LTE and 5G Innovation: Igniting

Mobile Broadband

August 2015

Key Conclusions (1)

Development
LTE Becomes the
Global Cellular
Standard

Summary
A previously fragmented wireless industry has consolidated globally on LTE.

LTE-Advanced
Provides Dramatic
Advantages

LTE is being deployed faster than any previous generation of wireless

technology.
Carrier Aggregation, a key LTE-Advanced feature that operators are deploying
globally, harnesses available spectrum more effectively, increases network
capacity, and can increase user throughput rates.

5G Research and
Development Gains
Momentum

Other features in early stages of deployment or being tested for deployment

include: Self-Organizing Network (SON) capabilities in the radio-access
network, Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) for small cells
that use the same radio channels as the macro cell, and Coordinated Multi Point
(CoMP) transmission so multiple sites can simultaneously process signals from
mobile users, improving cell-edge performance.
5G, in early stages of definition through global efforts and many proposed
technical approaches, could start to be deployed close to 2020 and continue
through 2030.

Internet of Things
Poised for Massive
Adoption

5G will be designed to integrate with LTE networks, and many 5G features may
be implemented as LTE-Advanced extensions prior to full 5G availability.
IoT, also called machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, is seeing rapid
adoption and expected in tens of billions of devices over the next ten years.
Drivers include improved LTE support, other supporting wireless technologies,
and service-layer standardization such as OneM2M.

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Key Conclusions (2)

Development
Spectrum Still
Precious

Summary
Spectrum remains a precious commodity for the industry; its value was
demonstrated by the recent Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) auction that
achieved record valuations.
Forthcoming spectrum in the United States includes the 600 MHz band planned
for auction in 2016 and the 3.5 GHz small-cell band that the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) is in the process of deploying.

Unlicensed Spectrum
Becomes More Tightly
Integrated with
Cellular
Mobile Computing
Overtakes the
Desktop

5G spectrum will include bands above 30 GHz, called mmWave, with the
potential of ten times as much spectrum as is currently available for cellular.
Radio channels of 1 GHz or more will enable multi-Gbps peak throughput.
The industry has developed increasingly sophisticated means for Wi-Fi and
cellular networks to interoperate, making the user experience ever more
seamless.
The industry is also developing versions of LTE that can operate in unlicensed
spectrum.
The number of mobile users globally now exceeds the number of desktop users.

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Key Conclusions (3)

Development
Small Cells Take Baby
Steps

Summary
Operators have begun installing small cells. Eventually, millions of small cells
will lead to massive increases in capacity.

Network Function
Virtualization (NFV)
Emerges

The industry is slowly overcoming challenges that include site acquisition, selforganization, interference management, and backhaul.
New network function virtualization (NFV) and software-defined networking
(SDN) tools and architectures are enabling operators to reduce network costs,
simplify deployment of new services, and scale their networks.
Some operators are also virtualizing the radio-access network, as well as
pursuing a related development called cloud radio-access network (cloud RAN).

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Exploding Demand from Critical

Mass of Multiple Factors

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5G Data Drivers

Ultra-high-definition, such as 4K and 8K, and 3D video.

Augmented and immersive virtual reality.
Realization of the tactile Internetreal-time, immediate sensing and control, enabling
a vast array of new applications.
Automotive, including autonomous vehicles, driver-assistance systems, vehicular
Internet, infotainment, inter-vehicle information exchange, and vehicle pre-crash
sensing and mitigation.
Monitoring of critical infrastructure, such as transmission lines, using long-battery-life
and low-latency sensors.
Smart transportation using data from vehicles, road sensors, and cameras to
optimize traffic flow.
Mobile health and telemedicine systems that rely on ready availability of highresolution and detailed medical records, imaging, and diagnostic video.
Public safety, including broadband data and mission-critical voice.
Sports and fitness enhancement through biometric sensing, real-time monitoring, and
data analysis.
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Global Mobile Data Growth

Source: Cisco, Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update,
February 16, 2013.
Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2014-2019, February 2015.
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Global Mobile Traffic for Voice

and Data 2014 to 2020

Ericsson, Ericsson Mobility Report on the Pulse of the Networked Society, February 2053.
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Deployments as of 2Q 2015

Over 6.2 billion GSM-UMTS subscribers.

In the U.S. wireless data represents over 50% of total
revenue.
More than 2 billion UMTS-HSPA customers worldwide
across nearly 600 commercial networks.

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Source: Ovum June 2015 Estimates

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Global Adoption of 2G-4G

Technologies 2010 to 2020

4G Americas, 2015

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Expanding Use Cases

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1G to 5G
Generation

Requirements

Comments

1G

No official requirements.

Deployed in the 1980s.

2G

Analog technology.
No official requirements.

First digital systems.

Digital technology.

Deployed in the 1990s.

New services such as SMS and lowrate data.

3G

ITUs IMT-2000 required 144 Kbps mobile, 384

Kbps pedestrian, 2 Mbps indoors

4G (Initial
Technical
Designation)

ITUs IMT-Advanced requirements include ability

to operate in up to 40 MHz radio channels and
with very high spectral efficiency.

