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HARMONIC ELLIOTT WAVE

INTRODUCTION
There is no doubt Elliott Wave is one of those techniques that traders either love or hate.
For some its almost a status symbol to be able to count waves. Others find it just too
hard. I have looked over some online Elliott Wave forums on an occasional basis just to
have a look at how people discuss their wave counts. Its not an infrequent comment I see
when some state I like Elliott Wave but its like something isnt quite right. Others tend
to not adhere too strictly to the rules and just observe for 5-wave moves.
Some Elliotticians swear by Robert Prechter and some find his wave counts change too
much and find themselves frustrated. The appearance of extended waves confound and
the retrospective failed fifth causes confusion.
In my own experience in over 20 years practicing Elliott Wave I also became aware that
things were not quite right. The same anomalies in the wave structure repeated
themselves over and over again. The normal Fibonacci projections which are widely
quoted didnt work all that often. Impulsive waves all too often stalled early and missed
out a wave. Looking at leading Elliotticians analyses their counts rarely any adhered to
any relationships
If you are one of these Elliotticians that have had these doubts when counting waves I
have news for you Youre absolutely right. R.N. Elliott made a misjudgment in the
impulsive wave structure. I am 100% certain of that.
Before going on I would like to say that I do not wish to imply that R.N. Elliott failed. In
my opinion he was brilliant enough to make such observations in the first place. I do not
for one moment believe I could have identified and quantified the Wave Principle if I had
no prior foundation on which to work.
The ability for me to identify this different structure to impulsive waves could really have
only been managed with the benefit of modern calculators and charting software. With a
few touches of the keyboard I am able to generate a full range of retracement levels and
projections in my spreadsheet. While Elliott did have access to hourly charts, his ability to
scrutinize wave relationships was limited due to the fact that he would have had to
calculate a range of ratios long hand. Spreadsheets allow these to be available almost
instantaneously. All that is needed is to tap in a few highs and lows.
Therefore I prefer to label my findings as a modification only. R.N. Elliotts work still
remains as a remarkable feat of observation and diligence in my own mind.

THE HARMONIC WAVE STRUCTURE

Given that I believe quite strongly in the use of natural order ratios in both retracements
and wave projections I have spent a great deal of time working out which waves were
related. It was through this process that I thought I noticed a Special Wave A move that
Robert Prechter noted in 1986. He observed that a diagonal triangle wave development
which is normally associated with an extended Wave 5 was occasionally seen in a Wave A
position.

Prechters Special Wave A developing in five sets of three-waves

However, what I was facing was a five-wave move that developed in a similar manner to a
diagonal triangle, in which Waves (i), (iii) and (v) all developed in three waves and not
five This implied that any individual five-wave move could only develop in a Wave A
position or in a Wave C position. In the next higher degree this ABC sequence actually
formed one section of a larger five-wave sequence all constructed of three-waves.
If I attempted to apply Fibonacci relationships to the standard count that would treat
these as an example of and extending wave everything fell flat. There were no
relationships. When I used the three-wave structure for Waves (i), (iii) and (v) then the
wave relationships were perfect and there was no missing wave at completion.
As went through my daily ritual of tapping out various potential waves and finding
relationships I suddenly found myself using this alternative all the time. The projections
and retracements began to become consistently accurate.

A harmonic impulse wave.

The image above displays how the harmonic impulse wave now appears. Note that each
Wave a and Wave c are constructed of five waves as Elliott originally proposed. As
opposed to the five wave impulse move in Elliotts original version that could form either a
Wave 1, Wave 3, Wave 5, Wave A or Wave C the harmonic version can only form Wave A
or Wave C.

A five-wave decline in the 10-minute USDCHF market

The chart above displays a 5-wave decline in USDCHF. While at first glance Elliotticians
will declare this to be an example of an extending Wave 3 the key to confirming this
harmonic structure is through the wave relationships. Before going on further I should
explain how Fibonacci and harmonic ratios actually work.

