SvGspa x a l

Ep[siv] toxov auTcov Ssxxtov

x a l xapaSouvai t[6]

[te xE aXalov] tol? [ieO ekutou? Tpa~E^iTai? x a l toxov SipLT(vou '

Sexxtov * tou? Se
15

[TiapaXaSovTa? e]Zelv svGspia Ta? pcupla? xa l revTaxiaxiXla? AXsEavSpsla? xal

[tov SljjltjVou to]xov a ~6 Se tv]? rpoaoSou ylvEG0xi dv[a] -av
eto? ev tcoi Ilava0r([valcoi (XTjvl ev tyjl -pcoJ-nji tcov IXiaxcov xo aJjv xa l Gucrtav t t (l
A O r p m tou? Se TparcE[^LTa? SlSovxl ExdajTou etou? drco ttj? rpoGoSou t tjl evSExdr/jL ev
tcoi ITavaG/jVaLCOL

[(jl'/jvI tol? d. * ExdaJ-nj? (puXvj? alpsGT-copievoi? uXdpZai? xaTa

uXvjv Spa/pLa? E/.a20

[to v s lx o g l x a l
[Se

9uXETa?

[Se x a l

E7r]Ta TpicoooXov aTpiaxoGToXoy^Tofu?] x a l to

v]fUGU apyupLOV ' [tou?]

7rGpL7i]uaxi Pot 0r)XE'.ai x a l 7rpo6xTCOi dppsvi x a l Ta

7C[J.[i.aTa poa9EpoOxL' e t [l]

Ta dXXx Ta] 7TEpl rr.v rrop-cjv ettlteX ecxl xa0oT[i] xaTpiov

EGTLV dxoXoU0ELV SI

[tou? 9 uXETa? xal IjxaGTOu? tcov ouXap^cov tt,l 09 * exutco[v]

aypiEvv;'. Sot, S7riypd']/av7a?
[to ovopca 7%
25

9 uXry?] xal xpoOuEGOxi tcoi Ail tcoi I I gXisi Ta p[6]6aTa EziTsXEoai Se xal Sel-

[tcvov tou? 9 uXdp/a? x]al Xoyov 0sg0xi tv;? SaTidvrj?' tt,? Sc -op.~7(?
E7XplsX7]Ta?
[eivai to v Ispla] tcov xdv tcov Oecov xal to v ayco[vo]0ETr(v xal tov
EyXoyior/jv
[xal tou?

9 uXdp/_a?, o~]co? xaTa [x]d.XXo? ttojjlttsucoglv 0...

AHIAI olltt'?? ' x x Gigtxvxl

[Se xal dvSpa? Suo? t ]o u ? t ?? Euraila? s-ipiEX/iGopiEfvou?] xal t o u ?

xaTacTTa0EV7X? e/ elv
I e?ouclav tou? draxrjouvTa? ttjl pdoScoi xoXd^siV dys[oQxL] Se t?v

30

7TO{JL7TYjV EX TCOV paGlXsl[cov? xa oTi dv] SiaTaccooiv ol? eiTETaxTXi r?[v] ettllleXsIxv x o l-

[aT:EL co]Giv CvjULOuaOaL

EicOaL
auTOu?

u~o

tcov

5sdv Se tlv[e?]

T[poyEy]pap.[p.E]vcov
[S]paZ(iaL? -EVT[rr

[xovrx? - -r:]paZ0-?v[aL- -

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

107

Line 21. jU'c

. The victims in this sacrifice

ZvjL

to Athena (line 17

) were cows. The

sheep mentioned in line 21 were sacrificed to Zeus Polieus

(line 2 ^).

106.

No color is mentioned.

Sokolov/ski, LSA 81; Decree.

(Antioch; ca. 160 B.C.)

[\A ya0vji Tuyrp xa l errl aco^pEx^

too r,uTEpou Sr,pou x a l t[o5 Avtloyscov tcov rrpoc tou]
KoSvgh x a l tcov ovvauEyjcrxvTcov tx t/Jc ^.avGpcolzEa: xa l
9 -.7.?a; x a l opovoEa; SExx-x SeSS/Oxi t?/. pouWji x a l tou S^ c oi
5

cuvTsXeffOrjvx'. Ta zpoSESy.copevx xxG a s'favr, tcoi z7.r(0si, t7,; Se

v.y-v.cs/.vSr' too pcopoo TrpovMjOyjvai too; -puTd.vEi; ev
S av
[xjaQiSpoOy; 6 3<opo; -^?0?,vai z o p - y

dzo

t/(; egtEx; r?,;

[BooaxExe

S-a too Sr,pio-jpyoo xal tcov

rpoTdvscov d c to Espiv rvjc A0r,vx; tv;; MxyxpoEx; 0o0v;vxl SI:
T//. te A fojvai xal 'OpovoEa-. ixxTipxc SxpxXtv y.puaixspw,
c'o; xaW.Eanjv

10

xal

Iz-xpxvsaTdr/jv

ao p -op-E ooai Se too; te

tepst; x a l r>,v cruvapyEav x a l too;

c o -a[;]

v TCOV vscov xa l TOV zxlSovougv p sra tcov xaEScov

15

97
8

x a l sxEZSL?Eav xal CTE av ;? opEav xa l Ipycov xal Seouloj-,

d.VTa; ffovxyOvjvai Se too ; p iv . . . .
.
EV tcol Espou t7 (; A y;vx; tv;; MayaporEa;, too; Se z g Xltx;
Se - e

x a l to o ;
20

u>.d; .
tt;v z avfru ptv soxocpEx; zp o vo r^ vx i tSv te Ee?c

77' ?1

9u7.dpy.oo;

u.vrr

ev Se t o i; psTa Taora y.povoi; GoegOxl ezl too

pcopoo xaTa p-7(va t7(lvoupr.vEac lePelov xxtS. Si ivLxurov e x x o -v

T7(v te - o p - ljv x a l Ta; GuaEa; x a l txaAx - x v t x yEyvsaGxi dxo/.oi
t o l; zpoysypappEvoLC Ta Se rpoSs"
ETOipd^saOai Scd tcov Tap-.cov d~o :
S^poo'Ecov.

line 1 0 . ^ t t i
The word

shows the sex of the victim, a heifer.

No color is, mentioned.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

108

107.

Syll.^ 9 8 2 ; Decree.

(Pergamum; ca. 133 B.C.)

A io v ug io ; M^vocplfXou]
kpovo[j.r(ca <vte >; T&k 8r(u[coi].
I dyvEUETtoGxv 8e xal e
lGiTCOGav el; tov ttj ; Geo[u vaov]

oi

te xoXiTai xal ol aXXoi ocvte; axo psv tv]; 181a; yfuvatJ

xo; xal tov ISlou dvSpo; auQypspov, d~o Se aXXorpla; xfal]

dXXorplou SsuTspxioi Xoucrdpsvoi cogkutco; Se xal drro
xr(S&u; xal te xo ugt ;; yuvaixo; SsuTEpaio; dxo Se Tatpou
xal exipopx; xspipacdpEvoi xal SieXGovte ; t /,v xuXrjV xa0 r(v Ta dyiGTr(pia TlGsrai, xaGapol eg tc ogx v auOr(pEpov.

10

I I "ESoHev t t / . pouXr/. xal tcoi Sr(pcoi, yvcopr, GTpar/jycov Ta pe[v]

dXXa tteoI tcov 0oov[tcov t]y;i Nifxvjyopcoi AGyjvai vivegGxi xaTa]
[tov vo[i.oVj TiOsvai Se psTa tcov xp]oux[ap]x[6vTtov t7,i Qexi ye-.]
[pcov x ]a l

tcov el; tov [0]7jGavpov ep6aXXopevcov ExfdaTOU

Espsl-j
[ou g]xeXo; Se;i&v xal to Seppa to Se u~ep tcov ucov exx[slps-I
[vjov TETpcoSoXov xa l tcov dXXcov Ispslcov Z O ep [dX-]

15

Xsiv el; to v Ovjaaupov, xaGxzsp SiXTSTax.Tai. eivai S[e to ]

t/yc/iapa x jpiov Sid xavro;, expy t i d/do SoHr/..
I l l "ESoHev r 7 / (iooX7/. x a l tcoi Svjpcoi. yvcopr/. GTpar/jycoFv

S'q xpoTEpov
20

br.z>.-]

d// slOicpsvov to u ; Ougvtx; t7(i N ix r^ o p fc o i A -]

Gr,vai UETa tcov SiaTsraypevcov r?/. Gsai yepcov 8iS[ovxi]

x a [l] aXXoi; Tialv tcov xepl t o Ispov Sixtoioovtcov xXeova TpTTAEjpa, SeSu/Oxi d~o to u vuv to u ; x x t eviauTOV tx g aopevou; Ispovfojpou; TrxpaXxpoxvovrx; t x tiOeuevx Ssp[p ja ra

2o

uxo tcov Guovtcov xal xcoXouvtx; SiSovxi vecoxopcoi

[u]o; psv Z , xpooarou Se YjpicoSeXiov, auXr,TplSi xal

00
X -

XuxTpiai xoivyp to I'aov' tcov Sev t t / dxpai Guopevcov xal uXcopcoi t t , ; axpa; [loo; psv 2 , xpooxTou Se 2 , t o Se Xoixov
Try; T ip r,; xaTaTXGGsiv e l; T a; Ispd; xpocoSou;. Eivai Ss to
i/r^ iG p x xuptov Sid ~ avto ;, edv pr) t i dXXo So'rp.

Line 2 7 .

. No color or sex is mentioned for this vic

tim to.Athena Nikephoros (lines 1 9 -2 0 ). For the epithet,

see Famell Cults 1 .3 1 1 .

108.

Homer II. 6 .9 3-9^.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Troy; Mythical Period)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

109

These victims were promised to Athena if she would help the

>/.

Trojans.

The adjective *>|Ke<ffo5 shows that the victims were

heifers.

No color is mentioned.

These lines are repeated, with

unimportant changes, in book 6, lines 2 7 ^ -2 7 5 and 3 08 -3 0 9 .

109.

Homer, II. 10. 2 9 2 -2 9 3 .

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Troy; Mythical Period)

These lines were spoken by Diomedes before a battle.

The

victim was a heifer, and no color is mentioned.

110.

Homer, II. 11.727-729.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Peloponneses; before Trojan
War)

J d
b'

h (i
'A lj.u l

W(i^

These lines were spoken by Nestor.

The victim to Athena

was a cow; no color is mentioned.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

110-

111.

Homer, Od- 3 .382 -3 8 3 .

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Pylos; after Trojan War)
6ZTM77W

These lines were spoken "by Nestor in prayer to Athena.

victim was a yearling cow.

112.

Homer, Od. ^.762 -76 ^.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.>

(Ithaca; after Trojan War)

6 l TTotL-CoL tre)\Sfij S 6 "

yj jLos ^

iu s

lU td

The

No color is mentioned.

O J o r t & s

TfU v*

These lines were spoken by Penelope.

of the victim's sex or color.

No indication is given

For the epithet, which was not

used in cult, see Jessen, RE II, 2 (1896), s.v. "Atrytone",

col. 2 1 5 2 .

113.

Herodotus 7.^3*

(Halicarnassus; ca. ^SO-ca. ^25 B.C.)

(Troy; i|-80 B.C.
)

Xerxes made this sacrifice at Troy on his v/ay to Greece.

adjective

shows that the victims were cows; there is no

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

The

mention of color.

For the epithet, see Drexler, Roscher 2.1

(1890-1897), s.v. "Ilias," col. 118.

Ilk .

Philochorus (FrGH3B328, frag. 1 0 )

(Athens; ca. 3^0-ca.

260 B.C.)
(Athens; before 260 B.C.)

This fragment is found in Harpocration, under

There is no mention of the victims sex or color.

.
This fragment

occurs also, with unimportant changes, in Suidas and in the

Btymologicum Magnum, both times under

Pausanias 1 .2 7 .1 0 .

115*

Te iv z Z

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Attica; Mythical Period)

Ptigu&M L

y/ jt<orr<>)ts 1 } m

u<zttge\t
t j

The victim in this story was a bull; there is no mention of

color.

There is another version of this story, in which Theseus

. sacrifices the bull to Apollo (see k 1 and k2 above).

1 1 6 . Apollodorus 3 .^.1 .

(birthplace unknown; ca. A.D. 100)

(Thebes; Mythical Period
)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

The article shows that this victim was a cow, No color is

mentioned.

(Athens; ca. A.D. 120-190 )

(Troy; Mythical Period
)

11?. Lucian, On Sacr. 2,

ij ji\b'! \

,/n Zo
\ Jjyj

^./T^cAZc

\
/I
Z-'
j'Jifd/
il.'J TZ/Z6

j^dJoV

HAL -ffllT^oo .

This story is a slight variation on the story in the Iliad

(?fl08) above).

The sex and color of these victims are not

described.

Goats
(52) Sokolov/ski; LSS 116; Decree.

(Cyrene; 2nd c. B.C.)

See above, p. 55-

Line lty. *A 9 ^ A lA<- T U v P tU c ,

For this epithet, see

Sokolowski, LSS, p. 197 ,

16-17.

ty&uv'AUL cYrT6\\ aul *(<.{?.

A goat was offered

to the goddess under each of these epithets. The animal's

sex and color are not mentioned.

For the epithet, see

Sokolowski, LSS p. 198 .

Goats Forbidden
118. Athenaeus 1 3 .587a.

(Egypt; ca. A.D. 200)

(Greece; before A.D. 200)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

113

u fts f

chL^irrtStst tl\'eL<L t l
x~ \
*
tfLc{ -COO CO

J li

o il*

J i / tT6 ^

tX ^ s

o l$

6.1s

tyotc+L

This quotation states that she-goats were forbidden as

sacrifices to Athena; it says nothing about he-goats.

Sheep
G.

A black-figure amphora to be dated about 500 B.C. (JHS 32

(1910) 17^-175 fig* 1) now in the Archeological seminar
at Upsala, shows a sheep being led to an altar of Athena.
There is also a bull in this picture, but a comparison of
this amphora with a black-figure hydria of about 500 B.C.
(Gerhard,

plate 2^2 ,1 ), and the discussion of this vase

by A.B.Cook (Zeus 3.1=612-615), shows that the bull was not

a sacrificial victim, but rather a bronze statue of a bull
on the Acropolis in Athens.

H.

On the north-frieze of the Parthenon is depicted a part of

the Panathenaeic procession, in which sheep are being led to
a sacrifice, probably to Athena (Rumpf, fig. 157)*

This

frieze is to be dated about ^ 0 B.C. Compare F above,

page 8 7 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

m
Sokolowski, LSS 132 A; Calendar. (Attica; 4-th c. B.C.)

119.

nhhlJor.SfpojiiGvo;]
rsrpl^---]
A d : evt[- - -]
5

A l' I- h olv : yporv

hiI IssiKo'j'jva
TkTpiSi ^OlivovTo:]
H - h h AO/jvai olv f

Ail :-poO^rra]
10

Line 8 .

^Qyva.

[- "] 7/Apov ya[>.a0r(vov]

. No sex or color is given for this

victim in the extant portions of the text.

This inscription is a fragment of a religious calendar from

Attic deme of Teithras.

4-9)

Prott, LGS I 26; Calendar.

(Attica; 4-th c. B.C.)

See above, p. 50.

, . . oit<> C ^eis.

Lines B35 -3 6 .

There is no mention of the victim's color or sex.

B4-1.

% \^ C c^c

ol <
>

. Again there is no

mention of the victim's sex or color.

(4-7)

Sokolowski, ISC 18; Calendar.

(Attica; AOO-3 5 0 B.C.)

see above p. 4-5.

Lines A62-64.

llc ^ u ft, , , oci . There is no

mention of'the victim's color or sex.

For the epithet,

see #101 above.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

.115

. The word Jtjwy

B3 O-3 I.

sex and age of the victim, a young ewe.

/ j 15-17 c

/?/9ym

fixes both the

No color is mentioned.

Tfohuft ... 065 There is no mention

of the victim's sex or color.

(6 3 ) Sokolowski, ISS 19; Decree.

(Athens; 3 6 3 -2 B.C.)

See above, p. 6 5 ,

Line 92.

)\d^ML

oU

. Note that the ewe

sacrificed to Athena in this-cult was pregnant.

For the

epithet, see Famell, Cults 1.291-292.

120.

Sokolowski, LSS 8 8 ; Calendar, (as Lindos; ^th c. B.C.)

(bs Lindos; 2nd c. B.C.)

a)

[AOxvz.]'. A-OTpo-xiaf'.]
olz O o k m zpy.ipoQ'j-y.z ~Jj. GvOevtz
zvtec xy/rzypr.cOzs
Y'jvziEi ov/ ooix.
racal

b)

Z iiv A iv j 7 ? l-r. -1 Sf/.x

AOavzi A-OTpo-z-lz'. ol:
Ovi zp/'.rpoOvTz: -z Ov5

Lines alr2.

OfvTX

y.'jTzl X.ZTZ/ploOz('.)

%t

oU

The restoration

of these lines is made certain by a comparison with line b3 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

116

^3*

/49c*va<_

Neither of these ins

criptions makes any reference to the victims sex or color.

For the epithet, see Jessen, RE II, 1 (1895); s.v.
" ?
Airc^cTrv(Lo^

"

c o l.

1 8 9 -1 9 0 .

Both of these inscriptions v/ere attached to one altar of

Zeus and Athena on Lindos.

121c

Syll. 3 1025; Calendar.

(Cos; 35 O-3 OO B.C.)

------------------------- x a ]J eu ^ofvT a i]. oiq. a

uje?___
[ . ] <puXa$-------------- cj y.aOdzsp Tot? aXX[ot]? Qzolq ' op[-rav]
[S eviauTia & p]ata Ieosu? xa t IspoyuXxxss x a l dpysuofvT]M ? [a ] Tco[xap]yagovTco, lEporotoi Se x a l to I xapuxE? Iovtgj x [a ]5

[ x ] i x [ l]X[ta(7]Tua? ' pou? Se |yy9j [sjXayri, pouv ? Evara? sxaoT[ac]

[]? A
ecov x a l IlaG^EuiSav rpartov x a l A![oc]TiSay ? Se
[T]dv a[yo]pav eX<vtoo 17 djzcpuXot 7rpaT0t, ev ay opa >. Se ouptptla[yjoyyai ' o S i IspEu: x aQr^co [~apd] y[d]y ypd-E^av ejtcov Ta[v a ]ToXay Tav tspdv, to i Se Esg[o7:oiol Exa~]pco Ta? Tpa-s^a? I I [ajx]-

10

[?]yXpi Se e*eXxvto> (3oy[? Tpst? tou]? xaXXtgrou?, a l pt[y xa ]

TouTtoy xptffijt ti? * ai Se [frq, 'YXXeT? Tp]?i? XdvTCo, a l pty [x a t ] [o]uTCoy xpiuijt ti? ' al Se y-hq, Aupave? Tp]st? tou? Xolttou?, al [{ieJy xa TOUTCoy xptOyjt tl? a l [Se jxyj, aTEpou?] IX x v tu e? Tav dy[o][p]av x a l ETtsXavTto x a ra Ta[uTa, a l ptijy x a TOUTCoy xpiOiji t [i? ] *

15

al Se p ; , Tprrov E-eXavTU xaTa tx[ut]cc a l Se xa TOUTtoy xpt[05ji]

|A7;Se[?, CTiixptvovTtp Pouv ex /'.[XtaojTuo? fetdcTa? * eXa[ca]vte? Si toutoui; gu(i}iloypy[Tat to l]? aXXoi? x a l su0u x[p lv]o vtl x a l eSyovTat xa l dxaxxpy[aao]vTi ' forEtTa r:EXxvT[t au]tl? xaTa TauTa 1 Ouetxl Se, al jiy xa uxoxu'-Ui, tat la r ia t 0u[ei]

20

Se yEpEaipopo? Saat?io)v x a l Ispa x x p iy c i x a l sttiOuei k p a it, [y;](JLixtou * ypyj Se XattSdvEt to Sepjia x a l to oxeXo?, upoxotfol]
S i gxXo?, Ta Se SXXa xpa Ta? toXio? tov Se xptOevra - [ S t ]
Z tjvI xapuxs? fiyovTi ? ayopav etteI S x a v Tat ayopat eco[v]t i , ayopEust ou x a l fy o pou? r; aXXo? v ~ ip xyjvou vS?to[? ]

25

'[K S jio t? rapyoi tojjl pouv, K Stot S i Tipidv axoSovTCo < to >tSi
'Ia T ta ft] *
TtpSvTM S i 7rpocrrdTai SpLoaavTE? rapaypyjpta e7teI Se x a T t[a a][G5j]t, avayopEuTO> o xapyE o m c c o u x a Tiua0vji to u tS Se eX5vt[i
7ta][p]a Tav 'IcT tav Tav 'ETatpEtav x a l Oyovrt Se tEpsu? gt - t e i xa l
Eerrt]c3irvSEt xuXtxa otvou xexpapivou xpo tou poo? Stteitk ayovrt

30

P3-

[o]uv x a l Toy xa u fiv x a l <p0ota? E7iTa x a l uXt x a l trr|xpta

Edyo[vT]-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

117

[e]?Se xapuaoovu EU9afj.(avxvjvelSe 6xS/(<7avT? to[zpouv x a f r ]apxov-at 8aXXcoi x a l Saipvat ' -o l Se [xapuxs? x]ap 7tcovTi Topi (icy
Xot[po]y x a l r a arrXayxva ettI tou Pcopiou E riff:rEySovTe? [zeXlxpa-ov,

[ep]a
^0

SM-

Sh EXTtXuvavTE? mxpx to[|z pco[zbv xaJprcovTi exe I

Se xa

xap7Cco[8iji]
ax o ra, E7ucnrevSTti> fZEXixpa-oy o Se [xapju^ xapucoETto EopTa?e[v
,
.
o? IIoX{?co? EvtauTia wpaia
eopray [lepeu?]

,
Se

Z^'
tou; EVT
epoi?

EmOu^rTtol
[8]y7) x a l Toy<; 9861a? x a l cnrovSa? [axpaTo]y x a l XEXpapivav xa l
o r [(i]-

p.a toutco Se I ovtco Trap tou ? lapoxoio? e? T oXy.tjpMtS SapioGiov'

* [p ]-

ey? xal xapuxs?, Eaporoiol Se sv ovti

lepij xal

t [ ov]

t &?

xapuxa?

to[6]40

Tav Tav vu xra enel Se x a orrovSa? Tr[oiYj]a[co]vTai, alpsoOco 6

lapels [a ]tw v

lapo7ioiwv goo? tou 0uopivou tcoi

Z yjvi tcoi

IIoXi7)i xal
7tpoa[yo]-

[p]euETco ayvEueaOai yuvaixo? xa l ayS[po]? avTi vuxt ? * to i Se

xapu[xs]-

[?] alpelc0co C9ay^

tou

pob? oy xa jcp^i^covn yjutuv xal Trpoayo-

Peu[ tco]
[ ? x a Sfj]X7)Tat tcoi alpe 86vTi xaTa TauTa toci au ra i aptepai
Aiovuacoi [ 2 x ]-

45

yXXurai x ^ P 0? xat pi<po? tou x ip u

ara^opcc ' 0uei Se

lepeu? x[al Ie][p]a 7rapexei yep?) oepei Spp.a, axeXo? T- IxaSi Pou? 0 xpiSel?
[IIo]}.i9ji evSopa evSepE-ai

0usTai Z tjvI
(XX T V yjliIextov,

69ecrrlav OueTat 9110

^P; [ 0
[Su]o e? TjpiiexTOU, 0 a-epo? TUpcoSrj?, x a l Ta evSopa ' x a l ettitoevSei

ey? toutoi? oivou xparvjpa? Tpsi? ' yepy)

tou

poo?

tui

**
lepTji6Seppca
x [ a l a]-

50

[x]Xo? lepa lapeu? Trapexei <e > xal x^Xuo? ^fiicu xal xoiXia?

W
[cru] ' 6ua90pcoi Se tou oxeXso? tou tcov lepoTtoicov SISoTai axplaxiov,
[

[xapu]-

vJcotou Sixpeoc?, u7rco[Jiaia, aljiaTiou o6sXb? TpixcoXto?, N egtop fta ifc]

[Se]

vcotou

Slxpea?,

laTpoi?

xpa?, auXvjrai xpea?, y a k d m xal

[co]v exaTepoi? t o xe9aXaio[v

55

* Ta

Se aXjXa

xpea

~Xep^

rat; 710X195 '

T a y ta r a v [T a ]

[oux] dbromEpETat exto? Ta? 7r[oXio? ] T ai auTai a[xpai AOavalai

n o [> i>

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

118

aSt ol? xusogk 0ust Se le[peu? xai] tepa ^aptr/et ' yipr] Xafi6avsi
8?[p>
u x xal cxeXo? T- evaTat pte|Y lx]aSa ' Aiovuggx ExuXXhai yoip o;
[x a l]

epiqjo?

yolpou oux aTropopx ' Otiei lepeu? xai icpa 7iape/_ei

ylpti [X]au.6avei Seppta xal axeXo?
eSSopiaL avopivou ' ea? AXxr,iSa?
Aa[(i]-

60

' tou

aTpi ol? T & s tt? x a l TeXea xusoaa * tcutcov oux axopopa xiXixe?

*[ ][v ]a l Suo SISovtki 0'jei tepey? [x a l lep]a -ao eyei yip?] Se ouaTa *

eyxT[ai * Ai][0]vj(Tcoi 2xuXXt7a[t xotpo? xal eptpo?] ' tou yotpoy [o]ux dbropopa '
uei
[1]?[p]y? x[al lepa Ttapiyei yepvj Xapi6avei Sspp.a xat axeXo?----

oh

Lines 5556.

\(obci<K

. Enough

remains of the epithet to make its restoration quite certain.

Note that in this cult of Athena the victim was a pregnant
ewe.

(102)

For the epithet, see #101 above.

Syll. 3 1026; Calendar.

(Cos; 3 5 0 -3 0 0 B.C.)

See above, p. 1 0 2 .

Lines 26-28.

JjA9 us/4UL

The adjective t t \ t * (
ewe.

,. , c ti

shows that this victim was female, a

There is no mention of color.

For the epithet, see

above, p

122.

Prott, LGS I 8 ; Decree.

(Cos; 300-250 B.C.)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

119

- - TI
COV TOUT.
- - o ]lg ty x a a TtoX[tr xkXr,tki ? --------------5

[av fiuolav v

lavTa; * lap a

mx.pt/ei otnoSiScon
axpticQcmSi

[7:1 toutoi; a 7:0X1;

7;

to

Stk-

avr^Xwjievjov apyuptov

e? TXctToupytav xat ap /av rocvJSe t 6v lapvj

|i.ova[py.lac, Trpocrraala;, crrpaTayta; ayvEuscOJat &s tS vSe to v lap?,

ptuoap[wt prij GUfi.[j.eEyvu(jQai pj&e Ttap rjpcova ec?6]ev (itjSe 7cap* E x a ra ;
MsydX[a ; [i7]Ss ocraa to ? ; 0so?; to ? ; yjlovljoi; OusTat (xvjSe ooaa to ? ; eve10

76

[prepot; jp )ffiv EVTapivsTai, pjSs EpiJ^aastv jpStov ptr(SE e ; olxlav

[sGEpTTEv ev o7iolai x a avOptoTto; a7ro0a]yr)t aptspav teevts a'p a ;
xa aptE[p a; 0 vExpo; s^Evt^O^i, (A-yjSe e; olxlav E]ffsp7Ev ev oTcolai xa yuva te-

86

[xrji apiEpav Tptfiv dtpa ; x a textji, 7evte S], at xa EXTpfit * at

t I x a toj t -

[o v tw v [iucrapwv twl lapiji auptodt ^ a y iv , 7rs]ptTapiea0to yolpwi

Spcsvt x 15

[ a l xa0apaa0G) d7to ypucrlou x a l 7tp0ctttepjaeI]a ; at 86 t I x a tw v

fiX(X)cov r.apaxpofucTEt, aTroppavaaOco OaXaaoat x a l] xa0apo; ectm auTa [a
la pe]axruva TptaxdS[o; eoto) ......... Sav, -svt7;xootuo; 'I]~ ta .S a v u
to ?o [S e te ]XE^eTat 6 lapsu; t [ ou Z7]vo; tou FIoXieu; xal tw]v Gecov t5v
AuwfSexa x]aOalpETat yolpwt e [ t:1 OaXdocat x a l Oust Z rjv]i IloXivjt (3ou[v x a l
A0dv]-

20

at IloXtdSi olv T E p ia v xuloucav ev twi ................. ] ; Spot tEp[a

7:1 to u ]Tot; lapE'i; 7:ap[6yet * a

Si

7:0X1; d7EO&l8om twi tapijt to] ayfaXiu-

X6fi]"

evov apyuptov e; [tocv 0ualav * xaTa raSe 0 (iou; 0usrat ZtjvI

Ilo X t^ i evS]opa EvS6pETat e[9 * eaTlav 0usTat dpTo; tc, rjpitEXTOU x a l dXqslrcov

V]Eextov x a l apTo; [aTEpo; TuptoSn]; x a l Ta evSopa * TauTa 0uei lapsu]25

Si

; x a l et:io :evSe[i otvou xpa-rijpa; Tps?; x a l Ispa Ttapsyst t <x

te Xe] crrpa

&

7:0X1; 7ta[pEXt o

Si

lapsu; svlst tov povapyov x a l to; ta ]-

po7:ot6; x a l xafpu xa; yspvj 9 ^pEt Ssppta x a l gxeXo; xa l / eXoo;

fjpttffu]
xal xotXla; rjptftou *0ua96 p<ot
30

8i

tou ox6?.eo; too twv lapoTEotwv St]-

SoTat axployXtov, xapu^t vwtou Slxpsac, uTicoptata, alptaTtou ooeXo]; TptxciXio;, [NscTOptSai; vwtou Stxpsa;, laTpo?; xpea;, auXTjTat x]pa;, yaXx[etov xal xEpapecov ExaTEpot; to

79

v.ey&xiov Si

Ta; 7toXto[; * TauTa :dvTa oux a :o EpETat exto; tS ; t:6 X lo ;

Ta

y.pkcc]
]

. at piij&e------

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

120.

Line 20.

]To\ u S l o lv

The epithet, Polias, was applied to

no other divinity except Athena; it must, therefore, refer to

her in this inscription.

There is no mention of the victim*s

sex or color.

Ziehen, LCk> 11 131; Decree . (Cos; 3rd c. B.C.)

(103)

See above, p. 1 0 3 .

Lines 5^56.

TAL T t

/QQw j L , . . oiUs Too

No color or sex is

given for these victims.

(Pergamum; ca. 133 B.C.)

Syllo3 982; Decree

(107)

See above, p. 108.

Line 2 7 . if^o^Xcdo

. There is no mention of the victim's

sex or color.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Ithaca; after Trojan War)

Homer, Od. ^.762 -76 ^.

(112)

See above, p. HO*

There is no mention of the sheeps color or sex.

Sheep Forbidden
123.

Athenaeus 9.375c.

tu i
Oo}(:

VW ll

(Egypt; ca. A.D. 200)

(Greece: before A.D. 200)
W

1
'CO^OO ^ tU c ^ b U t.

/t& jM S

U P t U 'l 00 9 u 6 ^

vlyvxS

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

121

This quotation refers only to the ewe as a forbidden victim

to Athena; it says nothing of male sheep.

Swine
(^9) Prott, LGS I 26; Calendar.

(Attica; 4-th c. B.C.)

See above, p. 50.

Lines B35 -3 6 .

C/\)waSL ,. ,

tioned for this victim.

For the epithet, see above, p. 8 8 .

(6 3 ) Sokolowski, LSS 19; Decree.

No sex is men

(Athens; 3 6 3 -2 B.C.)

See above, p. 6 5 .

Lines

oV

87-880

. There is no mention of the pig's

sex.
89.

'/Q&tJ'JSl

of the victim's sex.

mi

Xc?^cV Again no mention is made

For the epithet, see Sokolowski, LSS

p. 5^*
(103)

Ziehen, LGS II 131; Decree.

(Cos; 3rd c. B.C.)

See above, j>, 1 0 3 .

Lines 5^-56

t'J>L db

/ 4 & .us vOa*

No sex is mentioned

for these victims.

(107)

Svll. 3 982; Decree.

(Pergamum; ca. I33 B.C.)

See above, p. 108.

Line 25.

There is no mention of the victim's sex.

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122

Demeter
The animals sacrificed to Demeter in Greece were:
lo Boves
2. Sheep
3 . Swine
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to Demeter
in Greece.
Boves
12k.

Pausanias 2.35-6-?.

j l

-(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Hermionej before A.D. 150)

ifo jir fr j\/ tfe p tln o ^

j>SV

^ f f ^ s vt

h ip t/ z iz t i.
\ c
pSJV trii^iot

f t If/Ci
> ~
>

Z^S

O TX^i^'ftopyA L
|

i\/> o 4 tM ^O y> < io i

o ls

V A \

zt> z k s t y o ^ S j

&c Ok

IPCr i t '/
/

v*~

'C b 'Z ^ ^ Z ^ 6

cM

Ja
IzC U btoLiiU L

r.'

<r/ '

6t<fCV of L

jt d

eft*> <U

trru ^ j

o/Ji\C

V fT t'tb H t t/^S j^oS.

> V

6s/iU z S froC j

U z tQ d ^

kU l

\lA -l

^ y j ^ s ! <ct< ttoyl

ii* m >

C iv J ^
^vTcs/

t\fc v U t x . t ) d ^

. j uC ^ \
^

-ZT6
fe</

Ka L

^ ^ /

6 fre Ct'J'C-q K-a^ 'Aaa-I* 'CtL^^zyj'i '

Pausanias says that the victim was a cow, but see #125
below.

There is no mention of the animal's color.

epithet, ^9-j \JU

For the

t See Famell, Cults 3 .^8 -^9 ; for the festival,

see Nilsson, Feste 329 -3 3 0 .

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123

125.

Aristocles

tfu .

-toe

a ^ k -c

(Sicily; 2nd c. A.D.)

(Hermione; before A.D. 200)

<p ^ y^
,
t,"

ik o * t j

o'/ ko

'CooZb/

<fov/

6V

ft CL
;C

tov e(p

> A

Ya,cC<z)

; J

!^ ^ t '

oo ) l

<X'C6t^6<>Tet jjb M J~tcS<} / C'-Wt'cS 6=Ar<:6L

ZToV ^ ^

fTi

r ilij

J iu p d tify

xA

Tf/vc^s

<av

9J ) ) ol

ji^'Ct^L

* <9zi0<>
K^fOO.S

77^lS

c)^oS

&jlL0\tiq

Lrftt^L

t Lyj $ j
.

This fragment is found in Aelian, Nat. Anim. 11.A. Aristocles,

unlike Pausanias (#12A), says that the victim was a bull.

No

color is mentioned for the victim.

126.

Plutarch, Mor. 586F (De Genio Socratis)

fChaeronea; ca. A.D. ^6-120)
(Athens; ca. 379 B.C.
)

^j,
rf>/\uy

,i

Vou f n /

k <ZjiiToc{

to v '

j Urey'',

Kxc tfev<Wov

' f t o o / C&S

>
Jjpo^tos/ ofo

o/lfxfyHdt'//6 iv

The article shows, that the victim mentioned here was a bull;
there is no mention of color.

The time of this dialogue is fixed

by its discussion of the liberation of Thebes from Sparta, which

took place in 379 B.C.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

izk
Sheep
(100) Sokolowski, LSS 10; Calendar.

(Athens; ca ^00 B.C.)

See above, p. 99 .

Line A.6 3 .

'S'

od

. Nothing is said of the victim's

color or sex.

(A7 ) Sokolowski, ISC 18; Calendar.

(Attica; AOO-350 B.C.)

See above, p. A5.

oU

Lines B^-5.

. No mention is made of the

victim's color or sex.

127.

Prott, LGS X 2 0 ; Calendar.

1 (a, b,C, u)
2 (a, b,c, d)
3 (a, b,c)

(a, b, c)

0 (a, b,c)
(b, c)

Line 3*

(Crete; ca. 500 B.C.)

- - ts]pa j TE7SA7][iEv[a

] ul | toi [/e]).xav[[oi - ]ai I EV Tat -e v -T a [i - - - v] | ts/.yjov | y.al cdfcc | ev [rat ex.rat.] olv Gr,Xe[i]av |
to i A i[e>,Xovi - - ]s 9 [. .]$ J Ta
j e<t . [- - Tsci 'H pai | I | ft/)[A]s[ta | t S.i AapJaTpt ol; j
tex [ c - - - at [jiv 8jo | 0^Xt[at, ot 8e u]o
xal Tp[a-

57
05

fupo'

cm-

epasvcg,

- - ]>. [ ----- ]to[

o i$

jazpomjvaL |- y.a[- ]a ; oto A o t ov[--

T?"'

. Enough remains of the

goddess* name to make the identification certain.

The ad

jective, rf6CA/C5 , means pregnant, and shows that this vic

tim was a ewe. There is no mention of color.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

125

This inscription is from Gortyna on the island of Crete.

(121) Syll. 3 1025; Calendar.

(Cos; 350-3OO B.C.)

See above, p.

oU

Lines 59-60.

.. . t t \ t A

The victim was a pregnant ewe; there is no mention of the

animal's color.

128.

Syll. 3 IO31 n.3; Calendar.

The

(Camiros; 1st c. B.C.)

are the goddesses Demeter and Kore

(Sokolowski, LSS p. 165 , note 2). The victim was a pregnant

ewe; there is no mention of the animal's color.

129.

Eupolis,

eiti

(Athens; produced ^21 B.C.)

(Athens; before 121 B.C.
)

4 * ^

f ^c

This fragment (CAF1.309 , #183 ) is quoted by the scholiast on

Sophocles Oed. Col. 1600. It- seems to indicate that the victim
is a ram, but the scholiast goes on to say that it was a

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126
S'yj^tu.

There is no mention of the animal's color.

For

the epithet, see Famell, Cults 3 .33 -3^.

Swine
130.

IG II2 1367; Calendar.

(Athens; 1st c. A.D.)

MsTocYtTVtvo?Osat; P' [I----)

tou rij? xavTEXstai; 7ro7ravov [8co8ex6v]9aXov yoivixiaiov, te' VYjtpaXiov.
BoTjSpojxiwvo? y ' t . NeipSut x a l *OcytptS[t]
5

aXev.Tpuova xapzaiaeic ereesiptov 7rup[ou?]

x a l xpi0a<;, tneev&wv (leXtxparov. C I. A tjp )Tpi Kopy) 8 /.cpaxa avuTrepS^Tto;. r\ I. TpuYfa]tov Atovuiru x a l toT? dXXoi? 0eoi? dv[ux]sp[0](eTcoi;).
IIuavEipttovo; AtoXXcovi x a l ApTspiiSi

10

x [o ]-

jravov jroivixtaiov dp0ov9aXov x a l xa 8r)piEv[ov]

Sa)Sex6vq)aXov.
Mat|xaxn)ptoSvop A il Tecopyw x ' totoxvov
^oivixiaiov op0ov9oXov ScoSex^oXov,
vaoTov xotvixiaiov E7U7rs7rXaapivov,

15

iravxapmav v ^ a X io v .
IloaiSEwvo? 7)' ItTTauivou roreavov
jroivixiaiov SwSex6v9oXov xa 0T)p.e[vov],
IloaiSw vi Xapiai^Xco vr^dXiov. 0 I.

20

Avdpioi? tcotoxvov ^oivixiaiov dp0ov9aXov ScoSex6v9oXov vr^aXiov.

rap-EXiuvoi; x it t w o e i ? A iovuctou? 0' I.
\Av0crn)pic5vo? ispsT? ex Xou-ptov.
[ ,E ]X [a ]97j6oXifivo? i' I. Kpovco -reoreavov
5toSEx6(i.9aXov xaOrjpiEvov, etti-

25

7rXaasi<; (3ouv ^otvixiaiov dvu7:s[p0E]to )i;

ou

Mouvixttovo? P' aTCiovTO? 'H p a -

xXsi x a l 0s<p aXEXTopa? p ', TOTrava

j^olvixu;ScoSsxop^aXa dp0ov9aX[a]
aVUTTEpOETO)?.

Lines 6-7. A ^ y ^ c ^
were often worshipped together.

These two divinities

The victim was a young pig,

but nothing is said about its sex.

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127

131.

IG Ii 36*f; Decree.