4G (Current
Marketing
Designation)

Systems that significantly exceed the

performance of initial 3G networks. No
quantitative requirements.

5G

ITU IMT-2020 requirements are in progress and

may represent initial technical requirements for
5G.

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Primary technologies include IS-95

CDMA (cdmaOne) and GSM.
First deployment in 2000.
Primary technologies include
CDMA2000 1X/EV-DO and UMTSHSPA.
WiMAX.
First deployment in 2010.
IEEE 802.16m and LTE-Advanced
meet the requirements.
Todays HSPA+, LTE, and WiMAX
networks meet this requirement.

Expected in 2020 timeframe.

Term applied to generation of
technology that follows LTEAdvanced.

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Timeline of Cellular Generations

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Network Transformation

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5G Combining of LTE and New

Radio Technologies

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Evolution to 5G Including LTE Improvements and

Potential New 5G Radio Methods

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Key 5G Technology Elements under

Investigation
Key 5G Technology
Element
Massive MIMO
10 GHz or higher bands

Description

Benefit

Extension of MIMO concept to hundreds of antennas at

the base station.
Most cellular today is below 3 GHz, but new technology
allows operation in 10 GHz to 100 GHz for small cells.

Increase of spectral efficiency, at least doubling, with 5X

to 10X gains theorized.
Vast new spectrum amounts available (as much as 10X
or more) as well as wider radio channels (1 or 2 GHz)
enabling much higher data rates.

New multi-carrier radio

transmission

LTE uses OFDM, but other potential multi-carrier schemes Lower latency on uplink transmission due to lower
include Filter-Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) transmission,
synchronization requirements.
Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) transmission, and
Potentially better suited for spectrum sharing because
Generalized Frequency-Division Multiplexing (GFDM).
the transmission operates in more confined spectrum.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple
Transmission

Orthogonality in OFDM avoids interference and creates

high capacity, but requires extensive signaling and
increases delay.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and Sparse

Coded Multiple Access (SCMA) could complement
orthogonal access by taking advantage of advanced
interference-cancellation techniques.
Shared Spectrum Access Current LTE systems assume dedicated spectrum.
Future wireless systems (LTE and 5G) will interface with
planned Spectrum Access Systems that manage spectrum
among primary (incumbent, e.g., government), secondary
(licensed, e.g., cellular), and tertiary (unlicensed) users.
Advanced Inter-Node
Coordination

LTE already uses techniques such as inter-cell

interference coordination and Coordinated Multi-Point.

Reduced latency for small payloads.

More efficient use of spectrum for scenarios in which

incumbents use spectrum lightly.

Higher network capacity.

In 5G, cloud RANs will enable better coordination across

base stations.
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Key 5G Technology Elements under

Investigation
Key 5G Technology
Element
Simultaneous
Transmission
Reception

Description

Benefit

Current cellular systems cannot transmit and

receive simultaneously in the exact same
spectrum.

Doubling of capacity. Potential improvements in

radio-access control.

Multi-Radio-AccessTechnologies

By using advanced interference cancellation

methods, future systems could potentially do so,
especially in low-power transmission
environments such as small cells.
LTE already integrates with Wi-Fi, and plans
include operation in unlicensed spectrum.

Device-to-Device
Communication

5G will need to integrate even more tightly with

Wi-Fi, 4G, and 3G systems. Virtualization
methods may facilitate such integration by
enabling instantiation of network functions on
demand.
LTE already includes a limited form of device-todevice communication.

Wireless
Access/Backhaul
Integration

Flexible Networks

5G could use this form of communication to

extend coverage and to transfer the same data to
multiple units more efficiently.
Today, wireless backhaul and access are based on
different technologies.

Users automatically obtain the most suitable

network based on their requirements and
network loads.

More efficient network use and improved access

to data for users.

Greater flexibility in deploying dense networks.

5G could be designed to handle both functions,

essentially making the wireless link a multi-hop
network.

Network function virtualization is becoming

common in LTE.

Lower deployment and operating costs. Faster

rollout of new services.

5G will be fully virtualized based on NFV and

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software-defined networking.

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Most Important Features of LTEAdvanced

Carrier Aggregation. Already in use, operators can aggregate radio carriers in the
same band or across disparate bands to improve throughputs (under light network
load), capacity, and efficiency. Carrier aggregation can also combine FDD and TDD,
as well as licensed and unlicensed bands.
Coordinated Multi Point. Expected in the 2015-2016 timeframe, CoMP is a process
by which multiple base stations or cell sectors process a UE signal simultaneously, or
coordinate the transmissions to a UE, improving cell-edge performance and network
efficiency. Initial usage will be on the uplink because no changes are required to user
equipment (UE).
HetNet Support. Also expected in the 2015-2016 timeframe, HetNets integrate
macro cells and small cells. A key feature is enhanced intercell interference
coordination (eICIC), which enhances the ability of a macro and a small cell to use
the same spectrum. This approach is valuable when the operator cannot dedicate
spectrum to small cells. Operators are currently evaluating eICIC, and at least one
operator has deployed it.
Self-Organizing Networks. With SON, networks can automatically configure and
optimize themselves, a capability that will be particularly important as small cells
begin to proliferate. Vendor-specific methods are common for 3G networks, and trials
are now occurring for 4G LTE standards-based approaches.
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LTE: Platform for the Future

