Loads evaluation
terrace:
Crt.
Thickness Technical
heavy
No.
Layer name
d(m)
(kN/m3)
1. Interior mortar plaster
0,02
19
M50
2.
RC plate
0,15
25
3.
6.
Normed
Load
( kN/m2)
Load
coefficient
Design
load
(kN/m2)
0.38
n
1,35
3.75
1,35
5.0625
0.513
Equalization layer
0,015
21
0.32
1,35
0.38
Water vapour barier
2C +3b
Thermal insulation
0.02
0.18
1.35
0.22
0.15
40
0.06
1.35
0.76
Equalization concrete
layerM100
Hidroinsulation3c+4b
0.03
21
0.62
1.35
0.76
0.03
1.35
0.08
Protection layer(sand
0.03
gravel)
Total
22
1.35
0.79
0.06
0.66
5.48
7.87
Plate with warm floor:
Crt.
Thickness Technical
heavy
d(m)
No.
Layer name
(kN/m3)
1. Interior mortar plaster
0,01
19
M50
2.
RC plate
0,13
25
Normed
Load
( kN/m2)
Load
coefficient
Design
load
(kN/m2)
g 0.38
d
n
1,35
3.75
1,35
5.0625
0.513
3.
Layer of sand
0,015
16
0.48
1,35
0.648
4.
P.F.L. hard
0.015
0.18
1.35
0.243
5.
Foliated parquet
0,02
0.176
1,35
0.238
6.
Total
4.966
6.704
Plate with cold floor:
Crt.
Thickness Technical
heavy
d(m)
No.
Layer name
(kN/m3)
1. Interior mortar plaster
0,01
19
M50
2.
RC plate
0,13
25
3.
4.
Equalisation plaster
M100
Mosaic
5.
Normed
Load
( kN/m2)
Load
coefficient
Design
load
(kN/m2)
g 0.38
d
n
1.35
3.75
1,35
5.0625
0.513
0,02
18
0.54
1,35
0.729
0,02
21
0.42
1,35
0.567
Total
5.09
6.872
Exterior BCA wall:
Crt.
Thickness Technical
heavy
d(m)
No.
Layer name
(kN/m3)
1. Interior mortar plaster
0,02
19
M50
2.
BCA
0,20
6
3.
polystyren
Normed
Load
( kN/m2)
Load
coefficient
Design
load
(kN/m2)
g0.285
d
n
1.35
1.5
1,35
2.025
0.385
0.10
0.8
0.08
1,35
0.010
4. Exterior mortar plaster
0,02
5. M100
Total
19
0.27
1,35
0.3645
2.075
2.801
Interior BCA wall type 1:
Crt.
No.
Layer name
Thickness Technical
heavy
d(m)
(kN/m3)
0,01
19
1.
Mortar plaster M100
2.
BCA
0,20
3.
Mortar plaster M50
0,01
5.
Total
Normed
Load
( kN/m2)
Load
coefficient
Design
load
(kN/m2)
g0.285
d
n
1.35
0.60
1,35
0.891
19
0.285
1,35
0.385
1.17
0.385
1.58
Interior BCA wall type 2:
Crt.
No.
Layer name
Thickness Technical
heavy
d(m)
(kN/m3)
0,01
19
1.
Mortar plaster M100
2.
BCA
0,10
3.
Mortar plaster M50
0,01
5.
Normed
Load
( kN/m2)
Load
coefficient
Design
load
(kN/m2)
g0.285
d
n
1.35
1.5
1,35
2.025
19
0.285
1,35
0.385
Total
2.07
0.385
2.795
Stairs:
Crt.
No.
Thickness Technical
heavy
d(m)
(kN/m3)
0,015
19
Layer name
24
3.6
1,35
4.86
0,13
25
3.75
1,35
5.063
0,02
21
0.42
1,35
0.385
2.
RC step
0,08
3.
RC ramp
5.
Design
load
(kN/m2)
g 0.27
d
Lower side plaster
mosaic
Load
coefficient
n
1.35
1.
4. I
Normed
Load
( kN/m2)
Total
7.825
0.350
10.564
Balcony:
Crt.
Thickness Technical
heavy
d(m)
No.
Layer name
(kN/m3)
1. Exterior mortar plaster
0,015
18
2. M100 RC Plate
0,15
25
3.
Equalisation plaster
4. Mosaic M100
Normed
Load
( kN/m2)
Load
coefficient
Design
load
(kN/m2)
g 0.27
d
n
1.35
3.75
1,35
5.0625
0.3645
0,03
0.18
0.54
1,35
0.729
0,01
21
0.42
1,35
0.567
5.
Total
4.98
6.723
elevator
Thickness
Layer name
1. Exterior mortar plaster
2. M100 RC Plate
3.
5.
d(m)
Tecnical
heavy
0,01
(kN/m3)
18
0,30
Equalisation plaster
0,01
M100
Total
Normed
Load
( kN/m2)
Design
load
(kN/m2)
g 0.27
d
n
1.35
25
3.75
1,35
5.0625
0.18
0.54
1,35
0.729
4.98
b)Variable loads
Live loads:
Crt.