(Sparta; date unknown)

<rre<pavoujxev(a) y ovteM

{UOVa7TG06&OU c-5

Icovo; w ; TzpoyirYpxxrtti t ..
c, Iv E X e M u v ia ; <8 > d p t [ a S]uo [veo]Yva x a l t o ax6 (?o)u8 ev EXsJuaijyiafs]
[Ajafxarpi 0ucrei xtplSi,[a] Suo [u~o]Xtaa [p ]a <5cpasv(a), fiptov Sia aaapLcov, 8v a 7tai[? ] e[]-

10

a[v]a[X ]ticEi, apo7j? e oOSei[? 7r]a(p)e[<;]'rai

AEcrT>7iotva y o ipov apcrsva, tJcp-rov Sid
caajxto nXouxcovi yoZpav apasva,
fiprov 7ipoxapEa. risptJEpova ^oipov
Spasva, Sptov
yotpov aporsva,

A1TXA

15

fipTov . ra u ra auT[al] aTEpavoufpjsvaL

TV..1A alplTtoaav xwp'L?

.AEAr .... AIIirKNATAIMII ...

Lines 8 -9 . JAjocpcivgeThe young pigs sacrificed in this cult v/ere males.

The date

of this inscription is not known.

(6*0

Syll. 3 7 3 6 ; Decree.

(Andania; 92 B.C.)

See above, p.6 7 .

Line 33.

A /

tficZoK"( . The victim at Andania was

a pregnant sow.
68.

A t ^ c

< W ifTctetU . Again the victim was a

pregnant sow.

(32) Syll. 3 102*t; Calendar. (Mykonos; ca. 200 B.C.)

See above, p. 35*

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128

Lines 11-12.

&&*<?: io oo^kJ

5X

y 6 tTfc<

The participle shows that both

these victims were sows; one had to be pregnant.

For the

epithet, see #129 above.

A/

UYipylpj-

16.

>

fcV^y^cVc< 7itoc(liV.

In this sac

rifice the sow had to be pregnant for the first time.

132.

Pausanias 9.8.1

ML

l\ f

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Potinae; before A.D. 150)

A^cfoS

oij-cotS

fa<~

/^JOV/U ) t t L g lA jlt iid . J g p t t /C<AL o f ) ) *

ML

is

Zd

h id jo ip b ^

OS

-C o O C d J S

6<>

X.yJ\f

T T i.o

j L

Ko~>j!>. .

Orfo<fc<

Cs<j^L

</g'W Js t i o v VfcoW/o/
- >/
c/, \
XoL

LXbOi

ro^iS

iO g d O

IrTd. , .

The pigs sacrificed at Potinae were young, but their sex

cannot be determined, for the pronoun 'Coutoos

could refer to

a mixed group of males and females.

133.

Plutarch, Phocion 28.

)ioJovCO.

rW-CW

J
K^JCoS

z:>7S

(Chaeronea; ca. A.D. >0-120)

(Eleusis; 4th c. B.C.
)

'0

<3^\/fc/wp M

/d<V PJ/Pi^O

\
/
M. M t /o /1~j

- C>

^ 00

\ l M6\/L

' JJ

K^te-ifiL .

The victim was a young pig; its sex cannot be determined.

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129

13*R Comutus 28.

(D /

f/oco^L

->

US

\/

Z'o

(Rome? ca. A.D. 20-70)

(Greece; before A.D. 70)

TfoJiU^ v W

/I

e v i ^ O r t/oMS

ML

Zy

UYjfiyjtft-

fiUu

ccfieuus

A \
\ \ / ' l\ L I /
/
A/yjrfriW & L Z tM ^ fo ^ o V TfUfOrtC^ztS.

Comutus is commenting here on the frequency with which

pregnant sows were sacrificed to Demeter.

135-

Clement of Alexandria, Protrept. 2.17.1.

(Alexandria; ca. A.D. 150-215)
(Greece; before A.D. 215
)

L&et frl A
\6 k l z A
<d

<oc

U i\& 4

& i< k )U

t A

^
}c i

51

u ls I v u u J j

No mention is made of
Thesmophoria, see Nilsson,

A s

Jc

^ A ^ coM 6 ^

u le o k h o s

Z *S

ei zas

<^tW

the pigs' sex. Forthe.festival of

Feste 313~325* For the swineherd,

Eubouleus, see Famell, Cults 3.1^.

Aristophanes, Ach. 7 ^7 .

136.
J

/tot/J'ttoV

A /

jL

/jT }rty}x:fc < >

J ( l

U'

L U m co S

\ *
i&AAtU&L

(jr /

/in fo s
\

"

ri^t'C-ijfULS, erfS

/>

y u tc + L .
S

/
( ^ * ( x 6lu l
-c

w^ooMt'W o m p

^
<./<>< .

Zu)\>

(Greece, date unknown)

cC
)
; Du. 6V tooi
\

6^ 0 too

0&
Je to

n fo n )

j^ > c v z y i

j/( ? \

e u o b 'J .

v ty ],

Jk

z^vu,

)c-

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130

The sex of the victims is not mentioned.

137* ; Aristophanes, Frogs 338.

(Greece; date unknown)

hrtS-yj ev T olS A ^ y jZ ^ L o tS

cots ^<-Cy^iotS

Li
'/dLgo'ij

JcotL

'/ot^oL

To? /jio>/u<rco

tyuoylZALy - 9 uo^Al

Tys

ml

Jyjij

Zcs/

/s^vrt/cos <rw

The article

(line 3) would seem to show that the victim

was a male pig.

The Demetria was-another name for the Thes-

mophoria (Nilsson, Feste 322 -323 ).

138.

Aristophanes, Peace 37^-

6$.

<

J D iL

(Greece; date unknown)

/ ^ v j H - Z z y ') ( o t f o d t : < ^ o s i y j V .

-w

L
/
j> \ / >/g\I
l'/< r
0 /
if
dZi -Cocs tf 0 6 uH 6 y/dC<, 6 <rct>/ 6 P 0 S, fiOL&LOLo'l C/o6 lV <1?
> \ <
c
s
>
V
\/
6 tTR (!Of{au<\c\f QL
t)l /
7T/dW

/ ( r

olpo /jti^W .

No mention is made of the sex of the victims.

139.

fL Lucian, Dial, of Court. 2.1.

$ < C j*o <Jdt<A.

Jfc

cJ o Z A

Z o ^ z -j

K(pj

'C'kt.

,/

K o f'-> j s.

TyS
^ Q

f i - f f T 6 i < b l' A l

J& Tk

o z i Jv^o)o^CV^ y f r f r f t t o

ToJ

Z l S 4 d f t t o z ? jS

t /oiAX^
'f t

^<U.

jiu)jjJt<t:6goi

V /

(Greece; date unknown)

) l} j'/ t o 'l

ZooSi

t '/ t M W

>

t }

uZ

f^AL

>0 /

>

jC o tfo o * *

tc < ,

ZX

6 tfd T v W

J j/t

"C ot/

Zoo
.

J u ty iJ L U .

T o 7/ 0 /

^ J /fA C Z Ifo ^ j^ u A

^ r^Q

t^ \

Ton/

tfo

\,

b o p o /ltto < >

*

Z ^i

A /

liy jy y jz f c i

/<4c

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

v/

131

The article -Ccoi (line 6 ) could refer to a mixed group of

males and females.

For Eubouleus, see #135 above.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

132

Dionysus
The animals sacrificed to Dionysus in Greece were:
1.
2,
3*
k.

Birds: jay
Boves
Goats
Swine.
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifice to

Dionysus in Greece.
Birds
Jay:
1*K).

Comutus 30.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 20-70)

(Gree.ce; before A.D. 70)

This is the only known reference to any bird-sacrifice

to Dionysus.

Boves
l'+l.

Syll. 3 717; Decree.

(Attica; 100 B.C.)

ayaO?(t vjy.y.. -1 Mr.Sstou a p y o w j

irpoTavsta? f( dhll m

e~! t?(; .\ewvt{oo; Tpm;;

<l>i/.uuvo; E?.eu3!v.o;2 iypauuaTSOEv, Boi;opo-

[aiuvo; Eva-r.i tsrxpEvou, e v d t r , ; ^ ; -puTavsta;, h .v ltp ii xop-x /

Tun OsaTpw.. tuv xpoiopiov

'Er.rA/.rp Aoetslou Haisy'su;

6 xa! oupzpoEOpoi eooUv Tan of,uun- N-xo'sTparo; j Ir.uapsTOu .\a ;irrp s u : e]~eV s-E'.or, o! eo r^o i ot

i~\ Eysxpatou apyov:o;3 0u;av;t3;

~rp xotvr,; ssTtx: too ot,;j.ou

sv t o i; syypasaT; ev t<1>i rrpoTaysiW. -1

xa l xa/l*.pr(3V7E; pETa tou xoapyTOU xa l tou ispEio: tou At.uou

xa! Tiuv Xa|ptTiov4 xa! tujv e jt/ ^ to iv 5 Exoprsuuav t- try. Auteuio:

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

133

t r i lAvpoTe'pa ev o rf.ois.Ifeo ir.sa vT o 51 xa! tt,v G ra s iv n jr.v to !;

M tipo !; ev GsXoi; v.a! TTposxE^av | a k a , xa! to v 'la x y o v im k D ; e,_
r oavTO 51 x a l to i; poaTTjptV; to o ; poo; j ev D.eosIve tt,e 0o3ee7
a k o ! IpooOoTvjaav ev teue p..,Si/.i too tEpoo'' oevvetiXsaav 51
i to!.; 8pdji>; to !.; v to !; youvaaEOE; xal to :; / . o e ^ S

dyubEV

dra vTa ;, xa l TjpavTO T a!; Ooai'as; to o ; poo; soayr.iiovw;, xa l t a ; j

/.auzdoa; lopauov dx d o a ; xal Ta; - o u - d ; IxdarrEoaxV dvi.vnpav
3;. 5: | xal to !; co u u x y o ;; x a l to "; E-jspysTaE; too Sr,uoo'PwuasoE;r:aoT;yayov

Zi j xa l

toT; EXeooevIoe; poo; Tpoo!a;9 5 k xal g&oaav,

xai toT; Heedx'ce; twe Ai|ovka>E raopov xa! lOoaav, toe; te A ,.

OVO3E0E; ETspov poov w ; GTE xxa/,e3;tov ~apT(ya*'OV r r.i koul-?/.. ov
xa! Eilooav iv twe ieoSe, xa! s r l tootoe; a~o.sev j sxa/./.EEpr^av ttget.: xu-evoe Be xa! (iE?.ET7jV EV to !; ot.Aoe; a-E0EE;avT0 I toT; te 0 t(3Eeoe;
xa! T o t; Ei:iTa{oE;10- fcoifcavTO 51 xa! tt,e xouTry. S jii^J .a v H
v twe Aeueve * TTEpEE ?tEoaav 51 xa! ee; MoovE/:'av xa! I'Oooav t?(e
. 0c[a>Ej-|;V.0ov 51 xa! ox! t EppodpEa xa! Td opia t?(= AttexvJ;
-Xeovaxi; Iv gttJ.oe; j xaOw; IxsTaTTOv aoTo!; Ta yy.pi'-uaTa tv;; te
poo/.r,; xa! to o or.uoo- IDodav 51 xa! to !; AeoVeve!oe;12 Tak o o :
25 5oo- r-?.Eoaav 51 xa! e!; 2x/.ap!va to !; [Ae]|xvteeoe; xa! SOosav twe
A iavTi xa! T aU a xaOy/ovTa xo'.-yaxvTs:

dvsajTodcr^av eotxxtw ;,

EEp' o i; xa! ETiuYjOvysav uxo too ot.uoo too SaXapEviW jxpoava~/.EU3avTE; 51 xa! sx! TpdxaiovlS u=! -/.oeoe; ID osav

-On Ad

twe'

Tpo'xaiuu' to e; te I ^ o e - I o e ; ! * fcavTo to !,; poo; Iv EXeooeve xa!

IXsEToopyifjsav | ev tw e eegwe ej tx x tw ; dvs'Ory/.av 51 xa! toT; psyd).o.E;
30 jw o n jp to i; (pidXnjv | Tr(t te A r ^ r ^ p i xa l T r ^ K d p y yapETTyoEov dxo
opa/pw v 2TEEpavr((p5poo IxaTo'v Ta; j te d / la ; Ooce'o; t o ; xaO y/.o ka;
d -a o a ; eOoaav uetk te too x o s ^ to o xa! tw v oEoasJxdXwv to !; 8eoe;
x a! toe; ekpyETai; too Bt-uoo xa! sxaXXss'pr.eav |x xdaaE;- yEvdusjvoE
os xa! Cr(Xa)Ta! tw v xaXXisTtuv

h.

tv ;; xgw tv,; et/exex; 7;J.eit.ovto

te v5[s?.EjjjrS; Iv to !; yuuvaas'oE; aydasvoE

35

izyihaoav

hr,I

too xosihjtoo, xa!

Se dXoo too Iv^aoToO] | t5e; cpEXoodyoE; psrd xdav;; eo-

T a ;ia ; -a p ^p s o o a v 51 x a ! Ta!; Ix x X v io 'ta E ;^ dxd joa E ; ev oxaoe;

Ta!; te v a-TEv xa! eji nE ip a ts !- -apsToyyavov o l xa! T a!; [dxpodss].oev d s d oa i; soTdxTto;* IxoE-yoavro 61 xa l Ta; xaOo/.xa; xa! Ta;
VEtuAx[i'a;, MiOaplzouvTE; to y.
Ts v o r p a r r/^ v rapayyEAAoaEvoi;,
xa! otETs'XEc'ajv iu'ovooov]jrE; xa! xEEibpyoovTs; .twe te x03uv(tt/. xa!
40 to !; GEoasxaAOE; 5i o/.oo too ^viaojlToo" dvsOry/.av 51 xal
t v . M t(t P! tw v Oewv

i-l Spayuwv

'^vj.hr-i

iTesaw.cdpou l[pooj (xr(xov:a x d

to ir/pEoaa 8 AEooxoopior,; Aeosxoooe'ooo ^ r (yaEEo; eettev 1-o [e ]'V

savro 61 x a ! e - l;d o w i t?|S d?r > i ' ;
ottw ; o3v

% j [te ]

tJ.v x6gee[$ev t]v;e ?ooXf,i-.

pooXl; xa! o Svjao; ? a{va,vrai teuwvte; to !,; x[EE0a]p-

yoovTa; toe; te voaoE; * [!] | -ir/ f E3pa3EV !x tJ ;; xpoiTv;; ^ E x la ;,

45 dyaOiji t ^ ^ e , 5E5]dZ 0aE tv;e PooX5-e, t o I ; ;.a|ZdvTa; (xpolSpoo; sf;
t'/jv IxEoooav ExxAr(3iav ypr^an'oaE xeo! to otw v, yvwpr,v 61 lo p -

paXXEoOai t ^ ; poo/.x; e!; tov orjuov

Sv.

6oxs! t^e pooXvji)16 IxaEvloaE

to [1; 1'p-ypoo; x a l oTEyav'wjoaE aoTo[ol; ypoowt GTEydvwE|E6Ta[;]ta;

e[x]sv t(; evZ o[vte; SEsj-iXEoav xa! [eSo>psta; t f , ; xpl; [t]oo ; Oeoo; |
xa! 'p'.XoTiai'a; t ^ ; e1; tvj[v pooaxjv] x a l tov BrJjtov x ]a i sdvoi'a; t ^ ;
rp o ; tov xocp[r(Tr(vj, | xal dvEixsEv t]ov cTEcpavov t[gotov Aeovu]3i'w[v
te] tovv ev doTEE xatvo!; rpaywoo!; x a ! ! ITavaOv;vaf>v] xa l E?.eooev?wv

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

W >.xi HtoXs^afcDV t] o! ; yupvixc!; i Vw3lv T?r; Be avayolpEioEw; [ tou]

awedvoo teipE/.^Ofjva* too; ojTpaTrjou; y.a! tov Taufav twv orpaTtw,: : w v teaivsoat Se xa! tou; oic[a3-/.d/xu;, t] o' v te KatBoipi'fav Tipoxpdnjv 'AA-.poujotov y.a! tov oxAopd/ov 'HpdooTL
rov EiT>a[io]v y.a! tov
d'/.ovTiOTTjV Ar(ui3TpaT0v j JuxaAr.TT'.ov xa! rofvj to[; ott(v Zwjxupov
.U;<a)wvEa xa! tov d?en;v KaAA-av A!r u [:ia ]j xa! tov ypauaa^a
v. ExiaTpa^ov nspiOoior^v] xa! tov i^ p fc r.v A^owpov A ^ t t e j , |v[ai]
sTS'favfoat [sxaarov aldrwv OaAAou otsshvwi- dva--pd.;t oi to[ oeJ
to '{'jVfioua tov ypafppaTEaj tov xaTa xpuTavErt'av] slcrrfav AiO!vr(v
xa! o tfc a i iv jd y jo p a r t oi Vevo> e[ vov e!]; a ^ v AvdAwua pEP > 3 tdv 'aui'av twv 5tp* [ t ;cot]: x &[v].

r.o frj 3ouAr, xa! 6 S-yuo;; to o; e ^ S o u ; xa! | tov x o o ^ r^ v ; Tt>a)v[] |

Bou[Td or.vj.

i,

[ioi)A7; | y.a! 6 or,po;; to !,; t e ^ o o ;.

SouAy, y.a! i 6 ov(uo; | tov xoa p r ^ v : T;pwva Boutaev,
r/. o or(po; | [6] 2 Aaiuv!wv | [t]ou ; ? * , > ; xai t* v | xoopr^v j Ttpwva |
6o
Bou:d|or,v.
fA!

.W
| tov xo=|u7(Tf,v j T tpwva | B oot or,v.
dyaOvj Tuyrpl 7. ett! M 7,00100 apyovTo;' e~! t?,; Aewvt[i'5o]; Tpi'ir,;
,

>; EAsossvio; E-'ftypappaTEusv, Bor,0 t|[JlJfwv <I>tA!wvo;

opoutwvu; exTY,[i b raj^v o o ,

EV TW-. flssbpau- TWV

ivirr,

upOSOpWV

70 Ilaiavteu; | y.a! o ^ i S p o r

t t <4 rpuTavE^a;, dxxAT.ofa xuoia

-E'Vf/pu[EV EJxITeAt,;
Apstafco

SBoHv t & i

N W p a T o ; Arr

papiftoo Aapsrpsos etesv ixstoT] Tiu[w]v Tipapyjoou BoutbSt,;

X6ip[o][-OVTI0U * 00F ^ , ; Exi tou; icp-tfoo; e !; tov [iv.]auTov tov ex!
E yr/paioo dpxovjtoc, rapaXap&v t^v i [ T]ypioOe!oav eaurfwi x ,],T.v
br.b TOU Br(pou xa! 063a; iv tw | TrpoTavsiwi x twv iB!w[v p b d
TWV i-ftfw v [te l] t?(; y.oiv/,; earia; xaxd tA i ^ a p ^ v a t i or,pw.,

8uoa;

51 x[a]l Ta; aAAa; Ou[o!a]; Td; iv Ton iviauTuu xd 3a; xa!

76 xa% spd(0a ; V ^ v tr,v apyjv x A t o i; v[5po]o; y.a! Ta

tou or,poo' B ^ t ^ e v

oi aurwv xa! ri,v xpo; dAA[r,A]oo; Ouo'vcav

xa! <piAiav Bi 5aou tou ivia[u]jTou- napsn^aaio 6 xa! et; t i e[.]Tdxrjou; auTOu; slvai -po; Ta xapaYfEfAAdj.pEva

br.6 te

tw v oTpa-

YT/[ ]V x[! iaujTou xa! twv S-.BaoxdAwv xposv^OrJ | 6 xa! t ?,;

tou iAaiou Oeoew; [fit* JA]oo tou ev^utou, Kporpe^psvo; to !,; [ou]|80 yapivou; tw v iw ^ w v ouvE^o]o[u]vai iauTod; iopdvTUEV oi ipot'w;
xa! j u~p tw v Yivopivwv

Ulm

toT;

dpYupiy.wv Cr.p.wv,

opa; auTa; xai o[u];x. id o a; s!; to . y.oiviv pvATe[3]ai Btdcpopov

*

^(oaTo Bi xa! ^pdvotav xa! pdA[!3]Ta

i rJjV

utpr(|ptav aurol; ^poaxapTEpw[v

, ei; te to Ypvaoi[a] | d-pv a-itou; xa!)

ixdat^v d/]ppav xa! Ta!; ayoAal; vrapaxaOtCdvwv. dlTa|Tsv Si afcoi;

ivd-Aou; [te l T]d cppoupta xa! Td dpia ta,; Attiv.7,; TAoovdv,.; 18
xa|Od-Ep a
uTwi irpoorJaTTov] oi te vdpoi xa! xa. ^r/pwpaTa tv,; te
?ouXr4; x a i|tou odipou* icppdvT.OEv o[i] xa! iv & A o w ot?.eoo3ov pnd
TTdari; 6airfrr,to; |xa! Bt^pviOEV xdvTa; 6na!vovTa; xa! ow^opivou;-

90 teoirjoaro oi |xa! tt,v d-dost-iv au-wv xai tov axoAoviapov iv T?p

[louA^i 6-ip riuv y.a*d j tt;v dpyj,v xa! ~sp! twv iv twi iviauTwt
YEYovdTwv -dvTwv to!; i-p^Scfi;], j dv8 wv xa! o! eot^oi pouXduEvov
Tipav aBiiv d$!w; t^; TETovE!a; 10 e?; au-o!,[;] aiEp7E3!a; ioTE[*]dvwaav auTov iv Trp [poluXrp.- Bxw; 5[v]|o3v df SouXr, xa! 6 ov.po;
95 (pai'vwvTa; tipwv[t]e; too; a-i'ou; twv apydvTwv xa! ^tvr^ai <pa]|vEpov
oto Traoi to!; xaXw; y.a! eBoe^w; dvauTpatpsbiv eanv Tipr,&?(vai xa[Tal!j|w; twv iTEroa7pEVwv dyaDr;. T ^ t , BEBiX t t?,i

'oi;

with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited

IG XII, suppl. 398; Decree. (Thasos; ^th c. B.C.

1 -

1^2.

il

> I'
j it S' sh'tS I '
<

tlil-lffflli
8, S

u m w m i

!r
til
lift

Sokolov/ski, LSS 70; Decree. (Thasos; ca. 300 B.C.

l!3|i

1^3.

: <1 T t f

tf'

136
Line 2.

i
for this victim.

14^.

A lo'Ju '&ol . No color or sex is mentioned

Hermippus,

OL

(Athens; ca. h2$ B.C.)

(Greece; before 4-25 B.C.)
\

itk'jQpMoL

tyvouqcj -ypy

bou^tUj

This fragment (CAF 1.233, #35) is found in Athenaeus

12.551a.

1^5*

The victim's color and sex cannot be determined.

Pausanias 8.19.2.

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Cynaitha, Arcadia; before A.D. 150)
V

'
/A,UoVoy<oo ciZt'J

The victim in this sacrifice was a bull.

There is no

mention of the animal's color.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

137

1^6.

Athenaeus 10.^56d.

Ot It

(Egypt; ca. A.D. 200)

(Iulis; before A.D. 200)

^ ooY S l

UTTcf W o i

'CW

V b*\l L4l*}\t

tiO

^oopb'/oJ

1tkU<f&v(L

The article ZTcV and the participle A.'ej'tevW

victim was a bull.

1^7

show that this

There is no mention of the animals color.

Aelian, Nat. Anim. 12.3^.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 175-235)

(Tenedos; before A.D. 235)

The victim in this cult was a new-born calf (line 3 ).

this strange ritual, see Nilsson, Feste 308-309*
man-slayer, see Famell, Cults 5*156.

For

For the epithet,

No mention is made of the

victims color or sex.

1^8.

Sophocles,

(Athens; produced ca. ^15 B.C.)

(Thessaly; Mythical Period
)

uo

to Z

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

138

This fragment (Pearson, p. 290, #668 ) is found in the

scholium on Aristophanes, Frogs 357*
Suidas and Hesychius, under

It also led to glosses in

, which add nothing new.

The context of the fragment in the play is not known, and since
bull-sacrifice to Dionysus seems to have been carried on in
Sophocles' time (cf. #1^2 ), it seems safest to attribute this
sacrifice to 5th c. B.C.

Goats
(^7)

Sokolowski, LSC 18; Calendar.

(Attica; JfOO-350 B.C.)

See above, p. 2^5 ,

c^-cs . The victim in this

LinesT"*44-46.

sacrifice was a kid, but no mention of the animal's sex

or color is made.
/d35-38. /X u -'io S rit .. - oil(e . No mention of the vic
tim's color or sex is made.

(1^2)

IG XII, suppl 398; Decree.

(Thasos; ^-th c. B.C.)

See above, p. 135 .

Lines 1-2 .

,.
. J , ..

Enough remains of both

words to make the restoration certain. There is no mention

of the victim's sex or color.

(121) Syll. 3 1025; Calendar.

(Cos; 350-300 B.C.)

See above, p. 116,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

139
J

Lines 44-45.

A comparison

with the rest of the inscription (e.g. line 5 7 ) makes the

restoration of the epithet certain.

This same phrase is re

peated in lines 56-57 and 61 -6 2 . The victim was a kid, but

no color or sex is mentioned.

For the epithet, see Nilsson,

Gesch. 1. 551-552.

1^9-

Syll. 3 1031; Calendar.

(Lindos, Rhodes; 3rd c. B.C.),

'Aypiavtou evatai
txaSo; Aiovu06)t pi<po?.

This victim was a kid, but there is no mention of its sex

or color.

(3 2 ) Syll. 3 1024; Calendar.

(Mykonos; ca. 200 B.C.)

See above, p. 3 5 .

Line 2 7 .

The victim in this

sacrifice was a he-goat; no mention is made of the animal's

color.

150.

For the epithet, see Famell, Cults 5 131*

Sokolowski, LSS 104; Calendar.

(Camiros; 1st c. B.C.)

11avapLou
Szy.y-y.i

Aiovvotoi
Tpayov
5 -par/^viov,

[hp]or:o-.[ol]
[0JOVTi -

-]

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

1^0

The victim in this sacrifice was a he-goat; there is no

mention of the animal's color.

151.

Pausanias 9*8.2.

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Potinae; before A.D. 150)

V^oi

ou r f > ) u < { U o *

tov % /v

I/
> \

tsfL<LV akVtL too

rS

et-ccJ

. .

kttiL

Jc

o il fid LL^eto / L > ju ))iv (^ c

There is no mention, of the victim's sex or color. For the

epithet, see Famell, Cults 5.168 -169 .

152.

(Syria; ca. A.D. 232 -305 )

(Attica; before A.D. 305)

Porphyry 2.10.

) } 6V }.l&f>Lb> z j i
oZl

oV i

A ttttfjs

if^ r o V j

There is no mention of the victim's color or sex. Porphyry

does not mention Dionysus, but the mention of the vine
makes him the most probable recipient.

Swine
I A stamped vase from Arretium in Etruria, dating to ca. 25 B.C.,
.now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Acc. no. 2 3 . 108), shows

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

3A1-

various scenes from a Bacchic rite, including one in which a

swine is being sacrificed (CVA, U.S.A. 9, plate 3.1a).
possible to determine the victim's sex.

It is not

The same scene is shown

on a fragment of a mould (Acc. no. 2578.108) also in the Metro

politan Museum of Art (CVA, U.S.A.

(121)

Syll.3 1025; Calendar..

S ee

above,

Lines 44-^5* A l *

p.

plate

3 9 * 3 )*

(Cos; 350-300 B.C.)

116.

also repeated in lines

9>

djAJvVkiGiL
57

and 61-62.

, This phrase is
The victims sex

is

not mentioned.

(1 3 7 )

A ris to p h a n e s ,
S ee

F ro g s

above,

p.

338,

(G re e c e ;

d a te

unknow n)

13*.

The article AcV shows that the victim was thought by the
scholiast to have.been a male.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

142

Hera
The animals sacrificed to Hera in Greece were:
1 . Boves
2 . Goats

3-

Sheep

1.

Goats.

The animals forbidden in sacrifices to Hera in Greece were:

Boves
153.

Syll.3 5 6 ; Decree.

(Crete; ca. ^50 B.C.)

A I __veoe -si-I _ j_ a to v yo\ . . . .v a [.. | . *01 ToXis'oi

^

aoso;

I[jl]ev EuXXssDail nXd[v] t][a psps t a Kvoat'ov ou]ytEXXovra2

5 ; - . i v ; ndXiv. ho't[t | 8s y.a iy. oo3psv]sov3 hsXope; ouvavadtepoi^,

8a[apot5 tov y.dr] yav to tpi'tov jxspo;
y.at] SdXaoav ta hs'ptoa e/ ev navtov.
Kvooiov;
10

ta

v/jv,

ho'jti

eXojjle; 8

Eyzv

navtov, t[o |v 8s

ta v os [ojsx]xtav to v ;

y.oi[v|a]t.

tov oe oaXupov7

psv xaXX(i)3tsTa II'jOgge dn[a]|ysv y.otvai dpwotEpov;, td

o aXXa toi A[psi Kv]c[o]oT dvttllspsv y.otvai apipots'pov;.

t il i$[ayoydv o eJ uev KvosdOsv Iv ; ToXisov xsx ToXi[ao KvootJv-

' 8]je. a[t] Si ttspavoe i;dyot, tsXi'toS hdo3a[-sp hoi Kvjjosioi.

td o
ToXioo i;ays's9o hont/t y.a Xoitj.
I I I to)|i riooEtoavi tot ev Io to i9 tov Kvooio[v lapea Odjev, ta i
hspai Iv hspaioilO Ouev pov 9 sXst[av dp'sorjjspov[; xjotvai,

iv.

16

8oev 8s ttpJ /ay.ivS)[i'6vll - s i _ | .] x o .. . x

20

25

BI

| {dcsuni ms. duo).

-n

| _ 74 i _avov 70 h i - "p[a|t]ouvi'av ayev y.ata tautfa

i.ji'o l
dp(9];otpov.
I I ypepata oe p? v-t-aoy.Eof)(o2 ho Kvtfoio[;] | iv ToXiaoi, ho
oe ToXi'aio;3 ev Kvo3oi ho y_psiC[6]|v4.
I I I psos pa; anotapvEsOai psoats'pov; pso a[nj|avoav acpaipTaOai.

yo

I V opoi5 t a ; y a ;- huov opo; xai A |isro l y.dptaptttov xa i t i to

!A pxo7 tepsvo; y.a[l] | ho no taprf;, xIX Aeoxrfnopov xdyaOota
h a t huoojp psT touppiov8, xa l Aao;.
30

V ht'0 xa tot M a/avstlO 8 uop|s; tov; /E^Exovta teXe'ov; o /tv ;X l,

xal t a i h(sJpaiH | to oxeXo; fexao to oioo'psv to Odpato;.

V I a! oe aujutrXs'ovE; ndXtE; ex noXspiov eXoiev y p lp a ta , | h o ta i

oovyvoTsv h o i Kvdstoi x a l to i A pyEloi, | houto Ipsv.

35 V II tot A psi xal tdtppooi'tail2 tov Kvdoijov lapE'a floev, cipsv os

to cxsXo; /sy.doto.
V I I I tov A jpyov? to te'psvo; e/ ev to v A yd pva ilS .

IX toT; fluovot | ts'via naps'ysv tov; Kvooi'ov;, tov; o Apyelov; |

40

to i /opoi iv ToXioot.
X ai xa y.aXet ho Kvo'oio; np|sayeav, hsnecOai hdnoP^ y.a osEtaf
xal
ToXi'ojio; tov Kvdoiov xata taota.
X I al oe p i ooTev ls'vi|a, (3oXa inayEto putiovlS oexa otatlpov
auti'y.a i[~ l y.cJopo;!^, xev ToXiooi y.ata taotd ho Kvdoio;. |
ha otaXa Eostal7 in i MeXavta paaiXio;!8. d/psTEujsl Aoxota8a; hoXXEd;20 .

yh

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

143
45

cO.iaiai e8o$e Tai t&v j Eapov. d(/psTsos) pc,/.5{ Apyi'sTparoc

Au/o'ppovi'Sa; 21. | - 0J ToXi'cioi ~ol ta v otaXav ^oi*/pa'idv3&o22
X U at tic d'pwvo~TO T uhoiov iv;*A p yoc, y.aTa T a iia j csiv esto
hatnsp Kvost'oi;.

Lines 15-16.

TlXi ht^Ai. .. . &4y

. The victim

in this sacrifice was a cow; the color is not mentioned.

(49)

Prott, LGS I 26; Calendar.

(Attica; 4th c. B.C.)

See above, p. 50-

Line B56.

fioui

Enough remains of the goddess'

name to make the restoration of its ending sure.

Neither the

sex nor the color of this victim is mentioned.

(102)

Syll.3 1026; Calendar.

(Cos; 350-300 B.C.)

See above, p. 102.

Lines 5-6.

. The

victim in this sacrifice was a heifer; there is no mention of

its color.

154.

For the epithet, see Nilsson, Feste 62.

Theocritus 4.20-22-

(Alexandria; ca. 300-ca. 260 B.C.)

(Crotona, Italy; before 260 B.C. )

jWrffh / w ii>
o irTC-U ^ A
Col.-Cm A^rr^Jhj -Cot
DiM<

zU o vM c

The victim in this rite was a red (/fi^c^ ) bull.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

144

155*

Pausanias 516.3*

&LS

Jl

jltoS jiaLfUst

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Olympia; before A.D. 150)

V L t f k J f r lS

c (3o p ^ y ji

Z6

Zy

$ t)c d < S L

(fZTd^WouS

fa L

fl^U .

The victim in this sacrifice was a cow {ie^ope^yjS ); there

is no mention of its color.

156.

Pausanias 93*8.

''

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Plataea; before A.D. 150)

The cities sacrificed a cow to Hera; it's color is not

mentioned.

157.

Apollodorus 2.5 .10.

p 'f a

it

TlM/Mi&l ^

(Athens; ca. A.D. 100)

(Tiryns; Mythical Period)
J t tp & jM o t

r&.W toIttdfJci ffldr.V W

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

The victims in this fable were cows (line k,

color was red (

J\

); their

) according to Apollodorus in the beginning

of this paragraph in the Bibliotheca. The whole tenor of this para

graph places the time of this sacrifice in the mythical pasb.

158.

Pindar, 01. 7.152.

(Argos.; date unknown)

It is not possible to determine the sex or color of these

victims.

For the festival, see Nilsson, Feste A2-26.

Goats
159.

Pausanias 3 .15*9.

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Sparta; before A.D. 150)

ir fo io ^ k L 'l

^ULL'J '

There is no mention for color or sex of these victims.

epithet is glossed by Hesychius, but he adds nothing new.

The
For the

epithet, see Nilsson, Feste 60-61.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

146

V/* T
Hesychius, kt? dcyA . (Alexandria; ca. 5th c. A.D.)
0
(Corinth; before A.D. 500
)

160.

'ilw j

cl

There is no mention of the victims color or sex.

161.

Suidas,

(site unknown; ca. A.D. 1000)

(Corinth; before A.D. 1000 )

\
bt

f&c flZ ^cty U

6V

Z-yj

dl(p
J

JoStfA ty*/
y\'

iU ^ o jlu )

Z j V j4 d ) ji^ U \I

b fK 'ijifC M 'C o

doCyj-J t T ^ S

The article in line 4 ( )

/fccf<-V

shows that the author of the

Suidas thought that the victim had been a she-goat; there is no

mention of the animal's color.

For the epithet, see Nilsson,

Gesch. I.3 2 6 .

Goats Forbidden
162.

IG XII suppl. 409; Decree.

(Thasos; date unknown)

*Hpp E- 0 ' ^

Goats were forbidden as victims to other deities on Thasos

(Sokolowski, ISS p.1 3 5 ) -

For the epithet, see Sokolowski, 1SS

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

147
p.

135*

e a rlie r

S o k o lo v /s k i
te x t;

i t

d a te s

does

n ot

th is

in s c rip tio n

as

seem

p o s s ib le

d a te

to

la te
i t

copy

any

o f

an

m o re

a c c u ra te ly .

Sheen
(47) Sokoloski, LSC 18; Calendar.

(Attica; 400-350 B.C.)

See above, p. 45.

Lines A7-10. Cj-J{UL

. The ad

jective fixes both the color and the sex of this victim, a
black ewe.

For the epithet, see Kruse, HE V A, 1 (1934),

s.v. "Telchinia," col. 224-225.

B3 7 -3 8 . //^u .,. 06.5 . No mention is made of the
victims sex or color.

(49)

Prott, LGS I 26; Calendar.

(Attica; 4th c. B.C.)

See above, p. 50.

Line B55 l i p . . . OlS . Enough remains of the goddess'

name to make the restoration of its ending certain.

There is

no mention of the victim's sex or color.

(12?)

Prott, LGS I 20; Calendar

(Crete; ca. 500 B.C.)

See above, p. 124.

Line 3 . Z.AL H ^ l

o l <,

. Enough remains of the

adjective to make its restoration quite certain.

It fixes

the sex of the victim as female; the ewe's color is not

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

mentioned.

I6 3 .

Sokolowski, LSA *U; Calendar.

-p jo S o p -tz SiSo rai : A ............

(Miletus; ca. 500 B.C.)

UN

: S6[o y]wJ.[oi- -

c-ovSat : 8t9 acia [iijeXtyjumc : K o yuXXol ecT0pevo: :

: i - jja c i/iw ; SS o rzi : A io [- - j/a p i-iS a : xXot7x ! a / ia r a : rw o v avvov : Li'Xt : SaiSx : iix l'/.h : <7-ovSf(v : piEA-yux-a. i o xip 08* : r7;?[--------5
-rp trr; 1 s11 Ssxx "Hpv/. AvOfy;: o k as-jxt}: Evxuap: Xsux.fi 1 avxPsgxpsvvi : y o k ~r,
^jailxTO :

M o r x , : xal -iiXov ! 6[ .............

to M c o c : StSorw Z ou; EuXa : x ix 'S c ^ o -

v : dtW op6i ; otvo I-! TsrpiSt hzi 8x* : A I N O I I H I : [- - 10 - - -

- ] i : o k xpenjv: sxteo? -o pfiv : exteoc xpt0a)v : extt, ot vo : EuXx : jjleXl : aXsiox I \ A s u x fii: olr apcr^v : Ap7 vji[ ex.jYi-i tffTxptsv&j : soprr; x^s 'JC ff-xt: A-oXXwvo; AsX?iv0] - ...................................................... .............................................

Line 6.

X -9 t r j : bli

"y :

the sacrifice was a pregnant white ewe.

The victim for

For the epithet,

see Sokolowski., LSA p. 11^.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

149

Heracles
The animals sacrificed to Heracles in Greece were:
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

Birds: cock
Boves
Fish
Sheep
Swine.
The animals forbidden in sacrifices to Heracles in Greece

were:
1.

Swine.
Birds

Cock:
(1 3 0 )

IG II2 1367; Calendar.

(Athens; 1st c. A.D.)

See above, p. 126.

Lines 26-27.

. This is the only

reference to the cock as a sacrificial victim to Heracles.

Boves
J.

A Greek relief, now in the Athens National Museum 1

(#1401+) to

be dated about 370 B.C., shows a man leading a bull or a cow and a
sheep to an altar of Heracles.

There is an illustration of this

relief in Rumpf, fig. 1 3 6 .

(6 3 ) Sokolowski, LSS 19, Decree. (Athens; 3 63 -2 B.C.)

See above, p. 65

Line 8 5 .

. There is no mention of the

animal's sex or color.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

150
16k.

Syll. 3 1027i Calendar.

(Cos; 350-300 B.C.)

] evaTEt tc, IxdSo? '

[
]aiv olfeq Tpsi]q tIAeoh . [6tj]ov-rai xara <puA[ ;, 6] fXEv tcov 'YAAecov xaga to 'HpaxAstov, o 8e tw v Aupdvwv 7rapa to: Ava^tAea, o Se tcov ria ay jA s uv ev EiTeai
napa to Aaplaxpiov [e lI tovtcov ex<xgtoh Upa ci'jAouet[piov], 7J[xextov Exa-rlpMV, x a l xuAixe; xaival TpEte; e[xdcrJraH x al -JvaH hy.icnm ' rauTO TrapE/ovrt to ! ia [po7vOLol] x al Oj o v ti X TpiTat dvopivou 'HspaxAEi iq K o[
]rov apyjv xauro? to : aurat aptspai 'HpaxAEt

10

[e ..JaaaAov (3ou; * tootov 0uei 6 tapoi; toh Se

[0ec5i Etp]ipa SISotoi xpi6av Tpta TjpteStjxva xal <r,rugUV TpEl? TETapT5j? Xal fjiAlTOi; TSTOpE? xotoA-
Eat xal Tupol oixoi SocoSsxa xal Ixvo; xaivo? xal opuyavcov Syjioq xal iSAecov oqfioq xal olvou Tpla

15

>j|ilxoa.

Lines 9-10 . /-/^KW

<. .

. There is no mention of the

victim's color or sex.

165.

(Sicily; ca. 20 B.C.)

(Opus; before 20 B.C.)

Diodorus Siculus 4-.39.1.