2013 to 2016
2010 to 2012
Initial Deployments
5 or 10 MHz Radio
Channels
2x2 Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO)
Antennas

Initial Self-Optimization/
Organization for Auto
Configuration

Higher Capacity/Throughput
and/or Efficiency
Wider Radio Channels: 20 MHz
Carrier Aggregation: up to 100 MHz
Advanced Antenna Configurations
More Advanced MIMO (Higher Order, MultiUser, Higher Mobility)
Coordinated Multipoint Transmission
Hetnets (Macrocells/Picocells/Femtocells)
Hetnet Self Optimization/Organization
More Intelligent and Seamless Offload

Greater Capabilities
Voice Widely Handled in the Packet Domain
Policy-Based Quality of Service

Enables more users, more applications and a better experience

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Characteristics of 3GPP
Technologies
Technology
Name

Type

Characteristics

HSPA

WCDMA

Data service for UMTS networks. An

enhancement to original UMTS data
service.

HSPA+

WCDMA

LTE

OFDMA

LTE- Advanced

OFDMA

Evolution of HSPA in various stages

to increase throughput and capacity
and to lower latency.

Typical
Downlink
Speed
1 Mbps to
4 Mbps

1.9 Mbps to
8.8 Mbps
in 5+5 MHz
3.8 Mbps to 17.6
Mbps with dual
carrier in 10+5
MHz

New radio interface that can use wide

radio channels and deliver extremely 6.5 to 26.3 Mbps
high throughput rates. All
in
communications handled in IP
10+10 MHz
domain.
Significant gains
Advanced version of LTE designed to
through carrier
meet IMT-Advanced requirements.
aggregation

Typical Uplink
Speed
500 Kbps
to 2 Mbps

1 Mbps to
4 Mbps
in 5+5 MHz or in
10+5 MHz

6.0 to 13.0 Mbps

in
10+10 MHz

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Evolution of CDMA
and OFDMA Systems

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3GPP Releases (1)

Release 99: Completed. First deployable version of UMTS.
Enhancements to GSM data (EDGE). Majority of deployments today
are based on Release 99. Provides support for
GSM/EDGE/GPRS/WCDMA radio-access networks.
Release 4: Completed. Multimedia messaging support. First steps
toward using IP transport in the core network.
Release 5: Completed. HSDPA. First phase of IMS. Full ability to
use IP-based transport instead of just Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM) in the core network.
Release 6: Completed. HSUPA. Enhanced multimedia support
through Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS).
Performance specifications for advanced receivers. WLAN
integration option. IMS enhancements. Initial VoIP capability.
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3GPP Releases (2)

Release 7: Completed. Provides enhanced GSM data functionality with Evolved EDGE.
Specifies HSPA+, which includes higher order modulation and MIMO. Performance
enhancements, improved spectral efficiency, increased capacity, and better resistance to
interference. Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) enables efficient always-on service
and enhanced uplink UL VoIP capacity, as well as reductions in call set-up delay for Pushto-Talk Over Cellular (PoC). Radio enhancements to HSPA include 64 Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in the downlink and 16 QAM in the uplink. Also includes
optimization of MBMS capabilities through the multicast/broadcast, single-frequency
network (MBSFN) function.

Release 8: Completed. Comprises further HSPA Evolution features such as simultaneous

use of MIMO and 64 QAM. Includes dual-carrier HSDPA (DC-HSDPA) wherein two
downlink carriers can be combined for a doubling of throughput performance. Specifies
OFDMA-based 3GPP LTE. Defines EPC and EPS.

Release 9: Completed. HSPA and LTE enhancements including HSPA dual-carrier

downlink operation in combination with MIMO, Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services
(MBMS), HSDPA dual-band operation, HSPA dual-carrier uplink operation, EPC
enhancements, femtocell support, support for regulatory features such as emergency userequipment positioning and Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS), and evolution of IMS
architecture.
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3GPP Releases (3)

Release 10: Completed. Specifies LTE-Advanced that meets the requirements set by
ITUs IMT-Advanced project. Key features include carrier aggregation, multi-antenna
enhancements such as enhanced downlink eight-branch MIMO and uplink MIMO, relays,
enhanced LTE Self-Organizing Network capability, Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast
Services (eMBMS), HetNet enhancements that include eICIC, Local IP Packet Access, and
new frequency bands. For HSPA, includes quad-carrier operation and additional MIMO
options. Also includes femtocell enhancements, optimizations for M2M communications,
and local IP traffic offload.
Release 11: Completed. For LTE, emphasis is on Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP), carrieraggregation enhancements, devices with interference cancellation, development of the
Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel (EPDCCH), and further enhanced eICIC
including devices with CRS (Cell-specific Reference Signal) interference cancellation. The
release includes further DL and UL MIMO enhancements for LTE. For HSPA, provides
eight-carrier on the downlink, uplink enhancements to improve latency, dual-antenna
beamforming and MIMO, CELL_Forward Access Channel (FACH) state enhancement for
smartphone-type traffic, four-branch MIMO enhancements and transmissions for HSDPA,
64 QAM in the uplink, downlink multipoint transmission, and noncontiguous HSDPA carrier
aggregation. Wi-Fi integration is promoted through S2a Mobility over GPRS Tunneling
Protocol (SaMOG). An additional architectural element called Machine-Type
Communications Interworking Function (MTC-IWF) will more flexibly support machine-tomachine communications.
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3GPP Releases (4)

