Design Patterns

Design patterns are recurring solutions to software design

problems you find again and again in real-world application
development. Patterns are about design and interaction of objects,
as well as providing a communication platform concerning
elegant, reusable solutions to commonly encountered
programming challenges.
The Gang of Four (GoF) patterns are generally considered the
foundation for all other patterns. They are categorized in three groups:
Creational, Structural, and Behavioral. Here you will find information on
these patterns together with source code in C#.
To give you a head start, the source code is provided in 2 forms:
structural and real-world. Structural code uses type names as defined
in the pattern definition and UML diagrams. Real-world code provides
real-world programming situations where you may use the patterns.
A third form, .NET optimized, demonstrates design patterns that exploit
built-in .NET features, such as, attributes, events, delegates, and
reflection. These and much more are available in our unique Design
Pattern FrameworkTM.

Creational Patterns
Abstract
Creates an instance of several families of classes
Factory
Builder Separates object construction from its representation
Factory
Creates an instance of several derived classes
Method
Prototype A fully initialized instance to be copied or cloned
Singleton A class of which only a single instance can exist

Structural Patterns
Adapter Match interfaces of different classes
Bridge Separates an object’s interface from its implementation
Composite A tree structure of simple and composite objects
Decorator Add responsibilities to objects dynamically
Facade A single class that represents an entire subsystem
Flyweight A fine-grained instance used for efficient sharing
Proxy An object representing another object

Behavioral Patterns
Chain of Resp. A way of passing a request between a chain of objects
 Command Encapsulate a command request as an object
Interpreter A way to include language elements in a program
Iterator Sequentially access the elements of a collection
Mediator Defines simplified communication between classes
Memento Capture and restore an object's internal state
Observer A way of notifying change to a number of classes
State Alter an object's behavior when its state changes
Strategy Encapsulates an algorithm inside a class
Template
Defer the exact steps of an algorithm to a subclass
Method
Visitor Defines a new operation to a class without change

Abstract Factory Design

Pattern
< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Provide an interface for creating families of related or dependent

objects without specifying their concrete classes.

Frequency of use: high

return to top

UML class diagram

 return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• AbstractFactory (ContinentFactory)
o declares an interface for operations that create abstract products
• ConcreteFactory (AfricaFactory, AmericaFactory)
o implements the operations to create concrete product objects
• AbstractProduct (Herbivore, Carnivore)
o declares an interface for a type of product object
• Product (Wildebeest, Lion, Bison, Wolf)
o defines a product object to be created by the corresponding concrete
factory
o implements the AbstractProduct interface
• Client (AnimalWorld)
o uses interfaces declared by AbstractFactory and AbstractProduct
classes
 return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Abstract Factory pattern

creating parallel hierarchies of objects. Object creation has been
abstracted and there is no need for hard-coded class names in the
client code.
Hide code

// Abstract Factory pattern -- Structural example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Abstract.Structural
{
// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
public static void Main()
{
// Abstract factory #1
AbstractFactory factory1 = new ConcreteFactory1();
Client c1 = new Client(factory1);
c1.Run();

// Abstract factory #2
AbstractFactory factory2 = new ConcreteFactory2();
Client c2 = new Client(factory2);
c2.Run();

// Wait for user input

Console.Read();
}
}

// "AbstractFactory"

abstract class AbstractFactory

{
public abstract AbstractProductA CreateProductA();
public abstract AbstractProductB CreateProductB();
}
// "ConcreteFactory1"

class ConcreteFactory1 : AbstractFactory

{
public override AbstractProductA CreateProductA()
{
return new ProductA1();
}
public override AbstractProductB CreateProductB()
{
return new ProductB1();
}
}

// "ConcreteFactory2"

class ConcreteFactory2 : AbstractFactory

{
public override AbstractProductA CreateProductA()
{
return new ProductA2();
}
public override AbstractProductB CreateProductB()
{
return new ProductB2();
}
}

// "AbstractProductA"

abstract class AbstractProductA

{
}

// "AbstractProductB"

abstract class AbstractProductB

{
public abstract void Interact(AbstractProductA a);
}

// "ProductA1"
class ProductA1 : AbstractProductA
{
}

// "ProductB1"

class ProductB1 : AbstractProductB

{
public override void Interact(AbstractProductA a)
{
Console.WriteLine(this.GetType().Name +
" interacts with " + a.GetType().Name);
}
}

// "ProductA2"

class ProductA2 : AbstractProductA

{
}

// "ProductB2"

class ProductB2 : AbstractProductB

{
public override void Interact(AbstractProductA a)
{
Console.WriteLine(this.GetType().Name +
" interacts with " + a.GetType().Name);
}
}

// "Client" - the interaction environment of the products

class Client
{
private AbstractProductA AbstractProductA;
private AbstractProductB AbstractProductB;

// Constructor
public Client(AbstractFactory factory)
{
 AbstractProductB = factory.CreateProductB();
AbstractProductA = factory.CreateProductA();
}

public void Run()

{
AbstractProductB.Interact(AbstractProductA);
}
}
}

Output
ProductB1 interacts with ProductA1
ProductB2 interacts with ProductA2

This real-world code demonstrates the creation of different animal

worlds for a computer game using different factories. Although the
animals created by the Continent factories are different, the
interactions among the animals remain the same.
Hide code

// Abstract Factory pattern -- Real World example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Abstract.RealWorld
{
// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
public static void Main()
{
// Create and run the Africa animal world
ContinentFactory africa = new AfricaFactory();
AnimalWorld world = new AnimalWorld(africa);
world.RunFoodChain();

// Create and run the America animal world

ContinentFactory america = new AmericaFactory();
world = new AnimalWorld(america);
 world.RunFoodChain();

// Wait for user input

Console.Read();
}
}

// "AbstractFactory"

abstract class ContinentFactory

{
public abstract Herbivore CreateHerbivore();
public abstract Carnivore CreateCarnivore();
}

// "ConcreteFactory1"

class AfricaFactory : ContinentFactory

{
public override Herbivore CreateHerbivore()
{
return new Wildebeest();
}
public override Carnivore CreateCarnivore()
{
return new Lion();
}
}

// "ConcreteFactory2"

class AmericaFactory : ContinentFactory

{
public override Herbivore CreateHerbivore()
{
return new Bison();
}
public override Carnivore CreateCarnivore()
{
return new Wolf();
}
}
// "AbstractProductA"

abstract class Herbivore

{
}

// "AbstractProductB"

abstract class Carnivore

{
public abstract void Eat(Herbivore h);
}

// "ProductA1"

class Wildebeest : Herbivore

{
}

// "ProductB1"

class Lion : Carnivore

{
public override void Eat(Herbivore h)
{
// Eat Wildebeest
Console.WriteLine(this.GetType().Name +
" eats " + h.GetType().Name);
}
}

// "ProductA2"

class Bison : Herbivore

{
}

// "ProductB2"

class Wolf : Carnivore

{
public override void Eat(Herbivore h)
{
 // Eat Bison
Console.WriteLine(this.GetType().Name +
" eats " + h.GetType().Name);
}
}

// "Client"

class AnimalWorld
{
private Herbivore herbivore;
private Carnivore carnivore;

// Constructor
public AnimalWorld(ContinentFactory factory)
{
carnivore = factory.CreateCarnivore();
herbivore = factory.CreateHerbivore();
}

public void RunFoodChain()

{
carnivore.Eat(herbivore);
}
}
}

Output
Lion eats Wildebeest
Wolf eats Bison

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Abstract Factory pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!
Builder Design Pattern
< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Separate the construction of a complex object from its

representation so that the same construction process can create
different representations.

Frequency of use: medium low

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UML class diagram

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participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Builder (VehicleBuilder)
o specifies an abstract interface for creating parts of a Product object
• ConcreteBuilder (MotorCycleBuilder, CarBuilder, ScooterBuilder)
o constructs and assembles parts of the product by implementing the
Builder interface
o defines and keeps track of the representation it creates
 o provides an interface for retrieving the product
• Director (Shop)
o constructs an object using the Builder interface
• Product (Vehicle)
o represents the complex object under construction. ConcreteBuilder
builds the product's internal representation and defines the process
by which it's assembled
o includes classes that define the constituent parts, including interfaces
for assembling the parts into the final result

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sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Builder pattern in which

complex objects are created in a step-by-step fashion. The construction
process can create different object representations and provides a high
level of control over the assembly of the objects.
Hide code

// Builder pattern -- Structural example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Builder.Structural
{
// MainApp test application

public class MainApp

{
public static void Main()
{
// Create director and builders
Director director = new Director();

Builder b1 = new ConcreteBuilder1();

Builder b2 = new ConcreteBuilder2();

// Construct two products

director.Construct(b1);
Product p1 = b1.GetResult();
p1.Show();

director.Construct(b2);
 Product p2 = b2.GetResult();
p2.Show();

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Director"

class Director
{
// Builder uses a complex series of steps
public void Construct(Builder builder)
{
builder.BuildPartA();
builder.BuildPartB();
}
}

// "Builder"

abstract class Builder

{
public abstract void BuildPartA();
public abstract void BuildPartB();
public abstract Product GetResult();
}

// "ConcreteBuilder1"

class ConcreteBuilder1 : Builder

{
private Product product = new Product();

public override void BuildPartA()

{
product.Add("PartA");
}

public override void BuildPartB()

{
product.Add("PartB");
 }

public override Product GetResult()

{
return product;
}
}

// "ConcreteBuilder2"

class ConcreteBuilder2 : Builder

{
private Product product = new Product();

public override void BuildPartA()

{
product.Add("PartX");
}

public override void BuildPartB()

{
product.Add("PartY");
}

public override Product GetResult()

{
return product;
}
}

// "Product"

class Product
{
ArrayList parts = new ArrayList();

public void Add(string part)

{
parts.Add(part);
}

public void Show()

{
 Console.WriteLine("\nProduct Parts -------");
foreach (string part in parts)
Console.WriteLine(part);
}
}
}

Output
Product Parts -------
PartA
PartB

Product Parts -------

PartX
PartY

This real-world code demonstates the Builder pattern in which different vehicles are assembled in
a step-by-step fashion. The Shop uses VehicleBuilders to construct a variety of Vehicles in a
series of sequential steps.
Hide code

// Builder pattern -- Real World example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Builder.RealWorld
{
// MainApp test application

public class MainApp

{
public static void Main()
{
// Create shop with vehicle builders
Shop shop = new Shop();
VehicleBuilder b1 = new ScooterBuilder();
VehicleBuilder b2 = new CarBuilder();
VehicleBuilder b3 = new MotorCycleBuilder();

// Construct and display vehicles

shop.Construct(b1);
 b1.Vehicle.Show();

shop.Construct(b2);
b2.Vehicle.Show();

shop.Construct(b3);
b3.Vehicle.Show();

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Director"

class Shop
{
// Builder uses a complex series of steps
public void Construct(VehicleBuilder vehicleBuilder)
{
vehicleBuilder.BuildFrame();
vehicleBuilder.BuildEngine();
vehicleBuilder.BuildWheels();
vehicleBuilder.BuildDoors();
}
}

