Memo

February 5,2003

RE: Interagency Review of Chapter 3: Greenhouse Gas Inventory of National

Communication

Attached you will find a copy of Chapter 3 of the 2001 U.S. Climate Action Report.

Substantive public comments received during the public comment period were
incorporated in the attached final copy and are outlined below. Comments were received
from the Ford Motor Company and Patrick J. Michaels, Ph.D., State Climatologist for
Virginia. The edits listed below will amend the November 15, 2001 version.

If you have any additional comments please contact me bye-mail at

[email protected] interoffice mail to stop 6204N. .

Thank you,

Adam Chambers

Outline of Amendments to Chapter 3

Ford Motor Company Comments:

Page 10, Second Paragraph, Lines 12-13 - Global Warming Potentials

Global wanning potentials are not provided for the criteria pollutants CO, NO x,
NMVOCs and-S02 and aerosols (e.g., sulfate and elemental carbon) because there is no
agreed~upon method to estimate the contribution of gases that are short-lived , .

Page 10, Fourth Paragraph, Lines 20-21- Global Warming Potentials

The GWP of a greenhouse gas is the ratio of global warming, or radiative foreing beth
direet aAd iAdireet from one unit mass of a greenhouse gas to that ofone unit mass of
C02 over a period of time. While ..

Page 10, Fifth Paragraph, Lines 31-32 - Global Warming Potentials

When in equilibrium, carbon fluxes among these various reservoirs are roughly balanced.

Ford Motor Company Comments (Continued):

Page 23, First Paragraph, Lines 8-9 - Sources and Effects of Sulfur Dioxide

CEQ 008837
The overall effect of S02-derived aerosols on radiative forcing is believed fa ge negative
(!PCC .J..9% 200 I)

Patrick J. Michaels, Ph.D. Comment

Page 7, Third Paragraph, Lines 27-28 - Weather and Non-Fossil Energy
Adjustments to C02 from Fossil Fuel
Combustion

A footnote was inserted defining "nonnallevels" with regards to power generation trends
over the past decade.

CEQ 008838
TA8I.E 3·1 Recent Trends in U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (Tg CO 2Eq I