Load
coefficient
No.
Layer name
Normed
Load
( kN/m2)
Load
coefficient
Design
load
(kN/m2)
1.
Superior slab
0.75
n
1.5
2.
Current floor
1.5
4.5
3.
Stairs
1.5
1.125
0.3645
5.309
Standard loads on plate:
n
without human circulation:
p1 0.75[kN / m 2 ]
n
with human circulation and furniture:
p c p n n [kN / m 2 ]
p1 3.00 [kN / m 2 ]
Where n = 1.5 load coefficient
p1c 0.75 1.5 1.125 [kN / m 2 ]
p 2c 3.00 1.5 4.50 [kN / m 2 ]
Standard loads on balcony
pn
[kN / m 2 ]
=2
p c n p n 1.4 2 2.8 kN / m 2
n = 1.4
p c n p n 1.4 2 2.8 kN / m 2
Snows action:
s k i ce c t s0,k
2
0.8 1 1 2 1.6 [kN / m ]
n=1.5;
S d n S k 1.5 1.6 2.4 [kN / m 2 ]
i - shape coefficient; i = 0.8;
ce - exposure coefficient due to the site of the construction; ce=1;
ct - thermal coefficient; ct=1;
s0,k characteristic value of snow load on the soil;
s0,k=2
[kN / m 2 ]
sk - characteristic value of snow load;
sd - design value of snow load.
Winds load:
w( z ) q ref C e ( z ) c p
w(z) wind pressure at z height over terrain on rigid surfaces
q ref 0.5 [kN / m 2 ] reference pressure in Iasi
C e (z )
exposure factor at z height over terrain
z
C e ( z ) 0.65
10
c p 0.7
aerodynamic pressure coefficient
w( z ) 0.5 2.47 0.7 0.86 [kN / m 2 ]
a
C) Exceptional loads
i) Seismic action evaluation according to P100 2006:
In the modal computation, the seismic action si evaluated using the response
spectra corresponding to horizontal unidirectional ground movements, described by
accelerograms. The seismic action is described using two horizontal components
evaluated starting from the same design response spectrum.
When a spatial model is used, the seismic action is applied on all relevant
horizontal directions, and on the central principal directions. For the buildings with
structural elements on two normal directions, these directions are considered
relevant.
In the computation, only the vibration modes with a significant contribution
to the total seismic response will be considered. This condition is fulfilled if:
the sum of the effective modal masses for the considered modes of vibration is at
least 90% from the total mass of the structure;
all modes of vibration with an effective modal mass greater than 5% of the total
mass have been considered.
The shear force applied at the base of the building on the direction of the
seismic action:
Fb i Sd (T) m
where:
i = 1.20 the building is classified as an importance class III;
Sd(T) the ordinate of the design response spectrum corresponding to the
fundamental period T;
T the fundamental period of vibration in the plane of the horizontal
direction considered;
m the total mass of the building;
= 0.85 the correction factor which takes into account the contribution of
the fundamental mode of vibration through the effective modal mass associated
(chose for T1<Tc and for buildings having more than two levels);
Sd (T) a g
T
q
ag = 0.20g the ground acceleration;
Tc = 0.7 s the corner period;
5 u
1
the behaviour factor of the structure (H ductility class);
For multispan and multistorey buildings:
u
1.35;
1
(T) elastic normalized response spectrum for Tc=0.7 s
The mass on each level is computed using the software Robot Millennium.
ii) Combination of the modal responses
The modal responses for two consecutive vibration modes, k and k+1 are
considered independent if their periods of vibration T k and Tk+1 (where Tk+1Tk)
satisfy the condition: Tk+10.9Tk.
For the maximum independent modal responses, the total maximum effect is
obtained using the modal composition relation:
EE E2E,k
where:
EE the effect of seismic action (internal force, displacement);
EE,k the effect of the seismic action in mode k.
If the modal responses are not independent, other means of combining the
effects of seismic action for each mode of vibration will be considered (complete
quadratic composition etc.).
iii) The spatial modal computation
In the case of buildings with a non-uniform distribution structural elements
masses and stiffness, the design will be made using a spatial model of the
structure. The seismic movement described in the design response spectrum must
be considered along at least two directions. The main action directions are defined
by the direction of the resultant of the base seismic force from the first mode of
vibration and the normal to this direction. The response of the structure may be
obtained by composing the responses along these two directions.
iv) Hypothesis for design of structures with floors infinitely rigid in their own
plane:
The influence of the vertical component of the seismic movement is
neglected;
The seismic action is represented by the ground movement along one
of the principal directions x or y or along any other direction in the horizontal
plane;
For each level, the centers of mass and the centre of stiffness are
different, and they may or may not be on the same vertical line;
In the centre of mass of each floor, three DDOFs are considered: two
translations, ux and uy and a rotation about the vertical axis, u.