// "Builder"

abstract class VehicleBuilder

{
protected Vehicle vehicle;

// Property
public Vehicle Vehicle
{
get{ return vehicle; }
}

public abstract void BuildFrame();

public abstract void BuildEngine();
public abstract void BuildWheels();
public abstract void BuildDoors();
}

// "ConcreteBuilder1"

class MotorCycleBuilder : VehicleBuilder

{
public override void BuildFrame()
{
vehicle = new Vehicle("MotorCycle");
vehicle["frame"] = "MotorCycle Frame";
}

public override void BuildEngine()

{
vehicle["engine"] = "500 cc";
}

public override void BuildWheels()

{
vehicle["wheels"] = "2";
}

public override void BuildDoors()

{
vehicle["doors"] = "0";
}
}

// "ConcreteBuilder2"

class CarBuilder : VehicleBuilder

{
public override void BuildFrame()
{
vehicle = new Vehicle("Car");
vehicle["frame"] = "Car Frame";
}

public override void BuildEngine()

{
vehicle["engine"] = "2500 cc";
}
 public override void BuildWheels()
{
vehicle["wheels"] = "4";
}

public override void BuildDoors()

{
vehicle["doors"] = "4";
}
}

// "ConcreteBuilder3"

class ScooterBuilder : VehicleBuilder

{
public override void BuildFrame()
{
vehicle = new Vehicle("Scooter");
vehicle["frame"] = "Scooter Frame";
}

public override void BuildEngine()

{
vehicle["engine"] = "50 cc";
}

public override void BuildWheels()

{
vehicle["wheels"] = "2";
}

public override void BuildDoors()

{
vehicle["doors"] = "0";
}
}

// "Product"

class Vehicle
{
private string type;
private Hashtable parts = new Hashtable();
 // Constructor
public Vehicle(string type)
{
this.type = type;
}

// Indexer (i.e. smart array)

public object this[string key]
{
get{ return parts[key]; }
set{ parts[key] = value; }
}

public void Show()

{
Console.WriteLine("\n---------------------------");
Console.WriteLine("Vehicle Type: {0}", type);
Console.WriteLine(" Frame : {0}", parts["frame"]);
Console.WriteLine(" Engine : {0}", parts["engine"]);
Console.WriteLine(" #Wheels: {0}", parts["wheels"]);
Console.WriteLine(" #Doors : {0}", parts["doors"]);
}
}
}

Output
---------------------------
Vehicle Type: Scooter
Frame : Scooter Frame
Engine : none
#Wheels: 2
#Doors : 0

---------------------------
Vehicle Type: Car
Frame : Car Frame
Engine : 2500 cc
#Wheels: 4
#Doors : 4

---------------------------
Vehicle Type: MotorCycle
Frame : MotorCycle Frame
Engine : 500 cc
#Wheels: 2
#Doors : 0

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Builder pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!

Factory Method Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants
definition

Define an interface for creating an object, but let subclasses decide

which class to instantiate. Factory Method lets a class defer
instantiation to subclasses.

Frequency of use: high

return to top

UML class diagram

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participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Product (Page)
o defines the interface of objects the factory method creates
• ConcreteProduct (SkillsPage, EducationPage, ExperiencePage)
o implements the Product interface
• Creator (Document)
o declares the factory method, which returns an object of type Product.
Creator may also define a default implementation of the factory
method that returns a default ConcreteProduct object.
o may call the factory method to create a Product object.
• ConcreteCreator (Report, Resume)
o overrides the factory method to return an instance of a
ConcreteProduct.

return to top

sample code in C#
This structural code demonstrates the Factory method offering great
flexibility in creating different objects. The Abstract class may provide
a default object, but each subclass can instantiate an extended version
of the object.
Hide code

// Factory Method pattern -- Structural example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Factory.Structural
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// An array of creators
Creator[] creators = new Creator[2];
creators[0] = new ConcreteCreatorA();
creators[1] = new ConcreteCreatorB();

// Iterate over creators and create products

foreach(Creator creator in creators)
{
Product product = creator.FactoryMethod();
Console.WriteLine("Created {0}",
product.GetType().Name);
}

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Product"

abstract class Product

{
}
 // "ConcreteProductA"

class ConcreteProductA : Product

{
}

// "ConcreteProductB"

class ConcreteProductB : Product

{
}

// "Creator"

abstract class Creator

{
public abstract Product FactoryMethod();
}

// "ConcreteCreator"

class ConcreteCreatorA : Creator

{
public override Product FactoryMethod()
{
return new ConcreteProductA();
}
}

// "ConcreteCreator"

class ConcreteCreatorB : Creator

{
public override Product FactoryMethod()
{
return new ConcreteProductB();
}
}
}

Output
Created ConcreteProductA
Created ConcreteProductB
This real-world code demonstrates the Factory method offering flexibility in creating different
documents. The derived Document classes Report and Resume instantiate extended versions of
the Document class. Here, the Factory Method is called in the constructor of the Document base
class.
Hide code

// Factory Method pattern -- Real World example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Factory.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Note: constructors call Factory Method
Document[] documents = new Document[2];
documents[0] = new Resume();
documents[1] = new Report();

// Display document pages

foreach (Document document in documents)
{
Console.WriteLine("\n" + document.GetType().Name+ "--");
foreach (Page page in document.Pages)
{
Console.WriteLine(" " + page.GetType().Name);
}
}

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Product"

abstract class Page

{
}

// "ConcreteProduct"

class SkillsPage : Page

{
}

// "ConcreteProduct"

class EducationPage : Page

{
}

// "ConcreteProduct"

class ExperiencePage : Page

{
}

// "ConcreteProduct"

class IntroductionPage : Page

{
}

// "ConcreteProduct"

class ResultsPage : Page

{
}

// "ConcreteProduct"

class ConclusionPage : Page

{
}

// "ConcreteProduct"

class SummaryPage : Page

{
}

// "ConcreteProduct"

class BibliographyPage : Page

{
}

// "Creator"

abstract class Document

{
private ArrayList pages = new ArrayList();

// Constructor calls abstract Factory method

public Document()
{
this.CreatePages();
}

public ArrayList Pages

{
get{ return pages; }
}

// Factory Method
public abstract void CreatePages();
}

// "ConcreteCreator"

class Resume : Document

{
// Factory Method implementation
public override void CreatePages()
{
Pages.Add(new SkillsPage());
Pages.Add(new EducationPage());
Pages.Add(new ExperiencePage());
}
}

// "ConcreteCreator"
 class Report : Document
{
// Factory Method implementation
public override void CreatePages()
{
Pages.Add(new IntroductionPage());
Pages.Add(new ResultsPage());
Pages.Add(new ConclusionPage());
Pages.Add(new SummaryPage());
Pages.Add(new BibliographyPage());
}
}
}

Output
Resume -------
SkillsPage
EducationPage
ExperiencePage

Report -------
IntroductionPage
ResultsPage
ConclusionPage
SummaryPage
BibliographyPage

Prototype Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition
 Specify the kind of objects to create using a prototypical instance,
and create new objects by copying this prototype.

Frequency of use: medium

return to top

UML class diagram

return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Prototype (ColorPrototype)
o declares an interace for cloning itself
• ConcretePrototype (Color)
o implements an operation for cloning itself
• Client (ColorManager)
o creates a new object by asking a prototype to clone itself

return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Prototype pattern in which new

objects are created by copying pre-existing objects (prototypes) of the
same class.
Hide code

// Prototype pattern -- Structural example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Prototype.Structural
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{

static void Main()

{
// Create two instances and clone each

ConcretePrototype1 p1 = new ConcretePrototype1("I");

ConcretePrototype1 c1 = (ConcretePrototype1)p1.Clone();
Console.WriteLine ("Cloned: {0}", c1.Id);

ConcretePrototype2 p2 = new ConcretePrototype2("II");

ConcretePrototype2 c2 = (ConcretePrototype2)p2.Clone();
Console.WriteLine ("Cloned: {0}", c2.Id);

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Prototype"

abstract class Prototype

{
private string id;

// Constructor
public Prototype(string id)
{
this.id = id;
}

// Property
public string Id
{
 get{ return id; }
}

public abstract Prototype Clone();

}

// "ConcretePrototype1"

class ConcretePrototype1 : Prototype

{
// Constructor
public ConcretePrototype1(string id) : base(id)
{
}

public override Prototype Clone()

{
// Shallow copy
return (Prototype)this.MemberwiseClone();
}
}

// "ConcretePrototype2"

class ConcretePrototype2 : Prototype

{
// Constructor
public ConcretePrototype2(string id) : base(id)
{
}

public override Prototype Clone()

{
// Shallow copy
return (Prototype)this.MemberwiseClone();
}
}
}

Output
Cloned: I
Cloned: II
This real-world code demonstrates the Prototype pattern in which new Color objects are created
by copying pre-existing, user-defined Colors of the same type.
Hide code

// Prototype pattern -- Real World example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Prototype.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
ColorManager colormanager = new ColorManager();

// Initialize with standard colors

colormanager["red" ] = new Color(255, 0, 0);
colormanager["green"] = new Color( 0, 255, 0);
colormanager["blue" ] = new Color( 0, 0, 255);

// User adds personalized colors

colormanager["angry"] = new Color(255, 54, 0);
colormanager["peace"] = new Color(128, 211, 128);
colormanager["flame"] = new Color(211, 34, 20);

Color color;

// User uses selected colors

string name = "red";
color = colormanager[name].Clone() as Color;

name = "peace";
color = colormanager[name].Clone() as Color;

name = "flame";
color = colormanager[name].Clone() as Color;

// Wait for user

 Console.Read();
}
}

// "Prototype"

abstract class ColorPrototype

{
public abstract ColorPrototype Clone();
}

// "ConcretePrototype"

class Color : ColorPrototype

{
private int red;
private int green;
private int blue;

// Constructor
public Color(int red, int green, int blue)
{
this.red = red;
this.green = green;
this.blue = blue;
}

// Create a shallow copy

public override ColorPrototype Clone()
{
Console.WriteLine(
"Cloning color RGB: {0,3},{1,3},{2,3}",
red, green, blue);

return this.MemberwiseClone() as ColorPrototype;

}
}

// Prototype manager

class ColorManager
{
Hashtable colors = new Hashtable();
 // Indexer
public ColorPrototype this[string name]
{
get
{
return colors[name] as ColorPrototype;
}
set
{
colors.Add(name, value);
}
}
}
}

Output
Cloning color RGB: 255, 0, 0
Cloning color RGB: 128,211,128
Cloning color RGB: 211, 34, 20

Singleton Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Ensure a class has only one instance and provide a global point of
access to it.