From 1990 through 1999, total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions increased by 11.7 percent Specifically. CO 2 emissions increased by 13.1
percent. CH 4 emissions decreased by 3.9 percent, NzO emissions increased by 9.0 percent. and HFCs, PFCs, and SFi emissions increased by
61.7 percent.
Gas/Source 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
CO z 4,913.0 5,219.8 5,403.2 5.478.7 5,489.7 5,558.1
Fossil Fuel Combustion 4.835.7 5,121.3 5,303.0 5,374.9 5,386.8 5.453.1
Cement Manufacture 33.3 36.8 37.1 38.3 39.2 39.9
Waste Combustion 17.6 23,1 24,0 25.7 25.1 26.0
Lima Manufacture 11.2 12,8 13.5 13.7 13.9 13.4
Natural Gas Flaring 5,1 13,6 13.0 12.0 10.8 11.7
limestone and Dolomite Use 5.1 7.0 7.3 8.3 8.1 8.3
Soda Ash Manufacture and Consumption 4,1 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.2
Carbon Dioxide Consumption 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6
Land·Use Change and Forestry (Sink)" 11,059.91 (1,019.11 (1,021.6) 1981.91 1983.31 1990.41
International Bunker Fuels b 114.0 101.0 102.2 109.8 112.8 107.3
CH 4 644.5 650.5 638.0 632.0 624.8 619.6
Landfills 217.3 222.9 219.1 217.8 213.6 214.6
Enteric Fermentation 129.5 136.3 132.2 129.6 127.5 127.2
Natural Gas Systems 121.2 124.2 125.8 122.7 122.1 121.8
Coal Mining 87.9 74.6 69.3 68.8 66.5 61.8
Manure Management 26.4 31.0 30.7 32.6 35.2 34.4
Petroleum Systems 27,2 24.5 24.0 24.0 23.3 21.9
Wastewater Treatment 112 11.8 11.9 12.0 12.1 12.2
Rice Cultivation 8.7 9.5 8.8 9.6 10.1 10.7
Stationary Combustion 8.5 8.9 9.0 8.1 7.6 8.1
Mobile Combustion 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5
Petrochemical Production 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.1
Agricultural Residue Burning 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Silicon Carbide Production + + + + + +
Intemational Bunker Fuels b + + + + + +
N20 396.9 431.9 441.6 444.1 433.7 432.6
Agricultural Soil Management 269.0 285,4 294.6 299.8 300,3 298.3
Mobile Combustion 54.3 66.8 65.3 65.2 64,2 63.4
Nitric Acid 17.8 19.9 20.1 21.2 20.9 20.2
Manure Managemant .16.0 16.4 16.8 17.1 17.2 17.2
Stationary Combustion 13.6 14.3 14.9 15.0 15.1 15.7
Adipic Acid 18.3 20.3 20.8 17,1 7.3 9.0
Human Sewage 1.1 8.2 1.8 1.9 8.1 8.2
Agricultural Residue Burning 0.4 0,4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4
Waste Combustion 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2
International Bunker Fuels b 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0
HFCs. PFCs, and SF, 83.9 99.0 115.1 123.3 138.6 135.7
Substitution of Ozone-Oepleting Substances 0,9 24.0 34.0 42.1 49.6 56.7
HCFC·22 Production 34.8 27.1 31.2 30.1 40.0 30.4
Electrical Transmission and Distribution 20.5 25.7 25.7 25.1 25.1 25.7
Aluminum Production 19.3 11.2 11.6 10.8 10.1 10.0
Semiconductor Manufacture 2.9 5.5 7,0 1.0 6.8 6.8
Magnesium Production and Processing 5.5 5,5 5.6 7.5 6.3 6.1
6i1®I#t1ttttttttttr4i$;;.;n.f1tt4~;Y«IMi·'BM*n!'!liIRWi€§·&jf£,:)I;WkiW:iji!$:!1(-:;;' ;11~.;;:a:kitie*,fl!!'.
1~t4jmtffltl~j,jii"ll'bjtt1t1tf\"'>t:~~~vGKJn;eltca;i·:.,ibiim; t71+JiPJU9fli'.:::nj~l¥ g;·t"§ll:cfjPit.if:~.
+ Does nolexceed 0.05 19 COl Eq .
• Sinks ero only included In net emissions tOlal, ond o'e besed partly on projected activity dola,
b Emissions from international bunker fuels are not included in totals.
Notes: Totals may not sum due to independent rounding, Parentheses Indicete negative values (or sequestration).

CEQi008839
 TABLE 3·2 Annual Change in C02 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion for Selected Fuels and Sectors
Changes in COl emissions from fossil fuel combustion are influenced by many long- and short-term faclors, including population and
economic growth. energy price fluctuations, technological changes. and seasonal temperatures.
End-Use Sector /Fuel Type 1995-1996 1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999
Tg C01 Eq. Percenr TgC01 Eq. Percenr TgC01 Eq. Percent TgC01 Eq. Percent
Electric Utility
Coal 89.9 5.7 52.0 3.1 14.3 0.8 -32.1 -1.8
Natural Gas -25.3 -14.7 13.1 9.0 16.2 10:1 -7.8 -4.4
Petroleum 5.1 10.0 8.1 14.4 26.7 41.6 -17.4 -19.1
Transportation"
Petroleum 38.8 2.5 7.6 0.5 34.1 2.1 57.6 3.6
Residential
Natural Gas 21.4 8.1 -14.0 -4.9 -24.0 -a.9 8.5 3.4
Commercial
Natural Gas 7.0 4.3 3.1 1.8 -11.1 -6.4 2.9 1.8
Industrial
Coal -7.3 -2.7 2.0 0.8 -1.1 -0.4 29.2 11.2
Natural Gas 17.8 3.4 -0.5 -0.1 -14.5 -2.7 1.6 0.3
fjJJ>mmiW;iljlll ilti1 fj::tfJ',:;':jj 1:1 tilt!$tii!lQ~l".'.,Ai'".· Ht: f.· iK\.·; ;.'};.;; mtt!:WPt'<>~;#aj§f"'!Hftbii!.
I Excludes emissions from international bunker fuals.
b Includes fuels end sectors not shown in leble.