6>cS

5
CouVaU*

r i& V O L t c o Z

o ^/}l-Cogc>S

hlA
^ L d O ir t^

fcic ^
r /<

-rc V

& V /

6*

d f io Z y t Z l

W <V

i, A u < L ^ td > < L ^

c/l \

)}yjfrS;

OL^oujA6^ Jw &^otTouS

^
<j){\oS to/
tOS
fa <- Z i. p * J

>$

ttfJ

aj 2 ^

7f g > t t * e k * / x o

\ -t' ^
[i&T* it t*ot<

TO

fac -zouS fat*

\
-r^ y

S -WA i W Zcp-I'/ 'Toy'

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

151

This sacrifice is a trittoia. The victims in this sacri

fice were all male. How close to the Opuntian ritual those of
Thebes and Athens were, it is impossible to determine. No color
is mentioned for these victims.

166.

(Athens; ca. A.D. 100 )

Lindus, Rhodes; before A.D. 100)

Apollodorus 2.5*11.

Ari -tfs p C f
( U & M
J io

f& s ;

yu-cq

f!jl -Joj

&

ini V . M 0 ^
irftiiXLi %*><'/

'TootTo ff^CCCno<l

f f r

{-/tjpn.

jita kj.u ^ J

This victim was a bull; there is no mention of the animal's

color.

This story is repeated in the next two references.

l6 ?. Philostratus, Imag. 2.2^.

f d ii

Q e i0 % / y H S

^0 05

o o tm

tji
o il

file .

(Lemnos; ca. A.D. 220)

(Lindus, Rhodes; before A.D. 220)

G tp 'J o s

- i& g i

o & t*

W eU Lj
o lp iL

Jl

l>Sod<iL

I t

X A U fH O jlO j 0Lj

til

cljp&el .

It is impossible to tell' the sex or color of this victim,

but cf. #166 above.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

152

168.

Lactantius, Div. Inst. 1.21.3 6 . (ca. A.D. 240-320)

(Lindus, Rhodes ,= before
A.D. 320)
sed postquam Herculi divinos honores ob admirationem virtutis deferri placuit, a ciyibus ara ei
posita est, quam de facto

nominavit, ad

quam duo iuncti boves immolarentur sicut illi quos

abstulerat aratori, eumque ipsum sibi constituit
saceraotem ac praecepit, ut isdem maledictis semper
in celebrandis sacrificiis uteratur, quod negaret
se umquarn epulatum esse incondius.

The adjective iuncti (line 4) shows that Lactantius agreed

with Apollodorus* version of the story (#166 above) and made the
victims bulls.

There is no mention of the animals* color.

Fish

1 6 9 .

Syll.3

1106;

AI

Dedication.

(Cos; ca.

300

B.C.)

[Aiopt8cov dv0r,x]E 79 Tsfj.syo;; [tgSe] ^

'HpKxJxt A[lO!iE]SoVTElWl, XV0r;XS S[eJ
' x a l to &; evcova; tov ; h i t u i x a -a u
xa l Ta otxvjfidTia x a l At6uv xa l Ta eyyo5

va au70U e6vtcg 8b EAEu0po[i] oiovvte5 Ta auvTETayjj-Eva ' 7n.pLs)ia6cov Se a UxSv TOl tS v IspGv X01VC0VEUVTE5 8~ a q
eteiQspoi 8v?e; Sikte X^mvtl x a l ui)0?[t]5 auxoo; dSixvji " 0 u6vtco Se Ta ispa to i ey [ A i]-

10

[o]fiSov<8ov >to ; x a l i d
v [6]( aevoi

to ! e

auTcoy ye-

exetco Se A 160; x a l to I ey A t6uo-

5 (AioOou tov xoctcov

m a rlelage
"oaou x a Soxtji [x a ]X 3 ; &[^eiv, t S 8b piaGwpiJx dc7roSiS6vTt<> 0s u S a [i]15

[fflou, &axz apyjptojv u-apjretv e; Tav 0u[ctav IlETayEiTvJuou exxaiSexaTai x [a i]

[ntraxaiSE xaTai l]Epcop.aTa Se 7:aps- ^
[ySvtco e; Tav Goaiav t o i ] 'H paxXet x a i t 5 [ i]
["H p a i x a l Tai wH 6a i ev Ta]!? veujnjvlai? *

20

[xa0aip6vtco Se x a l Ta;] sly.ova; T a; t [Gv xpoyovtov t Gv A lo[ae]S ovto; x a t trr[e<pavouvTW Ta dydXuaxJa e~Et x a 7rava[y]-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

153
[vpt; 9jt iepaoGo) Se too] HpaxXeu; vuv
[ptiv AtdSoxo; ?, to Se Xowrjcy del o jrpeaouT25 [axo; Ttov AtoptdSovxo; eyyovjcpv ' Quovroj Si
[t<oi ptdv 'HpaxXsl xal Tat "Ho]xt pLoayov [15]
[pt;>ov xal alya, xdit Se Atov]ucrcoi alya rt
[pttpov, Tat Se "Hpai pttp]ov ) alya, xot;
[Si Ttaxptiioi; GeoT;, tov] tgI pwptol ev t 30 [5 t xspivst ISpuvxat, alya j, xai Se A Po i[ t ][k i alya r, epupov e; Se tov tep'.a]yoy Tat; pt[ey Motpair rapsydvxM oclyja yotpov, tw[i]
[Se naulcoi ptdcr/ov
alya vaoa>.t]av S fycv
[Tav Guotav Tat; Molpat; xal tIcoi 'HpagX35 [et xal Tat "Hoat, otvoo7:ovSo]v Se Tat; aX[Xat; Geat; xal auxwi AtouiSjoVTi lep[a]
[Se 7rap/_ovTco Ixavd r a m Tav] ypeotpaytQ[av xal olvov xal pteXt ra>xl xa]v c7tovSd[v]

98

r,

vac.

B
40

45

50

55
II

[x ]a l E,uXa x o tI Tav Suatav

pv) Se XaptoavETco tou lepso[o]
exdoTOU oxeXo; x a l to Ssppta *
TTOtetv Se xal Tav aTtoruptSa.
xaxd Ta rcdrpta per, e^ptev [Si]

y[e]-

ptrjGevt Ta otx^ptatx Ta -a rt
t S i TEptevst ptr(Se to te;ze[v]0; l^[e]tStd^EaGat pxTjSs: r<oX[s]~
tv ptYjSe uxoTtSeptev at Si xa t [ i ]
Ssrjt TCOV OlXTiptaTtOV Tj TOV [x jEptiveu; Gepaxefa;, ex'.ox[e]ua^dvxcov ex Ta; xoGoSou
focaoxa eloaywytov Se StSoto> &t xa yeviyrat xatotov, o l[;]
ptlxeoTt Ttdv <twv> Upwv, 70[t]pov, lepa, XtoavcoTov, crxovSav, trrdqiavov vac.
x a Se ayaXptaxa xa l r d dvaG^ptaxa fexu ev Tat oixtai
xaTa ycopav
x a l vuv
y a Ouev Se fotxaiSexaTxi
fivjvd; IleTayEtTVuou xal
xdv evtaptdv xotstv t <3[i ]
HpaxXsl, xav S axoxvplSa
EXTaxatSsxaxat ' extpwjv!ou; S atpstoOat xpet; xax i vtauTOV, otxtve; eyGuoeuyxat Ta tepd ptera tou tspeto; * smptsXdoQwv Se toI erapeqvtat
Sy xa Sctji ram rdv Sd;[tv] -

&antp

60

65

III
70

fiv Se Tt 8er)i emoxEupj;]

[r; to ] Teptevo; 7) o x i)-[o ; rj]
[xal ot ]eva>vs; tj to [olxv]][ptaxto]v 7j (r() otxta vj [dyaXpta]

\y\ avdO;pta 6]Epaxe[t]a;, [e|oSta^ET<o o ETCtptT)](vt)o^ apydptov dxo twv TTpocoSwv [twv m ]75 [xTov]pwv a~b tou TEpiivofu; xal
tou]
[xtq7Tou x a ]l t5 v ^evwvtov oooy [av y a lv ;][x a t t]xavov elvat to 8s xaTaXotfxov]
[apyjyptov xa l xa e;atpy(ptaTa Sta[tpstv]

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

15^

[x a x ]a ptepij, el; sxaarxav Se 6ual[av x fit]

80

[e]7rt6d?iXovxi (xepei ypaoGat * pt7] eat w 8k XOt; xotvcovouot xaSv lepwy [ye]u pyetv xa xeptevr, (XYjS ev xo t; ^e[vuat]
evotxetv (iYjS* ev xijt otxEat xtji e~l x[ou xe]ptveu; pnjS a7ro8^xr(t ypacOat x ij[t Xeo]-

85

90

y-t]t xiji ev xu t lepcoi pi7jS e[v] xan xeptTtocxtoft]

a|X [irt toaeplo; r,i ' av Se x l[; ] "wv [xa ]x avSpoyeveiav SotEvjt xot; xg [ iv ] mvo [ u (71 xSv]
EepSv evSeiTj; elvat xo t; EStot; e~[a]v [ydpto;]
cuvxeX7jxat, rroelxto xoy [ydjptov [pnqvo;]
[IlJexayetxv'joj exxatSexaxrjt jie[v cruv]aiyXEav, eTtxaxatSexaxiqi Se Stay[opajv],
tva Yj 6uota xtot 'H paxXet cuvxeXpjxat x a ]xa xa vraxpta, SxxojxatSexaxTit S[e r; auva]ywyrj, x a l ev x a i; Xotnat; Y;piep[ai; auvxe]-

95

XeEaOco i ydpto; * /) Se axpoptvp} x a l xa]

[d]ydXptaxa xSt 'HpaxXeT ecrxtp [xaxolx][E]av u7tapvovxa,

av o yau [o ; auvxe][Xe]ciG^t ayatpetv Se
xSv lepe[E<ov, a av]
[SoxlTjt xaXS; e^Etv e -l xdjv xparre^fav xgh]

crr
dm

100

[0eto]t, xot; 8k Xotrrot; -acrt, oaa e; e[vtapiov]

[olx]eE<ov, ypacflco o xov yaptov tohSv e[-tSox6j]
[Se] x a l o lepeit; et; xou; yaptou; xa fkp [y) Ttot]
[xo]v yaptov tcoiouvti Xao&v oxxS> Spayjptd;]

105

[e]x x5j; TtpocoSou, x a l ol x a ; olxEa; exx[vj]piivot xTjv xe avSpetav x a l rrjv yuvatx[e][E]av rtapex^vxtj el; xou; yaptou; xa ; oix[E]a ; Trape^eXoptevot olxv^axa et; arroOectiv xcov axeucov, o Se xyjv avSpetav ^wv
[ 7t]apejrxo) xtjv olxlav x a l et; xyjv Qucrt-

110

[av x a ]l xov evtoptov xou 'H paxX[eu; 7tao a;]

[x a ; 7j(J.]Epa; * xouxav Se [exupteXecjOuv ol]
[errtptr/vtoi 8ro>; ot xe yaptot ptexa dev];]
[euxooptla; auvxeXeoOrjaovxai x a l otto;]

[x o ]t; xexvot; 7rdvxa xa Seov115

[x ]a rapaaxeuaxe xot; Se em [pt]eXoptevot; orrco; exaaxa cry[v][xe]X^xat xa0 a Siayyparxxat

120

[s i]; SuvapLtv elvat eu etr, x a l au[x ]o t; x a l xot; eyyovot; auxwv .

av6v]xa Se x a l Xu^vta; Suo xa['t]
X u p o u ; xaXy-ou? ezxaxupou; Suo x a l ccr^dpav xexpayw[v]ov x a l xpaxrjpa x a l xa7XY)xa
x a l xpaTCE^av xa l ctetpavtcrxou;

125

7cvxe xot; dya?.ptafftv ypuaou^ '

x a l poxa>.a Suo x a l 0upuaxv)pi[a]
xpla xaxay_puaa x a l x Xivyjv, w a
re rnxvxa xauxa lepa elvat xou

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

155

'HspaxXsu;, x a l fJaOpov -nj; xXl130

V7); y.al xuxXov yxXxouv eix[v]

Ss Tt; -roAarjcr/-^ x k t k Xueiv t [i]
[t ]w v utco A icijaeSo v t o ; 0UV-

[TkTaypivwv dSixwv Ta lepa

[xa]l t o u ; irpoyovou; u~tp co[v]
135

[ye]Ypa7:Tai ev t g u (3c)fu3i x a l e[v]

[t ]t)1 aT7]).Y)'., (JO) ETElTpETTElV TOu[;]
[ l] y AiopiSovTo;

marlclage

YYvrj|xvou; x a l to u ; Eyy[o]Tvlou; auTwv. aXXa BotOelv

140

[ t ] o i; lepot; x a l to !; Trpoyovoif;]
[o-JuvdyEtv Se to ij; e~lJ.yjvI-

'

[ou]; x a l ei; ttjv aupiov Trapa[X]a(J.odvovTa; ou; av au[t]oT; Soxfji ETEipojviou; Se alpEicr[0ai]

145

[t]o u ; ey AiopiSovTo; xa l to u ; Eyy[o][v]ou; auTtov * dv Se t i ; v60o; &v xp [t][0]eI; yVWcG^I. |i.ETE/_ElV tw v *iEpS[v],

150

tSj; TrpocoSou were tcoi Ilaalo)[i]

el; Ouatav Spa/_p.a; tovt ^ xoJ vJ-

|XY) eEeOTCO aUTWt {ZETEyElV TWV

[IJspcocruvSv XapudvETE Se a~[o]

Ta, T at; Se M oipat; TEocrapdxo[v]

Ta 8u 6vtco Se t w i Ila o ltu i x a [l]

Tat; M olpai; ol xaT* avSpoyEvsti]155

[a]v . dvE0r,xa Se x a l uxXlva;

[<pid]).a; Teaoapa; x a l yXavlS[a]
[aXojupyav 1 StSovai Se Tot; ' H [paxXjeoi; p.eplSa; T o t; au[jz]-

[7EO|i.7:E]uOUOl.

Line 60.

/'/^K/U<-/

was very rare in Greece.

these fish from the word

^ Ujforfo^cSd. . The sacrifice of fish

Nothing can be determined about

, except that they were

small.

Sheep
J.

A Greek relief, now in the Athens National Museum (1^-0^) to be

dated about 370 B.C., shows a man leading a bull or a cow and a
sheep to an altar of Heracles. --There is an illustration of this
relief in Rumpf, fig. 1 3 6 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

156

(16*0

Syll3 1027; Calendar.

(Cos; 350-300 B.C.)

See above, p. 150.

Lines 2 -3 . c l j t i

C i^ ji

. . . J^QoJ w Cal . . .

. . . fUfck t o

. There are

many restorations made in these lines, hut they are all quite
sure.

Enough remains of the v/ord nl&S

tion of its ending quite certain.

not crucial.

to make the restora

The other restorations are

The adjective 6 /Wu<- (line 2) could refer to a

group of sheep composed of bo'th sexes, and so the sex of

these victims cannot be determined. . No color is mentioned.

(165)

Diodorus

Siculus ^.39.1.

(Sicily; ca. 20 B.C.)

(Opus; before 20 B.C.)

See above, p. 1 5 0 .

For a discussion of this reference see above, p. 141.

170.

Pausanias 2.10.1.

y^V
h T jA o h

inc

txx.

<>t

to o

U t & o ,

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Sicyon; before A.D. 150)

ilckO<<k\ittS>

&

f a *

t L jJ6y/ 6<f9cco<$t\/

&

There is no mention of color or sex for these victims.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

157

Swine
(165)

Diodorus Siculus k . 2,9.1.

(Sicily; ca. 20 B.C.)

(Opus; before 20 B.C.)

See above, p. 1 5 0 .

For a discussion of this reference-'see above, p. 1^1.

171.

Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism 3.220-221.

"Tbirthplace unknown; ca. A.I . 200)
(Greece; before A.D. 200
)

fi

p o ta to ] .

u \

The sex of this victim cannot be determined.

Swine Forbidden
172.

IG XII suppl. H-lki Decree.

(Thasos; ca. kk0 B.C.

['Hpy.]yj.tX Qy.cion

[r/.Iy]x 0\i

G q jo u -

im
y[ujyxwl Mu.. ' o
j5

[ 8]

brjr.zuzz'/..

o i-

8z vepy.'zE^.uzry-

1 ouS aO).E ai.

7

The restoration of

(line 2) is too risky, but the rei

><r\
(lines 2- 3)

torations of Heracles name (line l) and of

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

are quite certain.

For the epithet, see Kruse, RE YA, 2 (193^),

s.v. "Thasios, col. 1309*

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159

Hermes
The animals sacrificed to Hermes in Greece were:
1. Boves
2, Goats
3* Sheep
4. Swine
5. Any Victim.
The animals forbidden in sacrifice's to Hermes in Greece were:
1.

Swine.

K.

A Boeotian red-figure skyphos, to be dated about 420 B.C..

Boves

now in the museum at Kassel, Germany (//T.424), shows a procession

to an altar.before a Herm.
bull.

The animal being led to the altar is a

There is a picture of the vase in CVA, Germany 35 > plate

48.4-6.

There is no mention of bull sacrifices to Hermes in the

literary or epigraphical sources.

Goats
(8 3 ) IG I2 5; Decree.

(Eleusis; ca. 500 B.C.)

See above, p. 8 7 .

: c<t^,

Line 3 .
for this victim.
173.

No color or sex is given

For the epithet, see Famell, Cults 5*2.8.

Sokolowski, LSA 3 9 ; Calendar. (Mycale, Lydia; 350 -30 0 B.C.)

..

Kuavjo^iwvo; c>YS[6r;i]

avoffijcvou [<?Eplv] r V- Mu'/.aXiji 0 P [ . . . ]

av tov [ ............... J.x a i -apaSouvxi to t;

lepo-oiot; e[-]op.oaavTa r/jpi MuxaXvjv,

x a l too Ta[u]pwvoc yepsfijv Tptrr(i b d 81x a T at; Nop/paic x x Ootl xa l t?ji MuxaXvji,
x a l toT; T a p Y r/lo i; olpstv ttjl oySovji
TUpetYjv tco. 'Epjr/ji tcoi KTy(viTr(i xa.06ti x a l tt51 MuxaXr(i, xa l e; tJjv uoTepafyv

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

16 0

10

(pips'.v rupecTjV T<5k Mx'xvSpcut xaOor:

' xa l to:; aXXoi; e-o^ooavTa cpepav Se
xoupe:ov t >: 'Epfi7([ ep:'pov Odcrtptov
dcrc* exaaTGU al~oXlou ex tou exutou,
/TpixpiEVov Se p.'}, E'slvxt, xa i ertepifza-

15

r a e ; rJ[i.iyoivixlou xa l Suo fjpUTEGCEpta

oivou tnrov & tjv (pepsiv Se x a l tou; T a
-pooxTa Pogxovtxc a~d T?j; rrotfxv/jc apva, el av -evts tsxcocj: <ppsiv Se xa l
Ta aX(X)a xxtot: x a i oi Ta; a iy a ; picrxov-

20

te; Xap:6xvs:v Se tou; etoxyovTx; to xoopelo to Sepaa xa i gxeao; x a i veopov

x a l crxoXidv, tou; Se ipoxoiou; TrapxXaSdvTa; tcc xpeox t<5v xoupelcov xa i Ta

25

auToi Quouc: vepieiv pepiSx; xe'paXr(S6v

~5.g: Or(ox:o:; xa i to:; -oXtTai; ocoi av
libre

;
Line 12.

(/

^
>/ I
>j-VjL

. It is not possible to determine

the sex or color of this kid.

Hermes Ktenites (line 8).

This sacrifice was made to

For this epithet, see

Sokolowski, LSA, p. 4-4.

174-.

Homer, Od. 1 9 .396 -3 9 8 . (Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Parnassus; Mythical Period)
I t

OL

oto-Coi,

& b u > i< > /

This quotation refers to Autolycus, Odysseus grandfather.

No sex or color is mentioned for these victims, which are kids.
Sheep
(47) Sokolowski, LSC 18; Calendar.

(Attica; 4-00-350 B.C.)

See above, p. ,^5

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

l6l

Lines /\ 25-2?.

ol$ . No color or sex is mentioned

for this victim.

C/
E ^9-52.

. H^ccS.

This victim was a ram,

hut there is no mention of its color.

(6k)

Syll.^ 7 3 6 ; Decree.

(Andania; 92 B.C.)

See above, p. 6 7 ,

Lines 33-3^. C^ q U V c

This victim was a ram, hut

there is no mention of its color.

69.

. Again the victim was a ram,

with no color mentioned.

(173)

Sokolowski, LSA 39; Calendar.

See ahove, p.

Lines 16-18.

i /

159

dt

(Mycale, Lydia; 350-300 B.C.)

,
\

'if

The context shows that

this animal was to he sacrificed to Hermes Ktenites.

color is mentioned for this victim.

No

For the epithet, see

ahove, p. 1 5 1 *

(17k)

Homer. Od. 19.396-398.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Parnassus; Mythical Period)

See ahove, p. 160.

No sex or color is given for these victims.

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162

Swine
Homer, Od. 1^ 3^ 36 . (Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)
(Ithaca; ten years after Troy.)

175.

\. \
k'/C Ck

Z lfC ^y *

pk4 U H

<r'

Tfr'/ZJ, }<-tyoLi-Cc,

s jj'jj'lp t

,{S)

^ L iu jo i

fyyU'i lirtoCJpt'/oSj zm$ "f d )iU s

O L tlj

\jb tp ^ CKJTCtp.

These portions were set aside and sacrificed to the divinities

later.

The sex of the swine is not mentioned.

176 . Aristophanes, Peace 385~388; choral.

(Athens; play produced ^21 B.C.)

(Athens; ca. ^21 B.C.
)
Z

Sm

o c
I>}

t q ' j j jijU jjtZ ij

l Cl kft/k^<r^6Vc\/
Y cl^
Hco
CcoCo j p

lo'J

yd

oi<&*

L~

l&t6%riT<>K<*}Sj

(judos

*>Jd C f

The victims in this sacrifice were young pigs; there is no

mention of the victims' sex or color.
Swine Forbidden
(5) Ziehen, LGS II 119; Decree.

(Cos; 2nd c. B.C.)

See above, p. 13*

In this cult, any victim, male or female, was acceptable
except swine. No restrictions of color are made.

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163

Persephone
The animals sacrificed to Persephone in Greece were:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Boves
Sheep
Swine
Any Victim.
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to

Persephone in Greece.
Boves
177*

Plutarch, Lucullus 10.

(Chaeronea; ca. A.D. 46-120)

(Cyzicus; ca. 74 B.C.
)

rTU^MXyJ^j ~j
ji&j (Xi^J
A i<5rffc(^

-r2
XJ X

X
fUa.X

i t u Xn Jy i)(t X y

Y*sij stujQ ^-co

~Crr]\i

UdZyjd

Lt(U fat C4 T " 1

kujujXjj

t:|v - iA ^ f a L

^ ItTO
j S6
t nc

The animal in this sacrifice was a cow; its color was black,
(line 2).

This is the only extant reference to any cow sacrifice

to Persephone.

Since Plutarch was here writing about an incident

in the recent past, for which records must have been fairly com
plete, it is safe to attribute this sacrifice to the time of
Lucullus rather than to Plutarch's own time.

Sheep
(49)

Prott LGS I 26; Calendar.

(Attica; 4th c. B.C.)

See above, p. 50

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164
/

Hf>Los> . The victim for this sacrifice v/as

Line B44.

a ram; there is no mention of the animal's color.

1 7 8 . Sokolowski, LSA 26; Decree.

(Erythrae; 200-150 B.C.)

10

15

20

25

[*Ex<mji?] yoipou H. T e x fa p -n Q i]vacat

AtoXXcovi A -[o -]
[xpojroxiwt, 'Eppsi ( 'l) -- k o i, yfaXa-]
[6r,]vwv Suo 1C, IIooelScov[i]
' I tctelmi xsXeioo KA, 'H p xx.Xet KaXXivix.au, noasiSaivt AoqxxXsicoi, A teoXXcovi, A pxepiSi, -rot; sv ccoi iroXfim,
TeXetwv Tecrcrapcov P.
[ 7t ] e i i 7:TT]i " HpazXei, Aps-riji, A [opJoSiTTi'. E-rpaxsiai, tsXei[COV] TpltoV OB. EX.TV) I ' 'P<OjAT)t XE[X]efou KA, x.oivov. eoSoiiv; i
ArcoXXom IIuBlwl E-ixojpuau
tcXeEou KA. xs o c a p s a x .a iSsy.axTji' Ayyiavax.xi xsXelou KA. TtEvxExaiSsx.axrji '
Ap-rept.S- A-ooxxTjptxi xsXetou KA, A-oXXwvt, Ax)'r[oC]
yaXa6y)va>v Suo IC. s x .x a i[Sjey.axvji A0 -rpoa IIoXixSi t[s - ]
X]eiou KA, -rati; o~ic0e Osai[;]
jjotpou H,- {JacriXsi Avxioywfi]
e]t; Ouotav KBS, x.oivov, C>av[a-j
y]6pa el? Ouc'iav n. ox.xtox. [ a i - ]
SjexaTVji Tat? or.icQs 0E[ai; e-]

7e]i xavvuyESop yoipo[u H. NAI]

7tp]oxepai si;xv;v xax[a pr,va]
'Ouoi]av xoic (3a<;[iXu<Ji xe-]
Xeiou] KA, y.ofivov

A 1
30

35

I A ................................ ]
IO IZ ....................................
[rjijt Etp-/j[vr,i--------------- NAI]
[ 7t ] p o T lp a [ iTTjV x k to ^5)-]
[v] Ouctafv - 01? (3aCTiAsu<7i]
[t JeXeou [KA, x.oivov, x.al el;]
[6]uc!av [(JocoiXsi Avxioyau]

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165

[;

ApTE(jt[iSt - t ------------------------------------------ T -------------------------- |3aat-]

Xia<n;i[----------------------------'Y - j
40 xEpSei-l [---------------------------------------------------------- ]7octe:S<uvi Acr<p-]
Xe iw i, A7;6AA[om---------------------------------------- ------------------------ Ad]
BouXatox xeX[e------------------------------------------IloffeiScoviA ct-]
^aXeiox yaXa0[7jv---------------------------------------------------------------xeXei-]
ou KA, Ad Swxvjpi f i [ -------------------------------------------------------------- ]
45 vi xeXeiou KA. e x x a [ i8e x d x v ji------------------------------------ xeXeiou-]
KA, ApxeptSi, A tjxoi yaXa0v)[vcov Suo 1C
- - yaXaO?)-]
you H, xvjt Ivopvji xpiou K A [-----------------------------------------------------]
NAI 7rpoxepai ' et? xvjv xaxa pffiva Oucrixv -zoic, paCTtXeuai
xeXeiou KA, xoivov,]
xai si; OucEav [JaffiXsi Avxioyjcoi KBS, xoivov----------------- Avjpajxpi]
50 EXeuGiviai xeXeiou KA, xa. [----------.------------- - - --------:----------------]
-oxapwt AXeovxi xeXeiou KA, [-------------------------------- yaXa0r)vou]
H. e xx t ji ' Ad Zcoxvjpt, A07jvai [ IT oXtaSi------------------------------ ]
xe-]
[Oeot^] xaci xai' TCxaai? xsXeiwv o[xtco-----------[Xeiou] KA, AxoXXom, ApxepiSi yfaXaGvjvwv ouo 1C........................ ]
55 [xEXeio]o KA, 'Exdr/ji y.oipou H [- - - - - - - - - - - ]
[xeXeio]u K A
............ A 2 ----------------------------]
[KipTji x]piouK [A
................................
" - '- ] '
B I
[xexd p x t ji

AxoXXjwfvi, ApxepiSi, xoic ev xax xu Xcovi

xeXsicov xsaaapcov]
[P. x e p x x v ji *Hpax]Xei xai Ape[xrji xai AopoSixvji Sxpaxeiat
xeXeicov xpicav OB.]
60

[exxTji ? %
teXe]Eou KA, xoivov [--------------------' ---------------- ]
[..A iovua]i OXei ex xavvuxiSof?--------------------------------------------- ]
[. .S ]exaxT ]i 1 ei? xf,v xaxa p^va [Ouaiav - ............ '---------------- ]
[
]t Aiovuawi xeXeioo KA. x p o [x e p a i sic x/jv xaxa pvjva
Guaiav xoi? Baal-]
[Xeuct xe]Xeiou KA, xoivov, xai si? Oudia[v (JaaiXsi Avxioycoi KBS,
xoivov.]

65 [ . . . . ] ev Aeuxy)i yoipa>vl>6o 1C. e x x [ i] t ------------------------------------ ]

[
]v xeXeiou KA. si? r)jv x [o u ----------------------------------------------- ]

....

[ ________________________________________________ ]ou H
70

[
[ -----------------

]yaXaO/)]<ot xeXeiou

[55] [ .................................................. --------- .------------- ]j3aaiXsi Avxi[ojrcoi-............................

----------------]H - EiouXXrjfi]
]coi-ijpwi'apv[i][ ---------------------------------------75
[60]

80

[ou......................................................................... ]i 'Eppei x a [ ..]

[ ......................................... .................Aya0r,i T u f e t xeXe{o [ v]
[
lx x a iS e x a x 7]i- -----------------ApxejpiSi
[xoi yaXaGrjvSv Suo 1C
----------------------------]i Kop/ji xpi[ou K A ----------------------------------------------------------- ] y-ai 'Eaxtai
[- - - -NAI T cp o xep ai........... ............................... yaA]a0v;vou H,

xai Ayj-

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166

[xal etc 'TC)V xTa pe/jva Guatav -rote pacrtXeucri tsXeiou KA,]
xotva.
[65] [---------------------------------------------------------yaXa]Gv)Voi> H, jBaatXst
[
T E T apT vjt-.-- - -'HpaxXei KaXXivtxjwi, FlocfsiScovt A o[9aXetwt, AttoXXwvi, Ap-spuSt, toic ev toji TcuXaivt, TsXjetuv
Teaaapcov P.

[jTep.7iT7)i-

85

yaXaG/jVuv Stio] 1C,'Hpax.Xet xal Aperlji

xal A exTvjt ' 'P]a>p)r

KA, xoivov.
e6S6[X7jt ' Arc]6XXcovi 'EoSoptatuvi HuGtcot
KA--------------------------] Ap-epu&i, A yjtol, 'Exaxijt,
ya[Xa-]

[<ppoStr/)i StpaTetat teXsicov Tptwv OB.

te Xeioo

[70] [
[TeXetoo

[OvjvSv--------------90

Ar,u.-/]Tpi EXeu(7t]vlai tsXeiou

KA, Zvjvl

t JeXei' ou

KA, AXe^avSpfwt]
- - xotvov
]Xet xal E"tLtdy,o)> tsXs [1-]
[75] [tov-------------------------' - - - - ] 'Epp.stAyopalw.TsX[et-]
[ou----------------------------------------- :-------------------- pamX]si A vtio-

[-Xl----

Ci
E...Y... ...... ........... .
95

[
[

)o o

[ . . ] cot, 'HXtcoi, HpaxXet, A0Yjv[at-------------------------------------- ]

[Meya]Xotc Osoic, Ncx^t, 'Optovfotat--------------------------------------]
[
]xotva. TptT7jt AGapwcvfTi------------------7-------------------- ]

vJecoTEpan [kcriX[et-------------------W
ExtTetyefat- - - .'A]y05ji T6y;/jt T[eXet------------------------------------

r]
]
J

hi Mt)tP1MsyaXfyji................ ]

[teXeicov Tptwv] OB, 'Exar/jt y[a]XaOr,v[------------------------------ ]

Line ^7-

t * ji-

The victim was a ram; there is

no mention of the animals color.

179- Homer, Od. 10.527.

siv

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(site unknown; Mythical Period)
g/fetv 9 ^ U i

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.167

The context of this -passage shov/s that the black ewe was
sacrificed to Persephone; the other victim was for Hades.

This

line is spoken by Circe, who is directing Odysseus on how to get

to Hades.
Swine
(49) Prott, LGS I 26; Calendar.

(Attica; 4th c. B.C.)

See above, p. 50.

Line B44.

The victims were young

pigs; no mention is made of the animal's sex or color.

(130) IG II2 1367 ; Calendar.

(Athens; 1st c. B.C.)

See above p. 126 .

Lines 6 -7 .

These two divinities

were often worshipped together.

The victim was a young pig,

but nothing is said of its sex.

(131)

IG I, 364; Decree.

(Sparta; date unknown)

See above, p. 12?.

Line 11.

young male pig.

&

. The victim v/as a

"Mistress" was a cult title of Persephone

(Famell, Cults 3.114.).

(32 ) Syll.3 1024; Calendar.

(Mykonos; ca. 200 B.C.)

See above p. 35*

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168

Line 17.

YAtfj>\J

The victim was a boar;

no mention is made of the animal's color.

(132)

Pausanias 9.8.1.

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Pctniae; before A.D. 150)

See above, p. 128 .

The victims at Potniae were young pigs. For a discussion of
this reference, see p. 119 *
(135)

Clement of Alexandria, Protrept. 2.17-.1.

(Alexandria; ca. A.D. 150-215)
(Greece; before A.D. 215
)
See above, p. 129.

This reference gives some of the history of the Thesmophoria.

The victims were pigs, but no mention is made of their color or
sex. For a fuller description, see p. 120.
(139) ; Lucian, Dial, of Court. 2.1. (Greece; date unknown)
See above, p. 130 .
The victims were young pigs; there is no mention of color or
sex.

This quotation refers to the Thesmophoria.

Any Victim

1 80 . Pausanias 8 .37 .8 .

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Arcadia; before A.D. 150)

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169
\

if I/*. 1

/&C U fU o J j .
c./
L c ^ J :L i o V

\ K
C' c

OU

1v

v \

c/

/*

p&'f vvj cJo t^ e&<(Co 6 -Ct fettt-nUL

^

I /

>
/
^ Z fo Z Z p -J ti

c /
k J S ifZ ^

Z>\J

J \ /

ZiTL tVvi-S

i \ U i S 9 u<u l S,
7 t o '%l iv A
, -zrouro 6M<rc*s
> / d
Q) /
f
'xffzKoTt Zoo UOfAAXoS .

There are no restrictions at all concerning what types of

victims were or were not acceptable.

For the epithet, Despoine,

see Parnell, Cults 3.114.

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170

Poseidon
The animals sacrificed to Poseidon in Greece were:
1 . Boves

2.
3.
4.
5.

Fish
Horse
Sheep
Swine.
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to

Poseidon in Greece.
Boves
181. Sokolowski, 1SS 94; Calendar.

(Camiros; 3rd c. B.C.)

[0]suSaiotou
vsupjvtai

[n]o"eiSavi. caupov
5

10

Line 3*

VEMTEpOV
[ejviautiou, y.piov
7rparr(viov, y.olpov,
tEpEll)? 6ueu
'hzTzoy.vfizc'.oic,
Guetki Aypiavtou
sv&Ev.aTat rt ~poTEpOV y.pLOV TipaT7JVL0V ' LEpEU?
0USI . Xp7) aUTEt

GLJgc'J This victim was a bull;there

is no mention of its color.

The bull was part of a

trittoia, a very common sacrifice to Poseidon.

(110) Homer. II. 727-729.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Peloponnesus; before Trojan War)

See above, p.
These lines were spoken by Nestor.

The victim to Poseidon

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171

was a bull; there is no mention of the animal's color.

182. Homer; XI. 20A 03~^0$.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Greece; before 800 B.C.)
C

Ml
~*jp O t'b'J

fc o H b /o S

C\

H our'S & M o V t W

^ Tyll/vW tos/
'

o/

ct6
cslM tjt

X /

oL'JcL^'CU
~

>

'V

k Zb tTocS Vo<rc/i2W.

This quotation is from a simile, and no place or time is

assigned to it by Homer.

The victim was a bull; the animal's

color is not mentioned. For the epithet, which was not used in
cult, see Jessen, RE V, 2 (1905), s.v. "Enosichthon", col. 2637 .
183 . Homer, Od. 1.22-25.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.

( site unknown; ten years after Troy)

\A)}h o jil'J /4^orfxS jib tt^ u P e

ZPaL JlYU
c

x r

OL Hb\l Ju<tbM6'/oc

>

zxu ^ loj

CV

) 'ta'JUs}

tAL 4/vl'Cdl

c >) j> /

IffbfLc^cS , oL

u\ ; y

re f a t

J g y e tM

U'Jl o W q *, }

/ (l

The victims were bulls; no color is mentioned.

Homer says

that the sacrifice was made in Ethiopia, but this was a veryvague word and meant only "somewhere in the south".

(Pietschmann,

I I , 1 (1893). s.v. "Aithiopia," col. 1095 -1102 ).

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172

184.

Homer, Od. 3*4-9.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Pylos; ten years after Troy)

OL J l TfAcM> A/j) j ^
ttcrt

-oi y tU. $cJi

i*

Li^oi ^6
6^o<<-JPo^l fadvojlui-> .

iko^ooi fQ jip b \^ ^ ij
J

1fytb^o<$Lot $ ^

yjdt-Coj X^C rf^oo/b'J-Co u/<Cq 9 l

td o ^ o o i .

$ ti<0 7^ trTL

fat'&'J .

The victims were black bulls (line 3)* For "the epithet,
see #182 above.
185.

Homer, Od. 3.177-179.

(Ionia;,ca. 800 B.C.)

(Greece; ten years after Troy)

<S 7 t I c^L<-co\i

LJT-ul tecLicS ifoieJ/^L it & - '

fo tf

fcrrl y K > / V

';

f l^ V

f t

In this quotation Nestor is describing part of his return to

Greece.
186.

The victims were bulls; no color is mentioned.

HomeF, Od. 11.130-131.

U (p
tU0c<i *e

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Ithaca; ten years after Troy)

ifctitL^VL^ i . M L }
^

M ^ jC 0 (p

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173

In this quotation, the ghost of Teiresias is telling Odysseus

what to do on his return to Ithaca. The victim, a bull, was part
of a trittoia. These lines are repeated, with unimportant
changes, in 23 .277-278 .
187.

Homer, Od. 1 3 .181-182.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Phaeacia; ten years after Troy)

O^qUi
LtyJ<op<6'J .

lik[(^LjiL-s/coi

These lines are spoken by Alcinous, king of the Phaeacians.

The victims were bulls? no color is mentioned.
188.

Euripides, Helen 1581-1588; non-choral.

(Athens; play produced kl2 B.C.)
(Egypt; after Trojan War
)

li

rry y u

4 u 9 tls

d ffi

'J t d . f p ' J

11
ffc N tu

d id
jitr f

o & '/o s

V o /td

"flo tftd c'/

/i-j^etos

p 't jji'i'J

i O \Hito* ^]u

cL^u l

t o y <-)

d trr) d t u s H ^ r r \ ' d
3/ V
>
s'
d
d
*
.
^
ol4v\c-4 ea M S . oicy-CoS J U lToy O dL
>

/?<T

Ody

'

>/

&SY\i'oslttjos! 6vy.cn.

Cf,

fybliA.

?L

'

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

This reference is from a speech of a messenger describing to

king Theoclymenus how Helen and Menelaus escaped.

Since the sac

rifice was performed by Greeks, it should not be thought that this

is an example of Egyptian sacrifice.

Because of Euripides' anti

quarian interests, this reference is best assigned to the time

after the Trojan War.

The victim was a bull; there is no mention

of the animal's color.

189.

Sophocles, Oed. Col. 888-889; non-choral.

(Athens; play produced 401 B.C.)
(Attica; Mythical Period

./

-Coof tirc<Zx;Jc-^

J \
ft

It is impossible to say from this reference whether the vic

tim was a bull or cow; there is no mention of the animal's color.
Theseus is the speaker of these lines.

Judging from the references

in Homer, the sacrifice of bovines to Poseiden was a very ancient

practice.

Thus this reference can be safely construed as being

applicable to the earlier time.

190.

Sophocles, Oed. Col. 1491-1^95; choral.

(Athens; play produced ^01 B.C.)
(Attica; Mythical Period
)
y ) >/
'

/ \^5 \

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

175

In this passage the chorus is crying out for the return of

Theseus.

Everything else in the discussion of reference #189

will apply equally to this quotation.

191.

Theophrastus, On Comedy. (Leshos; ca. 370-285 B.C.)

(Tiryns; before 285 B.C. )
i.. 9 o 4 t i
ro C w

ip p iU w

tis r V

This fragment (Wimmer, fr. 124) is found in Athenaeus

6.26ld.
192.

The victim was a bull; no color is mentioned.

Comutus 22.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 20-70)

(Greece; before A.D. 70)

7 l eSoius! t i l l

/Ac 9uou<W

40

OL fcO gdl

too 'Okogooi

fT0<vj&L'Jj

JtX L-<jV

ou4

\ /

tTou iT6M^ooS> .

The victims in this quotation are black bulls.

193.

Plutarch, Mor. l63 ab.

