8.
Industrial halls
Classification (first and second order) structures, frame haunches, space
behaviour of halls, design of crane runway beams.
Cross sections of portal frames
One-bay (portal) frame: span up to 80 m
Two-bay frame: span up to 2x80 m
Three-bay frame: span up to 3x70 m
Four-bay frame: span up to 4x70 m
At present usually:
pinned based columns (or erection stiff),
site connections mostly with end plates and pretensioned bolts (instead of splices),
haunched rafters and columns.
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
Classification of frames and complex multistorey structures
Classifications depends on both geometry and loadings different for each
loading combination !!
1. First-order analysis structures (cr > 10):
cr =
Fcr
10
FEd
Note: For given loading FEd the cr results from FEM
by common software (e.g. SCIA Engineer).
For sway mode failure approximately
H , Ed
h
H1
V1
H2
V2
Ed
cr =
Ed H,Ed
At the same time the slenderness of all
members must fulfil:
0,3
A fy
NEd
In plane frames this shall be applied at each
floor level, the lowest value decides.
The check of all members with buckling length equal to the system length
(between joints) is then conservative (acc. to Eurocode if cr > 25 then = 1).
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
2. Second-order analysis structures (cr < 10):
In general three methods may be used:
a) Geometrical non-linear analysis with imperfections (GNIA).
Second order effects considering global and member imperfections are then
included in resulting internal forces and moments. Check of individual
members is done for simple compression or bending (without , LT, no
stability check is necessary). The solution is demanding on software,
introduction of imperfections and evaluation of results.
b) Geometrical non-linear analysis (GNIA) with global imperfection only (using
frame sway or equivalent horizontal forces). Members shall be checked on
buckling (i.e. 2nd order effect and influence of imperfections), taking the
system length as buckling length (e.g. h, L/2).
fictitious support for subsequence check of members
for buckling
hcr h
Note: for small slopes (up to 15 or flat rafters)
the Lcr equals distance of columns.
If 3 cr< 10 and sway buckling mode (corresponds to cr determined from
approximate relation above) the 2nd order effects from sway may be
evaluated approximately in accordance with following method b1):
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
b1) Second order sway effects due to vertical loads may be calculated by
increasing the horizontal loads HEd (e.g. wind) and equivalent loads VEd
due to imperfections and other possible sway effects according to first
order theory by second order factor:
1
1
cr
c) Frequently (classical method) is used first order theory without any
imperfections and members are checked with equivalent global buckling
lengths (using relevant reduction coefficients ):
Lcr determined similarly as for columns or to use
system length and increase moments from
horizontal loadings by about ~ 20%.
hcr = h
given in
many
references
ensure stability
of free flange ! !
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
Typical global buckling lengths (for sway buckling mode):
For symmetrical
loading
for Irafter =
for Irafter =
Global buckling lengths are given in tables or formulas in literature.
They may be preferably determined from critical loading Ncr by common
software of corresponding cr (corresponding to buckled member) as follows:
Lcr =
2E I
Ncr
2E I
=
cr NEd
Note:
1) Using cr from approximate formula (i.e. for sway buckling mode), the minimum
buckling length equals the system length.
1) Mind the modification of cross sections after check:
results in different cr and hence also Lcr.
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
Practical example:
12 kN/m'
IPE 550
40 kN
40 kN
imp 1
HE 340 B
10000
cr,1 = 6,9
(cr,2 = 44,3)
24000
< 10 (2nd order)
(for calculation of cr see
Complementary note)
hcr =
2E I y
Ncr,1
2E I y
cr NEd
2 210000 366 ,6 10 6
6,9 184 ,5 10 3
= 24 374 ,1 mm
Instead of determination of buckling length hcr the direct check using relative
slenderness is preferred:
Afy
Mind the change of Ncr by
=
changing cross sections
Ncr
after checks !!!