i------ ----- ._--

CE 008840
TABU 3-2 Annual Change in C02 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion for Selected Fuels and Sectors
Changes in CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion are influenced by many long- and short-term faclors, including population and
economic growth, energy price fluctuations, technological changes, and seasonal temperatures.
End-Use Sector /Fuel Type 1995-1996 1996-1991 1997-1998 1998-1999
Tg CO, Eq. Percent TgCO, Eq. Percent Tg CO, Eq, Percont Tg CO, Eq. Percent
EleCtric Utility
Coal 89.9 5.7 52.0 3.1 14.3 0.8 -32.1 -1.8
Natural Gas -25.3 -14.7 13.1 9.0 16.2 10:1 -7.e -4.4
Petroleum 5.1 10,0 8.1 14.4 26.7 41.6 -17.4 -19.1
Transportation"
Petroleum 38.8 2.5 7.6 0.5 34.1 2.1 57.6 3.6
Residential
Natural Gas 21.4 8.1 ·14.0 -4.9 -24.0 -8.9 8.5 3.4
Commercial
Natural Gas 7.0 4.3 3.1 1.8 ·11.1 -6.4 2.9 1.8
Industrial
Coal -7.3 -2.7 2.0 0.8 -1.1 -0.4 29.2 11.2
Natural Gas 17.8 3.4 '-0.5 -0.1 -14.5 -2.7 1.6 0.3

• Excludes emissions from Internationsl bunker/uels.

b Includes fuel. Bnd sectors not shown in teble,

----------~---------,---

CEQ 008840
TABl£ 3·3ANO RGlJIlE 3·5 Recent Trends in Various U.S. Data ONDEX: 1G90 =100)

Since 1990. U.S greenhouse gas emissions have grown at an average annual rate of 1.2 percent-about the same rate as the U.S.
population. This ratB is slightly slower than that for total energy or fossil fuel consumption lthereby indicating an improved or lower
greenhouse gas-emitting intensity) and much slower than that for either electricity consumption or overall gross domestic product
Variable 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 . 1996 1997 1998 1999 Growth Rate'
GHG Emissions' 99 lOt 103 105 106 109 111 111 112 1.2%
Energy Consumption b 100 101 104 106 108 111 112 112 115 1.5%
Fossil Fuel Consumption b 99 tOl 103 105 107 110 112 112 113 1.4%
Electricity Consumption b 105 108
102 102 111 114 116 119 120 2.1%
Gross Domestic Product" 100 103 105 110 112 116 122 127 132 3.2%
Populalion d 101 103 104 105 106 108 109 110 112 1.2%
Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration' 100 lOt 101 101 102 102 103 104 104 0.4%
.-------_._.~ .
• GWP weigtlled values.
b Energy content weighted valueslOOf/EIA 200001. 140
, GOP in chained 1996 dolla.. (OOC/BEA 2000).
d OOC/Census 2000.
• Maunaloa Observatory. Hawaii (Keeling and WhOrl 2000).
I Avanlge annual growth fate.

!n
-..
Ii
~
.s

Sou,ees: DOC/BfA 2000. DOC/Census 2001, and EPA ZOOI.

- - - - -------_. ._-----------------

CEQ 008841
 TABLE3-4 Transportation-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions (TgCOI Eq.)