Release 12: Completed. Enhancements include improved small cells/HetNets

for LTE, LTE multi-antenna/site technologies (including Active Antenna
Systems), Dual Connectivity, 256 QAM modulation option, further CoMP/MIMO
enhancements, enhancements for interworking with Wi-Fi, enhancements for
MTC, SON, support for emergency and public safety, Minimization of Drive
Tests (MDT), advanced receivers, device-to-device communication (also
referred to as proximity services), group communication enablers in LTE,
addition of Web Real Time Communication (WebRTC) to IMS, energy efficiency,
more flexible carrier aggregation, dynamic adaptation of uplink-downlink ratios in
TDD mode, further enhancements for HSPA+, small cells/HetNets, ScalableUMTS, and FDD-TDD carrier aggregation.
Release 13: Some of the items under consideration include radio-access
network sharing, 32-carrier aggregation, License Assisted Access (LAA), LTE
Wi-Fi Aggregation (LWA), isolated operation for public safety, applicationspecific congestion management, user-plane congestion management,
enhancement to WebRTC interoperability, architecture enhancement for
dedicated core networks, enhancement to proximity-based services, missioncritical push-to-talk, group communications, CoMP enhancements, small cell
enhancements, machine-type communications enhancements, VoLTE
enhancements, SON enhancements, shared network enhancements, and
enhanced circuit-switched fallback.
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Types of Cells and Characteristics

Type of Cell
Macro cell

Characteristics
Wide-area coverage. LTE supports cells up to 100 km in range, but typical
distances are .5 to 5 km radius. Always installed outdoors.

Microcell

Covers a smaller area, such as a hotel or mall. Range to 2 km, 5-10W, and 256512 users. Usually installed outdoors.

Picocell

Indoor or outdoor. Outdoor cells also called metrocells. Typical range 15 to 200
meters outdoors and 10 to 25 meters indoors, 1-2W, 64-128 users. Deployed by
operators primarily to expand capacity.

Consumer Femtocell

Indoors. Range to 10 meters, less than 50 mW, and 4 to 6 users. Capacity and
coverage benefit. Usually deployed by end users using their own backhaul.

Enterprise Femtocell

Indoors. Range to 25 meters, 100-250 mW, 16-32 users. Capacity and coverage
benefit. Deployed by operators.

Distributed antenna system.

Expands indoor or outdoor coverage. Same hardware can support multiple

operators (neutral host) since antenna can support broad frequency range and
multiple technologies. Indoor deployments are typically in larger spaces such as
airports. Has also been deployed outdoors for coverage and capacity expansion.

Remote radio head (RRH)

Uses baseband at existing macro site or centralized baseband equipment. If

centralized, the system is called cloud RAN. Requires fiber connection.

Wi-Fi

Primarily provides capacity expansion. Neutral-host capability allows multiple

operators to share infrastructure.

Super Wi-Fi

Name used by some people for white-space technology. Not true Wi-Fi. Better
suited for fixed wireless than mobile wireless.

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Small Cell Challenges

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Small Cell Approaches

Small-Cell Approach

Characteristics

Macro plus small cells in

select areas.

Significant standards support. Femtocells or picocells can use same

radio carriers as macro (less total spectrum needed) or can use
different radio carriers (greater total capacity).

Macro in licensed band

plus LTE operation in
unlicensed bands.

Being considered for 3GPP Release 13 and available for

deployment 2017 or 2018. Promising approach for augmenting LTE
capacity in scenarios where operator is deploying LTE small cells.

Macro (or small-cell)

cellular in licensed band
plus Wi-Fi.

Extensively used today with increased use anticipated. Particularly

attractive for expanding capacity in coverage areas where Wi-Fi
infrastructure exists but small cells with LTE do not.
LTE Wi-Fi Aggregation (being specified in Release 13) is another
approach, as is Multipath TCP.

Wi-Fi only.

Low-cost approach for high-capacity mobile broadband coverage,

but impossible to provide large-area continuous coverage without
cellular component.

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Global Small Cell Forecast

Mobile Experts on behalf of the Small Cell Forum, Small Cells Deployment Market Status Report, June 2015.
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Wireless Networks for IoT

Standardization/
Specifications
3GPP

Technology

Coverage

Characteristics

GSM/GPRS

Wide area.
Huge global
coverage.
Wide area. Huge
global coverage.

Lowest-cost cellular modems, risk of

network sunsets. Low throughput.
Low-cost cellular modems. Higher power,
high throughput.

