International Symposium in
Geotechnical Analysis and
Structural Design
Dubai, U.A.E., 7th December 2015
Cost-optimized solutions for high-rise buildings,
infrastructure and tunnels
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach
Director of the Institute and the Laboratory of Geotechnics TU Darmstadt
Past Chairman of the Technical Committee 212 Deep Foundations (TC 212) of the
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
Board Member of the German Tunnel Association (STUVA)
Board Member of the German Geotechnical Society (DGGT)
Publicly Certified Expert and Independent Checking Engineering (ICE)
Dipl.-Ing. Steffen Leppla
Research Associate at the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics TU Darmstadt
Certified Independent Expert for Geotechnics of metro and tram systems
Marwan Alzaylaie [Link].
Dubai Creative Clusters Authority, UAE
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Table of Contents
Introduction
Introduction
Optimized foundations for high-rise buildings
High-rise buildings
Underground constructions
Tunnels
Final remarks
Final remarks
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Soil-structure interaction
s1s3 [MN/m]
Whats the problem?
settlements
differential settlements
tilting
Adequate foundation systems
planning
e1 [%]
design
Frankfurt Clay
Marl
Sandstone
Rocky Marl
Gypsum
Dubai Sandstone
construction
utilisation
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Pile load tests in-situ
Enhanced pile load tests using Osterberg Cells
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Pile load tests in-situ
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Pile load tests in-situ
Flerbrcke
80 kN/m2
Frankfurt Limestone
800 kN/m2
200
400
600
800
Ultimate skin friction [kN/m2]
Commerzbank
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
PalaisQuartier Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Frankfurt
clay
Frankfurt
limestone
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
PalaisQuartier Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Load tests of piles with Osterberg Cells (O-Cells) -
Top ground surface 102,02 msl
Upper Osterberg Cell
Displacement [mm]
100
80
Concrete 70,60 msl
60
40
5m
20
Upper Osterberg Cell
0
-20
0
Lower Osterberg Cell
10
15
20
25
30
Load [MN]
59,00 msl
D = 1.7 m
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
PalaisQuartier Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Load tests of piles with Osterberg Cells (O-Cells) Displacement [mm]
9090
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
oberes
Pfahlsegment
Upper
segment
4040
3030
Maximum skin friction
qs = 830 kN/m
2020
1010
Intermediary and lower segment
00
-10
-10
-20
-20
0
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
Load [MN]
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
10
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
PalaisQuartier Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Load tests of piles with Osterberg Cells (O-Cells)
Top ground surface 102,02 msl
Lower Osterberg Cell
Displacement [mm]
40
20
Concrete 70,60 msl
0
-20
-40
Upper Osterberg Cell
-60
-80
5m
Lower Osterberg Cell
10
15
20
25
30
Load [MN]
59,00 msl
D = 1.7 m
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
11
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
PalaisQuartier Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Load tests of piles with Osterberg Cells (O-Cells)
Displacement [mm]
40
40
30
30
Verschiebung [mm]
20
20
Maximum skin friction (improved)
qs = 1,040 kN/m
10
10
00
Intermediary
segment
mittleres
Pfahlsegment
-10
-10
unteres
Pfahlsegment
Lower
segment
-20
-20
-30
-30
Maximum base pressure
qb = 7,000 kN/m
-40
-40
-50
-50
-60
-60
-70
-70
00
55
Sum of load: 78 MN
Introduction
High-rise buildings
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
30
Last[MN]
[MN]
Load
Tunnels
Final remarks
12
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Business Bay District Dubai, UAE
- Load tests of piles with counter weight -
Youngs modulus from soil report
for weak sandstone/siltstone:
E = 78 MN/m2
Load test:
- max. 32 MN
- max. settlement of pile head: 0.7 cm
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
13
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Business Bay District Dubai, UAE
- Load tests of piles with counter weight -
Youngs modulus from back-analysis
for weak sandstone/siltstone:
E = 5,500 MN/m2
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
14
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Business Bay District Dubai, UAE
- Load tests of piles with counter weight -
F L
s 2
EA
s E A
0.5 F
E = 31,000 MN/m2
A = 1.3 m2
used pile length 18 m
F = 32 MN
s = 0.7 cm
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
15
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Business Bay District Dubai, UAE
- Load tests of piles with counter weight -
used length
of test pile:
18 m
full length
of test pile:
40 m
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
16
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
1,007 m
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
17
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
18
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
19
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Skin friction:
> 660 kN/m2
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
20
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Base resistance:
> 4,280 kN/m2
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
21
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Numerical simulation using the
Finite-Element-Method (FEM)
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
22
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Upper pile
segment
FEM
Measurement
Skin friction:
> 660 kN/m
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Middle pile
segment
Final remarks
23
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
The responsibility of geotechnical
engineers for safety, resources
and cost-effectiveness:
deep foundation system in current
planning phase
Foundation raft (4.5 m thick)
Piles (45 m long)
Piles (65 m long)
Piles (85 m long)
Piles (105 m long)
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
24
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
March 2014
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
25
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
26
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
27
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Highest high-rise building of the world: 1,007 m
November 2015
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
28
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)
Total resistance of the CPRF:
m
R tot,k s Rpile,k, j s Rraft,k s
j1
Pile resistance:
Rpile,k,j s Rb,k,j s Rs,k,j s
Raft resistance:
Rraft,k (s) ss, x, y dx dy
CPRF coefficient:
m
CPRF
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
R
j 1
pile , k , j
(s)
Rtot ,k ( s)
Final remarks
29
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
ISSMGE
Technical Committee TC 212 Deep Foundations
.