APPLICATION OF FIBONCCI AND HARMONIC RATIOS

Fibonacci is widely used but not with any precise and logical manner. Harmonic ratios are
hardly used at all. Let me briefly introduce how Fibonacci derived these ratios:
In the Fibonacci sequence of numbers, each number is the sum of the previous two
numbers, starting with 0 and 1. Thus the sequence begins:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610 etc
At first glance it seems an innocuous sequence but as we will see it holds quite
extraordinary properties.
By dividing one number in the sequence by the next the resultant ratio begins with
common fractions: 1, 1/2, 2/3, 3/5 but after a while the result remains at 61.80%.
By dividing one number in the sequence by the preceding number we have similar
development which sees the result remaining at 161.8%
This is the golden ratio which is found in nature, in classical architecture including the
Egyptian pyramids, some Greek structures such as the Acropolis and Parthenon.

This can be developed further by dividing numbers two apart, three apart and so on in the
sequence: Thus ratios a series of ratios can be generated both below 100% and also
above:
Below zero:
5.6%, 9.0%, 14.6%, 23.6%, 33.3%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8%, 66.6%, 76.4%, 85.4%,
90.0% 95.4%
Above zero:
161.8%, 261.8%, 423.6%, 685.4%, 1109.0% 1794.4%

The Square Root of Two

The square root of 2, also known as Pythagoras' constant, is the positive real number
that, when multiplied by itself, gives the number 2. Geometrically the square root of 2 is
the length of a diagonal across a square with sides of one unit of length; this follows from
the Pythagorean theorem. It was probably the first number known to be irrational. Its
numerical value truncated to 5 decimal places is: 1.41421
I do not profess to be a skilled mathematician and will go no further than this brief
explanation. I was introduced to the use of the square root of two by an acquaintance in
the market who described the ratio as commonly occurring within musical notes.
At first I wasnt quite sure how to use this until I began to sit down and study wave
relationships and noted that two derivations of the number frequently occurred: 41.4%
and its opposite 58.6% being 100 41.4.

Alternative Wave Relationships

From the many hours of research into the common relationships between waves I noted
those that are generated directly from both Fibonacci and the square root of two.
However, I found more commonly in the trending wave sequence other ratios that can be
derived from Fibonacci ratios.
What I noted was that specifically Wave (iii) it is possible to take the ratios less than
100% and add them to 100%, 200% and occasionally 300% and 400% etc. Earlier I listed
these ratios below as:
5.6%, 9.0%, 14.6%, 23.6%, 33.3%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8%, 66.6%, 76.4%, 85.4%,
91.0% 94.4%
To this list we can add 41.4% and 58.6%.
Mostly commonly extensions in Wave (iii) I find on a very frequent basis are:
176.4%, 185.4%, 195.4%, 223.6%, 261.8%, 276.4%, 285.4% and 295.4%
Mostly commonly extensions in Wave (c) I find on a very frequent basis are:
85.4%, 95.4%, 100%, 105.6%, 109%, 114.6%, 123.6%, 138.2% and 161.8%

APPLYING WAVE RELATIONSHIPS TO THE HARMONIC WAVE STRUCTURE

The key to the harmonic wave structure is the requirement for all degrees of the wave
structure to develop with relationships that confirm each other. For example, very clearly
Wave (c) must be related to Wave (a), Wave (iii) must be related to Wave (i) and the
Wave (c) of Wave (iii) must have the same target areas. Within the Wave (c) of Wave (iii)
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the Wave v must also develop with a ratio that confirms the same targets as the
projection of Wave (i) and the projection in Wave (c). This type of harmonious
development is key to confirming the structure.
Now, referring back to the earlier chart of USDCHF the following relationships were noted:

In this example the wave relationships are exceptionally accurate. It is very important to
note how the internal ABC relationships confirm the projections of Waves i- through
Wave v-. In addition, while not shown the end of Wave (c) at 1.0434 should also be a
close relationship with that of Wave (a).
While a few Elliotticians with whom I have discussed the modifications have shown some
shock, and in some cases horrified disbelief that I have altered Elliotts structure, this is
not such a radical modification. Firstly, it merely represents what Robert Prechter noted
but in special instances of a Wave A. Secondly, it actually adheres to the Dow Theory
which recognizes a three wave development in price.
However, it does change the number of rising waves. In a simple five wave rally in Elliotts
structure there are three impulse moves higher. In a single extended rally there are five
impulse moves higher while in a double extended rally there are seven impulse moves
higher. In the harmonic structure there are a standard six impulse moves higher.