Frequency of use: medium high

return to top

UML class diagram

 return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Singleton (LoadBalancer)
o defines an Instance operation that lets clients access its unique
instance. Instance is a class operation.
o responsible for creating and maintaining its own unique instance.

return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Singleton pattern which assures

only a single instance (the singleton) of the class can be created.
Hide code

// Singleton pattern -- Structural example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Singleton.Structural
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{

static void Main()

{
// Constructor is protected -- cannot use new
Singleton s1 = Singleton.Instance();
Singleton s2 = Singleton.Instance();

if (s1 == s2)
{
Console.WriteLine("Objects are the same instance");
 }

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Singleton"

class Singleton
{
private static Singleton instance;

// Note: Constructor is 'protected'

protected Singleton()
{
}

public static Singleton Instance()

{
// Use 'Lazy initialization'
if (instance == null)
{
instance = new Singleton();
}

return instance;
}
}
}

Output
Objects are the same instance

This real-world code demonstrates the Singleton pattern as a LoadBalancing object. Only a single
instance (the singleton) of the class can be created because servers may dynamically come on-
or off-line and every request must go throught the one object that has knowledge about the state
of the (web) farm.
Hide code

// Singleton pattern -- Real World example

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Threading;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Singleton.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
LoadBalancer b1 = LoadBalancer.GetLoadBalancer();
LoadBalancer b2 = LoadBalancer.GetLoadBalancer();
LoadBalancer b3 = LoadBalancer.GetLoadBalancer();
LoadBalancer b4 = LoadBalancer.GetLoadBalancer();

// Same instance?
if (b1 == b2 && b2 == b3 && b3 == b4)
{
Console.WriteLine("Same instance\n");
}

// All are the same instance -- use b1 arbitrarily

// Load balance 15 server requests
for (int i = 0; i < 15; i++)
{
Console.WriteLine(b1.Server);
}

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Singleton"

class LoadBalancer
{
private static LoadBalancer instance;
private ArrayList servers = new ArrayList();

private Random random = new Random();

// Lock synchronization object
private static object syncLock = new object();

// Constructor (protected)
protected LoadBalancer()
{
// List of available servers
servers.Add("ServerI");
servers.Add("ServerII");
servers.Add("ServerIII");
servers.Add("ServerIV");
servers.Add("ServerV");
}

public static LoadBalancer GetLoadBalancer()

{
// Support multithreaded applications through
// 'Double checked locking' pattern which (once
// the instance exists) avoids locking each
// time the method is invoked
if (instance == null)
{
lock (syncLock)
{
if (instance == null)
{
instance = new LoadBalancer();
}
}
}

return instance;
}

// Simple, but effective random load balancer

public string Server

{
get
{
int r = random.Next(servers.Count);
return servers[r].ToString();
}
 }
}
}

Output
Same instance

ServerIII
ServerII
ServerI
ServerII
ServerI
ServerIII
ServerI
ServerIII
ServerIV
ServerII
ServerII
ServerIII
ServerIV
ServerII
ServerIV

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Show code

// Singleton pattern -- .NET optimized

return to top

Adapter Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants
Definition

Convert the interface of a class into another interface clients

expect. Adapter lets classes work together that couldn't otherwise
because of incompatible interfaces.

Frequency of use: medium high

return to top

UML class diagram

return to top

Participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Target (ChemicalCompound)
o defines the domain-specific interface that Client uses.
• Adapter (Compound)
o adapts the interface Adaptee to the Target interface.
• Adaptee (ChemicalDatabank)
o defines an existing interface that needs adapting.
• Client (AdapterApp)
o collaborates with objects conforming to the Target interface.

return to top

Sample code in C#
This structural code demonstrates the Adapter pattern which maps the
interface of one class onto another so that they can work together.
These incompatible classes may come from different libraries or
frameworks.
Show code

// Adapter pattern -- Structural example

Called SpecificRequest()

This real-world code demonstrates the use of a legacy chemical databank. Chemical compound
objects access the databank through an Adapter interface.
Hide code

// Adapter pattern -- Real World example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Adapter.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Non-adapted chemical compound
Compound stuff = new Compound("Unknown");
stuff.Display();

// Adapted chemical compounds

Compound water = new RichCompound("Water");
water.Display();

Compound benzene = new RichCompound("Benzene");

benzene.Display();

Compound alcohol = new RichCompound("Alcohol");

alcohol.Display();

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}
// "Target"

class Compound
{
protected string name;
protected float boilingPoint;
protected float meltingPoint;
protected double molecularWeight;
protected string molecularFormula;

// Constructor
public Compound(string name)
{
this.name = name;
}

public virtual void Display()

{
Console.WriteLine("\nCompound: {0} ------ ", name);
}
}

// "Adapter"

class RichCompound : Compound

{
private ChemicalDatabank bank;

// Constructor
public RichCompound(string name) : base(name)
{
}

public override void Display()

{
// Adaptee
bank = new ChemicalDatabank();
boilingPoint = bank.GetCriticalPoint(name, "B");
meltingPoint = bank.GetCriticalPoint(name, "M");
molecularWeight = bank.GetMolecularWeight(name);
molecularFormula = bank.GetMolecularStructure(name);
 base.Display();
Console.WriteLine(" Formula: {0}", molecularFormula);
Console.WriteLine(" Weight : {0}", molecularWeight);
Console.WriteLine(" Melting Pt: {0}", meltingPoint);
Console.WriteLine(" Boiling Pt: {0}", boilingPoint);
}
}

// "Adaptee"

class ChemicalDatabank
{
// The Databank 'legacy API'
public float GetCriticalPoint(string compound, string point)
{
float temperature = 0.0F;

// Melting Point
if (point == "M")
{
switch (compound.ToLower())
{
case "water" : temperature = 0.0F; break;
case "benzene" : temperature = 5.5F; break;
case "alcohol" : temperature = -114.1F; break;
}
}
// Boiling Point
else
{
switch (compound.ToLower())
{
case "water" : temperature = 100.0F; break;
case "benzene" : temperature = 80.1F; break;
case "alcohol" : temperature = 78.3F; break;
}
}
return temperature;
}

public string GetMolecularStructure(string compound)

{
string structure = "";
 switch (compound.ToLower())
{
case "water" : structure = "H20"; break;
case "benzene" : structure = "C6H6"; break;
case "alcohol" : structure = "C2H6O2"; break;
}
return structure;
}

public double GetMolecularWeight(string compound)

{
double weight = 0.0;
switch (compound.ToLower())
{
case "water" : weight = 18.015; break;
case "benzene" : weight = 78.1134; break;
case "alcohol" : weight = 46.0688; break;
}
return weight;
}
}
}

Output
Compound: Unknown ------

Compound: Water ------

Formula: H20
Weight : 18.015
Melting Pt: 0
Boiling Pt: 100

Compound: Benzene ------

Formula: C6H6
Weight : 78.1134
Melting Pt: 5.5
Boiling Pt: 80.1

Compound: Alcohol ------

Formula: C2H6O2
Weight : 46.0688
Melting Pt: -114.1
Boiling Pt: 78.3

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Adapter pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!

return to top

Bridge Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
 UML diagram
participants

definition

Decouple an abstraction from its implementation so that the two

can vary independently.

Frequency of use: medium

return to top

UML class diagram

return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Abstraction (BusinessObject)
o defines the abstraction's interface.
o maintains a reference to an object of type Implementor.
• RefinedAbstraction (CustomersBusinessObject)
o extends the interface defined by Abstraction.
• Implementor (DataObject)
o defines the interface for implementation classes. This interface
doesn't have to correspond exactly to Abstraction's interface; in fact
 the two interfaces can be quite different. Typically the
Implementation interface provides only primitive operations, and
Abstraction defines higher-level operations based on these
primitives.
• ConcreteImplementor (CustomersDataObject)
o implements the Implementor interface and defines its concrete
implementation.

return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Bridge pattern which separates

(decouples) the interface from its implementation. The implementation
can evolve without changing clients which use the abstraction of the
object.
Show code

// Bridge pattern -- Structural example

ConcreteImplementorA Operation
ConcreteImplementorB Operation

This real-world code demonstrates the Bridge pattern in which a BusinessObject abstraction is
decoupled from the implementation in DataObject. The DataObject implementations can evolve
dynamically without changing any clients.
Hide code

// Bridge pattern -- Real World example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Bridge.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Create RefinedAbstraction
Customers customers =
new Customers("Chicago");
 // Set ConcreteImplementor
customers.Data = new CustomersData();

// Exercise the bridge

customers.Show();
customers.Next();
customers.Show();
customers.Next();
customers.Show();
customers.New("Henry Velasquez");

customers.ShowAll();

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Abstraction"

class CustomersBase
{
private DataObject dataObject;
protected string group;

public CustomersBase(string group)

{
this.group = group;
}

// Property
public DataObject Data
{
set{ dataObject = value; }
get{ return dataObject; }
}

public virtual void Next()

{
dataObject.NextRecord();
}
 public virtual void Prior()
{
dataObject.PriorRecord();
}

public virtual void New(string name)

{
dataObject.NewRecord(name);
}

public virtual void Delete(string name)

{
dataObject.DeleteRecord(name);
}

public virtual void Show()

{
dataObject.ShowRecord();
}

public virtual void ShowAll()

{
Console.WriteLine("Customer Group: " + group);
dataObject.ShowAllRecords();
}
}

// "RefinedAbstraction"

class Customers : CustomersBase

{
// Constructor
public Customers(string group) : base(group)
{
}

public override void ShowAll()

{
// Add separator lines
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine ("------------------------");
base.ShowAll();
Console.WriteLine ("------------------------");
 }
}

// "Implementor"

abstract class DataObject

{
public abstract void NextRecord();
public abstract void PriorRecord();
public abstract void NewRecord(string name);
public abstract void DeleteRecord(string name);
public abstract void ShowRecord();
public abstract void ShowAllRecords();
}

// "ConcreteImplementor"

class CustomersData : DataObject

{
private ArrayList customers = new ArrayList();
private int current = 0;

public CustomersData()
{
// Loaded from a database
customers.Add("Jim Jones");
customers.Add("Samual Jackson");
customers.Add("Allen Good");
customers.Add("Ann Stills");
customers.Add("Lisa Giolani");
}

public override void NextRecord()

{
if (current <= customers.Count - 1)
{
current++;
}
}

public override void PriorRecord()

{
if (current > 0)
 {
current--;
}
}

public override void NewRecord(string name)

{
customers.Add(name);
}

public override void DeleteRecord(string name)

{
customers.Remove(name);
}

public override void ShowRecord()

{
Console.WriteLine(customers[current]);
}

public override void ShowAllRecords()

{
foreach (string name in customers)
{
Console.WriteLine(" " + name);
}
}
}
}

Output
Jim Jones
Samual Jackson
Allen Good

------------------------
Customer Group: Chicago
Jim Jones
Samual Jackson
Allen Good
Ann Stills
Lisa Giolani
Henry Velasquez
------------------------

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Bridge pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!

Composite Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Compose objects into tree structures to represent part-whole

hierarchies. Composite lets clients treat individual objects and
compositions of objects uniformly.