Overall, transportation activities fexcluding international bunker fuels) accounted lor an almost constant 26 percent of total U.S. greenhouse
gas emissions from 1990 to 1999. These emissions were primarily COz from fuel combustion, which increased by 16 percent during that
period. However, because of larger increases in NzD and HFe emissions, overall emissions from transportation activities actually increased
by 18 percent.
GasNehicle Type 1990 1995 1996 1991 199B 1999
COz 1,474.4 1.581.8 1,621.2 1,631.4 1,659.0 1,716.4
Passenger Cars 620.0 641.9 654.1 660.2 674.5 688.9
Light·Duty Trucks 2B3.1 325.3 333.5 331.3 356.9 364.B
Other Trucks' 206.0 235.9 248.1 257.0 257.9 269.7
Aircrafta 176.7 171.5 180.2 179.0 lB3.0 184.6
Boals and Vessels 59.4 66.9 63.8 50.2 41.9 65.6
Locomotives 28.4 31.5 33.4 34.4 33.6 35.1
Buses 10.7 13.5 11.3 12.0 12.3 12.9
Other b 90.1 95.3 96.7 101.4 93.0 94.9
International Bunker Fuels c . 114.0 101.0 102.2 109.8 112.8 107.3
CH, 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5
Passenger Cars 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9
Light-Duty Trucks 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4
Other Trucks and Buses 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Aircraft 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2
Boats and Vessels 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Locomotives 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 + +
Otherd 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
International Bunker Fuels c + + + + + +
NzO 54.3 66.B 65.3 65.2 64.2 63.4
Passenger Cars 31.0 33.0 32.7 32.4 32.1 31.5
Light-Duty Trucks 11.B 27.1 23.9 24.0 23.3 22.7
Other Trucks and Buses 2.6 3.6 5.6 5.8 5.9 6.1
Aircraft" 1.1 1.7 1.8 1.7 I.B 1.B
Boats and Vessals 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4
Locomotives 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
Othard 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Internationel Bunker Fuels c 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0
HFes + 9.5 13.5 17.2 20.6 23.1
Mobile Air Conditioners' + 9.5 13.5 17.2 20.6 23.7
lil'i1!!1W;-.c~~. :~;';:..;.;..;.; ;:j·.;·;·;'.ri;'rjj,;<;;;nWi4 (;:;;;;;;;.U~+'lt':;~4t ;jfiNH/:Z·::I:i:.iRi!:f£:;; ...;iJl[!:Uij;4HH!:!,M
+ Ooes nol exceed 0.05 Tg CO, Eq.
• Aircrall eminions consist 01 emissions Irom DII jet fuel (less bunker fuelsl and avielion gn consumption.
• "Other" CO, emissions include molorcycles. construc~on equipmenl, agricultural mDchinery. pipelines. and lubricanls.
, Emissions from inlernational bunker fuels include emissions from both civilian ond military Dctivities, but are nOI included in 101Dls.
• "Other" CH, and N,O emissions include mOlorcycles; construction eqUipment; agricuhurDI mDchinery. gasoline· pow. rod reerlllional, industrial, lawn Dnd garden, hght
commerciel,logging. ei'l'0rl service, end other eqUipment end diesel'powered recreational, induslriel.lawn and garden. light construction, ai'l'0n service.
• Includes primarily HFC·I34D.
Note.' TOlal. may not sum due to independent rounding.

---------------

CEQ 008842
 .... _ _.__._
... ... _-_.- .•.. -.' "---"--".'" ..... __ .. _._-_ ..... _. - .. ,... __..- ...., - - - -

TAalI 3·5 Electric Utility-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Tg co: Eq)

