292 U.S.

474
54 S.Ct. 783
78 L.Ed. 1371

ILLINOIS COMMERCE COMMISSION et al.

v.
UNITED STATES et al.
No. 787.
Argued April 30 to May 1, 1934.
Decided May 28, 1934.

Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Northern
District of Illinois.
[Syllabus from pages 474-476 intentionally omitted]
Mr. Luther M. Walter, of Chicago, Ill., for appellants Acme Steel Co. and
others.
Mr. Herbert J. Campbell, of Chicago, Ill., for appellant Board of Trade of
City of Chicago.
The Attorney General and Mr. Daniel W. Knowlton, of Washington, D.C.,
for appellees the United States and Interstate Commerce Commission.
Mr. J. N. Davis, of Chicago, Ill., for appellees Alton R. Co. and others.
Mr. Justice STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.

This is an appeal under the Urgent Deficiencies Act of October 22, 1913, c. 32,
38 Stat. 208, 219, 220 (28 USCA 47), from a decree of a District Court for
Northern Illinois, three judges sitting, which dismissed the complaint upon
which appellants sought to set aside an order of the Interstate Commerce
Commission.1

The order, made under section 13(3)(4) of the Interstate Commerce Act (49
USCA 13(3, 4), directed the removal of unjust discrimination against
interstate commerce, resulting from disparity of the intrastate and interstate

switching rates of interstate rail carriers in the Chicago Switching District, lying
partly in Illinois and partly in Indiana. It provided that the intrastate rate should
be not less than the interstate switching rates prescribed in an earlier order of
the Commission in Switching Rates in Chicago Switching District, 177, I.C.C.
669, of 3 cents per 100 pounds for one-line hauls, 3.5 cents for two-line hauls,
and 4 cents for three or more line hauls, of carloads of minimum weight of
60,000 pounds. The rates, both interstate and intrastate, which were thus
displaced were commodity rates of 2.5 cents per 100 pounds for one and two
line hauls, and 3 cents for three or more line hauls. The rates are for district
intrastate switching movements, having no relation to main line movements.
They are chiefly between local industries, involve a complete service
originating and terminating within the district, and embrace a loaded and empty
car movement and two complete terminal services.
3

The Commission, of its own motion, began the first proceeding in Switching
Rates in Chicago Switching District, supra, in which the carriers, interested
shippers, and the state commissions of Illinois and Indiana were parties, and in
the course of which extensive hearings were conducted jointly by the Interstate
Commerce Commission and the two state commissions. Pending this
proceeding, the carriers were directed by the Interstate Commerce Commission
to make a cost study of switching movements in the District. This study, which
involved the preparation of statistics showing the longest, shortest and average
hauls within the District and detailed cost data for selected periods in 1926
1927, was completed and submitted to the Commission and was an important
part of the evidence on which it based its d cision.

In its report and order, made July 31, 1931, the Commission found the rates
which it prescribed for interstate switching service to be reasonable for future
application on all commodities shipped within the District, except railway
equipment on its own wheels. It also stated that a large percentage of the traffic
was intrastate in character, but that the record did not disclose any difference in
the conditions surrounding the handling of the interstate and intrastate
movements. It made no order with respect to the intrastate traffic, bt expressed
the hope that the two state commissions would bring the intrastate rates into
harmony with the interstate rates which it had prescribed.

The state commissions failed to prescribe a higher level of intrastate rates, and
the carriers of the District, shortly after the new rates became effective, filed
with the Interstate Commerce Commission a petition to establish an increased
rate for intrastate traffic, whereupon the Commission, on November 2, 1931,
reopened the proceeding for further hearing with respect to the relationship of
intrastate and interstate rates. A complaint filed with the Commission by

numerous shippers attacking the lawfulness of the interstate switching rates was
assigned for hearing with the proceeding already pending.
6

At the hearings, the state commission in one proceeding and the shippers in the
other offered evidence which, by stipulation, was treated as received in both, to
show that the interstate switching rates were unreasonably high, and in support
of allegations that the cost study made in the first proceeding was defective
because of changed conditions. The Commission consolidated the two dockets
in one report, and by its report and order of July 3, 1933, 195 I.C.C. 89, assailed
here, it dismissed the complaint of the shippers with respect to the interstate
rates and placed the intrastate rates on the same basis as the interstate rates
already in effect. Before the hearings were closed motions of the state
commissions and shippers, appellants here, that a further and more detailed
cost study be made, which it was contended would be more representative of
the traffic, and which would reflect conditions in 1932, five years after the
period selected for study, were denied. The same questions were raised by
motions to reopen the proceedings in the two dockets, or for reargument, to
reconsider the cost study, which were also denied.