Frequency of use: medium high

 return to top

UML class diagram

return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Component (DrawingElement)
o declares the interface for objects in the composition.
o implements default behavior for the interface common to all classes,
as appropriate.
o declares an interface for accessing and managing its child
components.
o (optional) defines an interface for accessing a component's parent in
the recursive structure, and implements it if that's appropriate.
• Leaf (PrimitiveElement)
o represents leaf objects in the composition. A leaf has no children.
o defines behavior for primitive objects in the composition.
• Composite (CompositeElement)
o defines behavior for components having children.
o stores child components.
o implements child-related operations in the Component interface.
• Client (CompositeApp)
 o manipulates objects in the composition through the Component
interface.

return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Composite pattern which allows

the creation of a tree structure in which individual nodes are accessed
uniformly whether they are leaf nodes or branch (composite) nodes.
Hide code

// Composite pattern -- Structural example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Composite.Structural
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Create a tree structure
Composite root = new Composite("root");
root.Add(new Leaf("Leaf A"));
root.Add(new Leaf("Leaf B"));

Composite comp = new Composite("Composite X");

comp.Add(new Leaf("Leaf XA"));
comp.Add(new Leaf("Leaf XB"));

root.Add(comp);
root.Add(new Leaf("Leaf C"));

// Add and remove a leaf

Leaf leaf = new Leaf("Leaf D");
root.Add(leaf);
root.Remove(leaf);

// Recursively display tree

 root.Display(1);

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Component"

abstract class Component

{
protected string name;

// Constructor
public Component(string name)
{
this.name = name;
}

public abstract void Add(Component c);

public abstract void Remove(Component c);
public abstract void Display(int depth);
}

// "Composite"

class Composite : Component

{
private ArrayList children = new ArrayList();

// Constructor
public Composite(string name) : base(name)
{
}

public override void Add(Component component)

{
children.Add(component);
}

public override void Remove(Component component)

{
children.Remove(component);
 }

public override void Display(int depth)

{
Console.WriteLine(new String('-', depth) + name);

// Recursively display child nodes

foreach (Component component in children)
{
component.Display(depth + 2);
}
}
}

// "Leaf"

class Leaf : Component

{
// Constructor
public Leaf(string name) : base(name)
{
}

public override void Add(Component c)

{
Console.WriteLine("Cannot add to a leaf");
}

public override void Remove(Component c)

{
Console.WriteLine("Cannot remove from a leaf");
}

public override void Display(int depth)

{
Console.WriteLine(new String('-', depth) + name);
}
}
}

Output
-root
---Leaf A
---Leaf B
---Composite X
-----Leaf XA
-----Leaf XB
---Leaf C

This real-world code demonstrates the Composite pattern used in building a graphical tree
structure made up of primitive nodes (lines, circles, etc) and composite nodes (groups of drawing
elements that make up more complex elements).
Hide code

// Composite pattern -- Real World example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Composite.RealWorld
{

// Mainapp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Create a tree structure
CompositeElement root =
new CompositeElement("Picture");
root.Add(new PrimitiveElement("Red Line"));
root.Add(new PrimitiveElement("Blue Circle"));
root.Add(new PrimitiveElement("Green Box"));

CompositeElement comp =
new CompositeElement("Two Circles");
comp.Add(new PrimitiveElement("Black Circle"));
comp.Add(new PrimitiveElement("White Circle"));
root.Add(comp);

// Add and remove a PrimitiveElement

PrimitiveElement pe =
new PrimitiveElement("Yellow Line");
 root.Add(pe);
root.Remove(pe);

// Recursively display nodes

root.Display(1);

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Component" Treenode

abstract class DrawingElement

{
protected string name;

// Constructor
public DrawingElement(string name)
{
this.name = name;
}

public abstract void Add(DrawingElement d);

public abstract void Remove(DrawingElement d);
public abstract void Display(int indent);
}

// "Leaf"

class PrimitiveElement : DrawingElement

{
// Constructor
public PrimitiveElement(string name) : base(name)
{
}

public override void Add(DrawingElement c)

{
Console.WriteLine(
"Cannot add to a PrimitiveElement");
}
 public override void Remove(DrawingElement c)
{
Console.WriteLine(
"Cannot remove from a PrimitiveElement");
}

public override void Display(int indent)

{
Console.WriteLine(
new String('-', indent) + " " + name);
}
}

// "Composite"

class CompositeElement : DrawingElement

{
private ArrayList elements = new ArrayList();

// Constructor
public CompositeElement(string name) : base(name)
{
}

public override void Add(DrawingElement d)

{
elements.Add(d);
}

public override void Remove(DrawingElement d)

{
elements.Remove(d);
}

public override void Display(int indent)

{
Console.WriteLine(new String('-', indent) +
"+ " + name);

// Display each child element on this node

foreach (DrawingElement c in elements)
{
c.Display(indent + 2);
 }
}
}
}

Output
-+ Picture
--- Red Line
--- Blue Circle
--- Green Box
---+ Two Circles
----- Black Circle
----- White Circle

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Composite pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!

Decorator Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Attach additional responsibilities to an object dynamically.

Decorators provide a flexible alternative to subclassing for
extending functionality.

Frequency of use: medium

 return to top

UML class diagram

return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Component (LibraryItem)
o defines the interface for objects that can have responsibilities added
to them dynamically.
• ConcreteComponent (Book, Video)
o defines an object to which additional responsibilities can be
attached.
• Decorator (Decorator)
o maintains a reference to a Component object and defines an interface
that conforms to Component's interface.
• ConcreteDecorator (Borrowable)
o adds responsibilities to the component.

return to top

sample code in C#
This structural code demonstrates the Decorator pattern which
dynamically adds extra functionality to an existing object.
Hide code

// Decorator pattern -- Structural example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Decorator.Structural
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Create ConcreteComponent and two Decorators
ConcreteComponent c = new ConcreteComponent();
ConcreteDecoratorA d1 = new ConcreteDecoratorA();
ConcreteDecoratorB d2 = new ConcreteDecoratorB();

// Link decorators
d1.SetComponent(c);
d2.SetComponent(d1);

d2.Operation();

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Component"

abstract class Component

{
public abstract void Operation();
}

// "ConcreteComponent"

class ConcreteComponent : Component

{
 public override void Operation()
{
Console.WriteLine("ConcreteComponent.Operation()");
}
}

// "Decorator"

abstract class Decorator : Component

{
protected Component component;

public void SetComponent(Component component)

{
this.component = component;
}

public override void Operation()

{
if (component != null)
{
component.Operation();
}
}
}

// "ConcreteDecoratorA"

class ConcreteDecoratorA : Decorator

{
private string addedState;

public override void Operation()

{
base.Operation();
addedState = "New State";
Console.WriteLine("ConcreteDecoratorA.Operation()");
}
}

// "ConcreteDecoratorB"

class ConcreteDecoratorB : Decorator

 {
public override void Operation()
{
base.Operation();
AddedBehavior();
Console.WriteLine("ConcreteDecoratorB.Operation()");
}

void AddedBehavior()
{
}
}
}

Output
ConcreteComponent.Operation()
ConcreteDecoratorA.Operation()
ConcreteDecoratorB.Operation()

This real-world code demonstrates the Decorator pattern in which 'borrowable' functionality is
added to existing library items (books and videos).
Hide code

// Decorator pattern -- Real World example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Decorator.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Create book
Book book = new Book ("Worley", "Inside ASP.NET", 10);
book.Display();

// Create video
Video video = new Video ("Spielberg", "Jaws", 23, 92);
 video.Display();

// Make video borrowable, then borrow and display

Console.WriteLine("\nMaking video borrowable:");

Borrowable borrowvideo = new Borrowable(video);

borrowvideo.BorrowItem("Customer #1");
borrowvideo.BorrowItem("Customer #2");

borrowvideo.Display();

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Component"

abstract class LibraryItem

{
private int numCopies;

// Property
public int NumCopies
{
get{ return numCopies; }
set{ numCopies = value; }
}

public abstract void Display();

}

// "ConcreteComponent"

class Book : LibraryItem

{
private string author;
private string title;

// Constructor
public Book(string author,string title,int numCopies)
{
this.author = author;
 this.title = title;
this.NumCopies = numCopies;
}

public override void Display()

{
Console.WriteLine("\nBook ------ ");
Console.WriteLine(" Author: {0}", author);
Console.WriteLine(" Title: {0}", title);
Console.WriteLine(" # Copies: {0}", NumCopies);
}
}

// "ConcreteComponent"

class Video : LibraryItem

{
private string director;
private string title;
private int playTime;

// Constructor
public Video(string director, string title,
int numCopies, int playTime)
{
this.director = director;
this.title = title;
this.NumCopies = numCopies;
this.playTime = playTime;
}

public override void Display()

{
Console.WriteLine("\nVideo ----- ");
Console.WriteLine(" Director: {0}", director);
Console.WriteLine(" Title: {0}", title);
Console.WriteLine(" # Copies: {0}", NumCopies);
Console.WriteLine(" Playtime: {0}\n", playTime);
}
}

// "Decorator"
abstract class Decorator : LibraryItem
{
protected LibraryItem libraryItem;

// Constructor
public Decorator(LibraryItem libraryItem)
{
this.libraryItem = libraryItem;
}

public override void Display()

{
libraryItem.Display();
}
}

// "ConcreteDecorator"

class Borrowable : Decorator

{
protected ArrayList borrowers = new ArrayList();

// Constructor
public Borrowable(LibraryItem libraryItem)
: base(libraryItem)
{
}

public void BorrowItem(string name)

{
borrowers.Add(name);
libraryItem.NumCopies--;
}

public void ReturnItem(string name)

{
borrowers.Remove(name);
libraryItem.NumCopies++;
}

public override void Display()

{
base.Display();
 foreach (string borrower in borrowers)
{
Console.WriteLine(" borrower: " + borrower);
}
}
}
}

Output
Book ------
Author: Worley
Title: Inside ASP.NET
# Copies: 10

Video -----
Director: Spielberg
Title: Jaws
# Copies: 23
Playtime: 92

Making video borrowable:

Video -----
Director: Spielberg
Title: Jaws
# Copies: 21
Playtime: 92

borrower: Customer #1
borrower: Customer #2

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Decorator pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!

Facade Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Provide a unified interface to a set of interfaces in a subsystem.

Façade defines a higher-level interface that makes the subsystem
easier to use.