For given example:
=
Afy
N cr,1
17090 235
6,9 184 ,5 10 3
= 1,77
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
... and from tables directly
Portal knees
Approximate resolution of internal forces into flanges:
Nb
Vb
M b Nb
+
h
2
M b Nb
F2
2
h
F1
Mb
1) Unhaunched portal knees
a) Knee stiffened for compression
compression diagonal
welded connection
F1
D
h
F2
bolted connection
welds for
M, N, V
thick end plates
(otherwise semi-rigid
connection)
b
D
mind a lamellar tearing
of the end plate
(check for buckling)
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
b) Knee with unstiffened shear panel
extended end plate:
less desirable (shorter arm h):
F1
weld for F'2
F2
tw
b
h'
F'2
cover plate with flush and end plate (more expensive)
loaded in shear F1 (friction-grip bolts to avoid slip)
available for shear V
Check of the knee web
for shear:
Considering buckling:
F1
F
; 2
b tw b tw
Ed max
Ed b,Rd = Vb,Rd / h t =
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
w fyw
3 M1
8
Note:
Shear capacity of the web surrounded by flanges and stiffeners may be increased
by frame effect (contribution from flanges, creating 4 plastic hinges in the frame):
Ed
w fyw
3 M1
2Mpl,c,Rd + 2Mpl,st,Rd
plastic capacity
of flanges and stiffeners
c) Increase of shear capacity of an unstiffened knee
stiffening of the shear panel
continuous transition of
flanges
radial
stiffeners
diagonal check for
loading minus strength
of web in shear
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
increasing of web thickness
tw
2) Hauched portal knees
stiffener
weld for force M/h
F1
F'1
h
I
cutting of I
F2
F'2
Note: Site connection may also be offset from column face (column with a cantilever).
Portal apexes - similarly:
pinned connection
compression
shear
tension
possible
stiffener
cutting of I profile
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
thick end plates
(or a stiffening)
10
10
Space behaviour of frames
Substantial for local loading
(e.g. cranes):
without
cooperation
with
cooperation
roof bracing distributes the
loading to more mainframes
Analysis:
a) Space analysis of the building as a whole (demanding);
b) Approximate analysis using continuous girder on elastic supports:
<H
elastic supports:
c=
H
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
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11
2. Stressed skin design
stiff cladding (trapezoidal sheeting, monolithic deck):
- acts as a web of high girder, the flanges of which are purlins
(in side-walls rails);
- unloads mainframes, transfers the transvers horizontal
loading to stiff gables;
- usually changes classification of frames for cr 10.
2 high web girders:
edge members loaded
by axial force
shear fields
transfer to stiff gable
Requirements:
- during assembly the structure is non-stiff, secure by temporary bracings, props ...
- the cladding must be effective all the structure life (mind fire, rebuilding ...)
- suitable for short industrial buildings (L/B < 4), with stiff gables.
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
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Design progress (demanding, usually for repeated use only):
- design of cladding for common bending loading,
- global analysis of non-sway frame (supported by stiff roof plane),
- subdividing the roof into shear fields (diaphragms),
- determination of shear strength and rigidity of the shear field including sheeting
connections and joints (for design procedure see e.g. guideline ECCS No.88),
- determination of cladding effects (unloading of internal frames and design of the
high web girder),
- design of gables.
Pn
vazba
sheeting
mainframe
(podln prvek)
sheeting
Trapzov
plech
(one
sheet)
(jedna tabule)
Vaznicepurlin
(pn prvek)
Va
b
Example of
shear field:
Smykov spojka
shear connector
sheeting
Ppoje
connections
plech/plech
sheetingpurlin
Ppoje
plech/vaznice
joint
V
a
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
Va
b
Ppoje
shear connector
smykov
spojky
joint
13
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Overhead cranes
weight of crane Qc
(without crab)
bridge
crab
hoistload
Actions of overhead cranes (EN 1993-3):
hoist weight + crane load
selfweight of the crane
Qc
variable:
- vertical action of cranes
QH (hoist load given in crane tables)
- horizontal actions acts at rail vertex:
from crane acceleration
(starting, braking)
from crane skewing
from crab acceleration
(starting, braking)
crab
- further loading (buffer loads, tilting loads, test loading ...)