In the District Court below the case was submitted upon the pleadings, the two
reports and orders of the Commission, and certified copies of the evidence and
exhibits before the Commission in the second proceeding. The court dismissed
the complaint upon findings of fact and law, rejecting the several contentions
which appellants make before us.

The scope and application of section 13(4) Interstate Commerce Act (49 USCA
13(4), have so recently been fully considered in opinions of this Court in
United States v. Louisiana, 290 U.S. 70, 54 S.Ct. 28, 78 L.Ed. 181; State of
Florida v. United States, 292 U.S. 1, 54 S.Ct. 603, 78 L.Ed. -, decided April
2, 1934; see also Georgia Public Service Commission v. United States, 283
U.S. 765, 51 S.Ct. 619, 75 L.Ed. 1397; Florida v. United States , 282 U.S. 194,
51 S.Ct. 119, 75 L.Ed. 291, that it is unnecessary to repeat that discussion here.
Under section 13(4) the Interstate Commerce Commission is given plenary
power to remove the discrimination created by intrastate rates against interstate
commerce, by raising intrastate rates so that the intrastate traffic may produce
its fair share of the revenue required to meet maintenance and operating costs
and to yield a fair return on the value of property devoted to the transportation
service. The question for decision is whether the order of the Commission
directing the removal of the discrimination is supported by the findings, based
upon substantial evidence.

The numerous objections to the order are grounded for the most part on an

elaborate anal sis and discussion of the evidence. All have received our
attention, but so far as they require our discussion they may be summarized as
follows: (1) The order of the Commission is void because of its abuse of
discretion in denying the motions for an order requiring that the original cost
study be supplemented by a further and more detailed study which would
reflect conditions in 1932 and in denying the petition for reopening the
proceedings or reargument for reconsideration of the effect to be given the cost
study. (2) The order is not supported by the findings. (3) Certain essential
findings are not supported by evidence. (4) The order is too indefinite to be
applied.

10

1. The alleged abuse of discretion by the Commission is not that it refused to

consider the contention of appellants as to the sufficiency of the cost study in
the light of the facts relied upon, see Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co.
v. United States, 284 U.S. 248, 52 S.Ct. 146, 76 L.Ed. 273, but that it decided
these contentions wrongly. There can be no serious doubt that the cost study
faithfully represented conditions obtaining during the periods in 1926-1927
selected for study. It was characterized by the Commission as 'perhaps more
exhaustive' than any previously undertaken in proceedings involving switching
charges. To the seven carriers of the thirty-five serving the District, originally
chosen for study during selected periods, eight others were added on the
initiative of the Commission. A request of certain of the appellants that the
Chicago Junction Railway be included in the study was denied, the
Commission pointing out in both reports that because of the short hauls on this
line it did not regard the traffic as representative. Appellants urge specifically
that if all the lines in the District were not to be included, this line should have
been, in order to make the study fairly representative; but the Commission
considered the issue of fact so raised and decided to the contrary.

11

The principal contention is that conditions since 1927 have so changed that a
new study should be made. The changes emphasized are (1) falling off in
volume of traffic; (2) improvement of highways in the District resulting in
diversion of traffic from the rail lines for movement by truck; (3) the decline in
value of many of the articles transported; (4) reduction in wages and cost of
supplies; and (5) curtailment of the amount of service rendered by carriers to
industries within the District. In considering these changes on the basis of the
data already in the record, the Commission pointed out that they had resulted in
increased unit costs because unaccompanied by a corresponding or
proportionate decrease in operating expense. It also concluded, upon the basis
of data before it, that in view of the improement of highways and trucking
facilities and other changes in conditions affecting traffic the Commission
could not, even though it were its duty to do so, provide a rate which would

enable the railroads to compete successfully with trucking movements, by

which the traffic had been diverted. The Commission decided that, on the
record before it, it was able to consider the effect of the factors suggested by
appellants and that a new cost study was unnecessary.
12

Whether or not the cost study was representative, whether the study should
have been more refined, and whether it should have been supplemented as
appellants desired, are questions of fact, the determination of which is within
the competence of the Commission. The Commission reached its conclusion
after full hearing and thorough consideration of all questions presented. As the
record affords a sufficient basis for the Commission's determination, it is not
subject to review in the courts. See Manufacturers' Railway Company v. United
States, 246 U.S. 457, 481, 38 S.Ct. 383, 62 L.Ed. 831; Assigned Car Cases, 274
U.S. 564, 580, 47 S.Ct. 727, 71 L.Ed. 1204.