Frequency of use: high

return to top

UML class diagram

return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

 • Facade (MortgageApplication)
o knows which subsystem classes are responsible for a request.
o delegates client requests to appropriate subsystem objects.
• Subsystem classes (Bank, Credit, Loan)
o implement subsystem functionality.
o handle work assigned by the Facade object.
o have no knowledge of the facade and keep no reference to it.

return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Facade pattern which provides a

simplified and uniform interface to a large subsystem of classes.
Hide code

// Facade pattern -- Structural example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Facade.Structural
{

// Mainapp test application

class MainApp
{
public static void Main()
{
Facade facade = new Facade();

facade.MethodA();
facade.MethodB();

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Subsystem ClassA"

class SubSystemOne
{
public void MethodOne()
 {
Console.WriteLine(" SubSystemOne Method");
}
}

// Subsystem ClassB"

class SubSystemTwo
{
public void MethodTwo()
{
Console.WriteLine(" SubSystemTwo Method");
}
}

// Subsystem ClassC"

class SubSystemThree
{
public void MethodThree()
{
Console.WriteLine(" SubSystemThree Method");
}
}

// Subsystem ClassD"

class SubSystemFour
{
public void MethodFour()
{
Console.WriteLine(" SubSystemFour Method");
}
}

// "Facade"

class Facade
{
SubSystemOne one;
SubSystemTwo two;
SubSystemThree three;
SubSystemFour four;
 public Facade()
{
one = new SubSystemOne();
two = new SubSystemTwo();
three = new SubSystemThree();
four = new SubSystemFour();
}

public void MethodA()

{
Console.WriteLine("\nMethodA() ---- ");
one.MethodOne();
two.MethodTwo();
four.MethodFour();
}

public void MethodB()

{
Console.WriteLine("\nMethodB() ---- ");
two.MethodTwo();
three.MethodThree();
}
}
}

Output
MethodA() ----
SubSystemOne Method
SubSystemTwo Method
SubSystemFour Method

MethodB() ----
SubSystemTwo Method
SubSystemThree Method

This real-world code demonstrates the Facade pattern as a MortgageApplication object which
provides a simplified interface to a large subsystem of classes measuring the creditworthyness of
an applicant.
Hide code

// Facade pattern -- Real World example

using System;
namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Facade.RealWorld
{
// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Facade
Mortgage mortgage = new Mortgage();

// Evaluate mortgage eligibility for customer

Customer customer = new Customer("Ann McKinsey");
bool eligable = mortgage.IsEligible(customer,125000);

Console.WriteLine("\n" + customer.Name +
" has been " + (eligable ? "Approved" : "Rejected"));

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Subsystem ClassA"

class Bank
{
public bool HasSufficientSavings(Customer c, int amount)
{
Console.WriteLine("Check bank for " + c.Name);
return true;
}
}

// "Subsystem ClassB"

class Credit
{
public bool HasGoodCredit(Customer c)
{
Console.WriteLine("Check credit for " + c.Name);
return true;
 }
}

// "Subsystem ClassC"

class Loan
{
public bool HasNoBadLoans(Customer c)
{
Console.WriteLine("Check loans for " + c.Name);
return true;
}
}

class Customer
{
private string name;

// Constructor
public Customer(string name)
{
this.name = name;
}

// Property
public string Name
{
get{ return name; }
}
}

// "Facade"

class Mortgage
{
private Bank bank = new Bank();
private Loan loan = new Loan();
private Credit credit = new Credit();

public bool IsEligible(Customer cust, int amount)

{
Console.WriteLine("{0} applies for {1:C} loan\n",
cust.Name, amount);
 bool eligible = true;

// Check creditworthyness of applicant

if (!bank.HasSufficientSavings(cust, amount))
{
eligible = false;
}
else if (!loan.HasNoBadLoans(cust))
{
eligible = false;
}
else if (!credit.HasGoodCredit(cust))
{
eligible = false;
}

return eligible;
}
}
}

Output
Ann McKinsey applies for $125,000.00 loan

Check bank for Ann McKinsey

Check loans for Ann McKinsey
Check credit for Ann McKinsey

Ann McKinsey has been Approved

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Facade pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!
Flyweight Design Pattern
< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Use sharing to support large numbers of fine-grained objects

efficiently.

Frequency of use: low

return to top

UML class diagram

return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Flyweight (Character)
o declares an interface through which flyweights can receive and act
on extrinsic state.
 • ConcreteFlyweight (CharacterA, CharacterB, ..., CharacterZ)
o implements the Flyweight interface and adds storage for intrinsic
state, if any. A ConcreteFlyweight object must be sharable. Any state
it stores must be intrinsic, that is, it must be independent of the
ConcreteFlyweight object's context.
• UnsharedConcreteFlyweight ( not used )
o not all Flyweight subclasses need to be shared. The Flyweight
interface enables sharing, but it doesn't enforce it. It is common for
UnsharedConcreteFlyweight objects to have ConcreteFlyweight
objects as children at some level in the flyweight object structure (as
the Row and Column classes have).
• FlyweightFactory (CharacterFactory)
o creates and manages flyweight objects
o ensures that flyweight are shared properly. When a client requests a
flyweight, the FlyweightFactory objects supplies an existing instance
or creates one, if none exists.
• Client (FlyweightApp)
o maintains a reference to flyweight(s).
o computes or stores the extrinsic state of flyweight(s).

return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Flyweight pattern in which a

relatively small number of objects is shared many times by different
clients.
Hide code

// Flyweight pattern -- Structural example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Flyweight.Structural
{
// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Arbitrary extrinsic state
int extrinsicstate = 22;
 FlyweightFactory f = new FlyweightFactory();

// Work with different flyweight instances

Flyweight fx = f.GetFlyweight("X");
fx.Operation(--extrinsicstate);

Flyweight fy = f.GetFlyweight("Y");
fy.Operation(--extrinsicstate);

Flyweight fz = f.GetFlyweight("Z");
fz.Operation(--extrinsicstate);

UnsharedConcreteFlyweight fu = new
UnsharedConcreteFlyweight();

fu.Operation(--extrinsicstate);

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "FlyweightFactory"

class FlyweightFactory
{
private Hashtable flyweights = new Hashtable();

// Constructor
public FlyweightFactory()
{
flyweights.Add("X", new ConcreteFlyweight());
flyweights.Add("Y", new ConcreteFlyweight());
flyweights.Add("Z", new ConcreteFlyweight());
}

public Flyweight GetFlyweight(string key)

{
return((Flyweight)flyweights[key]);
}
}
 // "Flyweight"

abstract class Flyweight

{
public abstract void Operation(int extrinsicstate);
}

// "ConcreteFlyweight"

class ConcreteFlyweight : Flyweight

{
public override void Operation(int extrinsicstate)
{
Console.WriteLine("ConcreteFlyweight: " + extrinsicstate);
}
}

// "UnsharedConcreteFlyweight"

class UnsharedConcreteFlyweight : Flyweight

{
public override void Operation(int extrinsicstate)
{
Console.WriteLine("UnsharedConcreteFlyweight: " +
extrinsicstate);
}
}
}

Output
ConcreteFlyweight: 21
ConcreteFlyweight: 20
ConcreteFlyweight: 19
UnsharedConcreteFlyweight: 18

This real-world code demonstrates the Flyweight pattern in which a relatively small number of
Character objects is shared many times by a document that has potentially many characters.
Hide code

// Flyweight pattern -- Real World example

using System;
using System.Collections;
namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Flyweight.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Build a document with text
string document = "AAZZBBZB";
char[] chars = document.ToCharArray();

CharacterFactory f = new CharacterFactory();

// extrinsic state
int pointSize = 10;

// For each character use a flyweight object

foreach (char c in chars)
{
pointSize++;
Character character = f.GetCharacter(c);
character.Display(pointSize);
}

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "FlyweightFactory"

class CharacterFactory
{
private Hashtable characters = new Hashtable();

public Character GetCharacter(char key)

{
// Uses "lazy initialization"
Character character = characters[key] as Character;
if (character == null)
 {
switch (key)
{
case 'A': character = new CharacterA(); break;
case 'B': character = new CharacterB(); break;
//...
case 'Z': character = new CharacterZ(); break;
}
characters.Add(key, character);
}
return character;
}
}

// "Flyweight"

abstract class Character

{
protected char symbol;
protected int width;
protected int height;
protected int ascent;
protected int descent;
protected int pointSize;

public abstract void Display(int pointSize);

}

// "ConcreteFlyweight"

class CharacterA : Character

{
// Constructor
public CharacterA()
{
this.symbol = 'A';
this.height = 100;
this.width = 120;
this.ascent = 70;
this.descent = 0;
}

public override void Display(int pointSize)

 {
this.pointSize = pointSize;
Console.WriteLine(this.symbol +
" (pointsize " + this.pointSize + ")");
}
}

// "ConcreteFlyweight"

class CharacterB : Character

{
// Constructor
public CharacterB()
{
this.symbol = 'B';
this.height = 100;
this.width = 140;
this.ascent = 72;
this.descent = 0;
}

public override void Display(int pointSize)

{
this.pointSize = pointSize;
Console.WriteLine(this.symbol +
" (pointsize " + this.pointSize + ")");
}

// ... C, D, E, etc.

// "ConcreteFlyweight"

class CharacterZ : Character

{
// Constructor
public CharacterZ()
{
this.symbol = 'Z';
this.height = 100;
this.width = 100;
this.ascent = 68;
 this.descent = 0;
}

public override void Display(int pointSize)

{
this.pointSize = pointSize;
Console.WriteLine(this.symbol +
" (pointsize " + this.pointSize + ")");
}
}
}

Output
A (pointsize 11)
A (pointsize 12)
Z (pointsize 13)
Z (pointsize 14)
B (pointsize 15)
B (pointsize 16)
Z (pointsize 17)
B (pointsize 18)

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Flyweight pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!

Proxy Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants
definition

Provide a surrogate or placeholder for another object to control

access to it.

Frequency of use: medium high

return to top

UML class diagram

return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Proxy (MathProxy)
o maintains a reference that lets the proxy access the real subject.
Proxy may refer to a Subject if the RealSubject and Subject
interfaces are the same.
o provides an interface identical to Subject's so that a proxy can be
substituted for for the real subject.
o controls access to the real subject and may be responsible for
creating and deleting it.
o other responsibilites depend on the kind of proxy:
 remote proxies are responsible for encoding a request and its
arguments and for sending the encoded request to the real
subject in a different address space.
  virtual proxies may cache additional information about the
real subject so that they can postpone accessing it. For
example, the ImageProxy from the Motivation caches the real
images's extent.
 protection proxies check that the caller has the access
permissions required to perform a request.
• Subject (IMath)
o defines the common interface for RealSubject and Proxy so that a
Proxy can be used anywhere a RealSubject is expected.
• RealSubject (Math)
o defines the real object that the proxy represents.

return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Proxy pattern which provides a

representative object (proxy) that controls access to another similar
object.
Hide code

// Proxy pattern -- Structural example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Proxy.Structural
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Create proxy and request a service
Proxy proxy = new Proxy();
proxy.Request();

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Subject"
 abstract class Subject
{
public abstract void Request();
}

// "RealSubject"

class RealSubject : Subject

{
public override void Request()
{
Console.WriteLine("Called RealSubject.Request()");
}
}

// "Proxy"

class Proxy : Subject

{
RealSubject realSubject;

public override void Request()

{
// Use 'lazy initialization'
if (realSubject == null)
{
realSubject = new RealSubject();
}

realSubject.Request();
}
}
}

Output
Called RealSubject.Request()

This real-world code demonstrates the Proxy pattern for a Math object represented by a
MathProxy object.
Hide code

// Proxy pattern -- Real World example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Proxy.RealWorld
{

// Mainapp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Create math proxy
MathProxy p = new MathProxy();

// Do the math
Console.WriteLine("4 + 2 = " + p.Add(4, 2));
Console.WriteLine("4 - 2 = " + p.Sub(4, 2));
Console.WriteLine("4 * 2 = " + p.Mul(4, 2));
Console.WriteLine("4 / 2 = " + p.Div(4, 2));

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Subject"

public interface IMath

{
double Add(double x, double y);
double Sub(double x, double y);
double Mul(double x, double y);
double Div(double x, double y);
}

// "RealSubject"

class Math : IMath

{
public double Add(double x, double y){return x + y;}
public double Sub(double x, double y){return x - y;}
public double Mul(double x, double y){return x * y;}
 public double Div(double x, double y){return x / y;}
}

// "Proxy Object"

class MathProxy : IMath

{
Math math;

public MathProxy()
{
math = new Math();
}

public double Add(double x, double y)

{
return math.Add(x,y);
}
public double Sub(double x, double y)
{
return math.Sub(x,y);
}
public double Mul(double x, double y)
{
return math.Mul(x,y);
}
public double Div(double x, double y)
{
return math.Div(x,y);
}
}
}

Output
4+2=6
4-2=2
4*2=8
4/2=2

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.
Hide code

// Proxy pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!