(Chaeronea; ca. A.D. 46-120)

(Lesbos; Mythical Period
)

j-it'Joo -tdcS Oc^L^Soo<fL y ie tip o '/ j

0 -U 4 I ^ M t T c
'Lot *

6Vco<u 9 u

j^'AfiYlL^L

1r)lk vv zes

& tu )tL & L

fW

~ tfo < $t3n ji6 ^ T4oo4

^>tA0<fu<

tlU^p60oO

It

AUc

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

176

The victim in this sacrifice to Poseidon was a bull; there

is no mention of the animal's color.
194.

Apollodorus 2.5*7*

'Co'i UtTo 11
tfto S & b u J

d.^tkbot)MM

Tfd<tiS S jc

ftlW o i tdZ'cM pt4 tU

1fo<tbti&L

A /lv

(Athens; ca. A.D. 100)

(Crete; Mythical Period)

'

i f

M 'w i

61^

$ < j

drTL t o

oct

6K

tk ^ d O K o \u btrorreptdLj

oU OQL<9&Z* -cos'

& aV

'CM C dofM .

The victim was a bull; there is no mention of the animal's

color. This story is repeated, with unimportant changes, in
3 .1 .3 -^*

Apollodorus merely put together older accounts of

mythology; thus this reference should be assigned to mythical

time.
195*

Strabo 8.7*2.

(Pontus; ca. 6k B.C. - A.D. 21)

(Ionia; before A.D. 21
)

'ci'Ck

t/
(\ /
c
n
, DC^v/ UvbjAMbi 0 IjAdjOcS,

ifhL
/

Strabo wrote this in explanation of Iliad 20.^03 (#182

above).

The tense shows that he was referring to his own time.

He was referring to the Panionia in honor of Heliconian Poseidon.

Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

177

The victim was a bull. For the festival, see Nilsson, Feste
?4-?9* For the epithet, see Famell, Cults ^.10-11.
196.

Arrian, Anabasis 6.19.5-

-to

feS

h tn h c j

ito M
r!

p b 'i

(Bithynia; 2nd c. A.D.)

(Indus; 325 B.C.
)

61

-cJo ifoi'lu}
v

6p 6L

y/L <ru *>i rrerffitonii^L x^p p t ^ h y z

}\ jzaO&*
6S

7 yi/

00/

X "

tt

% I } \ & L

TToO lcS

7b

v**>*
ffcrftSZijL

(f/TZ-c<^S

tT lL

, , .

The subject of this reference is Alexander the Great.

victim to Poseidon was a bull; no color is mentioned.

The

Coming from

a history of Alexander, this reference must be assigned to his time.

197.

Athenaeus 1.9b.

\l7 X

(Athens; ca. A.D. 200)

(Pylos; Mythical Period)

7t

lu -x A i
b r ib 'd !,

iu y

r fA L

9 u tt

f[oxe7)ioJL

HM. o lte L o tk w
? fo \) lo u i>

ti- r ts

o X - jjlo c o S , . .

ztiUMij
.

Athenaeus mentions neither sex nor color for this victim.

He is discussing Homer, and this reference is best assigned to
mythical time.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

198.

Polyaenus, Strat. 6.24.

OL

(Macedonj ca. A.D. 160)

(Lampsacus; before A.D. 160)

Zm 4 t4 \ ' ccv' iLr\]

tt- te i)

f\d^Lo4ZL^ , t'/^oS

o^ioS 6

jfd)^}4 6rfC<fjT&\/IfcW to i

jiiV

Vof1

l J hJC'L

ZOVi

iX 'tL ^ o u i,

Zu) TfufH. ML

0<-4a\!

^t)oo4Zki

ely-j fiUS ZLp-ji^L T6V %4 tfifovSwV

llooJioyVliCd'j'CciS .

Polyaenus does not mention the kind of fish.

199* Antigonus of Caeystus,

tto i
Z^j4

% U lU $

U Ltt\oC4Cki -tio 1Tc3LlJ<L OrTo

9 o 44io 4 k)d4 j
if f P t b M

fa\eL<sQdL

l \ * 'v C d

A-cL cms .
(Caeystus; ca. 240 B.C.)
(Halae; before 240 B.C.)

otd.4

% ^ *4 }

$06^4 'CM ^ i O
frl

tr-^v % < U 4

TAOL^M

ty u M d tL s / .

This quote is found in Athenaeus 6.297e.

The fish were .tuna.

Horses

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

17.9
200.

P au s a n ia s 9 . 7 * 2 .

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

Dine; before A.D. 150)

'Co St dpi-^Zos/

z
m o tj'iy . Jdoi

trrrfoos ot

There is no mention of the horses' color or sex.

(5?) Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism 3*221.
'
(birthplace unknown; ca. A.D. 200)
(Greece; before A.D. 200
)
See above, p. 59 .

No mention is made of the victim's sex or color.

(100) Sokolowski, LSS. 1 0 ; Calendar.

(Athens; ca. 400 B.C.)

See above, p. 99*

The victim was a ram;

Lines
there is no mention of its color.
(4?) Sokolowski, LSC 18; Calendar.

(Attica; 400-350 B.C.)

See above, p. 45*

Lines A 30-32*

, , , o ls There is no mention of

the victim,'s color or sex.

A 58 -6 0 . iT o& LM JL. . . ot.s . There is no mention of
the victim's color or sex.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

180

(181) Sokolowski, LSS 94-; Calendar.

(Camiross 3rd c. B.C.)

See above, p. 161.

Lines 3 -5 .

. , ,

This victim, a ram, was

part of a trittoia. No color is mentioned.

(32) Syll3 1024-; Calendar.

(Myconos; ca. 200 B.C.)

See above, p. 35*

Lines 5-6. fh<bUi0^c

, . . AdJKoi

The victim was an uncastrated white ram.

For the epithet,

see Famell, Cults 4-.7*

8 -9 . ifotibL ^ioJt

Q.JiSlWL

ij-tAs

This

victim was an uncastrated white lamb. For theepithet, see

Famell, Cults 4-.7 .
201. Syll.3 1000; Decree.

(Cos; 1st c. B.C.)

[0]ut6> Se y.a't GxavoxayEtaGoKv > xal 0 to v ovav Eovvjpivo;

vauaGou e'w x a l tov be a . ..
(3LOU XKTK TOLUTOL ' 0u6vTCOt 81 Xal Tol ECOVTjjjivOL a>V0LV VaUGGOU
fipTtov, y.araov y.a~[a tou]to 0 u6vtcoi St x a l axavoxayELaOcov xa l to'i ayopa^avrE; tov wvav
to ; oosXla; xa-ra -r[auTd]
0uovTtoi 8s y.al axavoTrayslaOtov x a l toI 7tp.a|ZEV0i tov wvav gltou

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

181
xocta retina ' 0u6vxgh Se xat axavo7rayeio0<ov xal tol xpidjxsvoi oLvdv olvou n il 8a>.doaai,
Exaipdv, uX<ov, dXoix(co)v, e[v]oixiuv xaxa Tauxa Ouovxmi Se xal csxavoxaysioOcov xal to'l
xpidfiEvoi xdv (Lviv TETpaxo[S]tov Ouovtml Se xal cxavo7rayet<T0o)v xal Tol dyopa^ovTsc xav
(Lviv ev KaXupvai olvou
e oI(v)oteeScov, euycov, Ipiiov xaxd xauxd 0u6vxcoi Se xal
ffxavoxayeioGwv xal toI ayopd[?]avxc? (Lviv dp.7i?.oaTa(T)uvxa)v xal xcov yuvaiXEtcov oMjidxow xaxd
xauxa 0u6vx(t>[i Se xal]
10 GxavoTtayetoOwv xal toI ayopd![avxe? xdv (Lviv cxoxa? Sapioaia?
0UETW Se x[a l axavo]Jtayeicflioi xal o xav aX(X)av puaDuadnsvo? cxoxav xdv etti vauxiXeax Ousxco S[s xaxd xau]xd xal axavo7rayELa0o)i xal o xxpidpisvo? xdv wvav xdv Moucav xaxd
xau(x)a 0[ust6X Se xa]xd xauxa xal oxavoxayeioOioi xal o 7;piiji.Evo? xav d>vav xou
AqjpoSsiolou 0uet[<o Se xal a]xavo7tayia8wi xal o xptapiEvo? xav (Lviv xiixXou rd? xaxa xauxa
0oovx6H Se [xaxd xau]15 Td xal oxavorrayEloflcov xol e/ovxe? Tav (Lviv >.i6avo;r(co)},dv,
ocrxp'.(iu)v, xapty_o[u Ousxcojt Se xaxd xauxd xal axavo7rayEic0coi xa l o e/wv xav (Lviv xou
(l)axpixou 0u6vxwt Se [xal a]xavo7tayEtG0wv xol xcoxco^uoxai xwi IloxsiSdvi xal K> olv axo
Spaypidv xpia[xov]xa xal PoSoi axo Spaypiav xpidxovxa 0u6vxox Ss xa(xa) xauxa
xal ocooi xa axoxi? aiaOoxotr;aa)vxaL fj fyjovn ISicoxixdv [LEjiioOwpiEvot rioxsi&dvi xal K
olv d~o Spa^piav xpidxov20 xa xal 'PoScoi drto Spcc/piiv xpidxovxa he, o xa iji <ruvE5xv)xula a
oxotos Ouovxot Se xa[xa x]auxa xal (x)ol (isxaooXot xol ev xol? Ix 0ugiv IloxsiSdvt xal Kw olv
ax6 Spaxfiav xpidxov[xa xal]
*P6Scoi olv d~o Spa^jiav xpidxovxa OuSvxtoi Se xaxd xauxa xal
xol vsaiixo!, XapLodvofvTE?]
6|xolo>? xal o5xoi irapa xwv xaptiav Spa%pid? IS^xovxa 6oxcoi Se
xal o vauap/o? x[c5i Ilo ]xsiSavi olv axo Spayjidv xpidxovxa xal Kcoi olv a~6 Spaypidv
xpidxovxa xal 'PoScoi o[l]v
25 a x i Spax(Jiav xpidxovxa Siaypaoa6coi Se auxin jrapd xcov xa^udv
Spajcpia? evev^ [ xo]vxa 0u6vxcoi Se xaxd xauxd xal GxavoxayEioOwv exaaxo? xwv
xptTjpdpxwv, 0u6v[xco]
i Se xioi IIoxEiSavi olv dxo Spay_|iav xpidxovxa xal K w i olv a-o
Spaxpidv xpiaxov[xa xal]
'PoSui olv ix o Spa^piav xpidxovxa, XapiSavovxcoi Se xal xouxot - a p i
xoiv xapii[av]
[Sp]ay_fia? svsviQxovxa Ouovxwi Se xal xol xapxoXoyEovxE? xiii
IIoxEiSavi olv a[xo]
30 [Spjaxptav xsuoapdxovxa xal Kcoi olv atzh Spa (yjpiav XEaoapdxovxa
xal 'PoSwi olv d-o [Sp]-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

182

axjtav acrpixovTa * Buivxwt 8 xal xol vrvjpfrai xav [xsvpa

vatov rioxetSavi xal [K olv 4]
'PoSut [olv arro Spa/piav xpiixjovxa
Buovxui Si xal t o Iot ex t w v 6m;ps[Ttxuv jiXoCuv
- - - - - - - - - - -- -

7tl Spayjxav xpi[a/ovTa xa]l

db*]
Spayjxav xfpiaxovxa------

Lines 17.19,21,23-24,27,29,31- tfltu fo y /L . , , oi\/ . There

is no mention of the victim's color or sex.
(183) Homer, Od. 1.22-25.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(site unknown; ten years after -."roy)

See above, p. 171,

There is no mention of the victim's sex or color.
(186) Homer, Od. 11.130-131.

(Ioria; ca.. 800 B.C.)

(Ithaca; ten years after Troy)

See above, p. 172.

The victim, a ram, was part of a trittoia. No color is
mentioned.
202. Aristophanes, Birds $66 ; non-choral.
(Athens; produced 4l4 B.C.)
(site unknown; before 414 B.C.)
ft

ifoqti.'bZjL

Xt-6

<xV 0 cf p . .

No mention is made of the sex or color of this victim.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

183

Swine
(63 ) Sokolowski, LSS 19; Decree. (Athens; 363-2 B.C.)
See above, p. 65 .

hfiCoSgopj**. us . There is no men

Lines 89-90 .

tion of this victim's sex or color. For the epithet, see

Bischoff, RE VIII, 2 (1913) s.v, "Hippodromios," col,
173^-1735.
203 . Syll.3 IO30 ; Calendar. (Lindos; 3rd c. B.C.)

Oe
o
S
st
f
f
l
ou*&a[t]
I
c
r
a
ii
f
v
o
u
e
t
S
s
cj
vt
I I ot-

coi 5 ; tD x o ;
Ootv^rai

The adjective z/Afeos . sometimes has only two terminations,

and thus the sex of this victim cannot be determined. For the
epithet, see Famell, Cults ^.53*
(181) Sokolowski, LSS

Calendar.

(Carairos; 3rd c. B.C.)

See above, p. 1?0 .

Lines y 6 .

[ t f j o t u f h t ...

. No sex or color is

mentioned for this victim. However, since the other victims

of this trittoia were male, it is reasonable to assume that
this one was also male*

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

18^

(186) Homer, Od. 11.130-131.

(Ioniaj ca. 800 B.C.)

(Ithaca; ten years after Troy)

See above, p. 172.

The victim was a boar; its color is not mentioned.

It was

part of a trittoia to Poseidon.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

The animals sacrificed to Zeus in Greece were*

1.
2.
?
4.

Boves
&oats
Sheep
Swine.
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to Zeus

in Greece.
Boves
(100) Sokolowski, LSS 10; Calendar.

(Athens; ca. **00 B.C.)

See above, p. 99.

...j>Ze fJo.

Lines A48-50.

Neither the sex or

color of these victims can be determined. For the epithet,

see Famell, Cults 1.55(121)

Syll. 3 1025; Calendar.

(Cosi 350-300 B.C.)

See above, p. 116.

j/L t-Zou

Line 41.

. The

participle shows that this victim was a bull. For the

epithet, see Famell, Cults 1.56-58*
46-47.

fJJetwc

The

participle shows that this victim was a bull. The restora

tion of the epithet is made quite sure by a comparison with
line 41.
(102)

Syll.3 1026; Calendar.

(Cos; 250-300 B.C.)

See above p. 102.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

186

mentioned for this victim. For the epithet, see Nilsson,

Feste 21-22.

(122)

Prott.LGS I 8 ; Decree.

(Cos; 300-250 B.C.)

See above, p. 118.

Line 19*

The epithet, Polieus, was

applied to no divinity except Zeus. No sex or color is menr

tioned for the victim.
(103) Ziehen, LGS II 131;

(Cos; 3rd c. B.C.)

See above, p. 1 03 .
j-it-J J u

Line 5 8 *

^aC>s Joe

This inscription is frag

mentary, but a comparison of the repeated formulae shows that

a trittoia was offered to Zeus, which included two bulls or
cows; the sex of these victims cannot be determined, and their
color is not mentioned.
(53) Svll. 3 589; Decree.

(Magnesia; 197-196 B.C.)

See above, p. 56.

Line 7.
Sosipolis.

This sacrifice was made to Zeus

No color is mentioned. For the epithet, see

Famell, Cults I.38 .

20^.

Homer, II. 2.^02-^03 . (Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Troy; Mythical Period)

rfcrt*

V ffty tW iL

Kp'JuM L.

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187

The sex of this victim cannot be determined! the color is

not mentioned.
205* Homer, II. 7.314-315.

'ZToSa

jieoV

(Ionia? ca. 800 B.C.)

(Troys Mythical Period)

L t f r U > i.

J fh p u j

These lines are only a slight variation of #204, but here the
victim's sex is mentioned? it was a bull. There is no indication
. of the animal's color.
206.

Homer, II. 8.236-241.

ito

t ilx b t,

z jf

&

(Ionia? ca. 800 B.C.)

(Troy? Mythical Period)

^ } f i

L7

ji* p 4 A

od n h h i -rfotL fa ro . 12W ffegLuA/iL-ci

styl

}^/}
6rTL

UpMo5>

rtktfL

T^oLrjJ

J?>W J j j i A

ML

These words are spoken by Agamemnon in prayer to Zeus.

Neither sex nor color is mentioned for these victims.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

188

207.

Homer, II. 11. 772-77*+.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Phythia; before Trojan War)

? l r f r r ^ * U

jfr jk 'i

i r / c w i t f>s A<-L -ctQrut^V

&

/o^CW

These words are spoken by Nestor to Achilles, describing how

Peleus sent his son to Troy.

There is no mention of color or sex

for this victim.

208.

Homer, II. 15. 372-37*+.

i i

y ^oeS
6 ,0 ^ t t o

Troth. L 5

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Argos; before Trojan War)

bc

L4

ou>S flACX rftot'i j * J L^

rfe

tfo \o tfo ^ O

UAiiO-J

Vo<iT'*j4<kL , , ,

These v/ords are spoken in prayer by Nestor.

There is no

mention of the victim's color or sex.

209.

Homer, Od. I3 .2A-2 5 .

I'otAL

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Ithaca; ten years after Trojan War)

Lb^a'J

J\i}\^t\JooLo

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

189

There is no mention of sex or color for this victim.

210.

Homer, Od. 2 2 .334 -3 3 6 .

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Ithaca; before Trojan War)

tj Uf*>
tjo'.-Co
/[jift'jS JOJu&Ss -te fax

(/
6

There is no mention of sex or color for this victim.

211.

Herodotus 6 .6 7 .

(Halicarnassus; ca. 480-ca. 425 B.C.)

(Sparta; 4-85 B.C.
)

ju t l ^

9t->jC>o

IfcfM feoA SJ-pty/ii

t^ o z o Z

ktioL

o lk L x J

4 0Z M

ZiJ ht-t-

No mention of the animal's sex or color is made.

This incident

took place somewhere between the dethronement of Demaratus ca. 490,

and his accompaniment of Xerxes in 480.

212.

Sophocles, Trachiniae

760 -76 I; non-choral.

(Athens; produced ca. 420 B.C.)
(Euboea; Mythical Period
)

dU^oi(Co\liL
\t L k $

t'itb \b L tz
l>ooS>

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

190

This sacrifice was performed by Heracles.

The verb,

Coto^c Ktc'Jb*- , seems to indicate a sacrifice of bulls.

This sac

rifice was made to Zeus Kenaios (line 2 3 8 ); for this epithet, see
Httfer, Roscher 2.1 (1890-1897), s.v. "Kenaios," col. 1 0 3 0 .

Demosthenes,.Against Meidias 531 b* 531*

(Athens; 3 8 ^-3 2 2 B.C.)
(Athens; ca. 350 B.C.)

213.

Z60
C./

lo fa i

Z * j$

O)

PoZU S

M l tYj<>

6Vk-<

A o L Z 16

otSj T $

/'iduO

C.S <$YipJ.L'JkL ,
*

G\

Zoo too T m

'

lfo$ Zo J.vifyijjl'i. O

d L g h te o * ,

ZvCjitoO'Jj

jit60$ M i

p<i7>i /(^}L6^kcs/^

oZC

^?ol

}4Al t p / i r A *

o Typo*-* o

This is the te.v:t of an oracle from Dodona.

Soo

iA )K tjs/

The date of the

oracle is not known, but it seems to have been around the time of
this speech, ca. 350 B.C.

The adjective,

that these victims were bulls.

(line ^), shows

For the epithet, Naios, see

Famell, Cults 1.39.

(40)

Demosthenes, Against Meidias 53> P* 531*

(Athens; 3 8 ^ -3 2 2 B.C.)
(Athens; ca. 350 B.C.)
See above, p. *KL.

This quotation is a continuation of #218.

white bull.

The victim was a

This sacrifice was made to Zeus Ktesios; for the

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

191

epithet, see Famell, Cults 1.55*

214.

Pausanias 1.24.4.

'Z.CiJ / \ L>< COO

(Lydia? ca. A.D. 150)

(Athens; before A.D. 150)

T f o \t b iO i

I p tJ jll/
6/

^6 j

kc9<\

fU C k % k /& $

tS

ij\ /

/ '

'

LbP blO /

If

* '

pOU (fosf o'/ j

1 c/j;

*. M 5

\ $

\iZ io j/ ^

c/

o o tu )

6 < ftc /

///A o o /c .

ft * \

Ca/ D o a / /

> /

1c

Co/
*

Pr f t u / t;toLHv(<Sa.'jCcS <j>o\ *L<f<fau

f r o / (s C b P H d t^ / deUtO V 6ltc Cay/ puiy/o'/*

6 ftc

djH ep(As/ e /o o < L

.

</

**

,/

-> /

d t CcM 2 T W

l/<4L C l/Z .'A

o t V tfio i

paoi

<ytfC6C\L

cov

>/J

ot/\ 6 Z k t

i60#

This is a description of the Dipolieia celebrated at Athens.

This celebrated festival (Deubner, 158-17*0 is further described
in the next six references, 215-220.

The victim was a bull, and

the festival was in honor of Zeus Polieus; for this epithet, see
Famell, Cults 1. 56-58.

Aelian, Var. Hist. 8 .3 . (Rome; ca. A.D. 175-235)

(Athens; before A.D. 2 3 5 )

215.

J O cL

uSzo

Jfeyj
jit^ L

c l

6o)

ir T o ^ jf ^ o /U L j

(J)a/00

lU ^ L / t O lK c U f L

U X T<ii(C M AL
j / \ 1 i.C o \L U .

cio Z o s/ ,

Z y j/ O G p Z ij/

0 C *t

O poC i

V -^ L /o /C b i L tU fZ v J
It

iU l

V|
/<& f}au<l>c/Coi .
I

C io C /

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

216.

(birthplace unknown; ca. A.D. 2 3 2 -305 )

(Athens; before A.D. 305
)

Porphyry 2.10.

^
7 f i/ U / w i

J J j,

oa-

&>

A u iT ih ^

Porphyry further describes the ritual in chapters 2 9 -3 0 .

217.

Suidas,

IS o ip

< 0r W ;

o -rft^

(site unknown; ca. A.D. 1000)

(Athens; before A.D. 1000
)

ii b h U iL J t i L a t u

rov j k v

d s

fy & c *

cw

% L *y f

SV

to ii

A u'tT odctS .

218.

Etymologicum Magnum.
(site unknown; ca. A.D. 1150)
(Athens; before A.D. 1150
)

icS
dt)uo\!Co>

219.

/^A i

y j^ e to

dOZYj

$ou<j)0^L''i fudioitA 0

pod z^Y ^j

O ti

hUL

6V ^ f f d d i

%K<-c>j)atu>joS

^ Aristophanes, Clouds 985.

*C<k Ss
'U

O^S

/4&yj\fc(LoL6 dk ^ o j j d / U j

^fyv'oS

(Athens; date unknown)

*y^

f>oCv 9t>oJW

d$> U f f / jllp L 'J

yfZX
ZoO

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

7t i} 0

Iv

A u rf*k u t> c $ > <j)A<$L fiet/S to> TfoTfdVosI

jU 'C A ^ e to l A l 'j T d ^ K t ^ H i V o - / t U

A js/

UdL too too

%/^Cd ^>0o4 yJaotU 6\l tolS A ll(TokLLOcij %lA Z& ^>ooV ToV
(j>d.^iWtd. to ifoTfd'JoiJ Kdi t o *t/L'i tk .

. Aristophanes, Peace ^19*

220.

L L f f a \e U

(Athens; date unknown)

6V |

7 l &oT>j

tyooo^L 6t<Lgoj>oly/c&

tttJ ftq

Aitoj^tjijpdi ZiO'd 7f6L

irTC

7T&Xi\/'MV UAL Z d i

iU \u L A
6<C c

ll

3fe

^>ooS

^Oji ^>o(Vt t t j .

(156)

Pausanias 9-3-8.

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Platea; before A.D. 150)

See above, p. 1W-.

The victim was a bull (line 2); the animal's color is not
mentioned.

221.

Plutarch, Moralia 29^-c.

(Chaeronea; ca. A.D. k 6 - 120)

(Aenianes; before A.D. 120 )

CrtA\l fiO
Z-rjs/ tUAtcfij^yjd a!7To)C%VtLj 00
js>t>od Ud $lL^6o<Za^ ZTfc . . .

A L-L-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

19^

No color or sex is mentioned for this victim.

222.

Strabo 1 0 .4-.2 1 .

(Pontus; ca. 6^ B.C.-A.D. 21 )

(Crete; before A.D. 21
)

oo J j!>oov'

Strabo is here describing a practice of Crete, wherein a boy

sacrifices a bull, given to him by his lover, to Zeus.

The .victim's

color is not mentioned.

Goats
(52)

Sokolowski,LSS 116; Decree. (Cyrene; 2nd c. B.C.)

See above, p. 55*
Lines AI3 -1 7 . *^vl 1U^96 u o l , . .
No color or sex is mentioned for this victim, which was
shared by Athena under the same two epithets.

For the

epithets, see Sokolowski- LSS, pp. 197-198.

A 1 9 . ^v/1 oil(j> . No color or sex is mentioned for
this victim.
2 2 3 . Nicander, Theriaca.

LA\itcS

(Colophon; 2nd c. B.C.)

(Greece; before 100 B.C)

This quotation is from the Btymologicum Magnum. It is not

to be found in our text of the Theriaca. There is no indication

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195
o f

th e

v i c t i m 's

sex

o r

c o lo r.

Sheep
(1 0 0 )

S o k o lo w s k i,

LSS

See

A 6l .

L in e
fo r

(4 7 )

th is

above,

A 4 0 -4 1 .
fo r

C u lts

18,

above,

th is

(A th e n s ;

ca.

4 -0 0 B . C . )

c o lo r

sex

is

99

o lu
F or

LSC

see

tio n e d

C a le n d a r.
p .

/} u .
v ic tim .

S o k o lo w s k i,

L in e s

10;

th e

No

e p ith e t,

C a le n d a r.
p .

fo r

C u lts

No
F or

fo r

v ic tim .

th is

ll

F or

th e

B .C .)

c o lo r

e p ith e t,

th e

o r

see

F or

No

c o lo r

e p ith e t,

X bja/biu , o c s

v ic tim .

1 .5 * H > 5

sex

is

m en

F a m e ll,

th e

No

o r

see

c o lo r

e p ith e t,

sex
#214

o r

see

is

m en

above.

sex

is

m en

F a m e ll,

1 .5 3 .

o i$ .

P 5 6 -5 8 .
th is

P
tio n e d

61- 63 .
fo r

A ll

th is

LGS

c o lo r o r

7T e } u ., ,

v ic tim .
a

th is

No

sex is

m e n tio n e d

v ic tim .

E 2 4 -2 6 . A l l ,

P ro tt

4 0 0 -3 5 0

(A th e n s ;

lI

v ic tim .

th is

P 3 9 -^ 1 .
tio n e d

(4 9 )

C u lts

45.

l i . . , e ls .

fo r

m e n tio n e d

F a m e ll,

1 .6 4 -6 6 .

tio n e d

fo r

o r

see

No

F or

. , 6l S.

th e

No

c o lo r

e p ith e t,

c o lo r o r

o r

sex

see

sex is

is

#214

m en
above.

m e n tio n e d

v ic tim .

I
see

26;

C a le n d a r.

above,

p .

(A ttic a ;

4 th

c .

B .C .)

50

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196
/

Line All.

ll

this victim.
B^7 .

ll

for this victim.

(119)

C
O^I iol OlS No color or sex is mentioned for

For the epithet, see Famell, Cults 1.55-56.

s

olS

. No color or sex is mentioned,

For the epithet, see Prott-Ziehen I p.5^*

Sokolowski, LSS 132A; Calendar.

(Attica; Ath c. B.C.)

See above, p. 11^.

.

Lines 4-5.

A lL. , .

s?

ols/

. No color or sex is mentioned for

this victim.

(102)

Syll. 3 1026; Calendar.

(Cos; 350-300 B.C.)

See above, p. 102.

oUi

Line 1^.

^he adjective

Ct\toS can have either two or three terminations; the sex of

these sheep, therefore, cannot be determined.

these victims is not mentioned.

The color of

For the epithet, see

Nilsson, Feste 2 1 -2 2 .

(103)

Ziehen, LGS II 13 I; Decree (Cos; 3rd c. B.C.)

See above, p. 1 0 3 .

Line

53*

A u , , , 'o'us ifoo . These victims were part of a

trittoia to Zeus; their sex and color are not mentioned.

For

a fuller discussion of this inscription, see p. 1 6 8 .

(58)

Syll.3 10AA; Dedication.

(Halicarnassus; 3rd c. B.C.)

See above, p. 6 l.

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197

Line

56

ll

color is not mentioned.

The victim was a ram;its

For the epithet, see Famell,

Cults 1.52-53-

Syll. 3 589; Decree.

(53)

(Magnesia; 197-196 B.C.)

See above, p. 56.

Lines ^8-50.

A v-

,,. /^s/.

ram; its color is not mentioned.

The victim was

For the epithet, see

Famell, Cults I.3 8 .

(120)

Sokolowski, LSS 8 8 ; Calendar, (a: Lindos; *J-th c. B.C.)

(b: Lindos; 2nd c. B.C.)
ee above, p. 1 1 5 >a
/
ntTo'C^oTf^u^L

Line b2.

color is not mentioned.

The victim was a ram; its

For the epithet, see Famell,

Cults I.6 7 .

(105)

CIG 3599; Decree.

(Troy; 2nd c. B.C.)

See above, p. 105.

Line 2^.

A il

C&l 77*)Ul

opposition to
(fipc^/cuL

1)

Line 21

shows that the victims were rams; their

color is not mentioned.

(208)

These victims, listed in

(line 21), were probably sheep.

For the epithet, see # 2lk above.

Homer, IL; 15-372-37^.

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(Argos; before Trojan War)

See above, p. 188.

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198

Neither the sex nor the color of this victim can be determined.

22/+.

Homer, Od. 9-550-553-

& 0 \(6 L o \/

/\

^
<r

oup

6HHL

S'Cd.L^OL

M-SjAid'J y d.L.0ji&'JtO'J

7 \
I
I/
U tM ( -\t6 ftL

jiyj^n

(Ionia; ca. 800 B.C.)

(-site unknown; ten years after
Trojan War
)

GlpoltU

/("

K ^ t'4 L 0 '2 J

c'

OS

'

v) j ^

7^0^ 0 &jf(n
^

1fM L 'J

M v itfd U

e & u \!,

These lines are about the ram under whose belly Odysseus
caped from Polyphemus.

225.

Its color is not mentioned.

Aristophanes, Birds 568; choral

(Athens; produced k lk B.C.)
(Greece; before k lb B.C. )

The victim was a ram; no color is mentioned.

(213)

Demosthenes, Against Meidias 53 P 531(Athens5 384-322 B.C.)

(Athens; ca. 350 B.C.)
See above, p. 190.

According to the oracle, six sheep were to be sacrificed to

Zeus Naios.

The victims' sex and color were not specified.

For

the epithet, see above, p. 1 9 0 .

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199

226.

Diodorus Siculus ^.73.4.

o jiid

6?Dob

If M t e O o jIiM

ZiO ^ LL? 0 ^

eCu>p+ Zt^LTfTTo'l ^U ojiO V Zjoyd

f t tu v - u t z < }

z l\/

(Sicily; ca. 20 B.C.)

(Pisa; Mythical Period)

O iv /y d ^ f

t*n

J u o j< 6 t \(

2tfb<& L zoo

Z o p 'f T jt t jg t '

Since Diodorus Siculus only compiled information from older

sources, this example of sacrifice has little reference to his
own time and should be referred to ancient Pisa.

The victim was

a ram; its color is not mentioned.

227 .

Pausanias 1.2*1-.2.

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Colchis; Mythical Period)

\ibL-QsL Xfc

Ko\^ooS UTTo ZoO

kdU ji/\/cO i

ytfjibs/
0 (^

Jy

ku\oofiZJto rfd(d deSofito/iotSj

Joi Si ihUzdL ziA

Zooi

6S

tyuCdi Jd dotod

Zod )\*js!l.^i 6.$ ctOZooS

While this incident was supposed to take place in Colchis,

it fits into the pattern of sacrifices made by the descendants of
Athamas in Halus in Thessaly (see Herodotus 7*197*1)*
in this story was a famous golden ram.

The victim

For the epithet, Laphy-

stian, see Famell, Cults 1.93~9^>

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200

228.

Pausanias 4.13.1.

(Lydia?; ca. A.D. 150)

(Ithome; ca. 730 B.C.)
'C*>

f\\

tyutt-st

\ Ltfju}
C
0<C
- X(t,L
^
ts

Jtt\foi-coi a
liil

'

<"*

->

6m

/>

*ii~r

MUfi->x~

p ^ ^

'rf

cys

Pausanias is probably relating an old tradition about

Aristodemus; the sacrifice, therefore, should be assigned to the
time of Aristodemus.

This incident was supposed to have taken

place during the First Messenian War against Sparta.

were rams; no color is mentioned.

The victims

For the epithet, see Famell,

Cults 1.42.

229.

Apollodorus 1 .9 .11.

J t

JjrfRifosJ

(Athens; ca. A.D. 100)

(Colchis; Mythical Period)
t0\I

/ ^ y < c y A ^ e V

ll

(bu tp LoO .

For the commentary on this passage, compare ?f227 above.

For the epithet, see Famell, Cults 1.42.

2 3 0 . Eustathius, Od* 22.481, p. 1935-

(Constantinople; 12th c. A.D.)

(Athens; before A.D. 1200
)

tTov'

hAl

TftAJ<fcvbA>/^

eifLZ^fbLcJ

tcS

<$0s At els 'CoUur^

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

L tUfi

U-& si -CO St-otrytnZ/ & ^

t e ln ^ t i k
{ L & lr tc l
f^

ou

^ V t 'f

1 tu ^ i

ft" *

' lU & lt f

it C iLC

6/ c &

jk -w c *

* f r ?

i f> X l d i c4

? ? ? * *'

* L

2%JS & ^/o-4to.

This quotation is not to be found in our text of Pausanias=

The victim was a ram, whose shin was used in a ritual to purify
the city. For the epithet, and a discussion of this ritual, see
Famell, Cults 1.6466.
23 1 .

Apollonius of Rhodes 2.652.

(Colchisj Mythical Period)

A < -id )ih 76 ou>i trod (p ^ u S c s

td ^ d o O

tfLoo of<L U / f y t AoV 9 J u C ^ }

{j)d<ri

< ( fy U ^ R tL , ^

Lk&l\jc\( <f(fu^cua-9j'^c

ju't^L Z6U tfuV { p )j t b i t - Z u

d i tl

j(KoUtfuOS

d i

>S <l >0'1 A>\! /iQ /fU i'foS eiuiA b'tJ c-rtc Zoo

ifgu&'itM'J)

A ti.j^ &(.
ti7si P^tfcou o / f T ^ i W
0 A ) C[/^

'Cto lfo&.Lgv\pdth> A '-L *

For a commentary on this passage see #227 above.

Swine
(4-7) Sokolowski, LSC 18; Calendar.
See above, p. 45.

(Attica; 4-00-350 B.C.)

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202

Lines

A ll

20-24.

. . . t b c fo ij

of this young pig cannot be determined,

o \o ii^C o i

has only two terminations.

o\o\UotoS.

The sex

for the adjective

For the epithet, see

Jessen, RE VI, 1 (1907), s.v. "Epopetes," col. 245.

/\u -

E28-30,

is not mentioned.

(119)

, ... X < ; c T h e sex of this victim

For the epithet, see Famell, Cults 1.5556.

Sokolowski, LSS 132A Calendar.

(Attica; 4th c. B.C.)

See above, p. 114. .

Lines 9-10.

A il

No sex or color is mentioned

for this victim.

(6 3 ) Sokolowski, LSS 19; Decree. (Athens; 3 6 3 -2 B.C.)

See above, p. 6 5 .

Line 91*

c (5/ . No sex or color is mentioned

ll

for this victim.

For the epithet, see Famell, Cults 1.55*

2 3 2 . Sokolowski, LSS 89; Calendar,

(Lindos; 4th c. B.C.)

T<mv[(Kc/]u evSsxaTxi A il AuxXtoft]

yJ.7zpoc 'a(i.r,v[oc],
5

Oust lap gO'j t x ;

Aiyrjh.op * y o v ai'l
ox. octa.

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203

Lines 2 -3 . Z) <u. J
A r A J L1

^he victim here was a

boar? there is no mention of the animal's color.

For the

epithet, see Sokolowski, LSS p. 1 5 2 .

(103)

Ziehen, LGS II 131; Decree.

(Cos; 3rd c. B.C.)

See above, p. 103.

Line

59*

^5

^Jycj . These swine made up part of a

trittoia made to Zeus.

For a fuller description of this

reference, see p. 1 0 3 .

(32)

Syll.^ 102^; Calendar. (Mykonos; ca. 200 B.G)

See

above,

p.

35*

Line 1 ?. ZU l $ cu\ l L
for this victim.

(52)

. No sex or color is mentioned

For the epithet, see Nilsson Gesch. 1-376.

Sokolowski, LSS 116; Decree.

See above, p.

Line A19,

^v/L. . .

(Cyrene; 2nd c. B.C.)

55*

. No color or sex is mentioned for

this victim.

233*

Xenophon, Anabasis 7.8.^-5* (Athens; ca. ^28-35^ B.C.)

(Athens; before 35^ B.C. )
<f(>L O

61TyjfLZc 6c

O p t^ L ^ L O S

6 4 ZLj

ou6otj e</>)j

\U.L

6^O

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UfiU

}k i a\e&oz;iZ>/.

& J*

6'Ccj d.'fttSjp-j^L Z6^Jd/^L Zn^tlO

OG\i uilLp

&0t<i9uL

j?l\cL0tft Zy

,/ . ,( \ M i / ,

c'l6

$tu>.

ie/J&feS

t< lj <u\lCL<SbL\l [iVt ~Co

ufttfAufr

^C^<j^o\JLoV d^Wco

6<jj jjei4*? to ri] &>

)\o\U<>Z.L

lfgQqt\$x>V 6cS
X W 7ouS> Hid fM Zfiu)

No color or sex is mentioned for these victims.

For the

epithet, Meilichlos, see Famell, 'Cults 1.64-66.

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Chapter II
TESTIMONIA ON ROMAN DEITIES

Apollo <>i>iii ...... i n .... 206

Ceres................

210

Diana..............

214

Hercules.............

217

Juno............................................

221

Jupiter....................

2^0

Liber....................

252

Mars....................................

256

Mercury..............

263

Minerva.................

265

Neptune........................................

268

Proserpina...............

270

Venus.........................

272

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206
A -p o lio

The animals sacrificed to Apollo at Rome were:

Boves
Goat
Sheep
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to Apollo

1.
2.
3.

at Rome.
23V.

Boves
Vergil, Aeneid 3 . 118-120

(Rome; 70-19 B.C.)

(Delos; Mythical Period)
sic fatus meritos aris mactavit honoros,
taurum Neptuno, taurum tibi, pulcher Apollo,

nigram Hiemi pecudem, Zephyris felicibus albam.

This sacrifice was performed by Aeneas on Delos during his
wanderings after the fall of Troy.

The victim was a bull; there

is no mention of the animal's color.

235.

Vergil, Aen.

3.369-373*

(Rome; 70-19 B.C.)

.(near Actium; Mythical Period)

hie Helenus caesis primum de more iuvencis

exorat pacem divora vittasque resolvit
sacrati capitis, meque ad tua limina, Phoebe,
ipse manu multo suspensum numine ducit,
atque haec deinde canit divino ex ore sacerdos.

Helenus, a prophet of Apollo, made this sacrifice before con

sulting the god.

The victims were young bulls; there is no men

tion of the animal's color.

236 .

V e rg il,

A en.

6 .3 3 -3 9 *

70-19 B . C . )
(Cumae; Mythical Period)

(R o m e ;

quin protinus omnia

perlegerent oculis, ni iam praemissus Achates

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20?
adforet, atque una Phoebi Triviaeque sacerdos,
Deiphobe Glauci, fatur quae talia regi:
non hoc ista sibi tempus spectacula poscit;
nunc grege de intacto septem mactare iuvencos,
praestiterit, totidem lectas de more bidentes.
It is not perfectly clear to whom these victims were sacrificed,
but since Deiphobe was a priestess of Apollo and Diana, and since
half of the victims were male and half female, and since it was
the common practice to make a sacrifice to Apollo before consulting
hisoracle (see # 2 3 5 ), it seems
at least, were meant as

safe to assume that the young bulls,

victims to Apollo,

No mention of the

animal's color is made.

237.

Livy 2 5 .i2 .i2 .

(Rome; ca. 59 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Rome; 212 B.C.
.)

Alterum senatus consultum factum est ut decemviri sacrum

Graeco ritu facerent hisce hostiis, Apollini bove aurato et
capris duabus albis auratis, Latonae bove femina aurata.

The adjective aurato, meaning "with horns gilded," shows that

this victim was a bull.
color.

There is no mention of the animal's

This incident took place during the second Punic War, and

Livy dates it to precisely 212 B.C.