3GPP

LTE

Wide area.
Increasing global
coverage.

Wide area, expanding coverage,

cost/power reductions in successive 3GPP
releases. Low to high throughput options.

3GPP

Wi-Fi
ZigBee
Bluetooth Low
Energy
LoRa

Local area.
Local area.
Personal area.

High throughput, higher power.

Low throughput, low power.
Low throughput, low power.

Wide area.
Emerging
deployments.

Low throughput, low power. Unlicensed

bands (sub 1 GHz, such as 900 MHz in the
U.S.)

IEEE
IEEE
Bluetooth Special Interest
Group
LoRa Alliance

Sigfox

Wide area.
Emerging
deployments.

Low throughput, low power. Unlicensed

bands (sub 1 GHz such as 900 MHz in the
U.S.)

Sigfox

OnRamp
Wireless

Wide area.
Emerging
deployments.

Low throughput, low power. Using 2.4 GHz

ISM band.

OnRamp Wireless (founding

member of IEEE 802.15.4k)

Weightless

Wide area.
Expected
deployments.

Low throughput, low power. Unlicensed

Weightless Special Interest
bands (sub 1 GHz such as TV White Space Group
and 900 MHz in the U.S.)

HSPA

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Roaming Using Hotspot 2.0

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Approaches for Using

Unlicensed Spectrum
Technology
Ever-more-sophisticated
means to integrate Wi-Fi in
successive 3GPP Releases.

Attributes

Release 10-12 LTE-U

Approach for operating LTE in

unlicensed spectrum.

Available in 2016. More

seamless than Wi-Fi. Approach
cannot be used in some regions
(e.g., Europe, Japan).

Release 13 LicensedAssisted Access

Standards-based approach for Available in 2018 timeframe.

operating LTE in unlicensed
Designed to be good Wi-Fi
neighbor and to address global
spectrum.
regulatory requirements.

LTE Wi-Fi Aggregation

(LWA)

Aggregation of LTE and Wi-Fi

connections

Wi-Fi

Significantly enhances capacity.

Part of Release 13. Available in

2018 timeframe.

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ETSI NFV High-Level Framework

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Evolution of RCS Capability

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4G Americas

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Summary of 3GPP LTE Features to

Support Public Safety

Nokia, LTE networks for public safety services, 2014

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Sharing Approaches for Public

Safety Networks

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RF Capacity Versus
Fiber-Optic Cable Capacity
Achievable Fiber-Optic Cable Capacity Per Cable (Area Denotes Capacity)

Additional
Fiber Strands
Readily
Available

Additional
Fiber Strands
Readily
Available

Achievable Capacity Across Entire RF Spectrum to 100 GHz

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Dimensions of Capacity
Spectral Efficiency of Technology

Amount of Spectrum

Smallness of Cell (Amount of Frequency Reuse)

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Bandwidth Management

More spectrum
Unpaired spectrum
Supplemental downlink
Spectrum sharing
Increased spectral efficiency
Smart antennas
Uplink gains combined with downlink carrier aggregation
Small cells and heterogeneous networks
Offload to unlicensed spectrum
Higher-level sectorization
Off-peak hours
Quality of service management
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Benefits of Spectrum and Offload

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Spectrum Acquisition Time

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United States Current and

Future Spectrum Allocations
Frequency Band

Amount of
Spectrum

Comments

700 MHz

70 MHz

Ultra-High Frequency (UHF).

850 MHz

64 MHz

Cellular and Specialized Mobile Radio.

1.7/2.1 GHz

90 MHz

Advanced Wireless Services (AWS)-1.

1695-1710 MHz,
1755 to 1780 MHz,
2155 to 2180 MHz

65 MHz

AWS-3. Uses spectrum sharing.

1.9 GHz

140 MHz

2000 to 2020,
2180 to 2200 MHz

40 MHz

AWS-4 (Previously Mobile Satellite Service).

2.3 GHz

20 MHz

Wireless Communications Service (WCS).

2.5 GHz

194 MHz

Personal Communications Service (PCS).

Broadband Radio Service. Closer to 160 MHz

deployable.

FUTURE
600 MHz

Up to 120 MHz

Incentive auctions.

3.55 to 3.70 GHz

150 MHz

Small-cell
band
unlicensed use.

Above 5 GHz

Multi GHz

Anticipated for 5G systems in 2020 or later

timeframe. Based on wavelengths, 3 GHz to 30 GHz
is referred to as the cmWave band and 30 GHz to
300 GHz is referred to as the mmWave band.

with

spectrum

sharing

and

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LTE Spectral Efficiency as

Function of Radio Channel Size

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Spectrum Harmonization

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Pros and Cons of Unlicensed

and Licensed Spectrum
Unlicensed Pros

Unlicensed Cons

Licensed Pros

Licensed Cons

Easy, and quick to

deploy

Potential of other
entities using same
frequencies

Huge coverage
areas

Expensive
infrastructure

Low cost hardware

Difficult to
impossible to
provide wide-scale
coverage

Able to manage
quality of service

Each operator only

has access to small
amount spectrum

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Propagation Losses Cellular

vs. Wi-Fi

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Licensed Shared Access

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United States 3.5 GHz System

