Lecture 4
Energy Equation for An Ideal
Fluid
Basic Hydraulic Principles Course
Robert R. Holmes, Jr., PhD, P.E.
Welcome
Please put your phone on mute
Please do not place us on hold
as sometimes your hold music
plays while you are on another call
Please Ask Questions Throughout
Lecture
Raise your hand on the WEBEX
I will recognize you and ask you to take
your phone off mute to ask
Main Points for this Lecture
Continuity Equation
Energy Equation
Q = AV
AAVA = ABVB
VA2
VB2
+ YA + Z A =
+ YB + Z B = C
2g
2g
Understanding the Energy
Equation and its use is CRUCIAL
to success in this course
Overview of Lecture
Flow characterization by time dependency
Streamlines
Continuity equation
Energy equation
Work a problem example
Questions on concepts or homework
problems in chapter 4
Other questions
Flow Characterization
Fluid flow may be either steady or
unsteady.
Steady flow exists when none of the
variables in the flow problem change with
time.
If any of the variables change with time,
the condition of unsteady flow exists.
This discussion and most of this course
deals with steady-flow only.
Steady Flow Implies:
Stage t=noon on Feb 24 = Stage t= midnight on Feb 24
Q t=noon on Feb 24 = Q t= midnight on Feb 24
Vt=noon on Feb 24 = V t= midnight on Feb 24
Is the above steady flow?
To apply energy concepts, we often
have to make some steady flow
approximations
Example: We assume a steady flow at the
peak of a flow in order to use indirect
computation methods.
Streamlines
Path linestrace made by a single particle
over a period of time
StreamlinesCurve that is tangent to the
direction of velocity at every point on the
curve
StreamtubesIn 2-dimensional space,
this is the area between two streamlines.
It resembles a tube or passageway.
For Steady Flow, a path line and a streamline are identical
Lets put aside the concept of streamlines for a bit while we develop
some other concepts. We will come back to it.
Continuity Equation
Matter can neither be created nor destroyed
is the principle of conservation of mass
Application of the conservation of
mass to steady flow in the streamtube
results in the Equation of Continuity
s1
s2
In a small interval of time, t, fluid at the beginning of the pipe
moves s1, which s1 =v1 t, where v1 is velocity in the area of
pipe that has a cross sectional area = A1
If A1 is the cross sectional area of the beginning of the pipe.
The mass contained in the maroon area is M1=1A1S1= 1A1 v1
t where is the density of the fluid
Note: At all points
in this pipe, the
particles of the
fluid move
tangential to the
streamline, which
would be
expected in
steady flow
Similarly, the fluid moving through the enlarged section of pipe in t time has a
mass equal to M2=2A2S2= 2A2 v2 t.
Because mass is conserved and the flow is steady, the mass that crosses A1 in t is
the same as the mass that crosses A2 in t or M1=M2. Or:
1A1 v1 t= 2A2 v2 t
For a steady flow in an incompressible fluid, is constant.
A1 v1 = A2 v2 =Q
Equation of Continuity
Q=Flow rate
Energy Equation
Apply the conservation of energy
Assume an ideal fluid there is no
shearing stressthere is no energy loss
from friction
Consider..
Streamline
Streamline
A
Streamline
Consider a 1 pound parcel of water at Point A on the streamline
Parcel contains 3 types of energy:
Kinetic
Potential
Pressure Potential
Streamline
Streamline
A
Streamline
Potential Energy Weight times the distance above the datum. In our
discussion in this class, we will use units for energy as energy per pound of
flowing water. Therefore, for section A in the diagram, the potential energy of
the one pound parcel of water at A is ZA foot-pound per pound. We typically
allow the units of weight to cancel and express the units only in length terms.
In English units, that will be feet. In hydraulics, we call the potential energy
head. So, we would say that at point A, we have ZA feet of head.
Streamline
Streamline
A
Streamline
Pressure Potential Energy A parcel of water, which is neutrally
buoyant, could rise to the surface without expenditure of energy. Its effective
potential energy per pound of fluid is ZA + YA. YA is the pressure potential
energy and is equal to the pressure at point A divided by the unit weight (p/g).
YA is known as the pressure head.
Notice that the effective potential energy for any parcel of fluid
at section A is the same and equal to the sum of the water depth
plus the elevation of the bed above the datum.