This incident is described,

almost completely in the words of Livy (with no important changes)

by Macrobius in the Saturnalia 1.17.29.

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208

238.

Labeo

(Rome; ca. A.D. 10}

(Rome; before A.D. 10)

nisi Neptuno Apollini et Marti taurum non immolari.

Macrobius quotes this opinion (Sat. 3*1*4) as being from the

sixty-eighth volume of Labeo's writings.
cussion was a bull.

The victim under dis

Despite what Labeo says, bulls were sacrificed

to other deities, including Jupiter and Hercules.

No mention is

made of color for these victims.

Goat
(237)

Livy 25.12.13

(Rome; ca. 59 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Rome; 212 B.C.
)

See above p. 2 0 7 .

The adjective duabus. which also occurs in Macrobius, Sat.

1.17*29, does not necessarily show that these two victims were
she-goats.

The feminine form, capra, was often used generically

to signify a goat of either sex (Isid. Prig. 12,1,15; Keller 1.302).

They were white and had their horns gilded.
Sheen
239*

Vergil, Aen. 4.57-59.

(Rome; 70-19 B.C.)

(Carthage; Mythical Period)

mactant lectas de more bidentes

legiferae Cereri Phoeboque patrique Lyaeo,
Iunoni antes omnes, cui vincla iugalia curae.

The word bidentes (line 1) seems to have been used almost ex

clusively to mean sheep.

(TLL 2 (1900-1906), s.v. bidens. col.

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209

1973*32-70).

Nothing about the sex or color of these victims can

be ascertained.

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210
Ceres
The animals sacrificed to Ceres at Rome were:
1. Sheep
2. Swine
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to Ceres
at Rome.
Sheep
(239)

Vergil, Aen. 4.57-59.

(Rome? 70-19 B.C.)

(Carthage; Mythical Period)

See above p. 208.

Nothing can be determined of the sex or color of these victims.

Swine
240,

Cato, De Agri Cultura 134.1

(Rome: 234-149 B.C.)

(Rome; before 149 B.C.)

Priusquam messim facies, porcam praeeidaneam hoc modo

fieri oportet.

Cereri porca praecidanea porco femina,

priusquam hasce fruges condas, far, triticum, hordeum,

fabam, semen rapicium.
The victim in this pre-harvest festival was a sow.

For the

'meaning of the term praecidanea. see rfissowa 193-194 and #244

below.

241.

No mention is made of color.

Ovid, Fasti 1.349-353.

(Rome; 43 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Site unknown; before A.D. 17)

prima Ceres avidae gavisa est sanguine porcae,

ulta suas merita caede nocentis opes;
nam sata vere novo teneris lactentia sulcis
eruta saetigerae comperit ore suis.

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211
bus

dederat poenas...

This reference probably refers back to Greek beginnings.

The fre

quency, however, with which Roman authors relate this story, (see
#2^5 below) indicates that pig sacrifice to Ceres must have been
common at Rome.

The sex of the victim in this passage was female

(porcae, line 1); there is no mention of the animal*s color.

2^2.

Ovid, Fasti 1.671-672.

(Rome; 1*3 B.G. - A.D. 1?)

(Rome; before A.D. 1?
)

placentur frugum matres,.Tellusque Ceresque,

farre suo gravidae visceribusque suis.

The victim of this sacrifice was a pregnant sow; there is no

mention of the animal's color.

This sacrifice took place during

the festival known as the Paganalia, which was celebrated after

the winter sowing, around January 2l*-26.

For the festival, see

Fowler, Fest. 29^-296.

21*3.

Ovid Ex Ponto 2.9*29-30

(Rome 1*3 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(site unknown; before A.D. 17)

vana laborantis si fallat vota coloni,

aecipiat gravidae cur suis exta Ceres?

The victim of this sacrifice was a pregnant sow; there is no

mention of color.
2lfl*. Aulus Gellius l*.6.8.

(birthplace unknown; ca. A.D. 130-180)

(site unknown; before A.D. 180)

"Porca" etiam "praecidanea" appellata quam piaculi gratia

ante fruges novas captas immolare Cereri mos fuit, si qui

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212

familiam funestam aut non purgaverunt, aut aliter earn rem,

quam oportuerat, procuraverunt.

The victim mentioned here is a sow; there is no mention of

the animal's color.

2^5*

See also #2^0 above.

Servius, Aen. 3*118.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 390)

(site unknown: before A.D. 390)

Meritos unicuique. aptos; ratio enim victimarum fit pro

qualitate numinum: nam aut haec immolantur quae obsunt
eorum muneribus, ut porcus Cereri, quia obest frugibus,
hircus Libero, quia vitibus nocet: aut certe ad similitudinem, ut inferis nigras pecudes, superis albas immolent,
item tempestati atras,

Candidas serenitati.

sane hie

ostendit dicendo 'meritos' rite Neptuno et Apollini

tauros immolari.

The victim-to Ceres mentioned here was a pig;

mention of the animal's color.

there is no

Servius either thought that the

victim was a male pig, or he used the term "porcus" as a general

word used for a pig regardless of its sex.

Since there are no

other references to male pigs as victims for Ceres, Servius

probably used the term generally.
Zk6.

Macrobius, Sat. 3 .11.10

(Rome; ca. A.D. ^00)

(Rome; before A.D. 4oo)

Notum autem esse non diffitebere quod a.d. duodecimum

Kalendas Januarias Herculi et Cereri faciunt sue
praegnante, panibus, rnulso.

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The victim for this sacrifice, shared "by Ceres and Hercules,
was a pregnant sow; there is no mention of the animal's color.
For this sacrifice, see Wissowa 282.

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214
Diana
The animals sacrificed to Diana at Rome were:
1.
2.
3.

Boves
Deer
Swine.

1.

Boves.

The animals forbidden in sacrifices to Diana at Rome were:

Boves
247.

Livy 1.45.4-?.

(Rome; ca. 59 B.C. - A.D. 1?)

(Sabinia; reign of Servius )

Bos' in Sabinis nata cuidam patri familiae dicitur

miranda magnitudine ac specie; fixa per multasaetates
in vestibulo templi Dianae monumentum ei fuere
miraculo.

Habita, ut erat, res prodigii loco est, et

cecinere vates cuius civitatis earn civis Dianae

immolasset, ibi fore imperium... Romanus immolat
Dianae bovem.

The adjective nata shows that the victim was a cow; there is no
mention of color.

This cow was b o m among the Sabines, north-east

of Rome; during the reign of Servius Tullius (see #248 below).

248.

Valerius Maximus 7.3.1.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 15)

(Sabinia; reign of Servius)

Serv. Tullio regnante, cuidam patri familiae in agro .

Sabino praecipuae magnitudinis et eximiae formae vacca
nata est.

Quam oraculorum certissimi auctores in hoc

a diis immortalibus editam res ponderunt, ut quisquis

earn Aventiniensi Dianae imolasset, eius patria
terrarum orbis imperium obtinerit.
This quotation contains the same story as #253.

The

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215

victim was a cow (vacca)j no color is mentioned.

Valerius Maximus

adds that the victim was sacrificed to Diana Aventiniensa.

For the

temple of Diana on the Aventine Hill, see Fowler, Fest 198-202.

Boves Forbidden
2 A9 . Cicero, De Inv. 2 .3 1 .9 5 .

(Rome; IO6 -A3 B.C.)

(site unknown; before A3 B.C.)

ut apud quosdam lex erati He quis Dianae

vitulum immolaret.

In this reference, the calf was forbidden as a victim to

Diana.

There is no mention of the animal's color.

It is not

known who the "quosdam" were.

Deer
Ovid, Fasti 1.387 -3 8 8 . (A3 B.C. - 17 A.D.)

250.

quod semel est triplici pro virgine caesa Dianae,

nunc quoque pro nulla virgine cerva cadit.

The victim mentioned here was a hind; there is no mention of

color.

The first line refers, of course, to the sacrifice of

Iphigenia at Aulis.
throughout Greece.

The sacrifice of deer to Artemis was common

This is, however, the only mention of this

practice at Rome.
Swine
251.

Pliny, Bpist. 9-10.1.

(ca. 6l-ca. 112 A.D.)

Cupio praeceptis tuis parere; sed aprorum tanta

penuria est ut Minervae et Dianae, quas ais
pariter colendas, convenire non possit.

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216

The victim in this sacrifice was a pig; there is3 no mention

of the animal's color.

The word aper need not refer to a male pig;

the Romans often used the word generically to mean a wild pig of
either sex. (Prise. Inst. II 233, 12; Keller 1.40^).

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21?

Hercules
The animals sacrificed to Hercules at Home were:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Birds: capon
Boves
Sheep
Swine.
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to

Hercules at Rome.
Birds
Canon:
252.

Dessau MV/7a; Dedication

(Numidia; date unknown)

4 A 77 d. h. s.1 | C. C. Primus, | sac. Saturni, agjnu tauro dom|inos,

ovicla Teljuri (sic), berbece3 1 Iovo7, ovicla | [Ai]lrici, capone8 | [fljerculi,
edu4 Mercj[r.], aedua* Veneri, ber([6cc]e3 Testimonio5 | (duo animalia)
[pjecora | . . . .

Lines 8 -9 . capone/jlJ erculi. Enough remains of the god's

name to make the restoration of the first letter sure.

This

is the only extant reference to a capon as a victim to any

divinity in Greece or Rome.

This inscription comes from Aziz ben Tellis in Numidia, near

Mauretania.

Its date is now known.

Boves

253-

Varro, De Ling. Lat. 6 . &

(Rome; 1 1 6 -2 7 B . C . )
(Rome; before 27 B .C .)

itaque ibi olim ^in^ fano consumebatur omne quod profan-

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218

^at^)um erat, ut etiam ^nunc\ fit quod praetor urb

us quotannis facit, cum Herculi immolat publice iuvencam.

The victim in this sacrifice was a heifer; there is no mention

of the animal's color.

This sacrifice took place yearly at the

rites of the ara maxima and of the aedes Herculis. The date of
this rite seems to have been August 12 (Fowler, Fest. 193-197).
This rite is described below in reference #25^.

25*K

Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1.40.3

(Halicarnassus; ca. 25 B.C.)
(Rome; before 25 B.C.
)

7 k ffgcS

6 A f

o iJ tto

rfO L-j& Lto

oiJCoJ

Jn^V/U'C'CfOtiL t-Ai Z L p A i;

<sU

< 0
/
U t OUC%Uy/

-C o u ^ c < ,j

C ^ u J C c L

LxoZ, oi\,LiC60o'yitb<,

V\l

crfbO^
9ucJCe6

jlbV

7 t 'CYj'J

tM yjslniccS

This quotation refers to the same rite as #253 * The victim

was a heifers there is no mention of the animal's color, but it is

>fj)
>/
called *2 )
"never yoked."

255.

Livy 1.7.12.

(Rome; ca. 59 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Rome; Mythical Period
)

ibi turn primum bove eximia capta de grege sacrum

Herculi.

Livy is discussing the same rite described in #253 and #25 ^.

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219

The victim, according to Livy, was a cow, (hove examia); there is

no mention of color.

256.

Plutarch, Aem. Paul. 17 (Chaeronea; ca. A.D. k 6 - 120)

(Macedonia; 168 B.C.
)

j>cJ&uCtoJ OOK?

H 1

>/'

V'

rie /fis <-Kol

L
~
< T y ^\kCcL

>N
ii< iL

tu) )e
/

tt^ oz^o

'
o ip ^ o p G ^ o L S

\i-kt 6<~i<!c<[to tfty-viv

5// q ,
6.< j> cA )6\/.

This sacrifice took place in Macedonia, where Paullus was

attempting to settle the Third Macedonian War in 168 B.C.

The

sex and color of these victims cannot he determined.

Sheep
257.

Dessau ^77; Dedication.

(Numidia; date unknown)

4477 d. b. s.* | C. Aponius'l Secundus sa|cerdos agnu do|minoV

tauru domijno*, ovicula Nutri|ci, berbece3 lovi, ovicu|la Teluri (sic), agnu
Ilcrc|uli, agna Veneri, edu1 | Mcrcurio, | verbe.3 Tesli|monio8 . . . . n i..
L X V 8 (inslrumenta ad sacrificandum).

Lines 8 -9 . agnu Herculi.

There is no mention of the

victim's color; it was a ram.

This inscription comes from Aziz hen Tellis in Numidia, near

Mauretania.

Its date is not known.

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220
258.

V e rg il.

A en.

8 .5 * * 2 - 5 * J - 5 .

(R o m e ;

7 0 -1 9

B .C .)

(Rome; Mythical Period)

et primum Herculeis sopitas ignibus aras
excitat, hestemumque Larem parvosque Penates
laetus adit; mactat lectas de more bidentes
Euandrus pariter, pariter Troiane iuventus.

Nothing can be determined about the sex or color of these

victims.

Swine
(2*4-6) Macrobius, Sat. 3 .11.10

(Rome? ca. A.D. *4-00)

(Rome; before A.D. 400)

See above, p. 212.

The victim of this sacrifice, shared by Ceres and Hercules,

was a pregnant sow; there is no mention of the animal's color.
For this sacrifice, see Wissowa 282.

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221

Juno
The animals sacrificed to Juno at Rome were:
1. Boves
2. Goat
3. Sheep
it. Swine
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifice to Juno at
Rome.
Boves
259*

Dessau 5050; Dedication

(Rome; T7 B.C.)

5050
- *)
(Oil) Nix-Ic in s i'ijiin iii1 in rampo ad T ilijm w '-' this M um s3 imp. Caair
Ainpistus immuliivit aquas fm m as / . \ | ( ill)
' Arliivn rilus t.
dt'lMij | tu' l itu ctipnis few inns IX . prrnitusijur cst hoc mmlo j:
(02) Muerac! uli vnhis in illi'is Iiliri|.< smptum cst. iptur uniquereran,
ertjo (yuui/iyid* melius si/'t p. li. (Juiiilibu s', rub is I / / / / ] | lil.'i) Ji^nis feminis r l IX rn|>ris tcinijjus sarnim fia t; ros ipmesu jirrconpie uh imperim
maicstatcmijuf' p. /( .| | (.I I I n u irilm m duclli dtim iqiir ;iu\j iiis utiqite senj u t Lalinum iwmrn tu ra m in i. innilu initiilrm srmpihT] - (05; iinm victoriam \;tli'(inliiii*[m populu lluiw iiin Quiiiiiim s inhuatis, farratisque p. H.
Q uiritium b'qiuuibitsqur'1 p. 11. | ' (I'li) ijiiir ifittiii I'cinquc p. ]n>|iuli ll|omoni
Q uiritium mtlram s m rlis , u ti sitis- tidcnics \ir{upiiine pujmln Romano] j
(07) (Jiiirililm s, XVvinini n>Ilr i [ f j inibi ilomo fam iliar, el u ti biiius] sacrilir i ;icri-|iti'ic*cs silis VIII1 auiin n iiii
iiis j In iiin .in iiii <*t \ 1111 rnpraru[n
fcminannn p ro pn |a nim " inmolandaniui; liariim n n im r r p i mar.le11 liac
ngua lemma I (Oil) inmiilanila c.-tnlc liiu tr v [u /o i/f|- jiropiliai* |i. 11. QuiI'itiluis. XVvimm c.ollef'io, niihi, dmim. lamiliac. ]
(lO ill I.iiilii|in 11<>(.*tii, sacriliii" jeu|ulcrtn,J. Mint i-nmmissi in scaena
i|iioi llicalium ailii'itiim non lint niilli> |uilis

( 1111) s*ihlilus", centum-

i|in; cl X [i/ijalr>uiae, quilms ilin iiin lia lu ni crai XV virm iiin vcrliis, sellistern ia 'M ia im rriiiil | ( 102) luim ni cl Hianac iluali[.<j scllis po>itis. |
(100) K. Inn. in Cnpitnlm lioiciu m[/]rcm low optima maxiino16 prop riiim iniiio la iil imp. Caesar Augustus. iliiiicm j (1 n 1j allcrum M. Agrippa.
pr[e|cali autri.i Mini ila : |
(105) lup pilcr optinn- maxima! u lfi fjilii in illcis lihrcis scriptuni esi.
qunriimquc" rcrim i [ci/Jd qunilqur melius sict populu It. | (IOC) Quirililius, lilii line. Imvji l marc pulcliro snrrimi liat: Ic quaeso precn|uc; ceter|a |li supra. |
(107) Ail alallam1J fiic riiiil l)[ae]-ar, Agrippa, Sracvola. Seiitiu?, Lollius, Asiniujs (7|allus, Hcliilus'-1. |
(10S) licim lc Imli l.aliui in tlic|a|iro lignco.

ipmil erat conslilutuni

in
campo s|ecn|mlimiTilicrim siinl ctitiuiiissi9>, | (100) iinleiii(|iic modo
s!:llisl|ejrnia malrcs lamiliac lialu icn n il , niii|ii(! sunt I[Mf/t i|nlermissiu if*
qui noclii cocpti cranl | (I JM; lic ri; cl cilictiim proposi[(]iiiii".
XVvir. s. f. die :
(111) Cum Imno more cl pmind|e cjdaliralo

frequentilms exscmpl'5,

(|iiandm:nmi|[e i|usla lacliliae puldicae raussa fuit, | ( 112) minui luctu*

malronajrjum [ilacucril,

iilipu; lam sollenmimn

sacroni[ /Juiloruniq^

tempore rcfcrri | (113) diligcntcrqiio. upsurva|r|i pcrlincrc videalur et 3

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222

lionorcm dennim et nil |w|i:iniiriam m ltos com m : statuimus | (114)oftici

noslvi cssit per n liriiim dnm iitiarc femitiis, mi luclum niinuanl. |
(115) Nocln niitcin ail Tiberim
Jcriliciuni fecit deis [/jlitliy is libeis
VIIII, popan|iV] ''*111, pllmibus V I I I I "

imp. Caesar | (116) Augustus; pre-

calus esl |A]oc mod..:

(117) llilh y ia J"! uti lib ri in illrfi'.sj Iibreis sc.riptum cst, quarumque
icrum v\r<jo, quodque melius si|et p. It. Quirilibu[s] | (U S ) tibi V!!!J popanis et VJJ/ / / j libeis el M il l ptlinibus sacrum fiat; te qua[o precorque;
cetera u ti supra]. \
______
( U 9) IV nnnas lu ii.

in Capit(ili|o jjnniijlavit lunoiii reginae bovem

fcmin[w imp. Cnesnr Augustus, ibidem alteram] | (120) M. Agrippa, el

prccatus esj.'| line niodu: ,
(121) Itm n regina! uti tibi in illis J/]ibris scriptum est, quarumque
rerum [ergo quodqut melius sicl p. JS. Quirilibus], | ( 122) tibi bove femina
pulclira sffljcnim tia l: te quaeso precurqu|e; cetera u ti supra].
(123) llcinde CX iiia iriliiis familjia|s nuptis30, quibus denufntiatum erat
M. Agrippa'!31] j (124) praeit in iiaec verba:
(125) luni) regin a. apt <piid est qu[o]d mcli[s siet p. R. Quiritibus

...

matres familiae] I M2G) nuptae genibtis nixaejJ te v [/i]

..

............................................................ i (127) maiestatemquc p. R. Quiriti[ui

duelli domique auxis3*, uiiqur. semper la lim m nomen tueareu , incolumitatem] | (128) sempiternam victnriain [valetudincm populo Romano Quiritibus
tribuas faveasque populo Romano Q uirilibus legionibusque1* p. R .]\ (129) Qui
ritium, remque puhh|cam p. R. Q uiritium salvam serves, u ti sies volens
propitia populo Romanoj | (130) Quiritibus, XVvir. s. f., no[6is . . . . Iiaec
matres families CX populi Romani] | (131) Quiritium nuptae geni[ius nixae
quaesumus precamuiqite]. |
(132) Ad alallam* luerunt M. A
(133) I.udi ut pridie facti sunt58

MJ ................................|
|

(134) .\o c tu 37 aulem ad Tiherini [siiem plenam . . . . Terraem atri inmolavil imp.] | ( 135) Caesar Augustus. preca([ujjue est hoc modo]:
(136) Terra m ater! uti tibi in illj/s libris scriptum est, quarumque rerum ergo quodque melius siet p. R. Quiritibus], | (137) uti tibi sue plena"
]> ropri[a

sacrum fia t: te quaeso precorque; c]elera [uti supra]. |

(138) Matronne sellislernia bjoc die eodem modo quo pridie Aaiue]runt. |
(139) A. d. I l l non. lun. in l'alnlio [A pollini et Dianae] sacrificium
feccrunt imp. Caesar Augustus, M. Aforipjic libeis V I III] | (140) popanis V IIII
Pthoibus V lI[//' , precajtique sunt ita: |
(141) Apollo, uti tibi in illis libri|s scjriptmn est, quarumque rerum
ergo quodque melius siet p. It. Q u iritibu s], | (112) uti tibi V llll popanis
et v [ / / / / ] libis et V IIII pthoibu s sacrum (iat: te quaeso precorque; ce,era uti s[w/]ra. |
(M 3 i Apollo, uti te popanis datj/'js bona piece precatns smn, eiu$.
deni rei ergo made lieis libis libamlis esto j (144) lito volens prnpiijus> 1
(145) Idem in ptlmibus. |

I'llti) MimIciii verbis Dianam. |

(147) Sacrilicimpte pcrledo purr, j \]X V II i|iiibiis drniinliatum erat
pntriini et matrimi et purllae tutnlein ] (I4S ) earmen eeeinerunt41; eojdejmque modo in Capilulin. |

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223

I M il) Carmen 13 t*<u>i|ii>siiic (J. Ilurjm jiu s Flarnis. j

Holt.) XVvir. adl'ucrunl imp. Calrjsnr. M. Agrippa. y . I.i'pidiis",

p0|j_

tus Mcssalla u, C. S lo lo ", C. Srarv.da >\ C. S..siis

\ ( I ;1 j C. Norbanus11.
M. Currents5", .M. I.idlius51, C.Sriilim.'-'. M. Strigo53, I,. Arnniliu.s31, C.Asinitis*5, >1. Marr.clhis5", 1). I.aelius55, | (!5'2i O .T uberii5, C. Itehilus13, j j ej{.
sjala Mc.-sallinus6'. |
(153) Lmlis scneniris dimissis l i . .
iuxia cum Im iiiu , obi sacrificiinii erat fa rtiiin siiptTiiiriliiis imcliltus et , ( i b l i tlicamim pusitum et
se^aejna1'-, metae pusilar quadrigae!). Mint n iis s o c e t desulliiros" misit
Potitus Mcssalla15. I (155) Kdictimnpic prnjuisitum o t in hacc. verba:
XVvir. s. f. d ir.: |
(I5(i,i Lndns, iptos lionorarins dicruiii VII adiccitiins lmlis sollemni1ms"5. rmnniitlimus minis lun. Latinos in thealro | (157.1 ligneo quod est
ad Tiberim li.

I I , (iracros tliynte liw s in tlicalrn I'mnpci h. H I, Groe*

cosastijcos'7 iJn llteajfro quod fj() | (lo S i in

rirco I'lam iniu'" h . )[///]. J

( lb ,1) Intcnnissii die <jui luii pjnV/. non. In n ................................... ]|

(1 GO) mmis lun . iudi sunt rn m lw is .n
, ........................ Lalini in ]}
( l t i l ) llieatrn ligncu, Crarei tin[nirb'ri in thtalro Vompei, Graeci asiici in
(lieatro quod eat in circo Flaminio]. \
(102) A. d. I ll eid. lun. edirtmu
X V v iri s. f. d ia in t:|

propojs/nim

eat in haec verk:

(IOil) |ir. eid. lun . vrnationein daliini[s'5

et hubs cireensss cnuimiltennts . . . .j.

(104) Ir. eid. jiumjia praelala p u r r[i]711...........................

<105) .M. Agrippa qtiadrigas \m ia it ''

|
(100) llaer. (imnia perarla sunt X V [e/m s. f. imp. Caesare. ittju M
.1/. A g rip p a ,
j : (107) On. l nmpein,J, C. Sloloitc, C. S---....................................................I (108)

Line 119-

M. MarfceWo]

Iunoni reginae bovem feminjamj.

The victim was a

cow; there is no mention of the animal's color.

For the

epithet, see Wissowa 18?-190.

This inscription, from the Campus Martius, describes the

Secular Games of June l-3 17 B.C.
Fasti 2,196-200.

For the festival, see Frazer,

"

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

22k
260.

Dessau 229; Dedication

(Rome; A.D. 58-59)

229 Isdem cos.1 Illidu s Octobr.* L. Salvius Olho Tilianus3 mag.

10 collegi fralrum Arvalium nomine | immolavit in Capitolio ob imperium
Neronis Claudi Caesaris Aug. Germanici Iovi b(ovem) j marcm, Iunoni
vaccam, Minervae vacc(am), Felicitati publicae vacc(am), Gcnio ipsius taurum, | divo Aug(usto) b(ovem) marem, divae Aug(ustae) vaccam, divo Ciaudio
b(ovem) rnarem.

In col'egio adfuerunt: | L . Salvius Otlio Titianus mag.,

C. Piso, C. Yipslanus Apronianus, M. Valerius Mcssalla Corvinus, | A. Vitellius4, Sulpicius Camerinus, P. Memmius Regulus, T . Sextius Africanus. |
15

Isdem cos. V IIIidus Nov.5 L . Salvius Olho Titianus mag. collegi fratrum Arvalium nomiue | immolavit in Capitolio ob natalcm Agrippinac,
Aug(usti) mairis, iovi b(ovem) marem, xunoui vac(cam), j Minervae vaccam,
Saluli publicae vaccam, Concordiae ipsius6 vaccam.

In collegio adfuer(unt):

| L. Salvius Otbo Titianus mag., C. Vipstanus'Apronianus cos. design.,

L . Piso L . f., P. Memmius Regul[s]. j.................................................. .......... .
20

Isdem cos.'pr. non Dec.7 L. Salvius Otlio Tilianus mag. collegi fratrum Arvalium nomine | immolavit. in Capitolio ob tribunic(iam) potestalem
Neronis Claudi Caesaris Aug. Germanici | Iovi b(ovem) marem, Iunoni
vaccam, Minervae vaccam. [In collegio adfuerunt: L . Salvius Otlio Titianus |
magister, M. Aponius Saturninus, Sulpicius Camerinus, C. Vipstanus Apro
nianus cos. design., | M. Valerius Mcssalla Corvinus, P. Memmius Regulus |.
Isdem cos. I l l idus Dec. L. Salvius Olho Tilianus mag. collegi fratrum
Arvalium nomine immo!(avit) | in sacram viam
tianam memoriae Cn. Domiti5 b(ovem) marem.

(tic) ante

domum Domi- 25

In collegio adfuer(unt): J

L. Salvius Otlio Titianus mag., M. Valerius Mcssalla Corvinus, C. Vipstanus

Apronian(us) cos. | design., T. Sextius Africanus, Sulpicius Camerinus,

P. Memmius

Regulus, M. Aponius Saturjninus, C. Piso.

Isdem cos. X V III k. Ia n. L . Salvius Olho Titianus mag. collegi fratr.

; Arval. nomine immolavit in | Capitolio ob natalem Neronis Claudi Caesaris 3d

jAug. Germ(anici) Iovi b(ovem) marcm, Iunoni vaccam, | Minervae vaccam,

i Saluti publicae vaccam et Concordiae honoris Agrippinae Aug(ustae)10 vacc(am), | Genio ipsius taurum.

In collegio adfuerunt: L . Salvius Otho

Titianus mag., C. Vipstanus | Apronianus cos. design., M. Valerius Messalla

Corvinus, C. Piso, Sulpicius Camerinus, | M. Aponius Saturninus, T. Sextius
Africanus,

P.

Memmius Regulus. |

C. V ip s t a n o

A p r o n ia n o | C. F o n te id C a p it o n e c o s ." | I I I 35

non. Ianuar.1* | L. Piso L . f. magister conlegii frdtrum Arvalium nomine

vota nuncupavit pro salute | Neronis Claudi divi Claudi fili, Germanici Cae
saris n., T i. Caesaris Aug. pron., j divi Aug. abncpotis, Caesaris Aug. Ger- 40
manici pontificis niaximi, trib. pot. V 13, | imp. V I, cos. I l l design. I I I I 14 et
Octaviae coniugis eius, victimts immolatis in Capitolio | quae superiorisanni magister voverat, persoivit et in proximum annum | nuncupavit15,
praeeunte C. Vipstano Aproniand cos. in cadera verba quae infra | scripla
su n t:16 Iovi mares II, Iunoni vaccas I I, Minervae vaccas II, Saluti public.
vacc(as) [ / / ] , j in tcmplo novo divo Aug. boves mares I I , divae Aug. 45
vaccas I I, divo Claudio boves m(ares) | I I.

In conlegid adfuerunt: | T . Sex

tius A'fricanus, M. Aponius Saturninus, P. Memmius Regulus, C. Piso,

Sulpicius | Camerinus, L . Salvius Olho Titianus. j

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

225

Isdem cos. pr. Idus Ianuar. | in Panlhco , astantibus L. Calpurnio SO

L. f. Pisonc mag., | C. Vipstano Aproniano cos., L. Saivio Othone Tiliano,
M. Aponio Saturn(ino), j M. Valerio Messalla Corvino, Sulpicio Camerino,

T. Scxtio Africano fratribus | Arvalibus, sacrificium deae Diae indixit'8

L. Calpurnius L. f. Piso magister, praeeunte | L. Saivio Othone Titiano
in VI k. Iun(ias) domi, et in IIII k. lun. in luco et domi, | ct in I II k. 55
lun. domi. j In conlegio adfuerunt isdem qui supra scrfpti sunt. |
Isdem cos. V k. M a rt | L . Piso L. f. magiter

(sic) coniegii

fratrum

Arvalium nomine inmoiavit in Capitolio ob auoptionem Neronis Claudi

Caesaris Aug. Germanici19 Iovi bovem marem, Iunoni vacc(am), | Minervae 60
vaccam, Saluti publicae vaccam. | In conlegio adfuerunt:

P. Memmius

Regulus, T. Sextius Africanus, | M. Valerius Messalla Cdrvinus, Sulpicius

Camerinus, L. Salvius Otlio Titianus, M. Aponius Salurnius
65

(sic). |

Isdem cos. I I I I non. Mart. | L . Calpurnius L. f. Pis6 mag. coniegii

fratrum Arvalium nomine immolavit in Capitolio | ob comilia consularia
Neronis Claudi Caesaris Aug. Germanici90 Iovi bovem mar(em) [, Iunoni
vaccam, Minervae vaccam, Genio ipsius taurum |.

In conlegio adfuerunt:

M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, L . Salvius j Otho Titianus, C. Vipstanus

Apronianus cos., T . Sextius Africanus, P. Memmius | Regulus, C. Piso,
M. Aponius Saturninus.
Isdem cos. I l l nonas Marl(ias) | L. Calpurnius L . f. Piso magister collegii fratrum Arvalium nomine immolavit |

Lines 11,16,22,30,59*6 7 . Iunoni vaccam..

The victim in each

of these sacrifices was a cow; no color is mentioned for any

of the animals.
Iunoni vaccas II.

Again the victims were cows;

and no color is mentioned.

This inscription, from the grave of the Arval brotherhood,

records the acts of that brotherhood for the years A.D, 58-59.

26l.

Dessau 23 O; Dedication.

(Home; A.D. 59)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

226

230

[in Capitolio ob po]ntificatum Neronis Claudi Caesaris Aug. Ger

maniciSI Iovi | [bovem marem, Jiijnonf vaccam, Minervae vaccam, Genio
ipsius taurum. | [/n] collegio adfuerunt T. Sextius Africanus, Sulpicius
Camer(inus), j [P. Memmius Re]gulus, L. Salvius Otlio Titianus, M. Valerius
5 Messalla Corvinus, M. | [Aponius Sd]iurninus. |
[Zsrfem] cos. V k. April, in Capitolid adfuerunt C. Vipstanus Apro
nianus cos., | [ I . Piso L. f., P.] Memmius Regulus, Sulpicius Camerinus,
T . Sextius Africanus cos. design., | [i)T. Valerius] Messalla Corvinus, M. Apo
nius Saturninus, L. Salvius Olho Titianus, C. Piso. | [JVon sf(?) i]mmolaturn.22
10
[7s]dem cos. nonis Aprflib. | [ I. Calpurnius L f.] Piso magister collegif fratrum Arvalium nomine immolavit | [in Capitolio ex] s. c. ob supplicationcs indictas pro salute Neronis Claudi Caesar. | [Aug. German.] Iovi
bovem marem, Iunoni vaccam, Minervae vaccam, Saluti | [publicae vaccam],
15 Providentiae vaccam, Genio ipsius taurum, divd Aug. bovem marem. | [/n
co]llegio adfuerunt C. Vipstnnius (sic) Apronianus cos., P. Memmiu' (sic) J
[Regulus, L. &z]lvius Otbo Titianus, Sulpicius Camerinus.
[Isdem] cos. III I k. Iunias j [L. Piso L. f. magister ejollegf fratrum
Arvalium nomine ad aram immoiavit Deae | [Diae porcas piacu/ajres II,
20 deinde vaccam. Inde in aedem in foco sacrificio facto | [immolavit Deae
Dia]c agnain opimam**, quo perfecto sacrificio 6 carceribus | [nci*nuzft
coronatjus signum quadrigis et dcsulloribus inisit. [ [/ co/legi]o adfuerunt
C. Vipstanus Apronianus cos., L. Salvius [ [Olho Titianus, P. Mem]mius
25

Regulus, Sulpicius Camenaus. |

[7sdeni] cos. V IIII k. Iulias | [L. Calpurnius I. f. Piso magis]ler collegii fratrum Arvalium ndmine immolavit | [in Capitolio pro salute el] j
reditu86 Neronis Claudi Caesaris August. Germanicii(*>c) Iovi [ [bovem marem,
Iunoni oacjcam, Minervae vaccam, Saluti publicae vaccam, Fdlicitat(i) | [ac........ ojaccam, item in lemplo novd divo Aug. bovem marem,
diJafe | Aug. acc]am, [rfioo Claudio io]vein marcm, item in foro Aug. Marti

cam,

Ultori taurum, Genio j [ipsius (a]urum. | In collegio adfuerunt M. Valerius 30

Mcssalla Corvinus, P. Memmius Regulus, | [Sulpicijus Camerinus, L. Sal
vius Otho Titianus. |
[T. S e ]lio A fr ic a n o M. O s to rio Scapuld cos. | I I I idus Scptembr. | [L. Piso L. f. ia]gisler collegii fratrum Arvalium nomine immo- 35
lavit in Capitolio pro | [salute (?) el rjediLu28 Neronis Claudi Caesaris Aug.
Germanici Iovi bovem marem, Iunoni | [vaccam], Minervae vaccam, item in
foro Augusto Genio ipsiius taurum, Saluti vaccam, | [ante dornjum Domi[tjianam dis Penatibus vaccSin. | In collegio adfuerunt P. Memmius Regulus, 40
L . Salvius Otlio Titianus, | [C. Vipstanus] Ap[ra]nianus, M. Aponius Saturninos, T. Sextius Africanus.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

22?

Lines 2,12,27,36-3?.

iunoni vaccam. The victim in each of

these sacrifices was a cow; no color is mentioned for any of

these animals.

Most of these phrases are fragmentary, only

one (line 12) is complete, hut the repeated formula makes

their restoration quite sure.
This inscription, like #260 above, is from the grove of the
Arval brotherhood, and records the acts of the brotherhood for
A.D. 59.
262. Dessau 2*KL; Dedication.

(Rome A.D. 69 )

3 4 1 ----------------- | impferalore) M. Othone Caesarc Aug(uslo), L. Salvso

Othone Tiliano I I co(n)s(ulibus) | I I I k(alcndas) Febr(uarias), mag(istro) imp(eratore) M. Othone Cnesare Aug(usto)2, promag(islro) | L. Saivio Othone
Titiano3, colleg(i) fratrum Arval(ium) nomine im|molavit4 in [Capjilolio ol)
50 vola nuncupata pro salute imp(eratoris) M. | Othonis Caesari[s Ajugusti in
annum proximum in I I I non(as) Ianuar(ias)5 | Iovi b(ovem)m(arcm), Iunoni
vacc(am), Saluti p(ublicae) p(opuli) R(omani) vacc(am), divo | Aug(ust'o)
b(ovem) ni(arem), divae Ang(uslae) vacc(am), divo Claudio b(ovem) m(arcm).
In colleg(io) adfuerunt | L. Sajvius Olho Tilianus, L. Maccius Postumus,
55

P. Valerius M[o]rinus, M. Raecius Taurus ! !J!JJ!I

Isdem co(n)s(ulibus) I I I I k(alendas) Ma[r/(ias)] | in aede divi luii, astantibus fratrib(us) Arval(ibus) cooptat(us) cst in locum S|er. Std]jpici Galbae'
L. Tampius- Flavianus, mag(isterio) imp(eraloris) M. Othonis Caesaris
[Awgusfi
pro]|mag(istro) L. Saivio Othone Tiliano. In collegio adfue-

II,

r(unt) Olho Titianus, P. V[a/erf] |us Marinus, L.

II I!! JJJ*.

Isdem co(n)su!ibus pr(idie) k(alendas) Mart(ias) mag(isterio) | imp(eratoris) M. Othonis Caesaris Aug(usti) I I , promag(istro) L. Saivio Othone
Tiliano, colleg(i) fratr(um) | Arval(ium) nomine immolavit4 in Capitolio ob CO
comit(ia) lrib(uniciae) pot(eslatis)8 imp(eratoris) Iovi b(ovem) m(arem), |
Iunoni vacc(am), Minervae vacc(am), Saluti vacc(am), Victoriae vacc(am),
Genio p(opuli) R(omani) taur(um), J Gen(io) ips(ius) taur(um). In colleg(io)
adf(uerunt) Otho Titianus, Maecius Postumus, Valer(ius) Marin(us), !! !/ J/.
L . Verginio Rufo II, L. Pompeio Vopisco cos. k(alendis) Mart(iis),
mag(isterio) | imp(erntoris) M. Otho[re]is Caesaris Aug. I I , promag(istro)
L. Saivio Othone Titiano, colleg(i) fral(rum) | Arval(ium) nomine immo- G5
l(avit)4 in Capitolio ob laurum posilam10 Iovi b(ovem) m(arem), Iunoni
vacc(am), | Minervae vacc(am), Salutfi] vacc(cm), Victoriae vacc(am), Marti
taur(um), Gen(io) ips(ius) taurfum). In coll(cgio) adfuerunt) JOtlio Titianus,
I - y[]'fdbit]se, L. Maecius Postumus, P. Valerius Marinus. |

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

228
Isdem co(n)sulibus H I non(ns) Margins) mag(isterio) imp. M. Otho[n]is
Caesaris Aug. II, | promag(islro) Otiionc Tiliano, co!l(egi) fratr(um) Ar[t>ajI(ium) [n]om[j]nc immolavit4 in | Capitolio ob comitia saccrdotior(um)11 im - 70
p(eraloris) 0[f]!ionis Ang(usti) Iovi b(ovem) m(arem), Iunoni vacc(am), | Mi
nervae vacc(am), Gen(io) ips(ius) taur(um).

In collegio ailf(ucrunt) Otlio

Titianus, P. Valer(ius) Mari(nus). |

Isdem co(n)s(ulil>us) V II idus Marl(ias) mag(isterio) M. Othonis Cae
saris Aug(usli), promag(istro) | Othone T[i]tiano, colleg(i) fratr(um) Arval(ium) nomine immolavit4 in Capitolio ob | comitia ponlil(icatus) max(imi)s
Othonis Aug(usti) Iovi b(ovem) m(arem),

lun(oni) vacc(am), Mincrv(ae)

vacc(am), deae | Diae vacc(am), Gen(io) ips(ius) taur(um).

I[] coll(cgio) 75

adf(ucrunt) Olho Titianus, Otho Aug(uslus), P. Valerius Marin(us) |, L . Maccius Postumus,!J!J JJ!*.
Isdem co(n)sulibus pr(idie) idus Mart(ias) j vola numcupata pro s[a/]ute
et reditu

\Vitelli] Germanici

imp(eraloris) , praceuntc L. Maecio | Postumo1,

mag(isterio) [ V iM /] Germanici imp(eratoris)13, promag(istro) Maecio Postumo, col!(cgi) fra(trum) | Arval(ium) nomine: lov(i)

b(ovem) m(arem),

Iun(oni) vacc(am), Min(ervae) vacc(am), divo Aiig(usto) [b(ovem) m(arem)], |

divae Aug(uslae). vacc(am), divo Claudio b(ovem) m(arem).