Currently Being Developed

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Latency of Different
Technologies

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Performance Relative to
Theoretical Limits
6
Shannon bound
Shannon bound with 3dB margin
HSDPA
EV-DO
IEEE 802.16e-2005

Achievable Efficiency (bps/Hz)

0
-15

-10

-5

Required SNR (dB)

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10

15

20
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Comparison of Downlink
Spectral Efficiency

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Comparison of Uplink Spectral

Efficiency

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Comparison of Voice Spectral

Efficiency

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Data Consumed by Different Streaming

Applications

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UMTS Multi-Radio Network

Common core network can support multiple radio access networks

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HSPA Channel Assignment - Example

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HSPA Multi-User Diversity

Efficient scheduler favors transmissions to users with best radio conditions

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HSPA Dual-Cell Operation with

One Uplink Carrier

Uplink
1 x 5 MHz

Downlink
2 x 5 MHz

UE1
1 x 5 MHz

2 x 5 MHz

UE2

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HSPA+ Het-net Using Multipoint

Transmission

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HSPA Throughput Evolution

Downlink (Mbps)
Peak Data Rate

Uplink (Mbps)
Peak Data Rate

HSPA as defined in Release 6

14.4

5.76

Release 7 HSPA+ DL 64 QAM,

UL 16 QAM, 5+5 MHz

21.1

11.5

Release 7 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO,

DL 16 QAM, UL 16 QAM, 5+5 MHz

28.0

11.5

Release 8 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO

DL 64 QAM, UL 16 QAM, 5+5 MHz

42.2

11.5

Release 8 HSPA+ (no MIMO)

Dual Carrier, 10+5 MHz

42.2

11.5

Release 9 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO, Dual

Carrier DL and UL, 10+10 MHz

84.0

23.0

Release 10 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO, Quad

Carrier DL, Dual Carrier UL,
20+10 MHz

168.0

23.0

Release 11 HSPA+ 2X2 MIMO DL and

UL, 8 Carrier, Dual Carrier UL,
40+10 MHz

336.0

69.0

Technology

No operators have announced plans to deploy HSPA in a quad (or greater) carrier configuration.
Three carrier configurations, however, have been deployed.
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61

HSPA+ Performance, 5+5 MHz

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Dual Carrier HSPA+ Throughputs

63
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Summary of HSPA Functions

and Benefits

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LTE Capabilities

Downlink peak data rates up to 300 Mbps with 20+20 MHz bandwidth
Uplink peak data rates up to 71 Mbps with 20+20 MHz bandwidth
Operation in both TDD and FDD modes
Scalable bandwidth up to 20+20 MHz, covering 1.4+1.4, 2.5+2.5, 5+5,
10+10, 15+15, and 20+20 MHz
Reduced latency, to 15 msec round-trip time between user equipment
and the base station, and to less than 100 msec transition time from
inactive to active
Downlink (Mbps)
Peak Data Rate

LTE Configuration
Using 2X2 MIMO in the Downlink and 16
QAM in the Uplink, 10+10 MHz
Using 4X4 MIMO in the Downlink and 64
QAM in the Uplink, 20+20 MHz

Uplink (Mbps)
Peak Data Rate

70.0

22.0

300.0

71.0
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LTE OFDMA Downlink Resource

Assignment in Time and Frequency
User 1
User 2

Frequency

User 3
User 4

Time
Minimum resource block consists of
14 symbols and 12 subcarriers

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Frequency Domain Scheduling in LTE

Carrier bandwidth
Resource block

Frequency
Transmit on those resource
blocks that are not faded

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LTE Antenna Schemes

Source: 3G Americas white paper MIMO and Smart Antennas for 3G and 4G Wireless
Systems Practical Aspects and Deployment Considerations, May 2010.
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Evolution of RCS API Profiles

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Evolution of Voice in LTE Networks

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Comparison of AMR, AMR-WB and EVS

Codecs
Features

AMR

AMR-WB

EVS

Input and output

sampling frequencies
supported
Audio bandwidth

8KHz

16KHz

8KHz, 16KHz, 32KHz, 48

KHz

Narrowband

Wideband

Narrowband, Wideband,
Super-wideband, Fullband

Coding capabilities

Optimized for
coding human
voice signals

Optimized for
coding human
voice signals

Optimized for coding

human voice and generalpurpose audio (music,
ringtones, mixed content)
signals

Bit rates supported (in

kb/s)

4.75, 5.15, 5.90,

6.70, 7.4, 7.95,
10.20, 12.20

6.6, 8.85, 12.65,

14.25, 15.85,
18.25, 19.85,
23.05, 23.85

Number of audio
channels
Frame size
Algorithmic Delay

Mono

Mono

5.9, 7.2, 8, 9.6 (NB and

WB only), 13.2 (NB, WB
and SWB), 16.4, 24.4, 32,
48, 64, 96, 128 (WB and
SWB only)
Mono and Stereo

20 ms
20-25 ms

20 ms
25 ms

20 ms
Up to 32 ms

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Combined Mean Opinion Score Values

Nokia, The 3GPP Enhanced Voice Services (EVS) codec, 2015.