.
.
Details:
[Link]/tc212
International
CPRF-Guideline
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
30
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Messeturm Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Settlements calculated for a shallow
foundation:
s > 40 cm
z = 0 - 20 m 75 - 80 %
Messeturm Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
Settlements:
Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF)
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
31
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Messeturm Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Average pile load: 11.3 MN
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
32
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Messeturm Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Total building load:
Ultimate pile load:
= 1.570 MN
64 x 11.3 MN
Load transfer by raft:
725 MN
845 MN
Contact pressure: 250 kN/m2
CPRF = 0.46
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
33
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Messeturm Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Comparison of costs for the piles
Accomplished: CPRF of 64 piles (laverage = 30 m)
Costs of pile production:
64 piles of 30 m at 780 US$/m
1.5 Mio. US$
Pile foundation: 316 piles (l = 30 m)
Costs of pile production:
316 piles of 30 m at 780 US$/m 7.4 Mio. US$
Savings in costs of
pile production
5.9 Mio. US$
CO2 reduction: 2,500 t
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
34
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Maintower Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Optimisation by
construction
in 2 directions:
Tow-down method
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
35
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Maintower Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Filled bore hole
Excavation
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Struts
Primary Column
Tunnels
Final remarks
36
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Maintower Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Results of optimised design:
minimised deformations
minimised construction time
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
37
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Maintower Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Comparison of costs for the piles
Accomplished: CPRF of 112 piles (laverage = 30 m)
Costs of pile production:
112 piles of 30 m at 780 US$/m
2.6 Mio. US$
Pile foundation: 277 piles (l = 30 m)
Costs of pile production:
277 piles of 30 m at 780 US$/m
6.5 Mio. US$
Savings in costs of
pile production:
3.9 Mio. US$
CO2 reduction: 2,200 t
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
38
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Quality and safety assurance at tunnel
constructions
High-quality
design and construction
Independent
peer review & controlling
(4-eye-principle)
- adequate soil investigation
- soil-structure-interaction
- observational method
- etc.
new tunnel
constructions
Introduction
- during planning phase
- during construction phase
- if necessary during service
phase (long-term behaviour)
constructions on/near tunnels
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
39
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties
Barcelona, Spain
New high-speed railway track
Madrid (Spain) to Paris (France)
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
40
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties
Barcelona, Spain
Station
La Sagrera
Sagrada
Familia
Casa
Mil
Tunnel Barcelona Sants Sagrera (5.6 km)
Station
Sants
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
41
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties
Barcelona, Spain
Sagrada Familia
Introduction
Casa Mil
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
42
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties
Barcelona, Spain
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
43
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties
Barcelona, Spain
Sagrada Familia
Soil
improvement
Bored pile wall:
104 piles
= 1.5 m
a = 2.0 m
depth: 41 m
Bracing beam:
width: 2.0 m
thickness: 2.0 m
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
44
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties
Barcelona, Spain
TBM with earth pressure balanced shield (EPB)
diameter: 11.55 m
earth slurry in excavation chamber (foam injections)
bentonite injections around the shield
grouting of mortar
Gap 1: 3 cm
Gap 2: 6 cm
Gap 3: 29 cm
Gap 4: 10 cm
45
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties
Barcelona, Spain
Settlements and volume loss factor Vl
In cross section:
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
46
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties
Barcelona, Spain
Criteria for Sagrada Familia
- Traffic light for (correction) measures Green
Yellow
Red
Settlement at the surface over
the axis of the tunnel (middle
of Mallorca street)
< 2.0 cm
2.0 3.0 cm
> 3.0 cm
Settlement of the structure at
Gloria Facade
< 0.50 cm
0.50 cm 1.00 cm
> 1.00 cm
< 1/3,000
1/3,000 - 1/2,000
> 1/2,000
Horizontal movement of the
joint at Gloria faade
< 0.375 cm
0.375 0.75 cm
> 0.75 cm
Increase of crack width of
existing cracks (reference
length of 1 m)
< 0.05 cm
0.05 cm 0.10 cm
> 0.1 cm
Tilting of the structure
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
47
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties
Barcelona, Spain
TBM under
Sagrada Familia
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
48
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties
Barcelona, Spain
Displacements related to operational parameters of the TBM
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
49
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Tunnelling under World Heritage Properties
Barcelona, Spain
Face pressure:
Torque on cutting wheel:
Velocity:
Whole tunnel length:
s < 0.5 cm
Vl < 0.1%
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Casa Mil:
s < 0.2 cm
Casa Mil
1 km
Sagrada Familia
Sagrada Familia:
s < 0.1 cm
2 bar
10 MNm
4 cm/min
Tunnels
Final remarks
50
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Final remarks
careful, well planned and monitored construction process is the
basis for realization of projects in the vicinity of sensitive structures
adequate geotechnical data aquisition (core drilling,
laboratory tests, field test, in-situ load tests)
3-dimensional numerical simulations considering
non-linear material behaviour of soil
independent peer review and controlling during
- planning phase
- design phase
- construction phase
- service phase (if necessary)
Control of the soil-structure interaction
Risk minimisation and quality assurance
Introduction
High-rise buildings
Tunnels
Final remarks
51
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Katzenbach Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics
Thank you for your
kind attention!
[Link]
52