13

2. The Commission's findings are to be read in the light of traffic cond tions,
fully disclosed in the evidence and described in the Commission's report. The
Chicago Switching District comprises an area of more than 600 square miles,
served by 35 railroads, which maintain there more than 5,000 miles of track,
serving 4,000 private industries. The District is essentially a unit, so far as
switching movements are concerned. Interstate and intrastate traffic are
commingled in switching movements and handled in the same manner
indiscriminately, often in the same trains and by the same crews. As already
noted, the movements have no relation to main line hauls, are chiefly between
local industries, involve a complete service originating and terminating within
the District, a loaded and empty car movement, and two complete terminal
services.

14

In the original proceeding, no party took the position that a rate should apply
on intrastate traffic within the District different from that applied to interstate
traffic, the only substantial issue being whether the rates finally adopted and
applied to interstate traffic were too high. In the second proceeding, after
considering and stating at length the evidence showing the effect upon
interstate commerce of the lower rates prevailing upon intrastate traffic of the
same general character, and the probable effect in an increased return to the
carriers if the intrastate rate were raised to the interstate level, the Commission
found that the transportation conditions throughout the Chicago Switching
District are substantially similar; that they are no more favorable to interstate
movements than to intrastate movements within the District; that the
established interstate scale of rates was reasonable and not shown, when
applied to intrastate, to have or cause any undue preference and advantage to
the persons or localities in intrastate commerce, or any undue preference and

advantage to persons and localities in interstate commerce; that the lower

intrastate rates had resulted and would for the future result in unjust
discrimination against interstate commerce. The report dealt at length with the
evidence showing probable increase in revenue which would result if the
intrastate rates were raised to the interstate level; comparisons based on the
recorded traffic in 1926 and in November, 1931, and January, 1932, indicated a
loss of revenue by the maintenance of the lower intrastate rate in excess of
$1,000,000. These findings, which are supported by detailed subsidiary
findings in the report, are ample to support the order. State of Florida v. United
States, supra. They disclose no such defects as were found in Florida v. United
States, 282 U.S. 194, 51 S.Ct. 119, 75 L.Ed. 291, or urged in United States v.
Louisiana, supra.
15

Specific objections to the sufficiency of the findings, so far as they are not
already disposed of by what has been said, are that there is no finding that the
intrastate rates, before the increase, were less than maximum reasonable rates,
and there was no finding which separated interstate and intrastate property,
revenues and expenses of the carriers so as to make it possible to compare
revenues with cost for the two classes of traffic considered separately. But these
objections, and others which we need not stop to consider in detail, leave out of
account the nature of the traffic and the significance of the principal and
subsidiary findings showing that the conditions throughout the District were
substantially the same for both classes of traffic, which were handled in the
same manner. The inquiry in both proceedings was directed to the commerce of
the District as a unit. The decision in the first proceeding, that the increase in
interstate rates was reasonable, was made in the hope that the state
commissions would bring intrastate rates into harmony. When they failed to do
so, the Commission reaffirmed its finding that the new interstate rates were
reasonable and found that the intrastate rates must be raised in order that the
intrastate traffic may bear its fair hare of the revenue burden. It is plain from
the nature of the inquiry that the rate level, to which both classes of traffic were
raised, was found reasonable on the basis of the traffic as a whole. Where the
conditions under which interstate and intrastate traffic move are found to be
substantially the same with respect to all factors bearing on the reasonableness
of the rate, and the two classes are shown to be intimately bound together, there
is no occasion to deal with the reasonableness of the intrastate rates more
specifically, or to separate intrastate and interstate costs and revenues. Compare
American Express Co. v. South Dakota ex rel. Caldwell, 244 U.S. 617, 37 S.Ct.
656, 61 L.Ed. 1352; United States v. Louisiana, supra; State of Florida v.
United States, supra.

16

3. Appellants contend there is no evidence in the record to support the

Commission's findings that the pescribed interstate rate was reasonable or that
after the increase in that rate the old intrastate rate unjustly discriminated
against interstate commerce. Appellants reach their conclusion as to the
reasonabless of the interstate rate by disregarding the cost study as evidence
because, as is contended, it was erroneously considered by the Commission.
But as we have already said it was for the Commission to determine whether
the cost study was adequate or whether it was necessary to refine or supplement
it in order to make it dependable evidence for the purpose of rate making. The
study itself afforded evidence of the reasonableness of the rate fixed, and upon
the whole record there was abundant support for the Commission's finding,
which was carefully and thoroughly considered in its report. There is no basis
upon which the courts, not authoized to weigh evidence, could reexamine or
disregard its conclusion.
17

The increased intrastate rate applied to grain, to which specific objection is

made, does not stand on a different footing. This objections is also predicated
upon the mistaken assumption that the Commission should have disregarded
the cost study and traffic analysis as evidence. It is true that the rates on grain
were not included in the all-commodity rate prevailing in the District before the
first proceeding was initiated, and were not uniform throughout the District, but
the proceeding was reopened by the Commission to investigate the lawfulness
of 'all rates and charges * * * of all carload traffic' interstate, and their
relationship to like rates and charges intrastate. It acted upon a record showing
that the grain moved intra-District, under the same conditions as other
commodities, and the Commission had before it evidence showing that the cost
of the traffic largely exceeded the revenue derived from the old rates and that a
rate on a distance or zoning basis was impracticable.