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72

EVS Compared to AMR and AMR-WB

Nokia, The 3GPP Enhanced Voice Services (EVS) codec, 2015.

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73

EVS Voice Capacity Compared to

AMR and AMR-WB

Nokia, The 3GPP Enhanced Voice Services (EVS) codec, 2015.

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74

TDD Frame Co-Existence Between

TD-SCDMA and LTE TDD

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Carrier Aggregation Capabilities

across 3GPP Releases

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LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation

Release 10 LTE-Advanced UE resource pool

Rel8

Rel8

Rel8

Rel8

Rel8

100 MHz bandwidth

20 MHz

Release 8 UE uses a
single 20 MHz block

Source: "LTE for UMTS, OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access,
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, Wiley, 2009.
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LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation

at Protocol Layers

Source: The Evolution of LTE towards IMT-Advanced,

Stefan Parkvall and David Astely, Ericsson Research

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Gains From Carrier Aggregation

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Single-User and Multi-User MIMO

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CoMP Levels

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Median Throughput of Feedback Mode

3-2 and New Codebook

82
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Cell-Edge Throughput of Feedback

Mode 3-2 and New Codebook

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LTE-Advanced Relay

Direct Link

Relay Link

Access
Link

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LTE UE Categories
UE Category

Max DL
Throughput

Maximum DL
MIMO Layers

Maximum UL
Throughput

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

10.3 Mbps
51.0 Mbps
102.0 Mbps
150.8 Mbps
299.6 Mbps
301.5 Mbps
301.5 Mbps
2998.6 Mbps
452.3 Mbps
452.3 Mbps
603.0 Mbps
603.0 Mbps

1
2
2
2
4
2 or 4
2 or 4
8
2 or 4
2 or 4
2 or 4
2 or 4

5.2 Mbps
25.5 Mbps
51.0 Mbps
51.0 Mbps
75.4 Mbps
51.0 Mbps
102.0 Mbps
1497.8 Mbps
51.0 Mbps
102.0 Mbps
51.0 Mbps
102.0 Mbps
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Summary of IoT Features in LTE

Devices
Device Category
3GPP Release
Max. Data Rate
Downlink
Max. Data Rate
Uplink
Max. Bandwidth
Duplex
Max. Receive
Antennas
Power
Sleep

Category 3
10
100

Full
Two

Category 1
11
10

50

20 MHz

20 MHz
Full
Two

Category 0
12
1
1

Category M
13
0.2
0.2

20 MHz
1.4 MHz
Optional half-duplex Optional half-duplex
One
One
Power Save Mode

Power Save Mode

Longer sleep cycles
using Idle
Discontinuous
Reception (DRX)
Extended through
redundant
transmissions and
Single Frequency
Multicast

Coverage

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LTE FDD User Throughputs

Based on Simulation Analysis

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LTE FDD User Throughputs Based on

Simulation Analysis Key Assumptions

Traffic is FTP-like at a 50% load with a 75/25 mix of indoor/outdoor users.

Throughput is at the medium-access control (MAC) protocol layer.
The configuration in the first row corresponds to low-frequency band operation,
representative of 700 MHz or cellular, while the remaining configurations assume
high-frequency band operation, representative of PCS, AWS, or WCS. (Higher
frequencies facilitate higher-order MIMO configurations and have wider radio
channels available.)
The downlink value for the first row corresponds to Release 8 device receive
capability (Minimum Mean Square Error [MMSE]), while the values in the other rows
correspond to Release 11 device receive capability (MMSE Interference Rejection
Combining [IRC]).
The uplink value for the first row corresponds to a Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)
receiver at the eNodeB, while the remaining values correspond to an IRC receiver.
Low-band operation assumes 1732 meter inter-site distance (ISD), while high-band
operation assumes 500 meter ISD. The remaining simulation assumptions are listed
in Table 11.
Refer to white paper for additional assumptions.
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Drive Test of Commercial European

LTE Network, 10+10 MHz
Mbps

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LTE Throughputs in Various Modes

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LTE Actual Throughput Rates

Based on Conditions

Source: LTE/SAE Trial Initiative, Latest Results from the LSTI, Feb
2009,
http://www.lstiforum.org.
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Load Balancing with

Heterogeneous Networks

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Scenarios for Radio Carriers in

Small Cells

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Traffic Distribution Scenarios

94
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Enhanced Intercell
Interference Cancellation

95
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Median Throughput Gains

Hotspot Scenarios

96
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User Throughput Performance

With/Without eICIC for Dynamic Traffic Vs. Average
Offered Load per Macro-Cell Area

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Throughput Gain of Time-Domain

Interference Coordination

98
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Dual Connectivity

99
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Dual Connectivity User Throughputs

100
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Hybrid SON Architecture

101
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Evolved Packet System

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Evolved Packet System Elements

Flatter architecture to reduce latency

Support for legacy GERAN and UTRAN networks connected via

SGSN.
Support for new radio-access networks such as LTE.
The Serving Gateway that terminates the interface toward the
3GPP radio-access networks.
The PDN gateway that controls IP data services, does routing,
allocates IP addresses, enforces policy, and provides access for
non-3GPP access networks.