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
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Dynamic effects:
- introduced approximately by dynamic coefficients 1 up to 7:
e.g.:
for vertical actions 1 up to 4, depends on hoisting speed, crane type ...
for drive horizontal actions 5 according to drive, etc.
SLS:
Generally is checked vibration.
Practical calculation consists in determination of deflections (max < L/600 25 mm).
Global analysis
In case of moving loading the influence lines should be used. E.g. for Mmax in section x
the Winkler criterion is valid:
x
<
Fi
>
However, usually Mmax and Vmax within all girder length is required:
e.g. 4 forces
position for Mmax = M3
1st crane
position for Vmax
2nd crane (heavier)
arithmetic mean load: P3
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
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Example:
V
(necessary to try numerically)
s
Design of a crane runway beam
1. Correct design:
Q
H
y
- requires space (3D) calculation, incl. torsion
(resulting internal forces N, My, Mz, B, Vy, Vz, Tt, Tw)
truss may be replaced by a plate
with thickness teff of the same
shear stiffenes
assign to upper
flange
2. Approximate (conservative) introduction of H:
HT =
H
H
G
tw
h
HT
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
He
h
H + HT
15 tw
for design of bottom flange
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16
3. Usual design (on unsafe side, torsion neglected):
Main girder:
Q
Horizontal girder:
H
vertical loading (mind interaction
of buckling due to M, N, V, F)
longitudinal horizontal loading
(implicates N, M)
15 tw
transverse horizontal
loading
Fatigue of crane runway beams
Check for equivalent characteristic stress range (Ff = 1,00):
For :
(similarly for )
Ff E,2
Mf
fatigue strength" for 2.106 cycles
according to category detail
1,15
equivalent constant amplitude direct stress range
(must be < 1,5 fy including dynamic coefficient fat)
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
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Equivalent constant amplitude stress range:
E,2 = fat
stress range caused by the fatigue loads acc. to EN 1991
damage equivalent factor, corresponding to
2106 cycles (given by EN 1991-3 acc. to crane category)
Structural details (requirement: prevent notches)
KD 80
KD 45 up to KD 90
max. 100
(buckling)
KD 40
plan view:
KD 90
r 150
KD 80
KD 112 (for manual weld KD 100)
KD 80
acc.
need
KD 112 (for manual weld KD 100)
KD 80
For web to flange
fillet welds:
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
II
KD 80
and
KD 36*
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Complementary notes:
Critical loading of given load case (combination) may be received by software.
E.g. SCIA Engineer : choose calculation, type: buckling eigenmode, number of shapes
(suitable at least 4). Further setting as for static global analysis
(choose mesh, design load case, solution). In postprocessor choose
load case, the first natural shape of buckling: k1 = cr,1, the second
k2 = cr,2 , etc. and shapes of buckling (results, deformation shapes).
For the checked member (deciding of the whole structure instability in relevant,
i.e. particularly the 1st buckling shape) the critical force at the given load case
(combination) and relative slenderness are:
Ncr = cr,1NEd
(or
N cr = k 1 NEd),
and
Afy
Ncr,1
Note: For other members (which buckle at other - higher buckling shapes) is
slenderness determined from the 1st shape conservative.
Critical length of the checked member (embodying the right boundary conditions in the structure)
may be determined from:
2
Lcr =
EI
Ncr
Critical length, however, is just historical auxiliary value, enabling determination of reduction factor
with help of slenderness . Determination of critical lengths (except of basic cases) with help of
formulas, graphs etc. is out-of-date at present. More suitable is direct determination of relative
slenderness according to the formula above.
OK3
19
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
19
Approximate determination of cr corresponding to sway mode
Buckling shape of a member with one-side elastic support:
1 Support rigidity c <
H, Ed
2E I
2 Support rigidity c
h3
Vcr < VE
VE =
Vcr
HEd
h3
2 EI
h2
HEd = H, Ed c
h
sway mode buckling
2E I
buckling without
sway (Euler)
Vcr
From moment equilibrium: Vcr H,Ed = HEd h
hence for
cr =
Vcr
VEd
follows:
OK3
Prof. Ing. Josef Machek, DrSc.
cr =
HEd h
VEd H,Ed
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