In collcg(io) 80

adf(uerunt) L. Maecius Postumus. j

T . Flavio [Sa&jino Cn. Aruleno Caelio Sabino co(n)s(ulibus) pr(idie)
k(alendas) Maias ob comitia | trib(uniciae) pot(cstatis)

[Yitelli] Germanici

imp(eraloris)s, promag(istro) Maecio Postumo, coll(egi) fratr("um) Arval(ium) j

nomine immoI(avit)4 in Cnpitol(io) Iov(i) b(ovem) m(arem), Iun(oni) vacc(am),
Min(ervae) vacc(am), Saluti vacc(am), Gcn(io) | ipsius taur(um).

In col-

l(cgio) adf(uerunl) Maecius Postumus.

Isdem co(n)s(ulibus) k(alendis) Mai(s) j ob diem imperi [ F iM i ] Ger- 85
mau(ici) imp(eraloris), quod X I II k(alendas) Mai(as) statut(um) est10, magisterio VileHi18 Germ(anici) j imp(eratoris), promag(istro) L . Maecio Postumo,
coll(egi) fral(rum) Arval(ium) nomine immol(avil)4 in Capitolio | Iovi b(ovem)
m(arem), Iun(oni) vacc(am), Min(crvae) vacc(am), Iovi vict(ori) b(ovem)
m(arem), Saluti vacc(am), Felicitat(i) vacc(am), Gen(io) p(opuli) II(omani)
taurum, in | foro Aug(usti) Marti ultori taur(uin), Gen(io) ips(ius) taurum.
In coll(egio) adf(uerunt) L . Maecius Postumus.

Lines 51,61,65,70,7^,79,83,87. Iunoni vaccam. The victim in

each of these sacrifices was a cow; no color is mentioned for
any of the victims.
This inscription, like #260 and #26l above, comes from the
grove of the Arval brotherhood; it records the acts of the brother
hood for the year A.D. 6 9 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

229
2 6 3 . Dessau 5033; Dedication (Rome; A.D. 81 )

35

503B

L. Flavio Silva Nonio Basso, | Asinio Pollione Verrucoso cos.11

111 nonas Ian., | magister C. Iiinius Tadius Mcfitdnus collegi fratrum Ar

valium ndmine vota nuncupavit | prd salute imp. T iti Cadsaris divi f.
40 Vespasiani Aug. ponlif. max., tribunic. potest., cos. V III, et Cadsaris | divi
f. Domitiani cds. V II et Iiiliae Aug. liberdrumque edrum victumis immolatis in Ca|pitdlio quad superidris anni magister voverat persolvit3 Iovi
o. m. boves mares I I , | Iunoni reginae vaccas duas, Minervae vaccds II,
Saluti publicae vaccas I I et in j proximum annum nuncupdvit, praeeunte
L . Pompeid Vopisco C. Arrunlio Ca|tellid Celere3 in ea verba qude infra
scripta sunt: |
45

Iuppiler o. m., si imp. Titus Cadsar' Vespdsianus Aug. pontif. max.,

trib. potest., p. p., | et Cadsar divi f. Domilianus, quds nds sentimus diccre, vivent domusquc j eorum incolumis erit a. d. I l l ndn. Ian. quad

' proximad p. R. Q., rei p. p. R. Q. | [erjunt et eum diem, edsque salvds

servaveris ex periculis, si qua sunt | [emntve ante] cum diem, cventum50 que bonum ita uti nos sentimus dicere | [dederis, eosque in eo stjatu quo
nunc sunt aut ed meliore servaveris, ast tu | [ea ita faxsis, tunc tib i nomjine collegi frdtrum Arvdlinm bubus au|[rabs I I vovcmus esse fu tu r\v m . |
\lun o regina. quae in verba Io v i o. m. bubus ojurdtis I I vovimus esse
futu|[rMi, quod hodie vovimus, ast tu ea ita faxsis, tunc] tibi in eadem
verba no|[mtne collegi fra tru m Arvaliu m vaccis auratis I I oouemws] esse
futdrum. (Reliqua perierunt.)

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

230

Line 42.

Iunoni reginae vaccas duas.

The victims in this

sacrifice were two cows; there is no mention of the animals'

color.

For the epithet, see #259 above.

This inscription, like #260-262, comes from the grove of the

Arval brotherhood; it records the acts of the brotherhood for the
year A.D. 81.
264.

Dessau 5034; Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 87)

5034 Im p. [C a]6sare D o m itid n o Aug. G erm [antco XJJI), I

L. [V ]o l[u s io ] S a tu r n in o [cos.]1 Ill-[non. Ia nu ar.], | in Capitolio in
pro[?uzo Iovis op tim i maxijmi C. Salvius Liberalis | frater Arvalfis, q u i vice
C. M i S ila n i] magistri fungebatur, | ad collegium [/r]atrum Arvalium ret*
tu lit: cum di immortales | propitiato numine suo vota orbis terrajrtimj,
qua[e pr]o salute | imp. Caesaris divi Vespasiani Domi[ftani Aug. Germanijci | ponlif. maximi et Domitiae Aug. c[oniugis eius et M ia ]c | Aug.,
lolique domui5 corum cupide susccpta e[rant, exaudieru]nt, | convenire
collegio priora solvere et nova u[uncupare]. J Collegium decrevit: |
[Qitjod bonum faustum felix salutarequ[e s it: cujm vfota] | contingeret
ut priora solverentu[r e]t nova [susciperenfur] | pro salute et incolumitate
imp. Ca[es]aris divi [ Vespasiani f .] j Domitiani Aug. Germanici pontif.
max. et Domi[fiae Aug.] coniug. | eius, et Iuliae Aug., totique domui* co
rum, Iov[t o.J m. b. m.3, Iunoni | reginae b. f . \ Minervae b. f.4, Saluti
publicafe popn]\\ Romani Quirijtium b. f. )
Eodem die ibidem in area
C. Salvius [Zi'jberalis, q[wa* njice magistri | fungebatur, ture et vino in
igne in foculo fecit immolavitq. | vino, mola cultroque5 Iovi o. m. b. m.3,
Iunoni reginae b. f., Minervae | b. f., Saluti publicae p. R. Q. b. f.; exta
aulicocta reddidit. |
Eodem die ibidem in pronao Iovis o. m. C. Sal
vius Liberalis frater | Arvalis, qui vice lu ii Silani magistri fungeba[t]ur, adstante collegio j [fra tru m ] Arvalium vota pro salute el incolumitate imp.
Caesaris | [d iv i Vespasiani f. Domitiani Aug. Germanici pontif. max., trib.
pot., | [censoris per]petui, p. p., et Domitiae Aug. coniugis eius, et Iuliae
Aug., | [fofigue djomui eorum, nomine collegi fratrum Arvalium, in Iiaec j
[ve rla ] suscepit: |
[/wppfjter o. m.l si imp. Caesar divi Vespasiani f.
Domitia[n?(s Ait]g. Germanicus | pontif. maximus, trib. pot., censor per
petuus, p. [p., et D om it] ia Aug., | coniunx eius, ei Iulia Aug., quos me
sentio [dicere, uio]ent domusq. | eorum incolumis erit a. d. I l l nonas Ianu[ar., quae projximac p. 11. Q., | rei publicae p. R. Q. erunt, et eum
diem, eos[gue salvos sjerraveris ex | periculis, si qua sunt erunlve ante
eum [diem, euewtujmque bonum | ita, uti me sentio dicere, dederis, eos[que in eo statu] quo nunc sunt, [ aut eo meliore servaveris, ast tu [ea
ita fa x is , tujrn tibi nomine | collegi fratrum Arvalium bo[oe aurato voveo
ejsse futurum. |
Iuno re g in a l------------

/o

1 'f

>

1 $'

3 o

> S '

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Lines 16-17,21.

Iunoni Reginae b.f.

The victim in each of

these sacrifices was a cow (b.f.-bovem feminam)j there is no

mention of the animal's color.

For the epithet, see #26^ above.

This inscription, like #260 -2 6 3 above, comes from the grove of

the Arval brotherhood; it records the acts of the brotherhood for
the year A.D. 8 7 .

265.

Dessau ^51; Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 213)

451 Hoc anno cenajtum est in diebus singulis (denaris) centenis.

XVI XIV X III kal(endas) Iun(ias)\ et adclamaverunt2: fe[fr]cissime3I feiicissimel | le saivo et victore feiicissime 1 0 nos felices qui te imp(cratorem)
videmusl de nostris ann(is) augeat t(ibi) I(uppiter) a(nnos)4! Germanice
max(ime)5, d(i) 1(e) s(ervent)I Brit(annice) | niax(in)c), d(i) t(e) s(ervent)'
te salvo salvi et securi sumus! te imp(eratore) fefijix senalusl Aug(uste),
d(i) t(e) s(ervent) in perpetiio! iuvenis triumpbis, seuex imp(erator)0! |

'

snaior Aug(usto),} d(i) t(e) s(ervent)l Aug(usle), Aug(usta)! Iuliae Aug(ustae)

matri Aug(usti) feliciter! ex te, Aug(usta), Aug(ustum) vidcmus! d(i) t(e)
s(crvent) in perpetiio, Aug(usta), Aug(uste)! |
I I I id(us) Aug(ustas) in Capitolio ante cella(ni) Iunonis reg(inae) fratres
Arvales comvenerunt, quod dominus n(oster) imp(eralor) sanctissim(us) |
pius M. Aurellius Antoninus Aug(ustus) pont(ifex) max(imus) per limitem
Raetiae ad hostes extirpandos barbarorum8 inlroijturus est9, ut ea res ei
prospere feliciterque cedat, et immolaverunt per L. Armenium Peregrinum.
isdem co(n)s(ulibus) | pr(idie) non(as) Oct(obres) in Capitolio ante
ccllam Iunonis reg(inae) ob salute (sic) victoriamque Germanicam imp(eratoris)'Caes(aris) M. Aurelli Anlojnini Pii Felic(is) Aug(usli) Parl(hici) max(imi) /
Brit(anniei) max(imi) Germanici max(imi), pont(iflcis) max(imi), trib(unicia)
polest(ate) XVI, imp(eratoris) I I I 0, co(n)s(ulis) IIII, proco(n)s(ulis), et Iuliae
Aug(ustae) | Piae Fel[ic(ts)]11 m(atris) imp(eratoris) Antonini Aug(usti) n(ostri),
senatus, castrorum et patriae, fratres Arvales comvenerunt et immolave
runt | per L. Armenium Peregrinum pro mag(istro) vice Flavi Alpini mag(istri) collegi fratrum Arvalium, I(ovi) o(ptimo) m(aximo) b(ovem) m(arcm)
a(uralum), Iunoni | reg(inae) b(ovem) f(eminam) a(uratam), Minervae b(ovem)
f(emin,am) a(uratam), Saluti publ(icae) b(overn) f(eminam) a(uratam), Marti
ullori taurum a(uratum), Iovi victori b(ovem) m(arcm) a(uralum) et Vic
toriae b(ovem) f(eminam) a(uratam), Laribus | miiitaribus taurum album,
Fortunae reduci b(ovem) f(eminam) a(uralam), Genio imp(eratoris) Autonini
Aug(usli) n(oslri) taurum album, Iunoni Iuliae Piae matris Antonini Aug(usti) 1 C
n(ostri), scnat(us), castror(um) et patr(iac) b(ovem) f(eminam) a(uratam).
adfuerunt Cn. Catilius Severus, T. Statilius Silianus.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

232

Lines 12-13.

Iunoni reg(inae)b(ovem) f(eminam) a(uratam).

The victim in this sacrifice was a cow with gilded horns;

there is no mention of the animal's color.

For the epithet,

see #26k above.

This inscription, like #260-26^ above, comes from the grove

of the Arval brotherhood; it records the acts of the brotherhood
for the year A.D. 213.

266. Vergil, Georg. 3*531-533*

(Rome; 70-19 B.C.)

(site unknown; before 19 B.C.)

tempore non alio dicunt regionibus illis quaesitas ad

sacra boves Iunonis et uris inparibus ductos alta ad
donaria currus.

The word quaesitas shows that these victims were cows; nothing
is said about the animals' color.

This passage occurs in Vergil's

description of a plague and its consequences.

26 7 . Livy 27.37.11-12,15.

(Rome; ca. 59 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Rome; 207 B.C.
)

Confestim ad aliud sacrificium eidem divae ab decemviris edicta dies, cuius ordo talis fuits ab aede
Apollonis boves feminae albae duae porta Carmentali in
urbem ductae; post eas duo signa cupressea Iunonis
Reginae portabantur... Inde vico Tusco Velabroque per
Bovarium forum in clivum Publicium atque aedem Iunonis
Reginae perrectum.

Ibi duae hostiae ab decemviris

immolatae et simulacra cupressea in aedem inlata.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

233

The victims in this sacrifice were two white cows.

They were

sacrificed to Juno Regina; for the epithet, see #259 above.

This

sacrifice was made in expiation of certain terrible portents that

had occurred that year.
268.

Ovid, Amores 3*13-3i!- 13-22

(Rome; 4-3 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Falerii; before A.D. 17)
casta sacerdotes Iunoni festa parabant
et celebres ludos indigenamque bovem.

ducuntur niveae populo plaudente iuvencae,

quas aluit campis herba Falisca suis,
et vituli nondum metuenda fronte minaces
et minor ex humili victima porcus hara
duxque gregis cornu per tempora dura recurvo;
invisa est dominae sola capella deae*
illius indicio silvis inventa sub altis
dicitur inceptam destituisse fugam.
nunc quoque per peros iaculis incessitur index
et pretium auctori vulneris ipsa datur.
In this famous festival, similar in many ways to the worship
of Hera at Argos, white heifers were among the sacrificial victims,
along with calves, whose color is not mentioned.

For this sacri

fice, see Frazer, Fasti 3. I83 -I8 5 * and Wissowa 187

2 6 9 * Juvenal 6.^7-48.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 65-14-0)

(Rome; before A.D. 1^0)

...Tarpeiura limen adora

pronus et auratam Iunoni caede iuvencam

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

234

This victim was a gilded heifer; there is no mention of the

animal's color.

2?0.

Plutarch, Moralia 31^D.

A

(Chaeronea; ca. A.D. *1-6-120)

olj4oO

tj>9o^S

^o$1 \k)<lj<fAL'"0
Cl$ ( i

^JloSU i<AZ) U U O C o /,

Z-yjA ^>OOV ^Do

6<A

. . Vo^fW

yj VA(^&6AcS

The article ^|V (line 4) shows that this victim was a cow;
there is no mention of the animal's color.
Goats
271.

Ovid, Fasti 2.435-436, 441-446. ( Rome 43 B.C. - A.D. 17)

( Rome; before A.D. 17)
monte sub Esquilio multis incaeduus annis
Iunonis magnae nomine lucus erat.-..."Italidas matres "inquit" sacer hircus inito."
Obstipuit dubio territa turba sono.
augur erat (nomen longis intercidit annis,
nuper ab Etrusca venerat exul humo,
ille caprum mactat, iussae sua terga puellae
pellibus ejcsectis percutienda dabant.
The victim in this sacrifice was a he-goat; there is no men

tion of the animal's color.

For a discussion of this rite, see

Frazer, Fasti 2 .386 -3 8 8 .

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'235

(268)

Ovid, Amores 313-3z* 1322.

(Rome; 1*3 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Falerii; before A.D. 1? )

See above, p.231*

The victim of this sacrifice was a she-goat; there is no men

tion of the animal's color.

For this strange ritual slaughter, see

Frazer, Fasti 3.18^.

Sheep
272.

Dessau 50^7; Dedication.

-(Rome; A.D. I8 3 )

5 0 i7 L. Tutilio Pontiano Geutiano cos.1 VI id. Februar., | in luco

deaeDiae Q. Licinius Nepos mag. operis incbuandi causa, quod | in fastigio aedis deae Diae Gcus innata esset, eruendam et aedem reficijendam,
immolavit suovetaurilibus maioribus2; item ad aedem deae | Diae boves
feminas II, Iano patri arietes II, Iovi berbcces II altilaneos, || Marti arietes
altilaneos I I , Iunoni deae Diae oves II, sive deo sive deae oves II, | Virginibus divis3 oves II, Famulis divis3 verbeces duos, Laribus verbeces
duos, | Matri Larum oves duas, sive deo sive deae4 in cuius tulela hie
lucus iocusve | est oves II, Fonti verbeces 11, Florae oves II, Vestae oves U,
Vestae matri oves II ; iten (sic) | Adolendae Coumoiandae Deferundae
oves I I ; item ante Caesarcuni divis n. X V I5 verbec. | immolavit n. XVI.
M. Herennio Secundo M. Egnatio Postumo cos. I l l id. Mai.', | in luco
deae Diae Q. Licinius Nepos mag. operis perfecli causa, quod arboris |
eruendae et aedis refeclae, immolavit suovetaurilibus maioribus; item ad
aedem deae Diae boves feminas II (deinde reliqua quae supra; infine); item
Adolendae Coinmolendae Deferundae oves I I ; item ante Caesareum divis
it. XVI verbeces immolavit XVI.

Line 6.

Iunoni deae Diae oves II.

i ~'-

The victims in this sac

rifice were two sheep; there is no mention of color or sex

for these animals.

For the epithet, see Wissowa, 180.

This inscription comes from the grove of the Arval brotherhood.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

236

It records the acts of the brotherhood for the year A.D. I8 3 .

273*

Dessau 5048; Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 224-225)

5048 V II id. Nov.1 | fratres Arval. in luc. d. D.2 via Camp.3 apud
lap. V convv* per C. Pore. Priscum | mag. et ibi imm.\ quod vi tempestat., ictu fulmin. arbor, sacr. luci d. D.2 attact. | arduer., ear. q. arbor.
. / eruendar., ferr. [/jendendar.6 adolendar. commolendar.7, | item aliar. restituendar. causa operisq. inc[/(]oandi, ara[s] temporal, sacr. d. D.2 | reficiend., eius rei causa lustr. miss.8 suovetaurilib. maior.; item ante aed. J
d. D.2 b. f. a. iunct.9 n. I I, item ad ar. tempor.10 dis inf. s. s.": Ian.
pair, ariet. If, Iovi vcr|bec. II, Marti patri ult. ar. n.12 II, sive deo sive
deae verb. II, lun. d. D.2 ov. n. I I , | Virginib. div. ov. n. I I, Fam. div.
/ verb. n. II, Larib. verb. n. II, Matr. Lar. ov. n. II, | Font. verb. n. II,
Flor. ov. ri. I I, Summan. pat. verb, atros I I , Vestae Matri ov. II, | Ves[fae]3 deor. dear. q. ov. II, item Adolend. Coinq.14 ov. I I ; et ante Caesar.
Genio | d. n.i5 Severi Alexandri Aug. t. a.10, item divis n. XX17 verbec. XX.
I I I I id. Dec. fratres Arval. in luco deae Diae via Campana3 apud
lap. V convener.4 | per C. Pore. Priscum mag. et ibi immolav., quod ab
/s 'ic tu fulminis arbores luci | sacri d. D.2 attactae arduerint earumq. arborum adolefaclarum et coinquen|darum et18 in eo luco sacro aliae sintrcpositae et arae temporal, rcfectae, ferri | elTer.19, [/tjuius oper. perfecti
causa lustrum missum suovetaurilib. maioribus | et cetera q. s.w Adfuer. P. Ael. Secundinus, T. FI. Arc[A]esilaus, M. Fab. Forluna|tus, M.
Saen. Donatus.

Line 8.

lun. d. D. ov. n. II.

The victims in this sacrifice

v/ere two sheep; there is no mention of color or sex for these

animals.

For the epithet, see #272 above.

This inscription comes from the grove of the Arval brother

hood.

It records the acts of the brotherhood for the

years A.D. 224-225.

(2 3 9 ) Vergil, Aen. 4.57-59

(Rome; 70-19 B.C.)

(Carthage; Mythical Period)

See above, p. 208.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

237'

Nothing can be determined of the sex or color of these vic

tims.

27^.

For a full discussion of this reference, see above p.208.

Juvenal 12.3 -9 .

(Rome; ca. A.D. 65-1^0)

(Rome; before A.D. 1^0)

...niveam reginae ducimus agnam,

par vellus dabitur pugnanti Gargone Maura;
sed procul extensum petulans quatit hostia funem
Tarpeio servata Iovi frontemque coruscat, '
quippe ferox vitulus templis maturus et arae
spargendusque mero, quern iam pudet ubera matris
ducere, qui vexat nascenti robora cornu.

The victim in this

275*

sacrifice was a white ewe.

Aulus Gellius ^.3 .3 .

(Rome; ca. A.D. 130-180)

(Rome; reign of Numa
)

hac antiquissima lege ostenditur, quam Numae regis

fuisse accepimusi "Paelex aedem Iunonis ne tangito; si
tangit, Iunoni crinibus demissis agnum feminam caedito."

The victim in this

of the animal's color.

sacrifice was a ewe; there is

nomention

Gellius is here quoting a law

whichhe

says came down from the reign of Numa.

276.

Macrobius, Sat. 1.15.19.

(Rome; ca. A.D. ^00)

(Rome; before A.D. 400)

Romae quoque Kalendis omnibus, praeter quod

pontifex minor in curia Calabria rem divinam Iunoni
facit, etiam regina sacrorum,- id est regis uxor, porcam

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

238

vel agnam in regia Iunoni immolat.

The victim in this monthly sacrifice was either a ewe or a

sow; no color is mentioned.

For this sacrifice, see Frazer,

Fasti 2.70-73.

Swine
277.

Cicero, De Div. 1.101.

(Rome; 106-4-3 B.C.)

(Rome; before 4-3 B.C.)

cum terrae motus factus esset, ut sue plena

procuratio fieret, vocem ab aede Iunonis ex arce
extitisse; quocirca lunonem illam appellatam Monetam.

The victim in this sacrifice was a pregnant sow; there is no

mention of the animal's color.

For the epithet, see Fowler,

Fest.129-130.
2 7 8 . Vergil, Aen. 8 .81-85.

(Rome; 70-19 B.C.)

(Alba Longa; Mythical Period)

ecce autem subitum atque oculis mirabile monstrum,

Candida per silvam cum fetu concolor albo
procubuit viridique in litore conspicitur sus:
quam pius Aeneas tibi enim, tibi, maxima luno,
mactat sacra ferens et cum grege sistit ad aram.

The victims in this sacrifice were all white, a sow and

her young..

(268)

Ovid, Amores 3 .1 3 . 3-4', 1322.

(Rome; 4-3 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Falerii; before A.D. 17)

See above, p. 2 3 3 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

2.39

The victim was a male pig (porcus); there is no mention of

the animal's color.
279.

Servius, Aen. 8 .^3 .

(Rome; ca. A.D. 390)

(Alba Longa; Mythical Period)

hanc autem porcam, ut diximus supra /ill 39 o),

secum habuere Troiani, quam amissam in Campania
invenerunt cum fetu circa Laurentem agrum.
quam ideo Aeneas immolavit Iunoni, quia ipsa
dicitur terra, ut coniugis in gremium laetae
descendit, scimus autem hoc animal inimieum esse frugibus,
ut caprum vitibus, qui Libero immolatur.
Servius is here explaining the oracle which led to the sac
rifice described in #278 above.

The victims were a white sow and

her white brood. Servius repeats these reasons for the pig being
a victim to Juno in his commentary on Aen. 8 .8^, but adds nothing
new.
(276). Macrobius, Sat. 1.15.19.

(Rome; ca. A.D. .^00)

(Rome; before A.D. k-00)

See above, p. 237 .

The victim in this sacrifice was a sow or a ewe; no color
is mentioned. For this sacrifice, see Frazer, Fasti 2.70-73*

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

2k0,
Jupiter
The animals sacrificed to Jupiter at Rome were:

1. Boves
2. Goat
3 . Sheep.
The animals forbidden in sacrifices to Jupiter at Rome were:
1. Boves
2. Sheep
3 . Swine
280.

Boves

Dessau ^911; Decree.

(Spoletium; ca. 2^1 B.C.)

4911 honce loucom | ne q iij^ s 1 violalod | neque exvehito neque | exferto quod louci'| siet, neque cedilo*, | nesei quo die res dcina3 1 anua Bet;

}^> eod

die, | quod rei dinai4 cau[s]a | [/]iat, sine dolo cedre5 |f[/]icetod. Sei

quis ] violasit, love bovid | piaclum datod; J sei quis scies | violasit dob.

/ / malo, j| lovei bovid piaclum j datod et a. CCC | moltai sun tod1. | Eiu>
^Q p ia cli | moltaique dicatorfet]8 |/ exactio esl[od].

Lines 11-12,15.

love bovid piaclum.

mined of these victims' sex or color.

Nothing can be deter

Note that the sacrifice

was an atonement offering.

This inscription was found near the site of Spoletium.

Its

date is uncertain, but Degrassi (Insc. Lat. Lib. Rei Publ. Z .k )

says that the stone seems to have been set up not long after the
colony at Spoletium was founded in 2^1 B.C.

(259).

Dessau, 5050; Dedication.

(Rome; 1? B.C.)

See above, p. 2 2 1 .

Line 1 0 3 . bovem mjajrem Iovi optimo maximo.

The victim in

this sacrifice was a bull; nothing can be determined of its

color.

For the epithet, see Wissowa 125-129.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

2kl
(260).

Dessau 22.9; Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 58-59)
See above, p. 22^.

Lines 10-11,16,22,30,59,66. love bovem marem.

These victims
were all bulls, nothing is said about color for any of them.
Iovi mares II. Since all the victims listed
after these are either bulls or cows, and since only bulls
were sacrificed to Jupiter in the rites recorded on this
stone, it is a safe assumption that these victims were bulls.
There is no mention of the animals'; color.

(26l).

Dessau 230; Dedication. ' (Rome; A.D. 59)

See above, p. 225.

Lines 1-2,12,26-27,36. Iovi bovem marem. In tv/o of these

examples (lines 1-2 and 26-27) the victim is not mentioned on
the stone. In the other two examples, however, the victim is
mentioned, and their restoration for the other two instances
is made quite sure. The victims were bulls; there is no
mention of the animals' color.

(262)

Dessau 2^1; Dedication. (Rome; A.D. 69 )

See above, p. 227.

Lines 51.60,65,70,74-,7983>87 . Iovi b(ovem) m(arem). The

victim for each of these sacrifices was a bull; there is no
mention of color.
87 . Iovi vict(ori) b(ovem) m(arem). The victim was
a bull; there is no mention of the animal's color. For
the epithet, see Wissowa 139 -1^0 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Zkz
(2 6 3 ).

Dessau 5033; Dedication.

(Rome; A.D, 81)

See above, p. 2 2 9 .

Line

Iovi o.m. boves mares II.

The victims for this sac

rifice were two bulls; there is no mention of their color.

For the epithet, see #259, P* 221.

(26^).

Dessau 503^? Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 87)

See above, p. 2 3 0 ,

Lines 16 , 21.

Iovi o.m.b.m.

The victim was a bull; there is

no mention of the animal's color.

For the epithet, see

#259, p. 221.

(265)*

Dessau ^5l> Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 213)

See above p. 2 3 1 .
Line 12.

I(ovi) o(ptimo) m(aximo) b(ovem) m(arem) a(uratum).

This victim was a gilded bull; there is no mention of the

animal's color.

For the epithet, see #259 P* 221.

1 3 . Iovi victori b(ovem) m(arem) a(uratum). This vic

tim was a gilded bull; there is no mention of the animal's

color.

281.

For the epithet, see #2 6 2 , p. 227.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus A.A9 .3 .

(Halicarnassus; ca. 25 B.C.)
(Rome; before 25 B.C.
)
k <>

tt

lU i

zW

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

2^3

6lTcCt\oO^{.

PtOjUcoL

K c l \o o \lt t i . . , 6 >Joi J i CAJ^O fldC'/iOS OTf*

$jOj4MdO fitgoi 6i(/<C^j o

The victim in this rite was a huilj there is no mention of
the animal's color.

The god's name.is not given "by Dionysuis* hut

it is known that the deity worshipped in the Feriae Latinae

line 3) was Jupiter Latiaris.

Wissowa 124-125.
282.

For the epithet, see

For the festival, see Fowler, Fest.

Vergil Aen. 3-19-21.

95-9?

(Rome; 70-19 B.C.)

(Thrace; Mythical Period)

sacra Dionaeae matri divisque fereham

auspicihus coeptorum operum, superoque nitentem
caelicolum regi mactaham in litore taurum.
The victim in this sacrifice was a hull.

The adjective

"nitentem" (line 2) means "sleek, shining," not "white" as it is

sometimes translated (Lds, s.v. niteo. p. 1209-1210).
nothing can he said about the color of the animal.

Thus

This sacrifice

was performed hy Aeneas in Thrace, his first stop after leaving

Troy.
283.

Vergil, Aen. 9- 625-628.

(Rome; 70-19 B.C.O

(Rome; Mythical Period)

luppiter omnipotens, audacibus adnue coeptis*

ipse tibi ad tua templa feram sollemnia dona
et statuam ante aras aurata fronte iuvencura
candentem...

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

2m
The victim promised to Jupiter was a white (canderitem) bullcalf.

28*K

This prayer was spoken by Ascanius.

Livy ^1.1^7.

(Rome; ca. 59 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Rome; 176 B.C.
)

Cn. Comelio et Q. Petilio consulibus, quo die magistratum

inierunt, immolantibus Iovi singulis bubus uti solet...

Nothing can be determined of the sex or color of these vic

tims.

It was the custom for the incoming consuls to sacrifice to

Jupiter on entering office (Frazer, Fasti 2.86-87).

285*

Ovid, Fasti 1.579-580. (Rome; ^3 B.C. -A.D. 17)

(Rome; Mythical Period )
immolat /Hercules'? ex illis taurum tibi,
Iuppiter, unum
victor et Evandrum ruricolasque vocat.

The victim in this sacrifice was a bull; there is no mention

of the animal's color.

The incident occurred when Hercules

founded the Ara Maxima at Rome.

286.

Ovid, Ex Ponto ^.^.27-32. (Rome; ^3 B.C. -A.D. 17)

(Rome; before A.D. 17
)
cemere iam videor rumpi paene atria turba,
et populum laedi deficiente loco,
templaque Tarpeiae primum tibi sedis adiri,
et fieri faciles in tua vota deos.
colla boves niveos cemo praebere securi,
quos aluit campis herba Falisca suis.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

The victims were white "bulls. The rite is the same as that
mentioned in #28 *1-, the entering of office "by the consuls on
January 1.
(27*0

Juvenal 12.3-9.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 65-l*K>)

(Rome; before A.D. 1*1-0)

See above, p. 237.

The victim to Jupiter in this quotation was a calf.

There is

no mention of the animal's color.

287.

Amobius 2.68. 1 -4 .

(Numidia ca. A.D. 300)

(Rome;, before A.D. 300)

In Albano antiquitus monte nullos alios licebat quam

nivei tauros immolare candoris: nonne istum morem
religionemque mutastis atque, ut rufulos liceret dari,
senatus constitutum sanctione?

The victim in this sacrifice was a bull; the color of the

animal originally had to be white, but a decree of the senate was
passed to allow red bulls also.

Unfortunately, the date of this

decree is not known.

Amobius is discussing the Feriae Latinae. held yearly on the
Alban Mountain honor of Jupiter Latiaris.

For the fesitval, and

epithet, see #281, p. 2*1-0 .

288.

Amobius 7.21. 21-23.

(Numidia; ca. A.D. 300)

(Rome; before A.D. 300)

...quid adplicitum luppiter ad tauri habeat sanguinem,

ut ei debeat immolari, non debeat Mercurio, Libero?
The-victim mentioned here is a bull; there is no mention of
the victim's color.

There are no references to bull-sacrifices to

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

k6

Liber or Mercury at Rome.

289.

Servius, Aen. 3.21.

(Rome! ca. A.D. 390)

(Rome; before A.D. 390)
contra rationem Iovi taurum sacrificat, adeo ut hinc

putetur subsecutum esse prodigium.ubique enim Iovi

iuvencum legimus immolatum, ut
Juvenal 12.9

quotes Aen.

* 6 2 k and

...nam in victimis etiam aetas est

consideranda.

Servius is saying that the victim should have been a calf

rather than a bull, since the age of the victim was an important
consideration.

The examples given above, however, do not seem to

bear out this conclusion.

At any rate, the victim was male, there

is no mention of the animal's color.

Boves Forbidden
290.

Ateius Capito.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 15)

(Rome; before A.D. 15)

Itaque Iovi tauro, verre, ariete immolare non

licet...
Siquis forte tauro Iovi fecerit, piaculum dato'.
These two fragments are quoted by Macrobius, Sat. 3 .10.
Macrobius says that the first fragment is from Book I of CapitoVs
De lure Sacrificiorum: he gives no book for the second quotation.
Capito says that bulls, boars, and rams were forbidden as
victims to Jupiter,

He goes on to say that a bull was allowed

only for a piacular sacrifice.

It is, however, impossible to

think that all the bulls sacrificed to Jupiter at Rome were ex

piatory.

There is no record of swine being sacrificed to Jupiter,

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247

but goats were used as victims to him (see below # 2 9 6 , p. 247).

Goats
Martial 10.92. 6 -7 .

291.

(Rome? ca. A.D. 40-104)

(Rome; before A.D. 104)

Tonantis aras horridique Silvani,

Quas punxit agni saepe sanguis aut haedi...
The victim was a kid or a ram; there is no mention of the
animal's color.

For the epithet, see Wissowa 122.

Sheei

(272).

Dessau 50^7; Dedication

See above, p. 233*

Line 5*

Iovi berbeces II.

(Rome; A.D. I8 3 )

The victims to Jupiter in this

sacrifice were two gelded rams; there is no mention of the

animal's color.

(273).

Dessau 5048; Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 224-225)

See above, p. 234.

Lines 7-8.

Iovi verbec. II.

The victims to Jupiter in this

sacrifice were two gelded rams; there is no mention of the

animal's color.

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248

(25?).

Dessau 44??; Dedication.

(Numidiaj date unknown)

See above, p. 219*

Line ?.

berbece Iovi.

The victim in this sacrifice was a

gelded ram; there is no mention of the animal's color.

(252).

Dessau 44?7a; Dedication.

(Numidia; date unknown)

see above, p. 21?.

Lines 6 -7 . berbece Iovo.

The victim in this sacrifice was a

gelded ram; there is no mention of the animal's color.

292.

Plautus, Cant. 862 -8 6 5 . (Rome; ca. 254-184 B.C.)

(site unknown; before 184 B.C.)
atque agnum adferri pro pinguem.

-qur? -ut
sacrufices.
-quoi deorum? -mihi hercle, nam ego nunc tibi
sum summus Iuppiter,
idem ego sum Salus, Fortuna, Lux, Laetitia, Gaudium.
proin tu deum hunc saturitate facias tranquillum tibi.

The character pretending to be Jupiter demands the sacrifice

of a ram; there is no mention of the animal's color.

293*

Varro, De Ling. Lat. 6'.16.

(Rome; 116-27 B.C.)

(Rome; before 27 B.C.)

Vinalia a vino; hie dies Iovis, non Veneris...

nam flamen Dialis auspicatur vindemian et ut iussit
vinum legere, agna Iovi facit, inter cuius exta caesa et
porrecta flamen pr(im)us vinum legit.

The victim in this sacrifice was a ewe; there is no mention

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2^9

of the animal's color.

For the fesitval, see Fowler,

Fest. 85-88.

29*0

Ovid, Fasti 1.55~56.

(Home; ^3 B.C. - A.D. 1?)

(Rome; before A.D. 17
)

vindicat Ausonias Iunonis cura Kalendas,

Idibus alba Iovi grandior agna cadit.

The victim was a white ewe.

The Ides were always sacred to

Jupiter (Frazer, Fasti 2.73-7*0*

295. Ovid, Fasti 1.587-588. (Rome; k j B.C. -A.D.
17)
(Rome; before A.D. 17
)
Idibus in magni castus lovis ae.de pacerdos
semimaris flammis viscera libat ovis.

The victim in this sacrifice, on the Ides of January (Jan.

1 3 ), was a gelded ram; there is no mention of the animal's color.

For this rite, see Frazer, Fasti 2.218-220.

296.

Ovid, Fasti 2.69-70.

(Rome; *t3 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Rome; before A.D. 17
)

ad penetrale Numae Capitolinumque Tonantem

inque lovis summa caeditur arce bidens.

There is no mention of the sex or color of this victim..:

Ovid is here discussing the Kalends of February.

(291).

Martial 10..92.6 -7 .

(Rome; ca. A.D. *tO-10*0

(Rome; before A.D. 10*0
See above p. 2A 7 .

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250

The victim mentioned here was a ram or a kid,* there is no

mention of the animal's color.
297 . Granius Licinianus.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 130 )

(Rome; before A.D. 130 )

nundinas lovis ferias esse, siquidem flaminica omnibus

nundinis in regia Iovi arietem soleat immolare.
The victim was a ram; there is no mention of the animal's
color.

This fragment is found in Macrobius, Sat. 1.16.30.

298 . Pestus, Idulis ovis. (birthplace unknown; late 2nd c. A.D.)

(Rome; before A.D. 200

dicebatur, quae omnibus idibus Iovi mactabatur.
There is no mention of this victim's sex or color, but cf.
2 931 29^ above.

299 . Macrobius, Sat. 1.15.16. (Rome; ca. A.D. ^00)

(Rome; before A.D. ^00)

sunt qui aestiment Idus ab ove Xduli dictas,quam
hoc nomine vocant Tusci et omnibus Idibus Iovi
immolatur a flamine.
There is no mention of this victim's sex or color.
Sheep Forbidden
(290). Ateius Capito.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 15)

(Rome; before A.D. 15)

See above, p. 2*1-6.

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251

For a discussion of this reference, see p. 244.

Swine Forbidden
(290). Ateius Capito.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 15)

(Rome; before A.D. 15)

See above, p. 246.

There are no extant references to swine as victims to
Jupiter at Rome.

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252
Liber

1.
2.

The animals sacrificed to Liber at Rome weres

Goat
Sheep.
The animals forbidden in sacrifices to Liber at Rome were:

1.

Boves.
Boves Forbidden

(288).

Amobius 7*21.21-23.

(Numidia; ca. A.D. 30)

(Rome; before A.D. 300)

See above, p. 2^5*

The victim mentioned is a bull? there are no extant references
to cows or bulls as victims to Liber.

Goats
300.

Varro, Rerum Rust. 1.2.19*

(Rome; 116-27 B.C.)

(Rome; before 27 B.C.O

Sic factum ut Libero patri, repertori vitis, hirci

immolarentur, proinde ut capite darent poenas; contra
ut Minervae caprini generis nihil immolarent propter
oleam, quod earn quam laeserit fieri dicunt sterilem;
eius enim salivam esse fructuis venenum.
The victims were he-goats; there is no mention of their color.
301.

Vergil, Georg. 2 .38 O-38 I; 393-396.

(Rome; 70 -I9 B.C.)

(Rome; before 19 B.C.)

non aliam ob culpam Baccho caper omnibus aris

caeditur...
ergo rite suum Baccho dicemus honorem
carminibus patriis, lancesque et liba feremus,
et ductus cornu stabit sacer hircus ad aram,
pinquiaque in veribus torrebimus exta columis.

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253

hireus ad aram, pinquiaque in veribus torrebimus exta

colutnis.

The victims were he-goats; there is no mention of their color.

302.

Horace, Odes 3*8.6 -8 .

.

(Rome; 6 5 -8 B.C.)
(Rome; before 8 B.C.)

voveram dulces epulas et album

Libero caprum props funeratus
arboris ictu.

The victim was a white he-goat.

3 0 3 . Ovid, Fasti 1,353-360.

(Rome; 4-3 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Rome: before A.D. 17
)

exemplo territus huius

palmite debueras abstinuisse, caper,
quern spectans aliquis dentes in vite prementem
talia non tacito dicta dolore dedit:
"rode, caper; vitem:

tamen hinc, cum stabis ad aram,

in tua quod spargi cornua possit, erit."

verba fides sequitur: noxae tibi deditus hostis
Spargitur adfuso cornua, Bacche, mero.

The victim was ahe-goat; there is no mention of color.

30^.

Ovid, Met.15.11^-115.

(Rome; k-3 B.C. -'A.D. 1 7 )

(Rome; before A.D. 17
)

Vite caper morsa Bacchi mactatus ad aras

Dicitur ultoris; nocuit sua culpa duobus.

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254-

The victim was a he-goat; there is no mention of color.

305.

Ovid, Ex Ponto 2 .9 . 31-32.

(Rome .^3 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Rome; before A.D. 1? )

nec dabit intonso iugulum caper hostia Baccho,

musta sub adducto si pede nulla fluent.

The victim was a he-goat; there is no mention of color.

306.

Amobius 7*2-6.

(Numidia; ca. A.D. 300)

(Rome; before A.D. 30)

Si caper caedatur Iovi, quem patri sollemme est

Libero Mercurioque mactari, aut bos si sterilis
Unxiae, quam Proserpinae tribui Tusco ritu atqua
observations praecipitur, quid facinoris in hoc erit.

The victim mentioned here was a he-goat; there is no mention

of color.

(245)

Servius, Aen. 3 .118. (Rome; ca. A.D. 390)

(site unknown; before A.D. 390)
See above, p. 212.

