Introduction of
Transition Elements
1
Prof. Dr. Fakhili Gul
UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA
20_431
Sc Ti
Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Zr
La Hf
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
Ta W
Re Os
Ir
Pt
Cu Zn
20_432
Au Hg
d-block transition elements
Ac Unq Unp Unh Uns Uno Une Uun Uuu
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
La*
Hf
Ta
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Ac Unq Unp Unh Uns Uno Une Uun Uuu
f-block transition elemen ts
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
*Lanthanides
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm Sm
Th Pa
Actinides
Th
Pa
Np
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
Es Fm Md No Lr
The d block:
The d block consists of three horizontal
series in periods 4, 5 & 6
10
elements in each series
Chemistry is different from other
elements
Special electronic configurations important
Differences within a group in the d block
are less sharp than in s & p block
Similarities across a period are greater
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Pu Am Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm Md
No
Lr
What is a transition metal?
Transition metals [TMs] have characteristic
properties
e.g.
coloured compounds, variable oxidation
states
These are due to presence of an inner
incomplete d sub-shell
Electrons from both inner d sub-shell and
outer s sub-shell can be involved in
compound formation
What is a transition metal?
For this reason, a transition metal is
Not all d block elements have
defined as being an element which
incomplete d sub-shells
Zn has e.c. of [Ar]3d104s2, the Zn2+ ion
([Ar] 3d10) is not a typical TM ion
e.g.
Sc forms Sc3+ which has the
stable e.c of Ar. Sc3+ has no 3d electrons
Similarly
Why Study Descriptive Chemistry of
Transition Metals
Transition metals are found in nature
Rocks
and minerals contain transition metals
The
color of many gemstones is due to the
presence of transition metal ions
Rubies are
Sapphires
red due to Cr
are blue due to presence of Fe and Ti
Many
biomolecules contain transition metals that
are involved in the functions of these biomolecules
Vitamin
forms at least one ion with a partially
filled sub-shell of d electrons.
In
period 4 only Ti-Cu are TMs!
Note
that when d block elements form ions
the s electrons are lost first
Why Study Descriptive Chemistry of
Transition Metals
Transition metals and their compounds have
many useful applications
Fe
is used to make steel and stainless steel
is used to make lightweight alloys
Transition metal compounds are used as pigments
Ti
TiO2
= white
= yellow
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 (prussian blue)= blue
PbCrO4
Transition
B12 contains Co
Hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome
What is a transition metal?
C contain Fe
Why Study Descriptive Chemistry of
Transition Metals
metal compounds are used in many
industrial processes
General Properties of the d-Block
Elements and Their Trends
To understand the uses and
applications of transition metals
and their compounds, we need to
understand their chemistry.
Our focus will be on the 4th period
transition elements.
Prof. Dr. Fakhili Gul
UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA
General Properties of the d-Block
Elements and Their Trends
Fourth-period d-block
elements form ionic bonds
with somewhat less ionic
character than do the
metals of the s-block.
Ti through Fe have three
or more oxidation states.
For Co through Zn,
relative energies of the 4s
and 3d subshells are such
that few (or no) 3d
electrons are lost in
forming ions.
General Properties of the d-Block
Elements and Their Trends
For Zn, the 4s3d
energy difference
is so large that
only 4s electrons
are lost.
Some Properties of
the Fourth Period d-Block
In the fourth-period d-block, only
scandium is active enough to displace H2
from H2O.
These elements have moderate to high
melting points and moderately high
densities.
Electrical and thermal conductivities of
these elements are very high. Copper is
second only to silver in electrical
conductivity.
Atomic Radii of the d-Block Elements
Size does not appear to
increase significantly between
fifth and sixth period elements.
The electrons in 4f orbitals are
not very good at screening
valence electrons from the
nucleus.
Thus, the strength of attraction
of valence electrons to the
nucleus is greater than
expected in the sixth period.
The phenomenon is known as
the lanthanide contraction.
Other Properties
Although some elements such as ruthenium and
osmium can attain high oxidation states (+4, +8), those
states often correspond to molecular compounds rather
than ionic compounds (OsO4, mp = 25 C, RuO4, mp =
41 C).
Lower oxidation states (+2, +3) usually correspond to
ionic character.
Differences in behavior between main-group and d-block
elements regarding complex ion formation, color,
magnetic properties, and catalytic activity all reflect the
different roles played by s, p, and d orbitals.
18
Atomic Radii
19
Period 4 Transition Metals
Orbital Occupancy
Transition Metals
Oxidation States of Transition Elements
Characteristics due to d electrons:
multiple oxidation states
Compounds typically have color
Exhibit interesting magnetic
properties
paramagnetism
ferromagnetism
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
+1
Exhibit
+3
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+4
+4
+4
+4
+4
+5
+5
+5
+5
+6
+6
+6
+2
+2
+7
Oxidation States of Transition Elements
Oxidation States & d-Orbital Occupancy
loss of ns e-s
loss of ns and (n-1)d e-s
Electronic Configurations of
Transition Metal Ions
Electronic configuration of Fe2+
Fe 2e- Fe2+
[Ar]3d64s2
[Ar]3d6
valence ns e-s removed first
Electronic Configurations of
Transition Metal Ions
Electronic configuration of Fe3+
Fe 3e- Fe3+
[Ar]3d64s2
[Ar]3d5
valence ns e-s removed first,
then n-1 d e-s
Electronic Configurations of
Transition Metal Ions
Electronic configuration of Co3+
Co 3e- Co3+
[Ar]3d74s2
Electronic Configurations of
Transition Metal Ions
Electronic configuration of Mn4+
Mn 4e- Mn4+
[Ar]3d54s2
[Ar]3d3
[Ar]3d6
valence ns e-s removed first,
then n-1 d e-s
valence ns e-s removed first,
then n-1 d e-s
Metallic Behavior/Reducing Strength
Lower oxidation state = more metallic
Transition Metal Trace Elements in
Humans
Standard Electrode Potentials
Hemoglobin & Oxyhemoglobin