Chain of Responsibility Design

Pattern
< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Avoid coupling the sender of a request to its receiver by giving

more than one object a chance to handle the request. Chain the
receiving objects and pass the request along the chain until an
object handles it.

Frequency of use: medium low

return to top

UML class diagram

return to top
participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Handler (Approver)
o defines an interface for handling the requests
o (optional) implements the successor link
• ConcreteHandler (Director, VicePresident, President)
o handles requests it is responsible for
o can access its successor
o if the ConcreteHandler can handle the request, it does so; otherwise
it forwards the request to its successor
• Client (ChainApp)
o initiates the request to a ConcreteHandler object on the chain

return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Chain of Responsibility pattern

in which several linked objects (the Chain) are offered the opportunity
to respond to a request or hand it off to the object next in line.
Hide code

// Chain of Responsibility pattern -- Structural example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Chain.Structural
{
// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Setup Chain of Responsibility
Handler h1 = new ConcreteHandler1();
Handler h2 = new ConcreteHandler2();
Handler h3 = new ConcreteHandler3();
h1.SetSuccessor(h2);
h2.SetSuccessor(h3);

// Generate and process request

 int[] requests = {2, 5, 14, 22, 18, 3, 27, 20};

foreach (int request in requests)

{
h1.HandleRequest(request);
}

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Handler"

abstract class Handler

{
protected Handler successor;

public void SetSuccessor(Handler successor)

{
this.successor = successor;
}

public abstract void HandleRequest(int request);

}

// "ConcreteHandler1"

class ConcreteHandler1 : Handler

{
public override void HandleRequest(int request)
{
if (request >= 0 && request < 10)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} handled request {1}",
this.GetType().Name, request);
}
else if (successor != null)
{
successor.HandleRequest(request);
}
}
}
 // "ConcreteHandler2"

class ConcreteHandler2 : Handler

{
public override void HandleRequest(int request)
{
if (request >= 10 && request < 20)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} handled request {1}",
this.GetType().Name, request);
}
else if (successor != null)
{
successor.HandleRequest(request);
}
}
}

// "ConcreteHandler3"

class ConcreteHandler3 : Handler

{
public override void HandleRequest(int request)
{
if (request >= 20 && request < 30)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} handled request {1}",
this.GetType().Name, request);
}
else if (successor != null)
{
successor.HandleRequest(request);
}
}
}
}

Output
ConcreteHandler1 handled request 2
ConcreteHandler1 handled request 5
ConcreteHandler2 handled request 14
ConcreteHandler3 handled request 22
ConcreteHandler2 handled request 18
ConcreteHandler1 handled request 3
ConcreteHandler3 handled request 27
ConcreteHandler3 handled request 20

This real-world code demonstrates the Chain of Responsibility pattern in which several linked
managers and executives can respond to a purchase request or hand it off to a superior. Each
position has can have its own set of rules which orders they can approve.
Hide code

// Chain of Responsibility pattern -- Real World example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Chain.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Setup Chain of Responsibility
Director Larry = new Director();
VicePresident Sam = new VicePresident();
President Tammy = new President();
Larry.SetSuccessor(Sam);
Sam.SetSuccessor(Tammy);

// Generate and process purchase requests

Purchase p = new Purchase(2034, 350.00, "Supplies");
Larry.ProcessRequest(p);

p = new Purchase(2035, 32590.10, "Project X");

Larry.ProcessRequest(p);

p = new Purchase(2036, 122100.00, "Project Y");

Larry.ProcessRequest(p);
 // Wait for user
Console.Read();
}
}

// "Handler"

abstract class Approver

{
protected Approver successor;

public void SetSuccessor(Approver successor)

{
this.successor = successor;
}

public abstract void ProcessRequest(Purchase purchase);

}

// "ConcreteHandler"

class Director : Approver

{
public override void ProcessRequest(Purchase purchase)
{
if (purchase.Amount < 10000.0)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} approved request# {1}",
this.GetType().Name, purchase.Number);
}
else if (successor != null)
{
successor.ProcessRequest(purchase);
}
}
}

// "ConcreteHandler"

class VicePresident : Approver

{
public override void ProcessRequest(Purchase purchase)
 {
if (purchase.Amount < 25000.0)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} approved request# {1}",
this.GetType().Name, purchase.Number);
}
else if (successor != null)
{
successor.ProcessRequest(purchase);
}
}
}

// "ConcreteHandler"

class President : Approver

{
public override void ProcessRequest(Purchase purchase)
{
if (purchase.Amount < 100000.0)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} approved request# {1}",
this.GetType().Name, purchase.Number);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine(
"Request# {0} requires an executive meeting!",
purchase.Number);
}
}
}

// Request details

class Purchase
{
private int number;
private double amount;
private string purpose;

// Constructor
public Purchase(int number, double amount, string purpose)
 {
this.number = number;
this.amount = amount;
this.purpose = purpose;
}

// Properties
public double Amount
{
get{ return amount; }
set{ amount = value; }
}

public string Purpose

{
get{ return purpose; }
set{ purpose = value; }
}

public int Number

{
get{ return number; }
set{ number = value; }
}
}
}

Output
Director Larry approved request# 2034
President Tammy approved request# 2035
Request# 2036 requires an executive meeting!

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Chain of Responsibility pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!
Command Design Pattern
< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Encapsulate a request as an object, thereby letting you parameterize

clients with different requests, queue or log requests, and support
undoable operations.

Frequency of use: medium high

return to top

UML class diagram

return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Command (Command)
 o declares an interface for executing an operation
• ConcreteCommand (CalculatorCommand)
o defines a binding between a Receiver object and an action
o implements Execute by invoking the corresponding operation(s) on
Receiver
• Client (CommandApp)
o creates a ConcreteCommand object and sets its receiver
• Invoker (User)
o asks the command to carry out the request
• Receiver (Calculator)
o knows how to perform the operations associated with carrying out
the request.

return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Command pattern which stores

requests as objects allowing clients to execute or playback the
requests.
Hide code

// Command pattern -- Structural example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Command.Structural
{

// MainApp test applicatio

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Create receiver, command, and invoker
Receiver receiver = new Receiver();
Command command = new ConcreteCommand(receiver);
Invoker invoker = new Invoker();

// Set and execute command

invoker.SetCommand(command);
invoker.ExecuteCommand();
 // Wait for user
Console.Read();
}
}

// "Command"

abstract class Command

{
protected Receiver receiver;

// Constructor
public Command(Receiver receiver)
{
this.receiver = receiver;
}

public abstract void Execute();

}

// "ConcreteCommand"

class ConcreteCommand : Command

{
// Constructor
public ConcreteCommand(Receiver receiver) :
base(receiver)
{
}

public override void Execute()

{
receiver.Action();
}
}

// "Receiver"

class Receiver
{
public void Action()
{
Console.WriteLine("Called Receiver.Action()");
 }
}

// "Invoker"

class Invoker
{
private Command command;

public void SetCommand(Command command)

{
this.command = command;
}

public void ExecuteCommand()

{
command.Execute();
}
}
}

Output
Called Receiver.Action()

This real-world code demonstrates the Command pattern used in a simple calculator with
unlimited number of undo's and redo's. Note that in C# the word 'operator' is a keyword. Prefixing
it with '@' allows using it as an identifier.
Hide code

// Command pattern -- Real World example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Command.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
 // Create user and let her compute
User user = new User();

user.Compute('+', 100);
user.Compute('-', 50);
user.Compute('*', 10);
user.Compute('/', 2);

// Undo 4 commands
user.Undo(4);

// Redo 3 commands
user.Redo(3);

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Command"

abstract class Command

{
public abstract void Execute();
public abstract void UnExecute();
}

// "ConcreteCommand"

class CalculatorCommand : Command

{
char @operator;
int operand;
Calculator calculator;

// Constructor
public CalculatorCommand(Calculator calculator,
char @operator, int operand)
{
this.calculator = calculator;
this.@operator = @operator;
this.operand = operand;
}
 public char Operator
{
set{ @operator = value; }
}

public int Operand

{
set{ operand = value; }
}

public override void Execute()

{
calculator.Operation(@operator, operand);
}

public override void UnExecute()

{
calculator.Operation(Undo(@operator), operand);
}

// Private helper function

private char Undo(char @operator)
{
char undo;
switch(@operator)
{
case '+': undo = '-'; break;
case '-': undo = '+'; break;
case '*': undo = '/'; break;
case '/': undo = '*'; break;
default : undo = ' '; break;
}
return undo;
}
}

// "Receiver"

class Calculator
{
private int curr = 0;
 public void Operation(char @operator, int operand)
{
switch(@operator)
{
case '+': curr += operand; break;
case '-': curr -= operand; break;
case '*': curr *= operand; break;
case '/': curr /= operand; break;
}
Console.WriteLine(
"Current value = {0,3} (following {1} {2})",
curr, @operator, operand);
}
}

// "Invoker"

class User
{
// Initializers
private Calculator calculator = new Calculator();
private ArrayList commands = new ArrayList();

private int current = 0;

public void Redo(int levels)

{
Console.WriteLine("\n---- Redo {0} levels ", levels);
// Perform redo operations
for (int i = 0; i < levels; i++)
{
if (current < commands.Count - 1)
{
Command command = commands[current++] as Command;
command.Execute();
}
}
}

public void Undo(int levels)

{
Console.WriteLine("\n---- Undo {0} levels ", levels);
// Perform undo operations
 for (int i = 0; i < levels; i++)
{
if (current > 0)
{
Command command = commands[--current] as Command;
command.UnExecute();
}
}
}

public void Compute(char @operator, int operand)

{
// Create command operation and execute it
Command command = new CalculatorCommand(
calculator, @operator, operand);
command.Execute();

// Add command to undo list

commands.Add(command);
current++;
}
}
}

Output
Current value = 100 (following + 100)
Current value = 50 (following - 50)
Current value = 500 (following * 10)
Current value = 250 (following / 2)

---- Undo 4 levels

Current value = 500 (following * 2)
Current value = 50 (following / 10)
Current value = 100 (following + 50)
Current value = 0 (following - 100)

---- Redo 3 levels

Current value = 100 (following + 100)
Current value = 50 (following - 50)
Current value = 500 (following * 10)
This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation
as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Command pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!

return to top

Interpreter Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Given a language, define a representation for its grammar along

with an interpreter that uses the representation to interpret
sentences in the language.