The victim was a he-goat; there is no mention of color.

307.

Servius, Aen. 8.343*

(Rome; ca. A.D. 390)

(Rome; before A.D. 390)

sub monte Palatine est quaedam spelunca,

in qua de capro luebatur, id est sacrificabatur:
... alii Liberum patrem, eo quod capro ei
fit divina res, qui est hostia Liberi propria.

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255

The victim was a he-goat; there is no mention of color.

Servius, Georg. 2 .38 O.

308.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 390)

(Rome; before A.D. 390)

Libero ubique caper immolatur.

The victim was a he-goat; there is no mention of color.

3 0 9 . Lactantius Placidus, On Theb. 5*159

(birthplace unknown; ca. 6th c. A.D.)

(site unknown; before A.D.. 600
)
in sacris enim Liberi consuetudo talis est,
ut occiso capro omnes sacratum sanguinem eius
bibant.

est enim animal vitibus eius infensum.

The victim was a he-goat; there is no mention of the animal's

color.

There are no other extant references to the sacramental

drinking of the goat's blood in connection with the worship of

Liber.

Sheep
(2 3 9 ).

Vergil, Aen. 4.57-59.

(Rome; 70-19 B.C.) .

(Carthage; Mythical Period)

See above, t>. 208.

There is no mention of the sex or color of these victims.

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The animals sacrificed to Mars at Rome were:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Birds: goose
Boves
Horse
Sheep
Suovetaurillia
Swine.
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to Mars

at Rome.
Birds
Goose
Martial 9 -31 -.1-6.

310.

(Rome; ca. A.D. ^0-10*0

(Rome; A.D. 92
)

Cum comes Arctois haereret Caesaris armis

Velius, hanc Marti pro duce vovit avem.
luna quater binos non tota peregerat orbes,
debita poscebat iam sibi vota deus:
ipse suas anser properavit laetus ad aras
et cecidit sanctis hostia parva focis.

The victim in this sacrifice was a goose; nothing can be

determined about its sex or color.

The Caesar referred to in

line 1 is Domitian; the war is the Sarmatian war of 92 A.D., and

the Velius is Velius Paullus.
Boves
(26l).

Dessau 23 O; Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 59)

See above, p. 225.

Line 2 9 . Marti Ultori taurum.

The victim was a bull; there

is no mention of the animal's color,

for the epithet, see

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257
Wissowa 1^6.

(262).

Dessau 2^1; Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 69)

See above, p. 22?.

Line 6 6 . Marti taur(um). The victim was a bull; there is no

mention of the animal's color.
8 8 . Marti ultori taur(um). The victim was a bull;

there is no mention of the animal's color.

For the epithet,

see IrJissowa 1 ^6 .

(265).

Dessau

Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 213)

See above, p. 2 31 ,

Line 13-

Marti ultori taurum a(uratum). The victim was a

gilded bull; there is no mention of the animal's color.

For

the epithet, see Wissowa 1^6 .

(23 8 ).

Labeo.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 10)

(Rome; before A.D. 10)
See above, p. 208.

The animal under discussion is a bull; there is no mention

of color.

311.

Livy 7.37.3-

(Rome; ca. 59 B.C. - A.D. 1?)

(Samnium; 3^3 B.C.
)

His decoratus insignibus bovem eximium Marti immolavit.

The victim was a bull; a previous mention of the bull

(7 *3 7 .1 ) shows that it was white (uno albo opimo auratis comibus).

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2'58

The sacrifice was made by Decius during his campaign against

the Samnites.

312.

See #312 below.

(Rome; A.D. 23 -7 9 )
(Samnium; 343 B.C.)

Pliny, Nat. Hist. 22.9

quidam imperatores et saepius donati sunt,

veluti P. Decius Mus tribunus militum ab exercitu,
altera ab his, qui in praesidio obsessi fuerant,
quanta esset eius honoris auctoritas, confessus
religione, siquidem donatus bovem album Marti
immolavit et centum fulvos, qui ei virtutis
causa dati fuerant simul ab obsessis.

The victims in this sacrifice were one white bull and one
hundred yellow bulls or cows.

The adjective fulvos (line 6)

could refer to a mixed group of cows and bulls, or to a group of

bulls; it is thus impossible to determine the sex of this group.
According to Livy's version of this story (#311 above) the hundred
head of cattle were given to his men by Decius, and not sacrificed
to Mars.

Horses
313.

Co

Polybius 12.4b.

/cic h A
/ ' /,/

IbO A A LoU i

LCl

(Megalopolis; ca. 200-118 B.C.)

(Rome; before 118 B.C.
)

t:ol<> 1 f t A

VW

c / c

/
'f f d lc U j4 \/6 'J >

iv

y p A jM

ti-A

1
C j$
v z rc fttv '

\
C o

L r fr f o \(

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259

if^ o

au 'to -cys

rfo\(;tC><> V t i o

T ^ o t is

tyj

K ^ 1 \ io

^X ^(fcv' Ju< Cov/

fa }

Irfrffa J6V6<r&c

zToV *bo6fn.c-i f C ^ o o o y i tvo^ ff^u^)jp< i f c v t i o j

'fUfaULio'ft4'Catfo\/

This reference, and all the others relating to horse sacrifice,

is concerned with the ritual of the "Equus October."

It is not

possible to tell the sex of the animal in this reference, but the
Latin references show that the horse was male.

There are no

references to the victim's color. For this rite, see Wissowa

li^-1^5, and Dumezil, Arch. Rom. Rel. 215-228.
31^.

Plutarch, Mor. 287a.

A l \ 'Cl 'CAti
/
< '
0 -\/Ll(yj<C A i

The participle &

(Chaeronea; ca. A.D. ^6-120)

Rome; before A.D. 120
)
elfoLS LrrrToSpofiUi
W

d k tp L Q < ^ o S >

>/A

Q/

P V k ttL

shows that the horse was male; no

color is mentioned.
315* Festus, s.v. "October Equus".
(birthplace unknown; late 2nd c. A.D.)
(Rome; before A.D. 200
)
appellatur, qui in campo Marti0 mense Octobri
immolatur quotannis Marti, bigarum victricum
dexterior. De cuius capite non levis contentio
solebat esse inter Suburaneses, et Sacravienses,

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260

ut hi in regiae pariete, illi ad turrim Mamilliam

id figerent; eiusdemque coda tanta celerite
perfertur in regiam, ut ex ea sanguis destillet
in focum, participandae rei divinae gratia.
Quem hostiae loco quidam Marti bellico deo sacrari
dicunt, non ut vulgus putat, quia velut supplicium de
eo sumatur, quod Romani ilio sunt oriundi, et Troiani
ita effigie in equi sint capti.

Multis autem gentibus

equum hostiarum numero haberi testimonio sunt

Lacedaemoni, qui in monte Taygeto equum ventis immolant,
ibidemque adolent, ut eorum flatu civis eius per finis
quam latissime differatur.

Et Sallentini, aput quos

Menzanae Iovi dicatus vivos conicitur in ignem.

Et

Rhodi, qui quotannis quadrigas soli consecratas in mare

iaciunt, quod is tali curriculo fertur circumvebi mundum.

This is the most complete ancient description of this rite.

The victim was male; no color is mentioned.

316.

Paulus, "Panibus".

(birthplace unknown; 8th c. A.D.)

(Rome; before A.D. 800
)

redimibant caput equi immolati idibus Octobribus in

campo Martio, quia iu sacrificium fiebat ob frugum
eventum; et equus potius quam bos immolabatur, quod hie
bello, bos frugibus pariendis est aptus.

The victim was a male horse; no color is mentioned.

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Sheep

(272).

Dessau 504?; Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 1 8 3 )

See above, p. 2 3 5 .

Line 6 . Marti arietes... II.

The victims were a pair of

rams; there is no mention of the animals' color.

(273).

Dessau 5048; Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 224-225)

See above, p. 2 3 6 .

Line 8 . Marti patri ult. ar. n. II.

of rams; no color is mentioned.

The victims v/ere a pair

The abbreviations "ar.n."

stand for "arietes numero". For the epithet "ultor", see

Wissowa 146.

The epithet "pater" was a very common one,

applied to many deities (see Frazer, Fasti 3 .1 3 8 .).

Suovetaurilia
317.

Cato, De Agri Cult. l4l.

(Rome; 234-149 B.C.)

(Rome; before 149 B.C.)

Agrum lustrare sic oportet.

Impera suovitaurilia

circumagi... Ianum Iovemque vino praefamino, sic dicito:

"...Mars pater, eiusdem rei ergo macte hisce suovitaurilibus lactentibus esto." *;>...Ubi porcum immolabis,
agnum vitulumque, sic oportet...

The animals used in this sacrifice were all suckling

(lactentibus), but their sexes and colors are not mentioned.

318.

Livy 8,10.14.

(Rome; ca. 59 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Rome; before A.D. 17
)

Marti suovetaurilibus piaculum fieri.

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262

The sex or color of these victims cannot be determined.

Livy is giving the general rule for the expiation of a
certain error, i.e., if the spear on which a consul has dedicated
himself is captured by the enemy, and thus no date can be assigned
to this sacrifice.

Swine
319*

Pomponius, Galli Transalpini. (Bononia; ca. 90 B.C.)

(site unknown; before 90 B.C.)
Mars, tibi facturum voveo, si unquam redierit,
Bidenti verre,

This victim was a boar; no color is mentioned.

This

fragment is found in Gellius 16.6.7.

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263

Mercury
The animals sacrificed to Mercury at Rome were!
1.

Goat..

1.

Boves.

The animals forbidden in sacrifices to Mercury at Rome were:

Boves Forbidden
(288).

Amobius 7.21.21-23.- (Numidia; ca. A.D. 300)

(site unknown; before A.D. 3 00 )
See above, p. 245.

There are no extant references to a cow or bull being sac

rificed to Mercury at Rome.

Goats
(257).

D essau

4477

D e d ic a tio n .

(N u m id ia ;

d a te

unknow n)

See above, p. 219.

Lines 9-10.

edu Mercurio.

The victim was a male kid

(edu-haedo); there is no mention of the animal's color.

(252)

Dessau 4477a; Dedication.

(Numidia; date unknown)

See above, p. 217.

Lines 9-10.

edu Merc(ur...).

The victim was a male kid;

there is no mention of the animal's color.

(306).

Amobius 7.21. 2-6.

(Numidia; ca. A.D. 300)

(site unknown; before A.D. 300)

See above, p. 254.-

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The victim was a he-goat; there is no mention of the

animal's color.

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265
Minerva
The animals sacrificed to Minerva at Rome were:

1.
2.
3<

Boves
Sheep
Swine.

1.

Goat.

The animals forbidden in sacrifices to Minerva at Rome were:

Boves
(260).

Dessau 229; Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 58-59)

See above, p. 22 ^.

Lines 11,17,22,31,^14,60,67.

Minervae vaccam.

The victims

were all cows; there is no mention of color for any of these

animals.

(261).

Dessau 23 O 5 Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 59)

See above, p. 2 2 5 .

Lines 2,12,27,37.

Minervae vaccam.

The victims were all

cows; there is no mention of color for any of these animals.

(262).

Dessau 2^1; Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 6 9 )

See above, p. 2 2 7 .

Lines 6 1 ,6 6 ,7 1 ,7 ^,7 9 ,8 3 ,8 7 . Min(ervae) vacc(am). The vic

tims were all cows; there is no mention of color for any of
these victims.

(2 6 3 ).

Dessau 5033? Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 81)

See above, p. 229.

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266

Line ^3*

Minervae vaccas II.

The victims were a pair of

cov/s; there is no mention of the animals* color.

(26^).

Dessau 503^? Dedication.

(Rome; A.D. 8 7 )

See above, p. 2 3 0 .

Lines 17,21-22.

Minervae b.f.

The victims were cov/s (bos

femina); there is no mention of the

(265).

Dessau ^51; Dedication.

animals' color.

(Rome;A.D. 21 3 )

See above, p. 231.

Line 13*

Minervae b(ovem) f(eminam) a(uratam). The victim

was a gilded cow; there is no mention of the animal's color.

320.

Amobius 7*22.6-9.

(Numidia; ca. A.D. 300)

(site unknown; before A.D. 300)

Minervae virgini virgo caeditur vitula, nullis umquam

stimulis

The victim was

of

color.

in nullis operis excitata conatus.

a never yoked virgin

cow; there is nomention

Amobius uses the present tense, so it would seem best

to assign this sacrifice to his time.

Goat Forbidden
(300).

Varro, Rerum Rust. 1.2.19. (Rome; 116-27 B.C.)

(Rome; before 27 B.C.)
See above, p. 252.

Varro says that no goats of any sort were ever sacrificed to

Minerva.

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267

Sheep
Ovid, Trist. 1.10.^3 -^.

321.

(Rome; ^3 B.C. - A.D. 1?)

(Rome; ca. A.D. 10
)

haec si contigerint, meritae cadet agna Minervae:

non facit ad nostras hostia maior opes.

The victim was a ewe; there is no mention of color.

Swine
(251).

Pliny, Epist. 9-10.1.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 61-112)

(Rome; before A.D. 112)

See hbove, p. 215.

The victim in this sacrifice was a pig; there is no mention

of the animal's color.

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268

Neptune
The animals sacrificed to Neptune at Rome were:

1.
2.

Boves
Horse.
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to Neptune

at Rome.
Boves
322.

Vergil, Aen. 2.201-202.

(Rome; ?0-lQ B.C.)

(Troy; Mythical Period)

Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos.

sollemnes taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras.

The victim was a bull; there is no mention of the animal's

color.

(23*0.

Vergil, Aen. 3.118-120. (Rome; 70-19 B.C.)

(Delos; Mythical Period)
See above, p. 206.

The victim was a bull; there is no mention of the animal's

color.

(238).

Labeo.

(Rome; ca. A.D. 10)

(Rome; before A.D. 10)
See above, p. 208.

The victim was a bull; there is no mention of color.

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269

Horse
323

Dio Casius ^8.48.5*

6ZL

o
~ ffo 4 tL % jo $

(Bithynia; ca. A.D. 225)

(Sicily; 38 B.C.)

ijtoS,

o^-CiOS

l(uei\/oiL%j U t l J v x o ,

(-*> <W

X ftlA 'tb O H

irfrfco .s z t )

dvxij

/& < -

\U i v i f t

4C o\

^us

StO'iZAS 6VpM^6<

The victims were horses; there is no mention of their sexes

or colors.

The Sextus mentioned is Sextus Pompeius, son of Pompey

the Great.

This incident took place during his battles against

Augustus.

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270

Proserpina
The animals sacrificed to Proserpina at Rome were:
1-.

Boves *

No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to

Proserpina at Rome.
Boves
324.

Vergil, Aen. 6.24-9-251.

(Rome; 70-19 B.C.)

(near Lake Avemus; Mythical Period)

ipse atri velleris agnam

Aeneas matri Eumenidum magnaeque sorori
ense ferit, sterilemque tibi, Proserpina, vaccam.

The victim was a sterile cow; there is no mention of the

animal's color.

Aeneas made this sacrifice before his descent

to the underworld.

325.

Valerius Maximus 2.k . 5 .

(Rome; ca. A.D. 15)

(Rome; 509 B.C.
)

Cuius exemplum Valerius Publicola, qui primus

consul fuit, studio succurendi civibus secutus,
apud eamdem aram publice nuncupatis votis caesisque
atris bubus, Diti maribus, feminis Proserpinae,
lectisternioque ac ludis trinoctio factis, aram terra,
ut ante fuerat, obruit.

The victims to Proserpina were black cows (atris bubus...

feminis), The sacrifice v/as supposedly performed by Valerius
Publicola, whom the Romans thought to have been one of their first
consuls in 509 B.C.

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271

(306).

Arnobius 7. 21.2-6.

(Numidia; ca. A.D. 300)

(site unknown; before A.D. 300)

See above, p. 25*K

The victim to Proserpina was a sterile cow; there is no

mention of the victim's color.

326.

Zosimus 2 . 3

(Greece; ca. A.D. 500)

(Rome; 509 B.C.
)

i-flosloU J l v tlip o 'l

/ L
'
\
!)
1'

fiP U itti) y i i U

ZJe->S

V o r f V ^ ' C o o t i d
T T tM tlo iy
s\
/
l\
^CyjS Vd<0O

>'

L -C L L j

Ir t' \

-t-n -rft\bL
f Q \ /

V o rrM o ^

O e iM C o S

t(0

fioCs /6a
A I
>
Ap
TfoA^j e n c ^ d

The victim was a black heifer.

'vj/}i-o$6puJ<rt
L
puJj-iip X%uts\.

^ '[)

tip

This is the same story told

by Valerius Maximus in #325 above.

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2?2

Venus
The animals sacrificed to Venus at Rome were:
1.
2.
3.

Birds: dove
Goat
Sheep.
No animals were expressly forbidden in sacrifices to Venus

at Rome.
Birds
Dove:
Propertius b . 5-65-66.

327.

(Rome; ca. 50-15 B.C.)

(Rome; before 15 B.C.)

Sed cape torquatae, Venus o regina, columbae

ob meritum ante tuos guttura secta focos.

The victim was a female dove; there is no mention of color.

328.

Ovid, Fasti 1.^51-^52.

(Rome; ^3 B.C. - A.D. 17)

(Cyprus; before A.D. 17 )

ergo saepe suo coniunx abducta marito

uritur Idaliis alba columba focis.

The victim was a white, female dove.

Idalium was a city on

the island of Cyprus.

Goats
(252).

Dessau W77; Dedication.

(Numidia; date unknown)

See above, p. 217.

Line 1 0 . aedua Veneri.

The victim was a female kid; there

is no mention of its color.

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273

Sheep
(257).

Dessau 4477. Dedication.

(Numidia; date unknown)

See above, p. 2 1 9 .

Line 9

agna Veneri.

The victim was a ewe; there is no

mention of its color.

329.

Plautus, Poen. 449-454.

(Rome; ca. 254-184 B.C.)

(site unknov/n; before 184 B.C.)

Di ilium infelicent omnes, qui post hunc diem

leno ullara Veneri umquam immolarit hostiam
quive ullum turis granum sacruficaverit.
nam ego hodie infelix dis meis iratissumis
sex immolavi agnos, nec potui tamen
propitiam Venerem faceret uti. esset mihi.

The victims were six sheep.

The word agnos (line 5) could

refer to a mixed group of ewes and rams, or to a group of all

rams; it is therefore impossible to determine the sex of these
victims beyond saying that some, at least, were rams.

There is

no mention of the animals' colors.

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C h a p te r

I II

T A B U L A R IZ E D DATA AND COMMENTARY

In tro d u c tio n :
The

fo llo w in g

g a th e re d
sh o rt

in

d is c u s s io n

tic u la r
a fte r

god.

th a t

a n c ie n ts
G re e k

1.

c h a rts

c h a p te rs

of

in

of

th e

have

th e

p re se n t

and

to

th e

d e ity

d a ta

w ith

fo rm

ch a rt
in

fo r

w hom

th e

c o n c lu s io n s

th e

each
he

of

th e

th e

e v id e n c e

fo llo w e d
c u lt

R om an

w as

s tu d y

fo llo w

is

o f

by

d e ity

p a r

d ire c tly

id e n tifie d

R om an

th e

by

th e

b o rro w in g s

c h a rts

on

fro m

p . 311*

Aphrodite
to ta l no.
o f exx.

B ird s :
C ock
D ove
G oose
P a rtrid g e
T h ru sh
A ny B ird
B oves
G o a ts
H a re
Sheep
S w in e
A ny V ic tim

11
1

1
1
1
1
1
2
8
1

33

26

th re e

A p h ro d ite

b ird s

a re

sheep,
and

of

th e

th irty

c o m p ris e d

and

fe m a le

m a le

c o lo r

a n im a ls

s a c rific e d

T w e n ty

g o a ts ,

sex
unknow n

1
1
1
1
1
1

F o rb id d e n
S w in e

to

ta b u la r

E ach

fe a tu re s

f a c ilita te

G e n e ra l

in

I I I .

u nusual

p la c e d

G reek

o rd e r

c u lt.

II

s w in e .

of
The

th re e

th e

e x a m p le s

fo u r

o th e r

m ost

v ic tim s

o f

com m on v i c t i m s :
a re

fiv e

ty p e s

boves,
of

h a re .

C ock:
I f

S o k o l o w s k i 's

s c rip tio n

fro m

C os

c o n je c tu re ,

(# 1 ,

p.

1 ),

th e re

.
a re

tw o

is

a c c e p te d

p o s s ib le

in

th e

in

e x p la n a tio n s

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2?5

for the choice of this animal as a victim for Aphrodite,

The

rooster was a common symbol of erotic love (Keller2.138; Orth,

RE VIII, 2 (1913 ), s.v. "Huhn, col. 2531).

The rooster was also

used as a fertility symbol in the Middle East (Keller 2,l39f),

where many features of the cult and mythology of Aphrodite origi
nated (Roscher, in Roscher, s.v. "Aphrodite," col. 390-395)
Either or both of these symbolic associations could explain the
choice of a cock as a victim for Aphrodite.
Keller (2.1^0) says that since chickens were easily and
cheaply obtainable, the ancients sacrificed them frequently and
without any special significance.

The evidence, however, shows

that chickens were a rather uncommon choice for sacrifice, and

Stengel (Kultus. 122) states that chickens were rarely sacrificed
and only to certain deities.
Doves
The dove was famed in antiquity for its lust and fertility
(Roscher, in Roscher, s.v. "Aphrodite," 1.395. 398) and thus was a
natural attribute of the fertility goddesses common throughout
the ancient Middle East (Keller 2.122f.). Artists frequently
represented Aphrodite holding a dove (PurtwSngler, in Roscher,
s.v. "Aphrodite in der Kunst," 1.^09).
G ooses

There are two possible explanations for the sacrifice of a

goose to Aphrodite. Keller (2.221) says that the ancients thought
the goose was a loving and fertile bird and thus held it sacred to
Isis in Egypt, to Juno the marriage goddess in Rome, and to
Aphrodite. Keller (2.222), followed by Olck (RE VII, 1 (1910),
s.v. "Gans," col. 722), also suggests that the goose, a water fowl,

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276

was sacred to Aphrodite in her role as a sea goddess (Roscher, in

Roscher, s.v. "Aphrodite," 1. 393, k 0 2 ).
Partridge:
The partridge was also a symbol of lust and fertility to the
ancients (Roscher, in Roscher, s.v. "Aphrodite," 1.398; Keller
2.157)*

This symbolism made the partridge a fitting attribute and

sacrificial victim for Aphrodite.

Thrush:
None of the commentators on ancient religion say anything
about thrushes used in the worship of Aphrodite.

The quote from

Plato Comicus (#4, p. 4) in which thrushes are sacrificed to

Aphrodite actually looks like a recipe for an aphrodisiac and
should probably not be seriously interpreted as a sacrifice to
the goddess.
Hare:
In the ancient world, as in the modern, the hare was a uni
versal symbol of fertility (Roscher, in Roscher, s.v. "Aphrodite,"
1.398; Keller 1.21^).

The Greeks believed hare flesh to be an

aphrodisiac (Keller 1.216) and frequently included hares in repre

sentations of Aphrodite (e.g., the illustration in Roscher 1.399).
It will be noticed that all the animals peculiar to the wor
ship of Aphrodite were symbolic of lust and fertility.

This sym

bolic character of Aphrodite's victims extends also to the two in

stances of male animals sacrificed to this female deity; the cock
and the he-goat.

The sexual symbolism of the rooster has been dis

cussed above, p. 27 ^-2 7 5 . The male goat was, and still is, a com
mon token of lust (Keller 1.305f*)*

Thus it is primarily to

Aphrodite in her role as the goddess of the procreative urge that

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277
the Greeks sacrificed animals other than the customary four.

It was often forbidden to sacrifice swine to Aphrodite.

This

prohibition was a common feature of cult in the ancient Near East.

Thus it is probable that those cults of Aphrodite which forbade
pig sacrifice were descended from the cults of the oriental
Aphrodite-type goddesses of fertility (Keller l . ^ O l ) .

It is also

possible that swine, as an offering to a fertility goddess was re

served at an early date for the cults of Demeter, and thus was
often taboo in the cults of her rival fertility deities (note the
very large percentages of swine sacrificed to Demeter and
Persephone, p. 2 91 -3 0 0 ).

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2?8
2.

Venus

total no
of exx.
Birds:
Dove
Goats
Sheep

sex
unknown

female

male

white-1

JL
1

color

1
1

Forbidden:
None
The only uncommon victim sacrificed to Venus in the Roman
world was the dove.

Of the two Roman sources which mention this

practice, one (Ovid, #2 3 8 , p. 2k6) is actually about the customs

on the Greek island of Cyprus.

The other citation (Propertius,

#327, p. 2^6) gives evidence for practice at Rome.

The Roman

Venus had, however, appropriated to herself by that time all the

mythology and much of the cult practice of the Greek Aphrodite
(Wissowa, in Roscher, s.v. "Venus," col. 188).

Therefore every

thing said above concerning dove sacrifices to Aphrodite applies

also to Venus.
It will be noted that, while swine are not expressly for
bidden in cults of Venus, there are no examples of the sacrifice
of pigs to Venus at Rome.

The only time color is mentioned for

victims to Venus is in the sacrifice of a white dove to this

Olympian deity.

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279

3*

Apollo (Greek)
total no.
of exx.

sex
unknown
23
lA
18
15
12
9
5
5
1
1
1_________ 1

Boves
Goats
Sheep
Swine
Wolf
Any Victim

Zo

female

male
9
3

color
red-1

II P

Forbidden:
1

Ass
Horse
Sheep
Swine

1
1

1
1

The only unusual victim sacrificed to Apollo was the wolf

(#6 6 , p. 6 l).

The wolf is common in both the mythology and the

cult of Apollo (Famell, Cults A.II3 -II6 ). Farnell conjectures

that an early wolf worship was joined to the worship of Apollo
with no particular symbolic significance.

There is, however, some

evidence to show that the wolf was sometimes a prophetic animal

(Theophr. de sign pluv. ^6 ; Roscher, in Roscher, s.v. "Apollo."
col. *i43) * and this would surely make him a fitting associate of
Apollo, the chief prophetic god of the Greeks.
Apollo receives one female victim, a ewe (#6 0 , p. A9 ), as
part of a prophetic ritual.

The priestess of Apollo at Argos

tasted the blood of the sacrificed lamb, became possessed by the

god, and prophesied.

This oracle, hov/ever, originally belonged to

Ge (Nilsson, GGR 1.171, note 8; Ziehen, RE XVIII, 1 (1939), s.v.

"Opfer," col. 59^-595)' The sex of the victim is in all probability
a vestige from the time when the animal was sacrificed to the female
deity.
Four animals were sometimes forbidden in the worship of
Apollo: asses, horses, sheep, and swine.

There is nothing unusual

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280

about the prohibitions of asses and horses; they were rarely

sacrificed to any deity.

Sheep and swine were forbidden only in

the cult of Apollo Nymphegetes and the Nymphs on the island of

Thasos (#6 2 , p. 50).
cults of Apollo.

Both animals were common victims in other

The Greeks also sacrificed sheep to the Nymphs,

although there are no extant references to swine sacrificed to them

(Bloch, in Roscher 3*1 s.v. "Nymphen," col. 527).

Thus this pro

hibition must be a local development of the Thasos cult.

Color is mentioned in only one example of sacrifice to
Apollo.

A red goat was offered to this Olympian deity.

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281

Apollo (Rome)
total no.
of exx.
Boves
Goats
Sheep

sex
unknown

female

male

.5
5
1
1
1___________1__________________ _

Forbiddens
None
There is nothing unusual in the animals chosen as victims for
Apollo at Rome. .The small number of examples points to the
relative unimportance of Apollo's.cult at Rome.

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282
5-

Ares

total no.
of exx.
Ass
Birds:
Cock
Boves
Dog
Goat

sex
unknown

female

male

color

1
1
1
4

1
1
4
1_
7

x
8

Forbiddens
None
Ares received three unusual victims in Greece? asses,
roosters, and dogs.

The only extant reference which seems to

list asses as sacrificial victims for Ares in Greece is the late

account of Comutus (#6?, p. 63 ). However, Comutus never says
which Greeks performed these sacrifices.

He does say that it was

especially the Thracians and Scythians who worshipped Ares.

There

is another ancient reference to the sacrifice of asses to Ares

(Amobius 4.25. 78), but it specifically says that the Scythians
preferred this victim.

Thus there is no secure evidence that the

Greeks ever sacrificed asses to Ares.

According to Plutarch (#68 , p. 63 ), the Spartans sacrificed
an ox to Ares when they had won a battle by means of strategy, but
a cock when they had won by force.

In this rite it seems to be

the famous fighting spirit of the rooster which makes the bird a
fitting victim for the sacrifice (Keller 2. 136 -138 ).
The Greeks also sacrificed dogs to Ares because of the
animal's reputation for fierceness (Keller 1. 136 and l4l).

It

was a common practice to use dogs in battle, and the ancients

trained special breeds of dogs specifically for use in war
(Keller 1. 126-128).

Thus dogs, like roosters, had a strong sym

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bolic affinity with Ares, and' it is this symbolic kinship which

made these animals fitting victims for Ares.

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Birds:
Goose
Boves
Horses
Sheep
Souvetaurilia
Swine

total no
of exx.

sex
unknown

female

male

color

white- 1

2
2

1_
13

_1
.3

10

white- 1

Forbidden:
None
The unusual victims offered to Mars by the Romans were geese,
horses, and the sacrifice of three animals known as the
suovetaurilia. Olck (RE VII, 1 (1910), s.v. "Gans," col. 7 2 3 ) sug
gests that the goose was famous for its vigilance and was thus a
fitting victim for the vig .lant soldiers on the Roman frontier to
sacrifice to Mars; it had been the vigilant sacred geese of Juno
who warned the Romans of the approach of the Gauls (Livy 5*^7)
Geese were also famous in antiquity for their pugnacity (Olck,
732).

These symbolic affinities between Mars and geese probably .

explain the sacrifice of this unusual victim.

The Romans sacrificed a horse to Mars only during the rite of
the Equus October. The clearest discussion of this ritual, with
a detailed examination of past theories, is found in Dumezil, Arch.
Rom. Rel. 215-228.

An examination of the complex arguments re

garding this sacrifice is not necessary for the purposes of this

study.

It is enough to say that horses were common symbols of

martial life in the ancient world (Roscher, in Roscher 2.2, s.v.

"Mars," col. 2^32; Keller 1.221-231; Steier, RE XIX, 2 (1938), s.v.
"Pferd, " col. 1 ^ 3 ) , and thus the symbolic affinity between Mars

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285

and horses was very close.

Mars was the sole recipient at Rome of the triple offering
known as the suovetaurilia. Many writers have discussed this
sacrifice (notably, Wissowa, RK 1*J4-1A5; Latte, RR 11^-116).

The

views put forth by Dumezil (Arch. Rom. Rel. 237-2^0; Tarpeia 117
158), however, seem to present the best explanation.

By comparing

Roman and Vedic cult practice, Dumezil arrived at a clear under

standing of the original purpose of the suovetaurilia. The aim of
the sacrifice was to strengthen the warrior god, the second member
of the divine triad, represented at Rome by the Jupiter-MarsQuirinus trinity.

Once strengthened, the warrior deity would

maintain guard over ceremonies which dealt with agricultural

fertility.
occurrences.

His protection supposedly prevented any ill omened

The victims chosen for the suovetaurilia reflect

this aim? the bull was the victim most appropriate to Mars; the
sheep to Quirinus, the main Roman fertility god; and the pig to
Tellus, a second deity concerned with the fertility of the land.

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286
7.

Artemis
total no.
of exx.

Bear
Birds:
Cock
Goose
Boves
Deer
Goats
Sheep
Swine
Any Victim

sex
unknown

female

male

color

1
1

if

10
13
3
3

if

if

1
1

38

26

10

Forbidden:
None
The unusual victims which the Greeks offered to Artemis were
cocks, geese, and deer.

The evidence for the sacrifice of bears

(#7 2 , p. 81) is unreliable and inconclusive.

Both roosters and geese had strong symbolic associations with
with procreation (see discussion on Aphrodite, above, p. 27if-275).
Artemis, as a goddess concerned chiefly with fertility and procre
ation (Famell, Cults 2.if56), would have a natural affinity for
such animals.
The deer was such a constant companion to Artemis in art and
mythology (Schreiber, in Roscher 1,1, s.v. "Artemis," col. 6 03 608; Farnell, Cults 2 .if33 ) that it is safe to assume the animal
was originally the familiar of the goddess.
One male victim was sacrificed to this goddess: a cock.

The

symbolic importance of the rooster in the worship of Artemis has

been mentioned above.

The evidence concerning bulls as victims

for Artemis (#72, p. 81) is contradictory and unreliable.

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287
8.

Diana
total no
of exx.

Boves
Deer
Swine
Forbidden
Boves

sex
unknown

1
1
l_
3

l_
1

female

male

color

l'
1
2

The identification of the Roman goddess Diana with the Greek

deity Artemis took place early and resulted in the nearly total
eclipse of the Italian goddess by the Greek (Birt, in-Roscher 1.1,
s.v. "Diana," col. 1010-1011).

Hence the discussion given above

concerning deer sacrifice to Artemis applies equally to Diana.

There is one piece of evidence that boves were sometimes
forbidden in the worship of Diana (#2*1-9 p.-215) . However, since
Cicero, in this quotation, says only that boves were not sacri
ficed to Diana apud quosdam, with no mention of who these quosdam
might be, this evidence is ambiguous for Roman cult practice.

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total no.
of exx.

Boves
Goats
Sheep
Swine
trittoia

sex
unknown

female

24
13
1
1
16 ' 5
12
4
4
2_________ 2
4?
32

male

10

4
14

Forbidden:
Goats
Sheep

1
1

1
1

The only unusual sacrifice made to Athena was the so-called

trittoia. The best explanation of this sacrifice is found, along
with references to other authors and theories, in the works of
Dumezil (Tarpeia 117-158). According to Dumezil, the trittoia was
originally a sacrifice reserved for the cult of the three major
power divisions, like the suovetaurilia at Rome (see above p.284285).

This tripartite division of powers, however, seems to have

fallen into disuse in Greece at an early date. Thus when the

trittoia was freed from its original cult significance it could
.function as a sacrifice for any deity in Greece.

This sacrifice

was offered, in the sources collected here, also to Heracles,

Poseidon, and Zeus.
There is one reference to a male animal, a bull, sacrificed
to Athena (#115 p. 111) in which Theseus sacrifices the Marathonian bull to the goddess. However, since the other accounts
of this sacrifice (#4l and 42, p. 41-42), make Apollo, not Athena,
the recipient, this version of the story cannot provide very
secure evidence for Greek cult practice.
Two animals were sometimes forbidden as victims for Athena:
and sheep.

Goats were generally taboo in the goddess'

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289

worship, both in Greece and Rome, where goats were forbidden for
Minerva (#3 0 0 , p. 252).

The only extant reference to goat sacri

fice to Athena is from Cyrene in Worth Africa (#52, p.

These

55)*

goats were sacrificed to Athena under the epithets of

and

, epithets which Athena used only in this Cyrenaic cult

(Sokolowski, LSS 197-193).
p. 120) is misleading.

The quotation from Athenaeus (#123,

Athenaeus had been discussing the custom

of not sacrificing young female animals until they had borne

young.

He then made the statement quoted above (p. 120).

Thus

the aspect to be emphasized is not that ewes were forbidden to

Athena, but that female lambs, i.e. young ewes who had never been
pregnant, were not sacrificed.

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290
10.

Minerva
total no
of exx.

Boves
Sheep
Swine
Forbidden;
Goat

sex
unknown

23
1

female

male

color

23

JL_

25

The only practice in the cult of Minerva which needs comment

is the prohibition of goats as. sacrificial victims.

This prohi

bition is most probably a borrowing from the Greek cult of Athena

and not a native Italian development (Wissowa, in Roscher 2.2.
s.v. "Minerva," col. 298^-2991 .

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291
11.

Demeter
total no.
of exx.

Boves
Sheep
Swine

sex
unknown

3
1
2
6
2
3
1
1^__________ 2___ 5__________ 2___________
23
9
9
5

Forbidden:
None
The only unusual factor in Demeter's choice of victims is the
number of male animals sacrificed to her: bulls, rams, and boars.
It seems impossible to argue this large number of male victims
away. Every female deity in Greece sometimes receives male vic
tims. The reason for the relative frequency of male animals offered
to female deities probably lies in the different economic values
of male and female animals.

Since many more females are necessary

for the maintenance of a herd, and since it is often necessary to

limit the number of males, it becomes economically preferable to
sacrifice male victims.

Thus while female deities in Greece often

receive male victims, there is only one example of a male deity

receiving female victims (#60 , p. 63 -6*0 , and that one exception
is easily accounted for.
The large percentage of swine sacrificed to Demeter should
be noted.

This animal was particularly associated with the cults

of Demeter and Persephone, and it is possible that this close

identification could explain the avoidance of pigs as victims in
other cults (e.g., of Aphrodite, p. 27*1 277 , and of Apollo,
p. 279-280).

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292
12.

Ceres
total no.
of exx.

Sheep
Swine

sex
unknown

1
1
g7__________-1__

female

malecolor

6_________________
g

Forbidden:
None
There is nothing unusual in the animals chosen as victims
for Ceres atRome.

The small number of examples points

relativeunimportance of her

to the

cult at Rome, while the'large per

centage of swine sacrificed suggests a close identity between

Ceres and Demeter.

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293
13.

Dionysus
"total no.
of exx.

Birds:
Jay
Boves
Goats
Swine

sex
unknown

1
1
8
4
9
7
3_________ 2____________

4
2
1

Forbidden:
None
The only unusual animal offered to Dionysus is the jay (140,
p. 132).

Comutus is the only ancient source for the sacrifice, and

no modem commentator has discussed this rite to my knowledge.
Nor is there any clear reason, symbolic or otherwise, to associate
this bird with the cult or mythology of Dionysus.

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29^

]>.

Liber
total no.
of exx.

11
1
12
Forbidden:
Boves

sex
unknown

female

male

color

11
1____________________________
1
11
1

The sacrifice of boves to Liber seems not to have been

practiced at Rome.

These animals were common victims for

Dionysus in Greece; thus the prohibition of boves as victims for

Liber must be a native Italian development of his cult.

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total no.
of exx.

Boves
Goats
Sheep

3
5

sex
unknown

female

male

color

5
1
3

red-2

2
2
2

TfT
Forbidden:
Goats

white- 1
black-1

According to Theocritus (#15^* p. 1^3) the inhabitants of

Crotona, Italy sacrificed a bull to Hera.

Theocritus may be mis

taken about the sex of the victim, for other sources (Roscher, in
Roscher 1.2, s.v. "Hera," col. 2087) speak of sacred herds of cows
in this cult.

Alternatively this sacrifice may be another example

of the tendency noted above (p. 291) to sacrifice male victims to

female deities for economic reasons.
Goats were forbidden in the cult of Hera on the island of
Thasos (#1 6 2 , p. 1 *1-6 ). However, since goats were sacrificed to
Hera in other cults, it is best to regard this taboo as a local
development of the goddess' cult on Thasos.
One black victim, a ewe, was offered to Hera in the Attic
deme of Erchia (#*1-7 P* 138).

Hera carried the epithet Thelchinia

in this cult (Kruse, RE VA, 1 (193*0, s.v. "Telchinia," col. 22*i~

225).

The name is derived from the Telchines, metalworking

f j c p o from Rhodes (Herter, RE VA, 1 (193*1-) s.v. "Telchinen,"

col. 197-22*1-; FriedlSnder, in Roscher.5> s.v. "Telchinen," col.

2 3 6 -2*1-3 ).

Little else is known about the cult of Hera Thelchinia,

but the epithet does point to a chthonic nature for this cult.
Thus the one example of a black victim in the cults of Hera
occurs in a cult with strong chthonic associations.
victims for this Olympian goddess are white or red.

All other

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2 96

16.

Juno
total no.
of exx.

sex
unknown

30

Boves
Goats
Sheep
Swine

2
6

4
42

3
2

female

male

29

3
3

1.

36

color
white-2
white-1
white-1
white-4

Forbidden:
None
The only thing unusual in the choice of victims for Juno is
the number of male animals seemingly offered to her.

The Romans

sacrificed a male goat in the rite of Juno Lucina (#271, p.234).

The celebrants used thongs made from the skin of the sacrificed hegoat to whip barren women in order to promote the matrons fer
tility.

Frazer (Fasti 2 .386-388 ) shows that this ritual was a

common type of fertility rite.

The male goat was used for its

symbolic virility (Richter, RE XA (1972), s.v. "Ziege," col. 420421).

It is perfectly natural that the Romans should associate

Juno, their goddess of childbirth (Roscher, in Roscher 2.1, s.v.

