AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 6TH EDITION
2 important features:
1. In-text citations - within the body
2. References - separate sheets at the end of
the paper
PARAPHRASED
STRUCTURE
OR
SUMMARIZED
(Morris, 2005)
Morris (2003) notes that
Based from the study of Morris (2003), he noted
that
SOURCE OF A SHORT QUOTATION
Binkley (2001) reports reductions in SAD-related
depression in 87 percent of patients (p. 203)
SOURCE OF A LONG QUOTATION
40 or more words
1 AUTHOR
(Copper, 1999)
R.A. Smith (1997) and C. Smith (2003)
(C. Smith, 2003; R.A. Smith, 1997)
p - single page; pp - multiple pages
2 OR MORE AUTHORS WITH SAME LAST
NAME
WORK WITH A GROUP OR CORPORATE
AUTHOR
(American Association of Linguists [AAI], 2006)
WORK LISTED BY TITLE
(Theories of Speech Acts, 2004)
REFERENCE TO AN ONLINE SOURCE
(Anderson, 2003, para. 14)
(Riggs, 2002, Introduction, para. 3)
TITLE
2 AUTHORS
centered
without quotation marks
italicized
not underlined
use hanging indent style
this makes source names and dates more
prominent
BOOKS
Krait and Copper (2001),
(Krait and Copper, 2001)
Shuter, R. (1999). A field study of non-verbal
communication in Germany, Italy, and the
US. Communication Monographs, 44, 202210.
3, 4, OR 5 AUTHORS
(Elliot, Kerber, and Co., 2001)
Elliot et al. (2001)
6 OR MORE AUTHORS
(Smith et al. 2005)
AUTHORS WITH 2 OR MORE WORKS IN THE
SAME YEAR
(Cline, 2001, 2001c)
Carla Abelar 3D-PH
ELECTRONIC AND ONLINE SOURCES
Marcus, H. F., and Kitayamo, S. (1991). Culture
and The Self: ImplicationsPsychological
Abstracts, 78. Retrieved October 2, 2005,
from the PSYC INFO database (Item 199123978-1001).
Dont put a period after a URL
BOOK BY 2 AUTHORS
3-6 authors = include all names
>6 authors = use only FIRST SIX names
followed by et al.
et al. = and others
2 OR MORE BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR
Arrange references by the same author
chronologically with the earlier date of publication
listed first
BOOK BY A GROUP
AUTHOR
OR
CORPORATE
Cite full name of the corporate author first. If author
is also the publisher, use the word Author as the
name of the publisher.
BOOK WITH NO AUTHOR NAMED
The Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed.). (2003).
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
BOOK WITH AN AUTHOR AND AN EDITOR
Brown, M.I. (2002). Pragmatic competence and
linguistic values (R.J. Dunn, Ed.). New York:
Norton.
Byers, F. (1998). The insurgence of television as a
performance text. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of Toronto, Ontario,
Canada.
SECOND OR SUBSEQUENT EDITION
Gibaldi, J. L. (2003). MLA handbook for writers of
research papers (6th ed.). New York:
Modern Language Association.
ANTHOLOGY OR EDITED BOOK
Purdy, A.O., & Rupert, S. (Eds.). (2003). Nothing
but the truth: An anthology of Native
American literature. Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall
Carla Abelar 3D-PH
ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL THAT PAGES EACH
ISSUE SEPARATELY
Give the volume number, italicized with the journal
title. Give the issue number in parentheses; dont
italicize it and leave no space before it.
Higgins, E.A., & Fish, Y. (2006). Rethinking
research writing: Public literacy in the c
omposition classroom. WPA: Writing
Program Administration, 26(3), 119-131.
FROM THE WEB:
WORK IN SEVERAL VOLUMES OR PARTS
Christley, R. (Ed.). (2002). Artificial intelligence:
Critical concepts (Vols. 1-4). London:
Routledge.
ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL WITH CONTINUOUS
PAGINATION
Adler, L, & Johnson, W.I. (2005). The psychology of
women. Journal of the American
Psychoanalytic Association, 46, 361-364.
UNPUBLISHED DISSERTATION OR ESSAY
BOOKS RETRIEVED ON DATABASES ON
THE WEB
Adam, G. (1981). The education of Henry Ford.
New York: Hougton Mifflin. Retrieved
December 4, 2004, from the Project
Bartleby
database:
http://www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/159
Chopin, K. (1998). The awakening. Retrieved
December 12, 2005, from the PBS
database:
http://www.pbs.org/katechopin/library/awake
ARTICLE IN A PERIODICAL ON THE WEB
Parrott, A. C. (2001). Does cigarette smoking cause
stress? American Psychologist, 54, 817820. Retrieved December 7, 2005, from
http://www.apa.org/journals/amp/amp54108
17
Carla Abelar 3D-PH