Also note.the sum of the head and the pressure head, which above we
call the effective potential energy, is also known as the piezometric head
Streamline
Streamline
A
Streamline
Kinetic Energy: From Physics, we know that the kinetic energy of
a particle of mass m and a speed of v is defined as KE=1/2 mv2. For
a pound of water, it has a mass m=1/g (from Newtons 2nd law
where weight is a Force (F) and F=ma, where in this case a is the
acceleration of gravity (g)) Therefore, Kinetic energy of a one
pound parcel of water KE=1/2(1/g)v2=v2/2g
Also known as velocity head
Streamline
Streamline
A
Streamline
The sum of all 3 energies is called the total head or total energy
For an IDEAL FLUID (no frictional resistance in the fluid), the total
energy along a streamline is constant
2
A
2
B
V
V
+ YA + Z A =
+ YB + Z B = C
2g
2g
Numerous engineering problems can be solved by this simplified situation,
however, if friction losses are large, the results will be poor.
Example
Example
Write down what you know and your unknowns:
VA, VB, DB
Write down the equations at your disposal to help you solve things:
Continuity
Energy Equation
AA vA = AB vB =Q
V A2
VB2
+ YA + Z A =
+ YB + Z B = C
2g
2g
Example
Example
We can solve for VA just by using the continuity equation.
Continuity
AA vA =Q
(5*8) vA =280
vA =280/(5*8)
vA =7 ft/sec
Example
Example
Utilizing the Energy Equation, I can solve for the total energy at Section A.
Energy Equation
VA2
VB2
+ YA + Z A =
+ YB + Z B = C
2g
2g
72
VA2
+ YA + Z A =
+ 5 + 2.25 = 0.761 + 5 + 2.25 = 8.011 ft
2g
2(32.2)
Example
Example
Still Utilizing the Energy Equation, I can solve items at section B
because since this is an IDEAL fluid, the total energy at section A is
equal to the total energy at section B
2
2
VA
VB
+ YA + Z A =
+ YB + Z B = C
2g
2g
VB2
VB2
8.011 ft =
+ YB + Z B =
+ DB + 1
2g
2(32.2)
Example
Example
We dont know VB or DB yet..but we can once again use the continuity equation
AB vB=(DB*10)*VB =Q
8.011 ft =
2.82
2
B
2(32.2) D
vB=Q/(DB*10)=280/(DB*10)=2.8/DB
+ DB + 1
12.174
+ DB
7.011 ft =
2
DB
This is a cubic equation which can be solved by trial and error
See Text Book on Page 31
Different values of DB are assumed until the right hand side of the
equation is equal to 7.011
12.174
+ DB
7.011 ft =
2
DB
Using the computed value
of DB of 1.284, compute
the velocity in section B
Homework Problems Chapter 4
Problem 4.1
Remember:
1. Write down all you
know and what you
dont know
2. Write down equations
Part A. Use Continuity Equation
V2=6 ft/s
B1=20
B2=20
Problem 4.1
Part B.
You know that Velocity Head
2g
Problem 4.1
Part C.
Total Head
Piezometric Head
Problem 4.1
Part D.
Write the energy equation from Section 1 to 2
V12
V22
+ Y1 + Z1 =
+ Y2 + Z 2
2g
2g
Problem 4.2
Remember:
1. Write down all you
know and what you
dont know
2. Write down equations
Part A.
Problem 4.2
Part B
Problem 4.3
3.Compute the discharge in the 20-foot wide rectangular channel shown
below. Draw and label the total head line and the water surface near the gate.
Equations to Use
A1 v1 = A2 v2 =Q
V12
V22
+ Y1 + Z1 =
+ Y2 + Z 2
2g
2g
Problem 4.3
3.Compute the discharge in the 20-foot wide rectangular channel shown
below. Draw and label the total head line and the water surface near the gate.
Problem 4.4
4.Compute the discharge and depth in the contracted section for the indicated
rectangular channel.
We have enough data to compute
velocity head at section 1
Apply Continuity to get
velocity head at Section 2
Problem
4.4
4.Compute the discharge and depth in the contracted section for the indicated
rectangular channel.
Apply the Energy Equation
Assume various values of D2 and
solve for Left Hand Side (LHS)