18

Similarly, the finding of unjust discrimination against interstate commerce

made in the second report rests upon evidence. The effect of maintaining a
lower rate, intrastate, than the reasonable interstate rate is necessarily
discriminatory wherever the two classes of traffic, inextricably intermingled,
are carried on, as in the District, under substantially the same conditions.
Compare United States v. Louisiana, supra. Moreover, it appeared that many of
the railroads cannot move traffic between points of origin and destination in
Indiana and between points of origin and destination in Illinois without crossing
the state line, and thus subjecting the shippers to the interstate rate; that some of
the industries are located on both sides of the state line and that some of the
assembling yards and interchange tracks overlap state lines. On the other hand,
many industries, in preference to a more direct interstate route, resort to
intrastate routes to obtain lower rates, although they are so-called 'unnatural'
routes, against the flow of traffic, and therefore entail additional expense in

handling. Evidence to show the extent of the burden upon the carriers'
revenues, and the diversion of traffic from interst te to 'unnatural' intrastate
movements, is found both in the testimony of the carrier witnesses and in
exhibits of record.
19

Appellants recur to their criticism of the cost study and insist that in view of
differences between average lengths of haul in intrastate and in interstate
movements, costs and revenues intrastate and interstate should have been
segregated. But this objection is directed not only to the conclusion of the
Commission, already considered, that the cost study was representative and
dependable evidence, but is based upon the assumption that the Commission
should disregard the long history of rates in the Switching District, in the
course of which a commodity rate, generally applicable without regard to
distance, had been built up through the District, and that upon a review of the
evidence we are free to reject the Commission's conclusion that a distance or
zone rate should not apply. Upon this subject there was substantial evidence
supporting the reasonableness of uniform commodity rates in preference to a
distance or zone rate. So far as this objection is of any force it goes only to the
weight of the evidence and not to the want of it. Treating an area as a unit and
applying a uniform blanket or group rate within it, as is the common practice
with respect to switching rates, is within the competence of the Commission.
See St. Louis Southwestern R. Co. v. United States, 245 U.S. 136, 138, Note 1,
141, 38 S.Ct. 49, 62 L.Ed. 199; United States v. Illinois Central R. Co., 263
U.S. 515, 518, Note 1, 44 S.Ct. 189, 68 L.Ed. 417; Virginian Railway Co. v.
United States, 272 U.S. 658, 660, 664, 47 S.Ct. 222, 71 L.Ed. 463.

20

4. Appellants contend that the order cannot be applied to certain carriers whose
rails extend only into the Illinois section of the District. As in terms it directs
that intrastate rates be established on the level of the interstate switching rates
maintained by the carriers who are parties to the proceeding, it is said to be
inapplicable to those carriers which because they do not cross state lines in their
switching operations have filed no interstate switching rates. But we think the
order is not to be read so narrowly. It is made applicable to all the carriers in
the District and directs that the intrastate switching rates shall be maintained on
a parity with the interstate rates 'contemporaneously applied by the said
carriers.' On its face it would seem that the quoted phrase was intended only to
describe the intrastate rates maintained by such of the carriers as had occasion
to establish interstate switching rates. But if this were doubtful the order is to be
read with the report. Georgia Public Service Commission v. United States,
supra, 771 of 283 U.S., 51 S.Ct. 619; American Express Co. v. South Dakota ex
rel. Caldwell, supra, p. 627, of 244 U.S., 37 S.T. 656. So read there can be no
doubt that it was intended to prescribe for all intrastate traffic within the

District the same rate as that prescribed for all interstate traffic there, and that
interstate carriers whose rails are confined to either state and which for that
reason have filed no interstate switching rates are nevertheless required to adopt
the prescribed intrastate rate.
21

Appellants also urge that interstate carriers whose rails reach only the Illinois
part of the District cannot be required to remove a discrimination against
interstate commerce unless they participate in both the prejudicial and
preferential rates, as was said in Texas & Pacific Railway Co. v. United States,
289 U.S. 627, 53 S.Ct. 768, 77 L.Ed. 1410, with respect to discriminations
between localities forbidden by section 3 of the act (49 USCA 3). But this
restriction has no relevance to proceedings under section 13(4) directed to the
removal of discriminatory intrastate rates maintained by state authority. By that
section the Interstate Commerce Commission is expressly authorized to
prescribe the intrastate rates which will remove the discrimination.

22

Affirmed.

No opinion filed in court below.