Aggregate emissions from electric utilitie~ of all greenhouse gases increased by 11 percentfrom 1990 to 1999, and accounted for a
relatively constant 29 percent of U.S. emissions during the same period. The majority of electric utility-related emissions resulted from the
combustion of coal in boilers to produce steam that is passed through a turbine to generate electricity.
Gas/Fuef Type or Source 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
CO 2 1,757.3 1.810.6 t.880.3 1.953.5 2,010.7 t.953.4
Coal 1,509.3 1,587.7 1,677.7 1,729.7 1,744.0 1,711.9
Natural Gas 151.1 171.8 146.5 159.6 175.8 168.0
Petroleum 96.8 51.0 56.0 64.1 90.8 73.4
Geothermal 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 +
CH 4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 05 0.5
Stationary Combustion (Utilities) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
N20 7.4 7.B 8.2 B.5 B.7 8.6
Stationary Combustion (Utilities) 7.4 7.8 8.2 8.5 8.7 8.6
SF& 20.5 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7
Electrical Transmission and Distribution 20.5 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7
mal .. .:
:. " ; enF}, '.:tk·<> .- ; '.."ilij:f:1rA;.- . :'-:W:Utj ·:,::;jKiR!ik'n:.: .:iM:!:!1!!I>','" .j'N~1iJl!m"UJiI:i:f.
+ Does not exceed O.OSlg COl Eq.
Notes: Totals may not sum due to independent rounding. Excludes emissions from nonUlilitles. whlch ere currendy eccounted for under tile industrialond·use sector.

I
.!

TABLE J·6 Global Warming Potentials !I0D-YEAR nME HORIlON)

The concept of a global warming potentiallGWP) has been

developed to compare the ability 01 each greenhouse gas to
trap heat in the atmosphere relative to another gas, Carbon
dioxide was chosen as the relerence gas to be consistent with
IPCC guidelines,
Gas GWP
Carbon Dioxide (C0 2) I
Methane (CH 41* 21
Nitrous Oxide (N201 310
HFC-23 11.700
HFC·125 2,800
HFC-134a 1.300
HFC-143e 3.800
HFC·152a 140
HFC·227ea 2,900
HFC-236fa 6,300
HFC-4310mee 1,300
CF4 6,500
Cl6 9,200
CliO 7,000
Cl 14 7,400
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF61 23.900
• The metllane GWP includes direct effectS and those indirect effects due to the
production ot lTopo$plleric DIone end stratospheric weter vepor. Tile indirect
effects due to the production 01 CO, are not Included,
Source: IPee 1995.

CEd 008843
 ....------ '-"--;-~- ------~-
I
----- ··-------·---i---
!
RG.3-11 AIiDTABlf 3·7 U.S. Sources of C02 Emissions and Sinks (lg [{)2~)

Carbon dioxide accounted for 82 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 1999, and fossil 1uel combustion accounted for 98
percent of total COl emissions. Changes in land use and forestry practices resulted in a net decrease 01 990.4 Tg CO 2 Eq., or 18 percent, of
CO 2 emissions.
SDurce Dr Sink 19SO 1995 1996 1997 199B 1999
Fossil Fuel Combustion 4,835.7 5,121.3 5,303.0 5,374.9 5,386.8 5,453.1
Cement Manufecture 33.3 36.8 37.1 38.3 39.2 39.9
Waste Combustion 17.6 23.1 24.0 25.7 25.1 26.0
Lime Manufacture 11.2 12.8 13.5 13.7 13.9 13.4
Natural Gas Flaring 5.1 13.6 13.0 12.0 10.8 11.7
Limestone and Dolomite Use 5.1 7.0 7.3 8.3 8.1 8.3
Soda Ash Manufacture and Consumption 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.2
Carbon Dioxide Consumption 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6
Land·Use Change and Forestry (Sink)! (1,059.91 (1,019.11 11,021.6) (981.9) (983.3) 1990.41
International Bunker Fuels b 114.0 101.0 102.2 109.8 112.8 107.3
.!j!ml~"il¥3t!f1liiili-';iitWiJNgi;'''M.·!i!E!liiii;;;;;*"HPH;!Q-LN$t!,cF&;ruiJfl;f,.ei(!:~f.' $,."\:1.
l~rttl#tfitfitttitJFi,jii,44;iiittirt1n';A·$;\(~·$J*,!' _ _tf;II,.:L1liZi4J;::i'I MAWtW,:la*4w,t11!t!i .·11rrM:_
• Sinks are enly included in nol omissions tOlel,
end Iro blsed partly on projaclod IClivity dalo.
.. .