Comparison of the modified rally versus a single extended Elliott rally

Implications in Wave Relationships

As has been mentioned on several occasions the basis quoted by leading Elliott Wave
followers is that market movements follow natural ratios and therefore the sequence of
waves in a structure should reflect this principle of relationships.
Elliotts Single Extended Impulse Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave
Wave

(2) should be related to Wave (1)

2 should be related to Wave 1
3 should be related to Wave 1
4 should be related to Wave 3
5 should be related to a ratio of the beginning of Wave 1 to the end of Wave 3
(3) should be related to Wave (1)
NB. Therefore the target in Wave 5 should end at a projection of Wave (1)
Wave (4) should be related to Wave (3)
Wave (5) should be related to a ratio of the beginning of Wave (1) to the end of Wave (3)
The Harmonic Impulse Wave
Wave c in Wave (i) should be related to Wave a
Wave (ii) should be related to Wave (i)
Wave (iii) should be related to Wave (i)
Within Wave (iii) Wave c should be related to Wave a and match the target in Wave (iii)
Wave (iv) should be related to Wave (iii)
Wave (v) should be related to a ratio of the beginning of Wave (i) to the end of Wave (iii)
Within Wave (v) Wave c should be related to Wave a and match the target in Wave (v)
There is little difference between the two as all subsequent waves must be related to the
prior Wave(s) in the sequence. However, what you will find in general is that many
Elliotticians will hail the natural Fibonacci element to the wave structure and how it is
therefore a natural development of waves, but will rarely actually observe them.
Effectively it makes forecasting a hit-or-miss affair. This was something I could never
accept.

The difference between a harmonic impulse wave and a Triple Three

On the few occasions I have mentioned my findings to others the frequent question is how
to spot the difference between a harmonic impulse wave and triple three. While there will
always be occasions when it is harder to follow a structure, in the majority of instances
they are quite simple to identify. There are several key issues to note. While there is no
single 100% solution for this there are guidelines that identify the difference on the
majority of cases:

Triple threes must develop as a corrective wave: Wave (b), Wave (ii), Wave (iv) or
Wave (x). Therefore reference to the structure of the next higher wave degree is of
utmost importance.

While Waves (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) have relationships with each other, the three
groups of ABC waves in a triple three rarely have relationships between them

While even impulse waves can get quite complex it is far more common for triple
threes to display a higher level of complex structures

Let me finish this brief explanation with an example of how Elliotts structure can mislead:

A decline in the 10-minute GBPUSD market

The charts above both display a decline in the hourly GBPUSD market. The upper chart
has been labeled with what is a logical wave count under Elliotts description of the wave
structure. This appears to decline in a complex five-wave move in which Wave (3) has a
double extension. Apart from the correction in Wave (2) all the swing highs and swing
lows are declining confirming a bearish move. This decline followed a previous move lower
and therefore the implication is for another five-wave decline.
The decline in Wave (1) does follow Elliotts structure of five waves with Wave 3 being the
longest and providing the main thrust of the decline. The correction in Wave (2) appears
normal and this is followed by a Wave (3) which has extended twice. Wave -2- is an
expanded flat with the rest of the decline developing normally.

The problems I habitually encountered with Elliotts structural development were twofold.
Firstly these extended waves frequently lacked any consistent wave relationships and this
generated the second problem of being able to forecast where price should stall.
The lower chart labels this completely differently as a three-wave decline. There will be
many Elliott Wave practitioners that will question this but the evidence for the count come
through the wave relationships which in this case provide exceptionally accurate ratios
that provided me with a much easier call for a reversal higher.

