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Petrophysics and Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

Petrophysics is defined as the study of rock properties and their interactions with fluids. It aims to describe oil and gas distributions and reservoir production capacity using data about pore systems and fluid interactions. There are four key requirements for a hydrocarbon reservoir: a source rock containing organic material, an impermeable barrier or seal above the reservoir rock, a reservoir rock with storage capacity and permeability, and hydrocarbons that have migrated upward from the source rock into the reservoir rock. Common reservoir rocks are sedimentary rocks like sandstones, limestones, and dolomites. Petrophysicists interpret data like well logs, cores, and pressures to determine properties of the reservoir including porosity, thickness, fluid saturations, and depths of

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154 views14 pages

Petrophysics and Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

Petrophysics is defined as the study of rock properties and their interactions with fluids. It aims to describe oil and gas distributions and reservoir production capacity using data about pore systems and fluid interactions. There are four key requirements for a hydrocarbon reservoir: a source rock containing organic material, an impermeable barrier or seal above the reservoir rock, a reservoir rock with storage capacity and permeability, and hydrocarbons that have migrated upward from the source rock into the reservoir rock. Common reservoir rocks are sedimentary rocks like sandstones, limestones, and dolomites. Petrophysicists interpret data like well logs, cores, and pressures to determine properties of the reservoir including porosity, thickness, fluid saturations, and depths of

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1 Introduction

Instructor: Graham Webber

18/11/2015

Petrophysics: Definition

The study of rock properties and their interactions with


fluids.

The description of oil and or gas distributions and the


production flow capacity of reservoirs, from interpretations
of pore systems and fluid interactions using all available
data.

The aim

Requirements for a hydrocarbon reservoir

Source rock
The origin of the hydrocarbons trapped in
the reservoir is organic material in shales.
The source rock is not necessarily in direct
contact with the reservoir.

Impermeable bed

Reservoir rock
A rock with both storage capacity and the
ability to allow fluids to flow is required to
store the hydrocarbons.
A seal
A seal is required since without it the
hydrocarbon would be lost from the
reservoir over geological time.

Hydrocarbons migrate upward from the


source beds until they escape to surface
or are trapped by an impervious barrier.

Oil and gas accumulates by expelling


water from the porous rocks.

Gas
Oil
Water
Porous bed

Reservoir Rocks

In nearly all cases reservoirs are found in sedimentary rocks:


Clastics composed of fragments of rock

Sandstones
Conglomerates
Silts
Shales

Biogenic
Coal
Reef limestone

Chemical

Chalk
Limestone
Dolomite
Evaporite
5

Origin of sandstones: clastic depositional environments

Component rocks in clastic reservoirs

Reservoir rock

Non-Reservoir rock
& Seal

Source Rock

Sandstone (most often)


SiO2 (quartz)

Shale

Silicate rock with small


particle sizes silt-clay.

Contain a variable clay


component.

Contain organic material.

Sediments containing organic material: Shale

Component rocks in carbonate and evaporite reservoirs

Reservoir rock

Non-Reservoir rock
& Seal

Source Rock

Limestone
CaCO3

Dolomite
MgCa(CO3)2

Tight limestone or dolomite

Halite (Salt)
NaCl

Anhydrite
CaSO4

Shale

Sediments containing organic material: Shale


8

Carbonate depositional environments

Petrophysical data

Logging while drilling data


Wireline logs
Core coverage and depth shifts
Core data
Conventional
Special

Formation pressure data


Directional survey data
Formation tops
Fluid contacts
Formation evaluations
Perforation intervals
The petrophysicist is
Etc
responsible for building and
maintaining a database of all
of the petrophysical data for a
field or prospect.

10

Petrophysics: What do we interpret from well logs?

Depth
Location of permeable formations
Porosity
Thickness of reservoirs
Net Sand / Net Pay
Subsurface Pressures
Fluid phases, gas, oil, water
Fluid saturations Sw, So, Sg
Moveable Hydrocarbons
Depth of formations
Environment of Deposition
Lithology
Temperature
Velocity/Time
Seismic responses
Correlation with other wells

11

Petrophysics place in the subsurface world

Geophysics
-sonic and density
-fluid subs

Geology

Reservoir
Engineering
-permeability
-saturation-height
-pressure

-reference depths
-rock composition
-deposition
-facies

Petrophysics
Drilling
-logging and
sample planning
-pore pressure

Geomechanics
-rock strength
-stress orientation

Production
Technology
-well completion
design
-perforation depths
12

12

Petrophysics contribution to calculating hydrocarbon in


place

N
1
STOIIP = GRV (1 S w )
G
B0
Geophysicist Geologist

Stock Tank Oil initially in place

Petrophysicist Reservoir Engineer (PVT)

STOIIP

Gross rock volume

GRV

Gross reservoir `

Net reservoir

Logs, well tests, core (permeability)

Porosity

Logs, core, (stressed porosity)

Water Saturation

Sw

Logs, core, (Archie m & n, Dean Stark Sw


Saturation-height (core capillary pressure)

Oil Formation volume Factor B0

PVT lab measurements (generally between 1 and 2)

The petrophysicists contribution to Reservoir modelling

Modelling a reservoir is a complex and integrated task.

Petrophysics contributes in many ways:

Clay/Shale Volume (a key for well correlation and facies determination).

Porosity estimation at well locations.

Water Saturation at well locations.

Estimates of Rock Types or Facies.

Permeability estimates and models.

Saturation Height relationships models.

14

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