The MME that supports user equipment context and identity as

well as authenticates and authorizes users.
The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) that
manages QoS aspects.
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LTE Quality of Service

QCI

Priority

Resource
Type
GBR
(Guaranteed
Bit Rate)
GBR

Delay
Budget
100 msec.

150 msec.

10

GBR

50 msec.

10

GBR

300 msec.

10

Non-GBR

100 msec.

10

Non-GBR

300 msec.

10

Non-GBR

100 msec.

10

Non-GBR

300 msec.

10

Non-GBR

300 msec.

10

Packet Loss

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10

Examples

-2

Conversational
voice

-3

Conversational
video (live
streaming)
Real-time gaming

-3
-6

-6
-6

-3

-6

-6

Nonconversational
video (buffered
streaming)
IMS signaling
Video (buffered
streaming), TCP
Web, e-mail, ftp,

Voice, video (live

streaming),
interactive
gaming
Premium bearer
for video
(buffered
streaming), TCP
Web, e-mail, ftp,

Default bearer for

video, TCP for
non-privileged
users

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Release 11 SaMOG Wi-Fi Integration

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LTE-U, LTE-LAA, LWA Integration

Approaches

Approach

Radio

LTE-U
LTE-LAA

LTE
LTE

LWA

Wi-Fi

CoExistence
Duty cycle
Listen
Before Talk

802.11

Bands

Downlink/ Standards
Uplink
5 GHz
DL
None
5 GHz, 3.5 GHz DL
3GPP
Release
under
13
consideration
2.4 GHz, 5 GHz DL and UL
3GPP
Release
13

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Bidirectional-Offloading Challenges

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IP Flow and Seamless Mobility

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Hotspot 2.0 Connection Procedure

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IP Multimedia Subsystem
SIP Application
Server

IMS
Home Subscriber
Server (HSS)

SIP

Media Resource
Function Control

DIAMETER
Call Session Control Function (CSCF)
(SIP Proxy)

4G

DSL

Media Resource
Gateway Control

Wi-Fi

Multiple Possible Access Networks

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Software-Defined Networking
and Cloud Architectures

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Potential Cloud RAN Approach

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Partially Centralized Versus Fully

Centralized C-RAN

Fully Centralized

Partially Centralized

Transport
Requirements

Multi-Gbps, usually
using fiber

20 to 50 times less

Applications

Supports eICIC and

CoMP

Supports centralized
scheduling

Complexity

High

Lower

Benefit

Capacity gain

Lower capacity gain

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Efficient Broadcasting with OFDM

LTE will leverage OFDM-based broadcasting capabilities

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GPRS/EDGE Architecture

Mobile
Station
Mobile
Station
Mobile
Station

Base
Transceiver
Station
Base
Transceiver
Station

Circuit-Switched
Traffic
Base
Mobile
Station
Switching
Controller
Center
Home
Location
Register

IP
Traffic

GPRS/EDGE Data
Infrastructure

Public Switched
Telephone Network

Serving
GPRS
Support
Node

Gateway
GPRS
Support
Node

External Data
Network (e.g., Internet)

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Example of GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Timeslot Structure
4.615 ms per frame of 8 timeslots

Possible BCCH
carrier configuration
Possible TCH carrier
configuration

577 mS
per timeslot
0

BCCH

TCH

TCH

TCH

TCH

PDTCH

PDTCH

PDTCH

PBCCH

TCH

TCH

PDTCH

PDTCH

PDTCH

PDTCH

PDTCH

BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel carries synchronization, paging and other signalling information
TCH: Traffic Channel carries voice traffic data; may alternate between frames for half-rate
PDTCH: Packet Data Traffic Channel Carries packet data traffic for GPRS and EDGE
PBCCH: Packet Broadcast Control Channel additional signalling for GPRS/EDGE; used only if needed

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Conclusion

Mobile broadband remains at the forefront of innovation and development in

computing, networking, and application development.

LTE has become a global wireless foundation, supporting continual enhancements.

The U.S. continues to lead the world in LTE deployment.

LTE-Advanced innovations include carrier aggregation, already in use, and eICIC,

SON, and CoMP, all capabilities about to be unleashed that will improve
performance, efficiency, and capacity.

5G research and development efforts have accelerated, and deployment could

commence close to 2020 and continue through 2030.

5G will be designed to integrate with LTE networks, and many 5G features may be
implemented as LTE-Advanced extensions prior to full 5G availability.

Obtaining more spectrum remains a critical priority globally.

In the U.S., a number of initiatives could improve industry prospectstelevision

incentive auctions for 600 MHz spectrum, the 3.5 GHz band, and more unlicensed
spectrum at 5GHz.

The future of mobile broadband, including both LTE-Advanced and 5G, is bright,
with no end in sight for continued growth in capability, nor for the limitless
application innovation that mobile broadband enables.
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