Elliotts original structure

Harmonic wave structure

The table to the left displays the wave relationships implied by Elliotts original wave
structure. As can be seen there is a mixture of wave relationships. While there are some
that have the normal wave relationships I look for, within a reasonable deviation, I have
highlighted those which really would have posed serious issues in forecasting. Indeed,
there would be no real way to accurately anticipate the end of the waves.
It was this type of imprecision that I found difficult to accept. On many occasions the
failure to be able to identify turns within a reasonable margin saw reversals much earlier
and left me in no-mans land wondering whether a correction was being seen and not a
reversal. Anticipating extended waves and where each Wave 1 would stall was a hit-ormiss affair and then everything became much more problematic.
The table to the right displays the relationships in the harmonic wave structure. The
clarity of the wave relationships stand out from the first five-wave decline in Wave (A).
Every single relationship is common for its own position, the 198.4% projection in Wave
(iii), the 33.3% retracement in Wave (iv) and the 76.4% projection in Wave (v). The
maximum variance was just 3 points.
The correction in Wave (B) developed as an expanded flat with the pullback being exactly
61.8%. These common relationships continued throughout the entire decline even to the
end where the extension in Wave (v) of Wave (C) was only 4 points while the projection in
Wave (C) was 1 point away from the exact 161.8% projection of Wave (A).
From that 1.5503 low price raced higher in apparent defiance of Elliotts structure.
However, it was an easy call for me to make

THE HARMONIC WAVE STRUCTURE IN OTHER MARKETS

So far I have given examples in the Forex market in which I have worked for most of my
28 years in markets. I had always found forecasting other markets a lot tougher.
However, the harmonic wave structure has changed this and provides further evidence
that it reflects the correct impulsive structure through all markets.
Here I present the Dow Jones Industrial Average market.

Development in Wave i- and Wave ii- of Wave (c) in Wave (iii) higher

I have been bullish on the Dow Jones Industrial Average and have made several
successful calls on the business networking group LinkedIn. This has been contrary to
Prechters view and the view of many Elliotticians who have been exceptionally bearish.
The larger picture is included in my book, Harmonic Elliott Wave which is due to be
published by around the end of the first quarter of 2011 by John Wiley.
According to the implied wave count there should be a five-wave rally to new highs to
reach a projection drawn from the daily Wave (i) that should match a projection in Wave
(c). Therefore the initial move should begin with a three-wave Wave i-. The hourly chart
above provides the development of the Wave i- and Wave ii- of Wave (c) of Wave (iii)
higher from the 9,614.32 Wave (b) low.
The first rally would most probably stall just below the last Wave b- in the decline from
11,258.01. Indeed, the Wave (a) of Wave i- did just that and provoked a correction in
Wave (b) that slipped just below the previous Wave iv of Wave (a) and to a 50%
retracement. From there a further five-wave rally developed that extended 4.0 of Wave
(a) to complete Wave i- and generate a pullback in Wave ii- that corrected between
66.7% and 76.4%.
The following tables provide the wave relationships for each section of the entire rally and
correction:

All the projections were reflective of the normal ratios for each respective move with the
exception of Wave c of Wave v which extended by an unusual 141.4% representing a
harmonic extension. However, this was within 10.00 of the 76.4% projection in Wave v.
The correction in Wave (b) was just about exactly 50.0% with a 223.6% projection in
Wave c, a ratio that doesnt occur frequently but one I have noted in the Forex market
also.

The five-wave rally in Wave (c) developed with greater correlation of projected targets
throughout culminating in a 66.7% projection in Wave v implying a target 12.6 above the
final stalling point which matched with the 90.2% projection in Wave (c) after a solid
bearish divergence.
Wave ii- retraced between 66.7% and 76.4% of Wave i- and from there we have seen a
rally that is currently challenging the 11,258 high which will form Wave a- of Wave iii-.

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CONCLUSION
I have been able only to include a limited number of examples in this article but I hope
sufficient to provide solid evidence that R.N. Elliott did unfortunately make a misjudgment
in the impulsive wave structure, but an understandable one given the limited resources in
being able to thoroughly research all wave relationships without extensive manual
calculations.
However, I should add that the harmonic wave structure is not a holy grail and there is
always a strong element of subjectivity which can occur, specifically when Waves (i) and
(ii) are difficult to identify with any certainty.
I provide more detailed explanations on the various implications of the harmonic wave
structure in my book and a greater number of examples.
I have been working with this structure for several years, slowly learning the various rules
and guidelines that have required a degree of adaptation including alternation, deep Wave
(b)s and common ratios.
There is no doubt in my mind whatsoever that the harmonic wave structure provides a
stronger framework on wave recognition and improves the ability to forecast by a very
significant degree.
Ian Copsey
www.harmonic-ewave.com

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