Frequency of use: low

return to top

UML class diagram

 return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• AbstractExpression (Expression)
o declares an interface for executing an operation
• TerminalExpression ( ThousandExpression, HundredExpression,
TenExpression, OneExpression )
o implements an Interpret operation associated with terminal symbols
in the grammar.
o an instance is required for every terminal symbol in the sentence.
• NonterminalExpression ( not used )
o one such class is required for every rule R ::= R1R2...Rn in the
grammar
o maintains instance variables of type AbstractExpression for each of
the symbols R1 through Rn.
o implements an Interpret operation for nonterminal symbols in the
grammar. Interpret typically calls itself recursively on the variables
representing R1 through Rn.
• Context (Context)
o contains information that is global to the interpreter
• Client (InterpreterApp)
o builds (or is given) an abstract syntax tree representing a particular
sentence in the language that the grammar defines. The abstract
syntax tree is assembled from instances of the
NonterminalExpression and TerminalExpression classes
o invokes the Interpret operation
 return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Interpreter patterns, which using

a defined grammer, provides the interpreter that processes parsed
statements.
Hide code

// Interpreter pattern -- Structural example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Interpreter.Structural
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
Context context = new Context();

// Usually a tree
ArrayList list = new ArrayList();

// Populate 'abstract syntax tree'

list.Add(new TerminalExpression());
list.Add(new NonterminalExpression());
list.Add(new TerminalExpression());
list.Add(new TerminalExpression());

// Interpret
foreach (AbstractExpression exp in list)
{
exp.Interpret(context);
}

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}
 // "Context"

class Context
{
}

// "AbstractExpression"

abstract class AbstractExpression

{
public abstract void Interpret(Context context);
}

// "TerminalExpression"

class TerminalExpression : AbstractExpression

{
public override void Interpret(Context context)
{
Console.WriteLine("Called Terminal.Interpret()");
}
}

// "NonterminalExpression"

class NonterminalExpression : AbstractExpression

{
public override void Interpret(Context context)
{
Console.WriteLine("Called Nonterminal.Interpret()");
}
}
}

Output
Called Terminal.Interpret()
Called Nonterminal.Interpret()
Called Terminal.Interpret()
Called Terminal.Interpret()

This real-world code demonstrates the Interpreter pattern which is used to convert a Roman
numeral to a decimal.
Hide code
// Interpreter pattern -- Real World example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Interpreter.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
string roman = "MCMXXVIII";
Context context = new Context(roman);

// Build the 'parse tree'

ArrayList tree = new ArrayList();
tree.Add(new ThousandExpression());
tree.Add(new HundredExpression());
tree.Add(new TenExpression());
tree.Add(new OneExpression());

// Interpret
foreach (Expression exp in tree)
{
exp.Interpret(context);
}

Console.WriteLine("{0} = {1}",
roman, context.Output);

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Context"

class Context
{
private string input;
 private int output;

// Constructor
public Context(string input)
{
this.input = input;
}

// Properties
public string Input
{
get{ return input; }
set{ input = value; }
}

public int Output

{
get{ return output; }
set{ output = value; }
}
}

// "AbstractExpression"

abstract class Expression

{
public void Interpret(Context context)
{
if (context.Input.Length == 0)
return;

if (context.Input.StartsWith(Nine()))
{
context.Output += (9 * Multiplier());
context.Input = context.Input.Substring(2);
}
else if (context.Input.StartsWith(Four()))
{
context.Output += (4 * Multiplier());
context.Input = context.Input.Substring(2);
}
else if (context.Input.StartsWith(Five()))
{
 context.Output += (5 * Multiplier());
context.Input = context.Input.Substring(1);
}

while (context.Input.StartsWith(One()))
{
context.Output += (1 * Multiplier());
context.Input = context.Input.Substring(1);
}
}

public abstract string One();

public abstract string Four();
public abstract string Five();
public abstract string Nine();
public abstract int Multiplier();
}

// Thousand checks for the Roman Numeral M

// "TerminalExpression"

class ThousandExpression : Expression

{
public override string One() { return "M"; }
public override string Four(){ return " "; }
public override string Five(){ return " "; }
public override string Nine(){ return " "; }
public override int Multiplier() { return 1000; }
}

// Hundred checks C, CD, D or CM

// "TerminalExpression"

class HundredExpression : Expression

{
public override string One() { return "C"; }
public override string Four(){ return "CD"; }
public override string Five(){ return "D"; }
public override string Nine(){ return "CM"; }
public override int Multiplier() { return 100; }
}

// Ten checks for X, XL, L and XC

 // "TerminalExpression"

class TenExpression : Expression

{
public override string One() { return "X"; }
public override string Four(){ return "XL"; }
public override string Five(){ return "L"; }
public override string Nine(){ return "XC"; }
public override int Multiplier() { return 10; }
}

// One checks for I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VI, VII, VIII, IX
// "TerminalExpression"

class OneExpression : Expression

{
public override string One() { return "I"; }
public override string Four(){ return "IV"; }
public override string Five(){ return "V"; }
public override string Nine(){ return "IX"; }
public override int Multiplier() { return 1; }
}
}

Output
MCMXXVIII = 1928

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Interpreter pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!

Iterator Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Provide a way to access the elements of an aggregate object

sequentially without exposing its underlying representation.

Frequency of use: high

return to top

UML class diagram

return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Iterator (AbstractIterator)
o defines an interface for accessing and traversing elements.
• ConcreteIterator (Iterator)
o implements the Iterator interface.
o keeps track of the current position in the traversal of the aggregate.
• Aggregate (AbstractCollection)
 o defines an interface for creating an Iterator object
• ConcreteAggregate (Collection)
o implements the Iterator creation interface to return an instance of the
proper ConcreteIterator

return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Iterator pattern which provides

for a way to traverse (iterate) over a collection of items without
detailing the underlying structure of the collection.
Hide code

// Iterator pattern -- Structural example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Iterator.Structural
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
ConcreteAggregate a = new ConcreteAggregate();
a[0] = "Item A";
a[1] = "Item B";
a[2] = "Item C";
a[3] = "Item D";

// Create Iterator and provide aggregate

ConcreteIterator i = new ConcreteIterator(a);

Console.WriteLine("Iterating over collection:");

object item = i.First();

while (item != null)
{
Console.WriteLine(item);
item = i.Next();
 }

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Aggregate"

abstract class Aggregate

{
public abstract Iterator CreateIterator();
}

// "ConcreteAggregate"

class ConcreteAggregate : Aggregate

{
private ArrayList items = new ArrayList();

public override Iterator CreateIterator()

{
return new ConcreteIterator(this);
}

// Property
public int Count
{
get{ return items.Count; }
}

// Indexer
public object this[int index]
{
get{ return items[index]; }
set{ items.Insert(index, value); }
}
}

// "Iterator"

abstract class Iterator

{
 public abstract object First();
public abstract object Next();
public abstract bool IsDone();
public abstract object CurrentItem();
}

// "ConcreteIterator"

class ConcreteIterator : Iterator

{
private ConcreteAggregate aggregate;
private int current = 0;

// Constructor
public ConcreteIterator(ConcreteAggregate aggregate)
{
this.aggregate = aggregate;
}

public override object First()

{
return aggregate[0];
}

public override object Next()

{
object ret = null;
if (current < aggregate.Count - 1)
{
ret = aggregate[++current];
}

return ret;
}

public override object CurrentItem()

{
return aggregate[current];
}

public override bool IsDone()

{
return current >= aggregate.Count ? true : false ;
 }
}
}

Output
Iterating over collection:
Item A
Item B
Item C
Item D

This real-world code demonstrates the Iterator pattern which is used to iterate over a collection of
items and skip a specific number of items each iteration.
Hide code

// Iterator pattern -- Real World example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Iterator.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Build a collection
Collection collection = new Collection();
collection[0] = new Item("Item 0");
collection[1] = new Item("Item 1");
collection[2] = new Item("Item 2");
collection[3] = new Item("Item 3");
collection[4] = new Item("Item 4");
collection[5] = new Item("Item 5");
collection[6] = new Item("Item 6");
collection[7] = new Item("Item 7");
collection[8] = new Item("Item 8");

// Create iterator
Iterator iterator = new Iterator(collection);
 // Skip every other item
iterator.Step = 2;

Console.WriteLine("Iterating over collection:");

for(Item item = iterator.First();

!iterator.IsDone; item = iterator.Next())
{
Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

class Item
{
string name;

// Constructor
public Item(string name)
{
this.name = name;
}

// Property
public string Name
{
get{ return name; }
}
}

// "Aggregate"

interface IAbstractCollection
{
Iterator CreateIterator();
}

// "ConcreteAggregate"
class Collection : IAbstractCollection
{
private ArrayList items = new ArrayList();

public Iterator CreateIterator()

{
return new Iterator(this);
}

// Property
public int Count
{
get{ return items.Count; }
}

// Indexer
public object this[int index]
{
get{ return items[index]; }
set{ items.Add(value); }
}
}

// "Iterator"

interface IAbstractIterator
{
Item First();
Item Next();
bool IsDone{ get; }
Item CurrentItem{ get; }
}

// "ConcreteIterator"

class Iterator : IAbstractIterator

{
private Collection collection;
private int current = 0;
private int step = 1;

// Constructor
public Iterator(Collection collection)
 {
this.collection = collection;
}

public Item First()

{
current = 0;
return collection[current] as Item;
}

public Item Next()

{
current += step;
if (!IsDone)
return collection[current] as Item;
else
return null;
}

// Properties
public int Step
{
get{ return step; }
set{ step = value; }
}

public Item CurrentItem

{
get
{
return collection[current] as Item;
}
}

public bool IsDone

{
get
{
return current >= collection.Count ? true : false;
}
}
}
}
Output
Iterating over collection:
Item 0
Item 2
Item 4
Item 6
Item 8

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Iterator pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!

Mediator Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Define an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact.

Mediator promotes loose coupling by keeping objects from
referring to each other explicitly, and it lets you vary their
interaction independently.