__
• EmissiDns from inlomotional bunker fuols Iro Fossil Fuol Combustion .........-...-~~~ ...~"

nDt included in lolals.

Notes: TOlals may not sum duo to independent
rounding. Perontheses indicato nogotivo values
----_......
Cement Manufacture ~-...---c--:.-~---'--~
....-,---- ....•--------,.J 26.0
--:.. ........~_ ..._-_ ..._---.....-......
(or soquostr8lionl. Wasto Combustion ___•

umo MonufDctur. ==-:=]134

Natural Gas Aaring --"~l
_. __.. 11.7

limostono and Oolomito Use ___.J B.3

~---'Il
Sodl Ash Menufecturo ond Censumption •__ J4.2

Carbon OioKida Consumplion 11.6

TgCOzEq.

rA6lUS C02 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion by End-Use Sector (Tg[{)2 Etj.)

In 1999, industrial COl emissions resulting from direct fossilluel combustion and from the generation of electricity by utilities accounted for
33 percent of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion. Transportation activities (excluding international bunker fuels) accounted for 31 percent of
CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion the same year, and the residential and commercial sectors accounted for 19 and 16 percent,
respectively.
End-Use Sector· 1990 1995 1996 1997 199B 1999
Industrial 1,636.0 1.709.5 1.766.0 1,783.6 1.758.8 1,783.9
Transportation 1,474.4 1,561.8 1,621.2 1,631.4 1,659.0 1,716.4
Residential 930.7 988.7 1,047.5 1,044.2 1,040.9 1,035.8
Commercial 760.8 797.2 828.2 872.9 880.2 864.0
U.S. Territories 33.7 44.0 40.1 42.8 47.9 53.0
trml'.::t:F,,:¥i'·~\ttL=ttHJ;f~iE~':!"";\ttfJr;E·"@$i!U'irt4t4in!ie~~;·"?;ttij:!a:-i.jb~K •
• Emissions from alacl';c utilhios aro oUoeatad basod on Dggregota alectriclty consumption in eeeh end·uso sector.
Note: Totals moy not sum dua to indopendont rounding.

CEQ 08844
 F1li.3·16AN11TAIIlf 3·g U.S. Sources 01 Methane Emissions (Tg to2 Elj.)

Methane accounted for 9 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 1999. Landfills, enteric fermentation, and natural gas systems
were the source of 75 percent of total CH 4 emissions.
Source 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Landfills 217.3 222.9 219.1 217.8 213.6 214.6
Enteric Fennentation 129.5 136.3 132.2 129.6 127.5 127.2
Natural Gas Systems 121.2 124.2 125.8 122.7 122.1 121.8
Coal Mining 87.9 74.6 69.3 68.8 66.5 61.8
Manure Management 26.4 31.0 30.7 32.6 35.2 34.4
Petroleum Systems 27.2 24.5 24.0 24.0 23.3 21.9
Wastewater Treatment 11.2 11.8 11.9 12.0 12.1 12.2
Rice Cultivation 8.7 9.5 8.8 9.6 10.1 10.7
Stationary Combustion 8.5 8.9 9.0 8.1 7.6 8.1
Mobile Combustion 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5
Petrochemical Production 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7
Agricultural Residue Burning 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Silicon Carbide Production + + + + + +
International Bunker Fuels· + + + + + +
· 'j;<'U;;irG:'.· 1i1@!:t:~-i*4:U3pi.
+ Do" not exceed 0.05 Tg CD, Eq.
• Emissions from international bunkar 'ue'. are not included in totals.
Note: Total> may not sum due to indepandent rounding.
Landfills

Enteric Formentotion
=-=-_'--3127.2
, '--==-__ H' =:1214.6

Natural Gas System> _ _ _ _• ] 121.8

COB I Mining -===:J61.B

Manure Management ~3U
Petroleum Sy>tems :::J21.9 CO:z ••• portion ( f
an GHG .ml••lon~
Wutewater TreBtment J 12.2

l~
Rice Cultivation JIO.7

Stationary Sources ]8.1

Mobile Sources } 4.5

PetrochemiealProduction 1.1 ~
Agri,ulwr.1 Ro>i~uo aurnlng 0.6
Silicon Corbide Production ...<O_.0_5 ...J
I
'I>