"Juno," col. 578-588), with these rites, but they had to retain
the sex of the original victim or risk losing the animal's magic
efficacy. .
In the rites of Juno at Falerii. the priests sacrificed, along
with other victims, a bull calf and a male pig (#268, p. 233 ).
However, Krause(RE VA (1931 ), s.v. "Hostia," col. 252) has argued
persuasively that these animals were part of a suovetaurilia which 1
was offered as a lustration to purify the holy area, not as a sac
rifice to Juno.
All those animals whose color is mentioned in cults of the
Olympian goddess, Juno, were white.

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296
16.

Juno
total no.
of exx.

sex

unknown

30
Goats
Sheep
Swine

color
29
1
3

2
6
ip

white-2
white-1
white-1
white-5

Forbidden:
None
The only thing unusual in the choice of victims for Juno is
the number of male animals seemingly offered to her.

The Romans

sacrificed a male goat in the rite of Juno Lucina (#271, p.23*0 .

The celebrants used thongs made from the skin of the sacrificed hegoat to whip barren women in order to promote the matron's fer
tility.

Frazer (Fasti 2 .386 -388 ) shows that this ritual was a

common type of fertility rite.

The male goat was used for its

symbolic virility (Richter, RE XA (1972), s.v. "Ziege," col. ip20ip21).

It is perfectly natural that the Romans should associate

Juno, their goddess of childbirth (Roscher, in Roscher 2.1, s.v.

"Juno," col. 578-588), with these rites, but they had to retain
the sex of the original victim or risk losing the animal's magic
efficacy. .
In the rites of Juno at Falerii. the priests sacrificed, along
with other victims, a bull calf and a male pig (#2 6 8 , p. 2 3 3 ).
However, Krause(RE VA (1931), s.v. "Hostia," col. 252) has argued
persuasively that these animals were part of a suovetaurilia which
was offered as a lustration to purify the holy area, not as a sac
rifice to Juno.
All those animals whose color is mentioned in cults of the
Olympian goddess, Juno, were white.

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297

17*

Heracles
total no.
of exx.

Birds;
Cock
Boves
Fish
Sheep
Swine
trittoia

sex
unknown

female

male

color

1
3
1

1
3
1
1

13
Forbidden:
Swine

The unusual victims sacrificed to Heracles were cocks, fish,

and the trittoia. The Greeks sacrificed cocks to Heracles, as they
did to Ares (above p. 77)i because of the bird's fierceness and
war-like behavior (Famell, Hero Cults 155).
The inhabitants of Cos sacrificed fish to Heracles (1 6 9 , p.
152).

Ziehen (LGS 2.355 offers a convincing explanation for this

sacrifice: it was not a usual sacrifice, but rather (#1 6 9 , line 6l)
a C m ttfj-fo* , a banquet of the gods, more commonly known by its
Latin title, lectistemium. The natives of an island like Cos
would naturally serve fish at a banquet, and that is exactly what
they serve to Heracles.
For a discussion of the trittoia. see above, p. 288.

The

use of these victims probably points to the desire of the cele

brants in this cult to offer a particularly impressive sacrifice
to Heracles.
Swine were forbidden in the cult of Heracles on the island of
Thasos (#172, p. 157).
were common victims.

In other cults of the hero, however, pigs

Therefore this taboo seems to be merely a

local development of Heracles' cult on Thasos.

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298
18.

Hercules
total no.
of exx.

Birds:
Capon
Boves
Sheep
Swine____________

sex
unknown

female

male

color

2
1
1
2
1
1
1___________________ 1___________________
6

- Forbidden:
None
The only unusual victim offered to Hercules was the capon
(#252, p. 217).

But the deity is probably not really Hercules,

but rather the Phoenician god Melqart who was closely identified
with Hercules (Meyer, in Roscher 2.2, s.v. "Melqart," col. 2650 2 6 5 2 ).

There are no other references to the sacrifice of capons

in either Greece or Italy.

There is evidence that two victims sacrificed to Hercules at
Rome were female.

One was the heifer sacrificed yearly at the ara

maxima (#253-255 P< 217-218).

very confusing.

The evidence for this rite is

There are some sources, gathered by Krause (RE

VA (1931) s.v. "Hostia," col. 270 -2 71 ), which state that the vic
tim was not a cow, but a bull.

Also the text of the principal wit

ness, Varro (#253)* has been emended from iuvencam to iuvencum,

and the emendation has been accepted as correct by R. Peter (in
Roscher 1.2, s.v. "Hercules," col. 2 92 7 ).
tain what the sex of this victim was.

Thus it is far from.cer

It is probably safest to

assume that both bulls and cows were acceptable in this cult.
In another sacrifice at Rome (#2*1-6, p. 212) Hercules shared
with Ceres in the offering of a pregnant sow.

This sow, as R.

Peter points out (in Roscher 1.2, s.v. "Hercules," col. 296 ^-2 9 6 5 ),
must belong to Ceres.

It is not necessary to assume, as Peter does,

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299

that a male pig was also sacrificed to Hercules.

It is probable

that Hercules became associated with Ceres in- this cult because of
his own concern with agricultural fertility (Peter, col. 2 955), and
that the pregnant sow, which originally belonged only to Ceres,
became a victim for both deities.

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300
19.

Hermes
total no.
of exx.

Boves
Goats
Sheep
Swine
Any victim

1
3
6

sex
unknown

female

male
1

3
3

1____________ 1_________________
13

Forbidden:
Swine

Swine were forbidden in the cult of Hermes on the island of

Cos.

Pigs were acceptable in other cults of the god, hence this

taboo must be a local development of this cult shared by Hermes

and Aphrodite.

Since swine were often forbidden in cults of

Aphrodite ( p. 277), it is probable that she, not Hermes, is

the reason for the taboo in this cult.

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301
20.

Mercury

.'

total no.
of exx.__

Goats

Forbidden:
Boves

sex
unknown

female

male
3

Boves were forbidden in the worship of Mercury (#288, p.2^5)

They wereuncommon in the cultsof Hermes in Greece also (above
p. l60, 301).

The reason for the rarity ofthesevictims is

probably the relative unimportance of the god's cult, both in

Greece and at Rome (Famell; Cult's 5=1)= A minor cult would not
be likely to demand a victim so impressive and costly as a bull.
Famell (Cults 5*10) also suggests that since Hermes was originally
a pastoral god of small herdsmen, his victims were taken from the
smaller grazing animals and not from the larger plowing: animals.

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302
21.

Persephone
total no*
of exx.

Boves
Sheep
Swine
Any Victim

sex
unknown

1
3
7

1_
12

female

1
1

male

color

black-1
black-1

1
T

black-2

Forbidden:
None.
The only thing unusual about the victims chosen for
Persephone is the large number of male animals.

The probable

reason for this anomaly is the economic one given above (p. 291).
All those examples of sacrifice to Persephone which mention the
victims color speak of black victims for this chthonic deity.

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303
22.

Proserpina
total no.
of exx.

Boves

I*

sex
unknown

female

male

color

black-2

Forbiddens
None
There is nothing unusual in the choice of victims for
Proserpina at Rome.

The small number of examples attests the

relative unimportance of Proserpinas cult at Rome.

The

examples which mention the victim's color all state that black
animals were offered to this chthonic goddess.

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305

23.

Poseidon

sex
unknown

total no.
of exx.
Boves
Fish
Horses
Sheep
Swine
trittoia

16
2
2
8
2
2

3
2
2
5
2

~32

15

female

male

color

13

black-2

white-2

2
18

white-2
black-2

Forbidden:
None
The unusual victims sacrificed to Poseidon were fish, horses,
and the trittoia. The sacrifice of fish to Poseidon was not as
common as one might expect.

The two examples of such a sacrifice

(#198 and #199, p. 178) are both from cities near the sea and close
to Asia Minor, where the Greeks could easily come into contact with
the common Phoenician custom of fish sacrifice to the sea gods
(Keller 2.353-355).

Thus the Greek sacrifices, like their Near

Eastern counterparts, were probably in origin offerings of the

first fruits to the god who was most responsible for their acquisi
tion (Ziehen, RE XVIII, 1 (1939), s.v. "Opfer," col. 589-590;
Bulle, in Roscher 3.2, s.v. "Poseidon," col. 2857*
The horse is a common attribute of Poseidon in mythology and
cult (Bulle, in Roscher 3.2, s.v. "Poseidon," col. 2822-2826;
Keller 1.256; Famell, Cults 5.15-25).

Famell (p. 21) must be

wrong when he accepts the theory that "the horse was attached to
Poseidon, the water-god, because in Greek imagination it was the
symbol of the rushing water or the arching wave."

It is impossible

that a resemblance so tenuous as that between the mane of a horse

and sea waves could account for the ubiquitous presence of horses
in Poseidon's mythology.

It seems more likely that a basic kin

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305

ship was felt by the ancients between the stormy and tempestuous
natures of the god and the horse.

Once this basic similarity was

established it would then be possible for the poets to write

similes comparing horses and waves, but I doubt if the process
could have worked in reverse.
For the trittoia see the discussion above,p. 288.

The rela

tive infrequency of this offering in cults of Poseidon is

probably explainable by the greater cost of the trittoia. This
sacrifice was probably reserved for conspicuously ostentatious
offerings.
The Greeks sometimes sacrificed black bulls to Poseidon
(#18^, p. 172).

The reason given by Comutus (#192, p. 175) that

black victims were acceptable

rather unlikely.

C~>p

Coo

, seems

Famell, Cults k-,21 does not recognize any

chthonic elements in the cult of Poseidon.

However, since the

data gathered here points to the.general accuracy of the black

victim/chthonic deity correlation (p .310 and 313), it is probable
that there are chthonic elements in Poseidons worship.

Poseidon's

association with earthquakes, and epithets such as

(holders of earth), also points to chthonic elements in his cult.

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2^.

Neptune
total no.
of exx.
3
1

Boves
Horses

sex
unknown

female

male

color

3
1

Forbidden:
None
The only unusual offering made to Neptune was the sacrifice
of a horse by Sextus Pompeius, ca. 38 B.C. (#3 2 3 , p. 2 6 9 ).

The

original character of the Roman god was replaced almost completely

"by that of Poseidon at a very early date (Wissowa, in Roscher 3.1,
s.v. "Neptunus," col. 202).

Thus everything said above concerning

horse sacrifice to the Greek god will apply equally well to

Neptune.

The small number of examples points to the unimportance

of Neptune's cult at Rome.

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30?
25-

Zeus
total no.
of exx.

Boves
Goats
Sheep
Swine
trittoia

21
8

_1
57

sex
unknown

11
3
13
7
1
35

female

male

10

total

white-1

11
1
22

Forbidden:
None
The only unusual sacrifice made to Zeus was the trittoia,
which is discussed above, p. 288.

As I have mentioned above,

(p. 297 and 30 5 )>both the infrequency of this sacrifice and its
great cost point to the conspicuous elegance of any cult in which
it was offered.

The color of victims offered to Zeus, king of the

Olympian deities, is mentioned in only one example, which speaks

of white bulls being sacrificed.

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26.

Jupiter

total no
of exx.

Boves
Goats

sex
unknown
4

female

Sheep

13

Forbidden:
Boves
Sheep
Swine

2
2

2l

52

male

color

3^-

white-3
,red-1

1
8
T*3

white-1
white-4
red-1

1
1
1

1
1
1

There are two examples (#293 and 29*1-, p. 2*l-8-2*l<9) of ewes

sacrificed to Jupiter, one at the -Vinalia, and the other on the
Ides. Krause (RE VA (1931), s.v. "Hostia," col. 270)asserts that
these quotations contain errors made during transmission which
changed the original agno to agna. Krause gives his full arguments
for this theory in his dissertation, De Romanorum Hostiis, Marburg
189*1-. Unfortunately I have "been unable to obtain a copy of this
dissertation and can form no judgment on the validity of its argu
ments . As he presents the argument in his article, Hostia, his con
elusions seem unfounded.

There was some question among ancients

whether the Vinalia was a sacrifice to Jupiter or to Venus (#293,

p. 2*1-8). The sex of the victim might point to an original role for
Venus in this rite.

Ovid says (#29*1-, p. 2*1-9) that a ewe fell to

Jupiter on the Ides of every month.

Ovid also says, however, (#295

p. 2*1-9) that a gelded ram was sacrificed to Jupiter on the Ides of

January.

Perhaps Ovid is only joking in reference to #29*1- by

calling a gelded ram an agna, and the animal really was a male.
This sort of pun would be in keeping with Ovid's style.
Ateius Capito (#290 , p. 2k6) says that bulls, boars, and rams
were not permitted as victims for Jupiter.

There are, however,

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309

examples of bulls and rams sacrificed to Jupiter.

It must then be

assumed either that Capito was mistaken or that Macrobius,

who

preserves the fragments, has misquoted or. misinterpreted Capito's

meaning.

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310
27. Totals for Greece

total no.
of exx.

sex
unknown

female

male

male deities
20 ^
133
1
female deities
169
105
^8
Olympian deities
... ...............

color

70
16

white-4
red-3
black-3
black-2

Chthonic deities.........

28. Totals for Rome

total no.
of exx.
male deities
female deities

97
87

sex
unknown
16
8

female

male

^
76

color

77
3

white-10

Olympian deities........ ...................

red-1
Chthonic.......................

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311

Conclusions:
The chief evidence from antiquity for the existence of any
general rules regarding the sex and color of sacrificial animals
is the statement of Amobius quoted above (p. 1). Many modem
writers on cult have based various theories, which often contra
dict one another, solely on the testimony of Amobius.

This

dissertation has been an attempt to test the validity of Amobius1

statements, and thus the validity of the theories based upon them,
by examining the accounts of sacrifices in the ancient sources
themselves.
Unfortunately the results of this examination are, in several
respects, inconclusive. A very large percentage of the cases
which I have gathered do not mention the Victim's color or sex.
The sex of the animal is left unmentioned in a total of ^1$ of the
cases (6bfo for Greek accounts, 13^ for Roman).

Even more im

pressively $6fo of the cases do not specify any color for the sacri
ficial animal (97% for Greek, 93% for Roman accounts). There are
many possible reasons for this silence, but these reasons resolve
themselves into two general possibilities.

It is possible that

the ancients were often unconcerned over the victim's sex and color
because these matters were unimportant.

This would suggest that

Amobius was wrong, that general rules for the sex and color of
sacrificial victims either did not exist at all or only existed in
certain cults.

It is also possible, however, that the ancients

did not mention the victim's sex and color because everyone knew
the general rules, e.g., that a male deity would be offered a male
animal.

It is impossible to determine which of these contradic

tory possibilities is correct.

Thus, this large percentage of the

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312

evidence is useless in determining the veracity of Amobius"

statements.
A second difficulty arises from the first problem.

After we

have set aside this large body of inconclusive evidence, we are

sometimes left with so small a number of witnesses that their
statistical validity is open to question.

This problem is espe

cially noticeable in the cases which mention color; I have been

able to find only 25 cases (12 from Greece, 13 from Rome) which
specify the victim's color.

This small number cannot be expected

to yield totally reliable statistics.

Even with these provisos, however, the evidence does indicate
that the rules given by Amobius are generally correct.

Of those

cases which mention the animal's sex, 88% (78% for Greece, 100?-for
Rome) follow the rule stated by Amobius, i.e., white or red vic
tims for Olympian, black for chthonic deities.

Likewise 92% (87%

for Greece, 96% for Rome) of the cases giving the animal's sex con
form to Amobius' statement that male victims were offered to male
deities, female to female.

Thus, in general, the evidence does

support Amobius.
The examination of the exceptions to Amobius' rules has led
to a better conception of the complexities of actual cult practice.
The largest number of exceptions was the 19 cases which described
male victims sacrificed to female deities.

Five of these cases

#72, 115, 125, 129, 15*0 give ambiguous evidence; e.g., Pausanias
(#115) describes the sacrifice of the Marathonian bull to Athena,
but Plutarch (#^1 ) and Diodorus Siculus (#^2) say: that this bull
was sacrificed to Apollo, not to Athena.

The other fourteen ex

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313

amples (#1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 3 2 , 4-9, 73, 1 2 6 , 131 /twiceJ , 137, 1 7 8 , 268

JtwiceJ, 27 1 ) could "be explained as sacrifices in fertility cults,
such as the cults of Demeter and Persephone, for male animals
were thought to he more efficacious victims in sacrifices designed
to promote agricultural fertility (Nilsson, GGR 1.4-98; Frazer, GB
5.227-280).

A more probable explanation, however, for these excep

tions to Amobius' rule is the economic consideration mentioned

above (p. 291).

Fewer male than female animals were necessary to

maintain herds, and thus males could more easily have been given,
over for sacrifice.

There are, oh the other hand, only five ex

amples of female animals sacrificed to male deities. Two of these

cases(#253, 294-) furnish ambiguous testimony.

The other three ex

amples (#6 0 , 24-6, 2 9 3 ) all come from cults which were either
shared by male and female deities.or were taken over by the male
from a female deity; in these instances the female victim was
probably originally offered to the female deity.
Exceptions to Amobius' rule for the victim's color are very
rare.

There are no examples of a white or red animal sacrificed

to a chthonic deity.

There are only three examples of a black vic

tim sacrificed to an Olympian divinity (#4-7, 184-, 192).

Example

#4-7 shows definite signs of being a chthonic cult, even though the
deity worshipped, Hera, is an Olympian goddess.
cases are from cults of Poseidon.

The other two

They too, in all probability,

reflect chthonic elements in the god's cult.

These exceptions

point to the inaccuracy of the term "Olympian". It appears that

a so-called Olympian deity could have chthonic elements in his cult.
These exceptions do not negate Amobius' rules; they merely
point to a greater complexity in the ancient cults than Amobius

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334

chose to notice.
valid.

In general the rules stated by Amobius are

Thus the conclusions of the modem writers who deny the

veracity of these rules are unproven.

Schoemann-Lipsius (Gr. Alt.,

2kZ) said that the sex rule applied only to Zeus, Hera, and

Athena; Krause ("Hostia," 2 6 9 ) said that the sex rule was not prac
ticed at Rome; Latte (RR, 38 1 ) stated that the color rule was not
observed by the Romans.

The evidence, however, does not support

the views presented by these scholars.

While examining the evidence gathered in this dissertation Ihave also made some interesting observations on the species of
animals used for sacrifice.

Four types of animals, i.e., boves,

goats, sheep, and swine, account for 93f of the sacrifices recorded
in the ancient sources.

These four species, the most common

domesticated mammals, were generally acceptable to all divinities,

with the exception of swine, which were fairly often prohibited.
There are several possible explanations for the refusal of certain
cults to use this victim.

Some cults, especially those of

Aphrodite, appear to have inherited some aspects of their ritual

from the Near East (Roscher, in Roscher 1,1, s.v. "Aphrodite",
col. 390-395)-

The pig was a forbidden animal in many Near Eastern

cults (p. 277), and thus its prohibition in some Greek and Roman
rites may have been borrowed from these Eastern cults.

It is also

possible that the prevalence of swine as victims in the fertility

cults of Demeter and Persephone (p. 291, 302) caused swine to be
associated particularly with these goddesses and, thus, to be
thought of as unsuitable for other deities.
The sacrifice of species' of animals other than the four men
tioned above was very rare.

Other animals seem to have been

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315

chosen as victims because of some symbolic attribute they

possessed which the celebrants wished to obtain either for them
selves or for some deity.

Thus, dogs, famous in antiquity for

their fighting spirit (p. 282), were sacrificed to Ares, the god
of war.

It is not always possible to determine whether this

fighting spirit was supposed to be. conveyed to the people making

the sacrifice or to Ares himself.

But it is clear that it is the

symbolic quality that made the dog a fitting victim for Ares.
We are not, however, always able to discover what particular
quality certain victims were thought to possess.

Thus the reason

why an animal such as a horse should be sacrificed to Poseidon is

not clear.

It is clear that horses played important roles in

much of Poseidon's mythology, and that the ancients visualized

some symbolic association between them, but the reasons why this
association was originally made are not known.

It might be argued

that this is a remnant of earlier ideas of totemism, but the con

troversies currently being waged over the existence or non-exis
tence of totemism in early Greek cult prevent any definitive state
ment on this question at present.
Thus., although the evidence is not so conclusive as might be
desired, it does show that the rules handed down by Amobius are
generally correct.

My studies have shown that Amobius erred only

in presenting too simplified a scheme.

Ancient cult was actually

more complex than he pictured it to be, and the reasons behind

the choice of a particular victim for a particular deity were
more subtle than he thought.

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316

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317

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324

Indices

I.

Ancient Sources.......... ........................ 325

II.

Inscriptions,...............

III.
IV.

Deities

..............

Victims........

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332
334
33?

325
I. Ancient Sources
Aelian (ca. A.D. 170-235)
De Natura Animalium 10.50
1 2.1
12 .34

Varia Historia 2.25

8.3
Anecdota Bekkeriana (?)
1.249
Anthologia Palatina
(ca.i8A.D. 980)
_
6^

'
14, 20
1*3
137
90
191
86

15_l6

Antigonus of Carystus (fl. 240 B.C.)

178
Antoninus Liberalis (ca. A.D. 200 ?)
h t& j-tc ijjv w v i
^ ^ / 2 0 .1 -3
Pseudo Appolodorus (ca. A.D. 100 )
Bibliotheca 1.9.11
2.5.7
2.5.10
2.5=11
3.4.1
Epitome 2.10
3.22

Apollonius of Rhodes ( ? )
Aristocles (2nd c. A.D.)
Aristophanes (ca. 450-385 B.C.)
Achamians 793
4 Achamians 747
793

Birds 566
568
Clouds 985
Semites 660
Frogs 338
Peace 385-388
4 Peace 39
374
419
19
Amobius (ca. A.D. 300)
Adversus Nationes 2.68.1-4
"
7.19
7 .21 .2-6
7 .21 .21-23
7 .22 .6-9
Arrian (2nd c. A.D.)
Anabasis Alexandri 6.19.5

2 6 , 2 7 , 44, 60

200
176
144-145
151
. 111-112
93~9^

85
201
123
23-24
129
zy

182
198
192-193
90
130, 141
162
24
130
193
245
1
254, 263-264, 271
245, 252 , 263
266

177

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

326

'

Artemidorus (late 2nd c. A.D.)

*D\/6.t,c>itiCi.ti<

5*80,

p.

270

24

Athenaeus (ca. A.D. 200)

AkLTf^O^Oilt^Z^L

1.9b

177

4.138
4 .139 b
9.375c
10.441
1 0 .4 5 6 d
13.587a

59
94

120-121
13
136

118-119

Callimachus
Iambs
frg. (Pfeiffer, ad 200a)
Capita, G. Ateius (ca. A.D. 15)
De lure Sacrificiorum
Cato (234-149 B.C.)
De Agri Cultura 134.1
141
/
Cicero (106-43 B.C.)
De Divinatione 1.101
De Inventione 2.31.95
De Legibus 2.12,19
Comutus (ca. A.D. 20-70)
!Theologiae Graecae Compendium 21

22
21

246, 250-25.1, 250 -25 1

210
261
238

215
3
7 7 , 80

22

175

28
30

129

Demosthenes (384-322 B.C.)

Against Meidias 53. p. 531
Dio Cassius (ca. A.D. 225)
48.48.5
Diodorus Siculus (died ca. 20 B.C.)
Bibliotheca 4.39.1
4.59.6
4.73.4
Diogenianus (ca. A.D. 120)
Vindemla I .8 9
Dionysius of Halicarnassus (ca. 25 B.C.)
Antiauitates Romanae 1.40*3
4.49.3
Etvmologicum Magnum (ca. A.D. 1150)
s.v.

132
40, 190, 198
269
150-151,
42
199

156

24
218
242-243
192
of

Eupolis (ca. 421 B.C.)

125

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

327
E u rip id e s

(c a ,

* * 8 5 -* * 0 6 B . G . )

Helen 1581-1588
Hippoivtus 535-537
Iphigenia Aulidensis 1110 -111 **
1587-1589
Iphigenia Taurica 2 8 -3 0
1222- 122**
E u s e b i u s ( c a . A .D . 2 6 o -3 * * 0 )
P r e a p a r a tio E v a n g e lic a

(la te

2nd

c.

* * . 9.2

8**-85

2
9 1 -9 2

200-201

A .D .)

250

s.v. Idulis ovis

O c to b e r E q u u s

2 5 9 -2 6 0

G e l l i u s , A u l u s ( c a , A .D . 1 3 0 - 1 8 0 )
N o c t e s A t t i c a e * * .3 .3

**.6.8
G ra n iu s

83
8 **

93

E u s t a t h i u s ( 1 2 t h c . A .D .)
o n I l i a d 2.732
O d y s s e v 22 .** 8l
F e s tu s

173 -17 **
38-39

L ic in ia n u s

(ca.

A .D .

H e rm ip p u s

(c a .

**25

H e ro d o tu s

(ca.

* * 8 0 -* * 2 5 B . C . )

130 )

237
211-212
250

B .C .)

136
6 .6 7

189
110

7 . **3
H e s y c h iu s ( c a , 5 th ^ c .
s .v .
Xu'te X I ^
%)Qoi.O

B .C .)

v'i-cci

tfflo <pX]/C$
H om er

( c a . 8 0 0 B .C .)
I l i a d l.* * 0 -* * l

1.6**-67
.1.315-316
2 .**02-**03
**.1 0 1 -1 0 3
6.93-9**
7.31**-315
8 .23 6 -2**l
10.292-293
11.727-729
11.772-77**
15.372-37**
2 0 .**03-**05
4 Iliad 23.30
Odyssey 1.22-25
3.**9
3.177-179
382-383
I.762 -76 **
9.550-553
10.527

1**6
90

9**
**3
8 9 .^ 7

5**, 63
39, 58
1 8 6 -1 8 7
63

108-109
187
I87
109
109, 170-171
188
188, 1 9 7 -1 9 8
170

2
1 7 1 , 182
172
172
110
120

no,

198
166

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

328
Odyssey 11.130-131
13.24-25
1 3 .181 -1 8 2
14.434-436
19.396-398
2 1 .265 -26 8
2 3 .334 -33 6
KoiT3.cs. (658 B.C.)
Odes 3 .8 .6 -8
Juvenal (ea. A.D. 65-140)
6.47-48
12.3-9
Labeo (died ca. A.D. 10)
Lactantius (ca. A.D. 240-320)
Divinae Institutiones 1.21.3 6
Livy (ca. 59 B.C. - A.D. 17)
1.7.12
1.45.4-7
7.37.3
8.10.14
2 5 .1 2 .1 3
27.37.11-12, 15
41.41.7
Lucian (ca. A.D. 120-190)
Dialogi Meretricii 7.1
Dial. Meret. 2.1
De Sacrificio 2
Lydus, Ioannes (ca. A.D. 4 9 0 -5 6 0 )
De Mensibus 4.64
4.65
Macrobius (ca. A.D. 400)
Saturnalia 1.15.16
1.15.19
3 -1 1 .1 0
Martial (ca, A.D. 40-104)
9.31.1-6
10.92.6-7
Nicander (2nd c. B.C.)
Theriaca
frg.
Ovid (43 B.C. - A.D. 17)
Amores 3.133-^ 1 3 -2 2
Ex Ponto 2.9.29-30
2.9.31-32
4.4.27-32
Fasti 1.55-56
1.349-353
1.353360
1 . 3 8 7 -3 8 8
1.451-452

1 7 2 , 182,
188-18

184

173
162

160
55
189
253
2 3 3 -2 3 4
2 3 7 . 246-247

208, 2 5 7 , 268
152.
218-219
214
257-258
2 6 1 -2 6 2
2 0 7 , 208
232-233
244

15, 19
130-131,
112

168

12
2 0 , 2 1 -2 2
250
23 7 -2 3 8 , 239
21 2 -2 1 3 , 220

256
247, 249-250
194-195
83
2 3 3 , 2 3 3 , 2 3 8 -2 3 9

211
254
244-245
249
2 1 0 -2 1 1

253
215
272

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329
Fasti 1.579-580
1.587-588
1.671-672
2.69-70
2 .435 -4 3 6 , 441-446
Metamorphoses 12.30-14
15.114-115
Tristia 1.10.41-44
Paulus (8th c. A.D.)
s.v. Panibus
Pausanias (ca. A.D. 150)
1.24.2
1.24,4
1 .2 7 .1 0
2.10.1
2.10.5
2.24.1
2.35.6-7

3.14.9
3.15.9
4.13.1
5.16.3
7.18.12-13
8 .7 .2
8.19.2
8 .3 7 .8
8 .3 8 .8
9.3.8
9.8,1
9.8.2
9.12.1
9.19.7
Phanodemus (ca. 330 B.C.)
frg. 14a
Philochoras (ca. 340-260 B.C.)
frg. 10
Philostratus (ca. A.D. 220)
Imagines 2.24
4r Pindar ( ? )
on Olvmpian 7.152
Plato Comicus (ca. 400 B.C.)
Phaon
Plautus (ca. 254-184 B.C.)
Captivi 862-865
Poenulus 449-454
Pliny (the Elder) (A.D. 23 -7 9 )
Naturalis Historia 22.9
Pliny (the Younger) (ca. A.D.. 61-112)
Epistulae 9.10.1

244
249
211
249
234
87

253-254
26?
260
199
191
111
156
2 3 , 25
63-64
122
79
145
200
144
94-95
179
136

168-169
74-75
144, 193
128, 168
140
42
95
81
111
151
145
1 3 , 20

248
273
258
215-216, 267

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330
Plutarch (ca. A.D. 46-120)
Moralia
De genio Socratis 589f
Institutiones Laconicae 2 j 8 i
Parallela Graeca et Homana 314d
Quaestiones Graecae 294c
Quaestiones Romanae 287a
290d
Septem sapientium Convivium l63ab
Vitae
Aemilius Paulus 1?
Agesilaus 6
Lucullus 10
Phocion 28
Theseus 14
18
Polyaenus (ca. A.D. 1 6 0 )
Strategems 6.24
Polyhius (ca. 200-118 B.C.)
12.4b
Pomponius (ca. 90 B.C.)
Galli Transalpini
Porphyry (ca. A.D. 232 -305 )
De Abstinentia 2 .1 0
2.10
2.15
Propertius (ca. 50-15 B.C.)
4.5.65-66
Servius (ca. A.D. 390 )
on Aeneid 3 .2 1
3.118
8.43
8.343
on Georgies 2 .38 O
S e x tu s

E m p iric u s

(ca.

ififfifuiiLCu

A .D .

3 .2 2 0 -2 2 1
3 .2 2 1

Sophocles (ca. 496-406 B.C.)

Electra 6
Oedipus Coloneus 888-889
1491-1495
Trachiniae 76 0 -7 6 1
Strabo (ca. 64 B.C. - A.D. 2 1 )
9.5.17
10.4.21
Suidas (ca. A..D. 1000)
s.v.
^ y /b

234

193-194
259
79-80
175-176
219

163
128
41-42
18-19
178
258-259
262

140
192
44
272

245-246
2 1 2 , 254

239
254-255
255

200)

3*221

8.7.2

123

77-78

157
90-91
59-60, 170
75-76
174
174-175

m %
176 -17 7
22
194

146
192

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission

331
T a c i t u s ( c a . A .D . 5 6 - 1 1 5 )
H i s t o r i a e 2 . 2-3
T h e o c ritu s (c a .
4 .2 0 -2 2

3 0 0 -2 6 0

1^3

5 .8 2 -8 3
2 7 .6 4

64

15

T h e o p h ra s tu s ( c a .
D a C o m o e d ia
T z e tz e s (1 2 th
S c h o lia

c.
ad

V a l e r i u s M a x im u s
2 . 4.5

3 7 0 -2 8 5

B .C .)

175
A .D .)
L y c o p h ro n u n i
(c a .

A .D .

183

270
2 1 4 -2 1 5

( 1 1 6 - 2 7 B .C .)
D e L in g u a L a tin a
De

V e rg il

Re R u s tic a

6 .1 6
6 .5 4
1 .2 .1 9

( 7 0 - 1 9 B .C .)
A e n e id 2 .2 0 1 -2 0 2
3 . 19-21
3 .1 1 8 -1 2 0

(c a .

2 .3

A .D .

209,

2 3 6 -2 3 7

238

220
3 9 3 -3 9 6

3 .5 3 1 -5 3 3

7 . 8. 4 - 5
4 .2 .2 0
6 . 4.29

266

2 0 8 -2 0 9 ,
255
2 0 6 -2 0 7
270

X e n o p h o n ( c a . 4 2 8 - 3 5 4 B .C .)
A n a b a s is 3 .2 .1 1 - 1 2
H e lle n ic a

-2 5 2 ,

206, 268
206

6 .3 3 -3 9
6 .2 4 9 -2 5 1
8 .8 1 -8 5
8 .5 4 2 -5 4 5
9 . 625-628
G e o r g i e s 2 . 38O - 38I ,

2 4 8 -2 4 9

217-218

268
242

3 .3 6 9 -3 7 3
4 .5 7 -5 9

Z o s im u s

84

15)

7 .3 .1
V a rro
'

25

1 9 -2 0 ,

B .C .)

2 4 3 -2 4 4
2 5 2 -2 5 3

232
89
2 0 3 -2 0 4

89
40,

59 , 63 ,

?4

500)
271

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CM
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CM CM CM CM

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CM CM CM
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rH CM XA
O Ov
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-d I
CM rH

V'WO

333
Sill-3 56
83
. 2?1
398
558
577
IS
624A
671A
67 2
717
73^
736
982
998
1000
1024
1025
1026

1027
1030
1031
1 03 1 , note 3

1038
1044
1046
1106

142-143
97-98
100 -10 3

36-37
92-93
37-38
56-57, 88, 186, 197
2 7 , 102
64, 75. 76
28, 82
29, 83
132-135
29-30
66-74, 1 2 7 , 161
108, 120, 121
82
180-182
35, 6 0 , 127, 139. 167, 180, 203
116 -1 1 8 , 1 2 5 , 1 3 8 , 141, 185
102 -1 0 3 , 118, 143* 185-186, 196
150, 156
183
139
125
4 9 -5 0

61-62, 196-197
104-105
152-155

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

33^
III.

Deities

Aphrodite 10-25, 2?b-Z77, 31b

t '/
15
fri.C(d{
.18
Ko^^oC^oj>o^
1 3 , 16
16

15
K & tw *

15, 17, 19
tfSciOfc
19-20
-/feZ&rf
13 -1^
Apollo (Greek) 26 -7 6 , 279-280
iH, ^9, 51, 55. (2x)
A e S fh /^
bl-b2, 60
A lSo^ C ^
38-39, 59
c k4 ' ^ } ^
35-36, 60
74

KXut&,c$

^
d%l*r /[&<**
o n lJ J
lUfifieLSLo<,
rUcpoL^

58-59, 63
60 (2x)
63
hk, 5 2 , 6b
50
60

7b-75

33, 67

^
TeXeKt'ffty tf&t-v/

3 7 , 39 -^0 , w, 4 9 , 5 0 , 7 5
62-63

^3
Apollo (Roman) 206-209, 281
Ares 77,-80, 282-283
, v
Gm A lc*
79 (2x)
Artemis 81-95, 286
88
86

f f t p l p i U i
tUrr^cdXyoi,

9b

A ^ f> ^

9b-95

88-89, 93
91-92
Athena .96-121, 288-289
A o ^ o /C l ' 1

121
Air^orrJ-x
A-Cpotii-iyi
c' } % t o J
H \iU
4 **0 *%

M^yUvc5

NC*1
rtL y i^ C 35

115, 116
110

100, ll^(2x) 121

110-111
10^-105
102, 118
102
108

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

335

Athena ^
112

TfcyUs
t'ffr&hb4^

102, 114, 115, 113, 119-120

115
112
100

Ceres 210-213, 292

Demeter. 122-131, 291
XPcV^
124

yMy

125-126, 127-128

Diana 214-216, 287

Aventiniensis
214
Dionysus 132-141, 293
ALvt?j*
,
140
Tvv 9^orfipf* LiCs)
137
8Jk% s
1
139
138-139, 1 H
<tot o 4 *$*
137-138
Hera 142-148, 295
/Uyc,<U^oj
145
JA & I d
146
'/IvWti
148
vuU
143
143
.
143
146-147
& e \f^ U

147

Heracles 149-158, 297

172

Hercules 217-220, 298-299

Hermes 159-162, 300
^vUyoyi-cS
159
tfzrf

160

Juno 221-239, 296

Dea Dia
235, 236
Regina"
223, 230 , 231, 232 , 233
Jupiter 240-252, 308-309
Latiaris
243, 245
Optimus Maximus 240, 242 (2x)
Victor
241, 265
Liber 252-255. 294

Bacchus
252, 253 (2x),254
Pater
252
Mars 256-262, 284-285
Pater
26l (2x)
Ultor
256 (2x), 257, 261

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

336

Mercury 263-26 **, 301

Minerva 265-267 , 290
Neptune 268-269, 306
Persephone 163 -169 , 302
AUiftS>rij
167, 168-169
Poseidon yl?0-l8**, 30^-305
171 (2 x), 17c
oYfOptz s
183
18C
4 0 ^ *5 {
180
fo-cAljtes
183
Proserpina 2?0-27l, 303
Venus 272-273, 278
Regina
272
Zeus, I85r205, 30?
AlvoUk&s
19**
M LUl
WQ&Xn
JArfo-cpo(fuic>5
0 ^A kJi
^crr^mcevs

203

196

197
203

202

195

Kesko's

Xz&Loi>
A
M

M^X^-vitus

rfbt-M fas

ifAffiidai
IfiA'FeSi
cYrf&}kXioS
<F^h,^

190

191
f c

t 199
185

, 196

195, 203-20**
190, 198
195-196, 202
19**
197
185 , 186, 191 , 195 (2x), 197
186, 197

I 95

19ft
185 , 202
230-231

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

337

IV*
A ny V ic tim
A ss
F o rb id d e n
B ear

25,
77,
26,
81,

Victims

76, 94-95, 162, 168-169

282
279

286

B ird s i
A ny B ird
C apon
C ock
D ove
G o o se
Jay
P a rtrid g e
T h ru sh
B oves

F o rb id d e n
D eer
D og
F is h
G oat

F o rb id d e n
H are
H o rse
F o rb id d e n
Sheep

F o rb id d e n
S u o v e ta u rilia
S w in e

F o rb id d e n

13-14
217, 298
10 -1 1 , 77-78, 82, 149, 27*1-275. 282, 286, 297
11 -1 2 , 2 7 2 , 2 7 6 , 278
1 2 , 8 2 , 2 5 6 , 2 7 5 -2 7 6 , 284, 28 6
132, 293
1 2 , 276
13* 276
14-17, 27-44; 78. 82-84, 9 6 -1 1 2 , 122 -1 2 3 ,
132 -1 3 8 , 142-145, 149-152, 159, 1 6 3 , 1 6 3 -1 6 6 ,
170-177, 179 -1 8 2 , 185-193. 206-207, 214-215,
217-219, 221 -2 3 3 , 240-245, 2 5 6 -2 5 8 , 2 65 -2 6 6 ,
268, 270-271, 288, 294, 295. 298, 305, 312
215, 246, 2 5 2 , 2 6 3 , 2 8 7 , 2 9 4 , 301, 3 0 8 , 312
84-87, 2 1 5 , 286, 287
78 -8 0 , 282
152-155, 178, 297, 304
16 -2 0 , 44-59, 80, 87-92, 1 1 2 , 138-140, 145-146,
159 -1 6 0 , 194, 2 0 8 , 234-235, 252-255, 26.3-264,
2 ?2 , 296
112 -1 1 3 , 146-147, 288, 290, 295
2 0 , 2 7 6 -2 7 7
178-179, 258 -2 6 1 , 269, 282, 304-305, 306
59-60, 279
20 -2 1 , 60-64, 92-94, 11 3 -1 2 0 , 124-126, 14?-148,
155-156, 160-161, 195-200, 208-209, 210, 2192 2 0 , 235 -2 3 8 , 247-250, 255, 2 6 1 , 267, 273,
279, 308
64, 12 0 -1 2 1 , 2 50 -2 5 1 , 2 7 9 , 288-289, 308
261 -2 6 2 , 2 8 5 , 296
21 -2 2 , 65-75, 94, 121 -1 2 2 , 126-131, 140-141,
157, 1 6 2 , 167 -1 6 8 , 183-184, 201-205, 210-213,
215-216, 220, 238-239, 2 6 2 , 267, 298-299
23 -2 4 , 75, 157 -1 5 8 , 1 6 2 , 2 5 1 , 2 7 7 , 297, 30 0 ,
308

tr itto ia

W o lf

100, 104, 154, 170, 173, 186, 288, 297, 304305, 307
75-76, 279

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338

Edward Kadletz
Boms

October 30, 19^7, Brooklyn, New York

Parents t

Edward and Louise (nee Lambrecht) Kadletz

Educations

Brooklyn Technical High School, Brooklyn, New York

Graduate - June 1965
City College, CUNY, New York, New York
B.A. Classics - June, 1969
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
M.A. Classics - March 197^
Ph.D. Classics - June 1976

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.