Frequency of use: medium low

return to top

UML class diagram

 return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Mediator (IChatroom)
o defines an interface for communicating with Colleague objects
• ConcreteMediator (Chatroom)
o implements cooperative behavior by coordinating Colleague objects
o knows and maintains its colleagues
• Colleague classes (Participant)
o each Colleague class knows its Mediator object
o each colleague communicates with its mediator whenever it would
have otherwise communicated with another colleague

return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Mediator pattern facilitating

loosely coupled communication between different objects and object
types. The mediator is a central hub through which all interaction must
take place.
Hide code

// Mediator pattern -- Structural example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Mediator.Structural
{
// Mainapp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
ConcreteMediator m = new ConcreteMediator();

ConcreteColleague1 c1 = new ConcreteColleague1(m);

ConcreteColleague2 c2 = new ConcreteColleague2(m);

m.Colleague1 = c1;
m.Colleague2 = c2;

c1.Send("How are you?");

c2.Send("Fine, thanks");

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Mediator"

abstract class Mediator

{
public abstract void Send(string message,
Colleague colleague);
}

// "ConcreteMediator"

class ConcreteMediator : Mediator

{
private ConcreteColleague1 colleague1;
private ConcreteColleague2 colleague2;

public ConcreteColleague1 Colleague1

{
set{ colleague1 = value; }
}
 public ConcreteColleague2 Colleague2
{
set{ colleague2 = value; }
}

public override void Send(string message,

Colleague colleague)
{
if (colleague == colleague1)
{
colleague2.Notify(message);
}
else
{
colleague1.Notify(message);
}
}
}

// "Colleague"

abstract class Colleague

{
protected Mediator mediator;

// Constructor
public Colleague(Mediator mediator)
{
this.mediator = mediator;
}
}

// "ConcreteColleague1"

class ConcreteColleague1 : Colleague

{
// Constructor
public ConcreteColleague1(Mediator mediator)
: base(mediator)
{
}

public void Send(string message)

 {
mediator.Send(message, this);
}

public void Notify(string message)

{
Console.WriteLine("Colleague1 gets message: "
+ message);
}
}

// "ConcreteColleague2"

class ConcreteColleague2 : Colleague

{
// Constructor
public ConcreteColleague2(Mediator mediator)
: base(mediator)
{
}

public void Send(string message)

{
mediator.Send(message, this);
}

public void Notify(string message)

{
Console.WriteLine("Colleague2 gets message: "
+ message);
}
}
}

Output
Colleague2 gets message: How are you?
Colleague1 gets message: Fine, thanks

This real-world code demonstrates the Mediator pattern facilitating loosely coupled
communication between different Participants registering with a Chatroom. The Chatroom is the
central hub through which all communication takes place. At this point only one-to-one
communication is implemented in the Chatroom, but would be trivial to change to one-to-many.
Hide code
// Mediator pattern -- Real World example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Mediator.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Create chatroom
Chatroom chatroom = new Chatroom();

// Create participants and register them

Participant George = new Beatle("George");
Participant Paul = new Beatle("Paul");
Participant Ringo = new Beatle("Ringo");
Participant John = new Beatle("John") ;
Participant Yoko = new NonBeatle("Yoko");

chatroom.Register(George);
chatroom.Register(Paul);
chatroom.Register(Ringo);
chatroom.Register(John);
chatroom.Register(Yoko);

// Chatting participants
Yoko.Send ("John", "Hi John!");
Paul.Send ("Ringo", "All you need is love");
Ringo.Send("George", "My sweet Lord");
Paul.Send ("John", "Can't buy me love");
John.Send ("Yoko", "My sweet love") ;

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Mediator"
abstract class AbstractChatroom
{
public abstract void Register(Participant participant);
public abstract void Send(
string from, string to, string message);
}

// "ConcreteMediator"

class Chatroom : AbstractChatroom

{
private Hashtable participants = new Hashtable();

public override void Register(Participant participant)

{
if (participants[participant.Name] == null)
{
participants[participant.Name] = participant;
}

participant.Chatroom = this;
}

public override void Send(

string from, string to, string message)
{
Participant pto = (Participant)participants[to];
if (pto != null)
{
pto.Receive(from, message);
}
}
}

// "AbstractColleague"

class Participant
{
private Chatroom chatroom;
private string name;

// Constructor
 public Participant(string name)
{
this.name = name;
}

// Properties
public string Name
{
get{ return name; }
}

public Chatroom Chatroom

{
set{ chatroom = value; }
get{ return chatroom; }
}

public void Send(string to, string message)

{
chatroom.Send(name, to, message);
}

public virtual void Receive(

string from, string message)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} to {1}: '{2}'",
from, Name, message);
}
}

//" ConcreteColleague1"

class Beatle : Participant

{
// Constructor
public Beatle(string name) : base(name)
{
}

public override void Receive(string from, string message)

{
Console.Write("To a Beatle: ");
base.Receive(from, message);
 }
}

//" ConcreteColleague2"

class NonBeatle : Participant

{
// Constructor
public NonBeatle(string name) : base(name)
{
}

public override void Receive(string from, string message)

{
Console.Write("To a non-Beatle: ");
base.Receive(from, message);
}
}
}

Output
To a Beatle: Yoko to John: 'Hi John!'
To a Beatle: Paul to Ringo: 'All you need is love'
To a Beatle: Ringo to George: 'My sweet Lord'
To a Beatle: Paul to John: 'Can't buy me love'
To a non-Beatle: John to Yoko: 'My sweet love'

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Mediator pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!

Memento Design Pattern

< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Without violating encapsulation, capture and externalize an object's

internal state so that the object can be restored to this state later.

Frequency of use: low

return to top

UML class diagram

return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern are:

• Memento (Memento)
o stores internal state of the Originator object. The memento may store
as much or as little of the originator's internal state as necessary at its
originator's discretion.
o protect against access by objects of other than the originator.
Mementos have effectively two interfaces. Caretaker sees a narrow
interface to the Memento -- it can only pass the memento to the other
objects. Originator, in contrast, sees a wide interface, one that lets it
access all the data necessary to restore itself to its previous state.
Ideally, only the originator that produces the memento would be
permitted to access the memento's internal state.
• Originator (SalesProspect)
o creates a memento containing a snapshot of its current internal state.
 o uses the memento to restore its internal state
• Caretaker (Caretaker)
o is responsible for the memento's safekeeping
o never operates on or examines the contents of a memento.

return to top

sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Memento pattern which

temporary saves and restores another object's internal state.
Hide code

// Memento pattern -- Structural example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Memento.Structural
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
Originator o = new Originator();
o.State = "On";

// Store internal state

Caretaker c = new Caretaker();
c.Memento = o.CreateMemento();

// Continue changing originator

o.State = "Off";

// Restore saved state

o.SetMemento(c.Memento);

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}
// "Originator"

class Originator
{
private string state;

// Property
public string State
{
get{ return state; }
set
{
state = value;
Console.WriteLine("State = " + state);
}
}

public Memento CreateMemento()

{
return (new Memento(state));
}

public void SetMemento(Memento memento)

{
Console.WriteLine("Restoring state:");
State = memento.State;
}
}

// "Memento"

class Memento
{
private string state;

// Constructor
public Memento(string state)
{
this.state = state;
}

// Property
public string State
 {
get{ return state; }
}
}

// "Caretaker"

class Caretaker
{
private Memento memento;

// Property
public Memento Memento
{
set{ memento = value; }
get{ return memento; }
}
}
}

Output
State = On
State = Off
Restoring state:
State = On

This real-world code demonstrates the Memento pattern which temporarily saves and then
restores the SalesProspect's internal state.
Hide code

// Memento pattern -- Real World example

using System;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Memento.RealWorld
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
 SalesProspect s = new SalesProspect();
s.Name = "Noel van Halen";
s.Phone = "(412) 256-0990";
s.Budget = 25000.0;

// Store internal state

ProspectMemory m = new ProspectMemory();
m.Memento = s.SaveMemento();

// Continue changing originator

s.Name = "Leo Welch";
s.Phone = "(310) 209-7111";
s.Budget = 1000000.0;

// Restore saved state

s.RestoreMemento(m.Memento);

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Originator"

class SalesProspect
{
private string name;
private string phone;
private double budget;

// Properties
public string Name
{
get{ return name; }
set
{
name = value;
Console.WriteLine("Name: " + name);
}
}

public string Phone

{
 get{ return phone; }
set
{
phone = value;
Console.WriteLine("Phone: " + phone);
}
}

public double Budget

{
get{ return budget; }
set
{
budget = value;
Console.WriteLine("Budget: " + budget);
}
}

public Memento SaveMemento()

{
Console.WriteLine("\nSaving state --\n");
return new Memento(name, phone, budget);
}

public void RestoreMemento(Memento memento)

{
Console.WriteLine("\nRestoring state --\n");
this.Name = memento.Name;
this.Phone = memento.Phone;
this.Budget = memento.Budget;
}
}

// "Memento"

class Memento
{
private string name;
private string phone;
private double budget;

// Constructor
public Memento(string name, string phone, double budget)
 {
this.name = name;
this.phone = phone;
this.budget = budget;
}

// Properties
public string Name
{
get{ return name; }
set{ name = value; }
}

public string Phone

{
get{ return phone; }
set{ phone = value; }
}

public double Budget

{
get{ return budget; }
set{ budget = value; }
}
}

// "Caretaker"

class ProspectMemory
{
private Memento memento;

// Property
public Memento Memento
{
set{ memento = value; }
get{ return memento; }
}
}
}

Output
Name: Noel van Halen
Phone: (412) 256-0990
Budget: 25000

Saving state --

Name: Leo Welch

Phone: (310) 209-7111
Budget: 1000000

Restoring state --

Name: Noel van Halen

Phone: (412) 256-0990
Budget: 25000

This .NET optimized code demonstrates the same real-world situation

as above but uses modern, built-in .NET features.

Hide code

// Memento pattern -- .NET optimized

// This code and a comprehensive e-commerce ASP.NET application
// which was designed from the ground up using 'Gang of Four'
// and Enterprise design patterns is available in our unique
// .NET Design Pattern FrameworkTM. Everything 100% source code!

Observer Design Pattern

<img>
< back to list of patterns
definition sample code in C#
UML diagram
participants

definition

Define a one-to-many dependency between objects

so that when one object changes state, all its
dependents are notified and updated automatically.

Frequency of use: high

 return to top

UML class diagram

return to top

participants

The classes and/or objects participating in this pattern

are:

• Subject (Stock)
o knows its observers. Any number of Observer objects
may observe a subject
o provides an interface for attaching and detaching
Observer objects.
• ConcreteSubject (IBM)
o stores state of interest to ConcreteObserver
o sends a notification to its observers when its state
changes
• Observer (IInvestor)
o defines an updating interface for objects that should be
notified of changes in a subject.
• ConcreteObserver (Investor)
o maintains a reference to a ConcreteSubject object
o stores state that should stay consistent with the
subject's
 o implements the Observer updating interface to keep its
state consistent with the subject's

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sample code in C#

This structural code demonstrates the Observer pattern in

which registered objects are notified of and updated with a
state change.
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// Observer pattern -- Structural example

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace DoFactory.GangOfFour.Observer.Structural
{

// MainApp test application

class MainApp
{
static void Main()
{
// Configure Observer pattern
ConcreteSubject s = new ConcreteSubject();

s.Attach(new ConcreteObserver(s,"X"));
s.Attach(new ConcreteObserver(s,"Y"));
s.Attach(new ConcreteObserver(s,"Z"));

// Change subject and notify observers

s.SubjectState = "ABC";
s.Notify();

// Wait for user

Console.Read();
}
}

// "Subject"

abstract class Subject

{
private ArrayList observers = new ArrayList();

public void Attach(Observer observer)

{
observers.Add(observer);
}

public void Detach(Observer observer)

{
observers.Remove(observer);