--_._---------------- • j

CEQ 008845
 ----~_.-!--,-~~

fIG.3-n ANDTABl£ 3-10 U.S. Sources of Nitrous Oxide Emissions erg co2£q.\
Nitrous oxide accounted for 6 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 1999. and agricultural soil management represented 69
percent of total N20 emissions.
Source 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Agricultural Soil Management 269.0 285.4 294.6 299.8 300.3 298.3
Mobile Combustion 54.3 66.B 65.3 65.2 64.2· 63.4
Nitric Acid 17.8 19.9 20.7 21.2 20.9 20.2
Manure Management 16.0 16.4 16.8 17.1 17.2 17.2
Stationary Combustion 13.6 14.3 14.9 15.0 15.1 15.7
Adipic Acid lB.3 20.3 20.8 17.1 7.3 9.0
Human Sewage 7. t 8.2 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.2
Agricultural Residue Burning 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4
Waste Combustion 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2
International Bunker Fuels· 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

• Emissions hom international bunk.er fuels ere net included in totels.

NOI.: Totals mey not sum due to independent rounding. --~--,,,,,_"_~..,..r.-r-"''''''~''~~,,,,,,,,'I"I

Agricultural Soil Management ~ • __•••_. ,~:~l

Mobile Souroes =.:J 63.4

Nilrio Aoid :J 21].2 CO;z DII a portlo of
Manure Management J 17.2 atl GHG emt. .1 ns

Stationary Sources J 15.7

Adipio Aoid ] 9.0
Human Sewage 18.2
Agrioulturel Residue Burning 0.4
Waste Combustion 0.2

\<:p \<fl ~

Tg COl Eq.

_----- ----------------
.

CEQ 008846
AG.3·IB AND TABU 3-11 U.S. Sources of HFe. PFC. and SF6 Emissions (Tg co} Eq I

HFCs, PFes, and SF6 accounted lor 2 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 1999, and substitutes lor ozone·depleting substances
comprised 42 percent of all HFC, PFC, and SF6 emissions.
1990
~---- 1995 1996 1991 1998 1999
Substitution of Ozone-Depleting Substances 0.9 24.0 34.0 42.1 49.6 56.7
HCFC·22 Production 34.8 27.1 31.2 30,1 40,0 30.4
Electrical Transmission and Distribution 20.5 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 .
Aluminum Production 19.3 11.2 11.6 10.8 10.1 10.0
Semiconductor Manufacture 2.9 5.5 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.8
Magnesium Production and Processing 5.5 5.5 5.6 7.5 6.3 6.1

Nole: Touls may nOI sum duo 10 independent

rounding.
B.lll11liiii......flEEI

Ii.
Substilution of Ozone·Depleting Substance• •

HCFC·Z2 Production IImll•••!!1.30.4 C02 •• a

all OHO e
rtlon of
'sslons
Electrical Transmission and Distribution • • • • •

:7
25.7

Aluminum Production 10,0

Semiconduclor Manufaclure

Magnesium Production end Processing

,~ 'f) ~
"-J
f>\) ~
*
TgCOzEq.

CEQ 008847
TABU 3-12 Emissions of Ozone-Depleting Substances (Ggl
Many ozone·depleting substances have relatively high direct globel warming potentials. However, their indirect effects from ozone ralso a
greenhouse gasl destruction are believed to have negative radiative·forcing effects and, therefore, could significantly reduce the overall
magnitude 01 their radiative·forcing eNects. Given the uncertainties about the net effect of these gases, emissions are reported on an
unweighted basis.
Compound 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Class I
CFC·II 52.4 19.1 11.7 10.7 9.8 9.2
CFC·12 226.9 71.1 72.2 63.6 54.9 64.4
CFC·113 39.0 7.6 + + + +
CFC·114 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 +
CFC-ll5 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.1 1.1
Carbon Tetrachloride 25.1 5.5 + + + +
Methyl Chloroform 27.9 S.7 1.6 + + +
Halon·1211 + 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Halon·1301 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
Class II
HCFC·22 33.9 46.2 48.8 50.6 52.3 83.0
HCFC·123 + 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
HCFC·124 + 5.6 5.9 6.2 6.4 6.5
HCFC·141b + 20.6 25.4 25.1 26.7 28.7
HCFC·142b + 7.3 8.3 8.7 9.0 9.5
HCFC·225ca!cb + + + + + +
• _ _ .••••• , _ _h _ h " _ · _ W h _ _ _ _ • _ _ _ •

+ Does nol axceed 0.05 gigegrems.

• h •• _ •• _ _ _ _· _ ._ _ • • •· •• _ ._.,_
.- _ _---_._-----_..
........ --_._-- ---._-_ .. .. _~.- --_ . ._··,_·.W___h_ .•

Source; EPA estimeles.

CEQ 008848
TABUJ·13 Emissions of NO x, CO, NMVOCs, and S02 (Ggl
Fuel combustion accounts for the majority of emissions of criteria pollutants. Industrial processes-such as the manufacture of chemical
and allied products, metals processing, and industrial uses of solvents-are also significant sources of CO, NO x, and NMVOCs.

Gas/Activity 1990
_.._-"-_..""._-_.....__. 1995
. _----"--._1996
_ 1991
._---=~
1998 1999
NO x 21.955 22,755 23,663 23,934 23,613 23,042
Stationary Fossil Fuel Combustion 9,884 9,822 9,541 9,589 9,4118 9,070
Mobile Fossil Fuel Combustion 10,900 11,870 12,893 13,095 13,021 12,794
Oil and Gas Activities 139 100 126 130 130 130
Industrial Processes 921 842 971 992 924 930
Solvent Use 1 3 3 3 3 3
Agricultural Burning ~ ~ ~ ~ 34 33
Waste ~ ~ ~ ~ 93 ~

CO 85,846 80,678 81,196 87,012 82,496 82.982

Stationary Fossil Fuel Combustion 4,999 5,383 5,620 4,968 4,575 4,798
Mobile Fossil Fuel Combustion 69,523 68,072 72,390 71,225 70,288 68,179
Oil and Gas Activities 302 316 321 333 332 332
Industrial Processes 9,502 5,291 7,227 8,831 5,612 5,604
Solvent Use 4 5 1 1 1 1
Agricultural Burning 537 536 625 630 653 629
Waste 979 1,075 1,012 1,024 1,035 3,439
NMVOCs 18,843 18,663 17,353 17 ,586 16,554 16.128
Stationary Fossil Fuel Combustion 912 973 971 848 718 820
Mobile Fossil Fuel Combustion 8,154 7,725 8,251 8,023 7.928 7,736
Oil and Gas Activities 555 582 433 442 440 385
Industrial Processes 3,110 2,805 2,354 2,793 2,352 2,281
Solvent Use 5,217 5,609 4,963 5,098 4,668 4,376
Agricultural Burning NA NA NA NA NA NA
Waste 895 969 381 382 387 531
502 21,481 17.4118 17,109 17,565 17.682 17,115
Stationary Fossil Fuel Combustion 18,4117 14,724 14,727 15.106 15,192 14,598
Mobile Fossil Fuel Combustion 1,339 1,189 1,081 1,116 1,145 1,118
Oil and Gas Activities 390 334 304 312 310 309
Industrial Processes 1,306 1, 117 958 993 996 996
Solvant Use o 1 1 1 1 1
Agricultural Burning NA NA. NA NA NA NA
Waste ~ 43 ~ ~ 38 33
• Does nOI exceed 0.5 gigagrams.
NA: Nol Availeble.
Nota: Totals may not sum due 10 independem rounding.
Source: EPA 2000. except for estimates from aoricullural residue burning.

CEQ 008849