Darcy -Weisbach equation use to calculate pressure drop/head loss
through pipe.
Head Loss= f (L/D)(V2/2g)
Head Loss= p1-p2/g
p= f (L/D)(V2/2)
Where f =Friction factor
L= length of pipe
D= dia. Of pipe
V= Velocity of liquid
= density of liquid
Friction Factor and Reynolds no
Friction factor (f ) is decided by flow of fluid.
Reynolds no decide type of flow.
1. Re<= 2100 then f =64/Re
2. 2100<Re<=4000 use Churchill Equation
3. Re>4000 use Colebrook-White Equation
We can use Moodys chart also to estimate friction factor.
For that we need value of pipe roughness.
Churchill Equation
: Pipe Roughness
Colebrook-White Equation
Also we can use following equations to estimate approximate value of
friction factor
Moody chart
Pipe roughness
Material
Drawn Tubing, Glass, Plastic
Roughness (mm)
0.0015-0.01
Drawn Brass, Copper, Stainless Steel (New)
>0.0015-0.01
Flexible Rubber Tubing - Smooth
0.006-0.07
Flexible Rubber Tubing - Wire Reinforced
0.3-4
Stainless Steel
Wrought Iron (New)
Carbon Steel (New)
Carbon Steel (Slightly Corroded)
Carbon Steel (Moderately Corroded)
Carbon Steel (Badly Corroded)
Carbon Steel (Cement-lined)
Asphalted Cast Iron
Cast Iron (new)
Cast Iron (old, sandblasted)
0.03
0.045
0.02-0.05
0.05-0.15
0.15-1
1-3
1.5
0.1-1
0.25
1
Sheet Metal Ducts (with smooth joints)
0.02-0.1
Galvanized Iron
Wood Stave
Wood Stave, used
Smooth Cement
Concrete Very Smooth
Concrete Fine (Floated, Brushed)
Concrete Rough, Form Marks
Riveted Steel
Water Mains with Tuberculations
Brickwork, Mature Foul Sewers
0.025-0.15
0.18-0.91
0.25-1
0.5
0.025-0.2
0.2-0.8
0.8-3
0.91-9.1
1.2
3
Methods to Calculate head loss/pressure loss from
fittings
3K method
2K method
Equivalent length method
Chemsys Process Engineering P. Ltd
Fitting
3K Method
90 Elbow, Threaded
90 Elbow, Flanged or
Welded
90 Elbow, Mitered
45 Elbow, Threaded
Head Loss= K( V2/2g)
45 Elbow, Mitered
180 Bend
Tee Through-branch as
an Elbow
Tee Run-through
Angle valve
Globe valve
Plug valve
Gate valve
Ball valve
Diaphragm
Swing check valve
Lift check valve
K1
Kd (in0.3)
Kd (mm0.3)
800
0.14
10.6
800
0.071
4.2
11.1
800
0.091
10.6
800
0.056
3.9
10.3
Long Radius (R/D = 4)
800
0.066
3.9
10.3
Long Radius (R/D = 6)
1 weld 90
2 welds 45
3 welds 30
Standard Radius (R/D =
1)
Long Radius (R/D = 1.5)
1 weld 45
2 welds 22.5
threaded, close-return
(R/D = 1)
flanged (R/D = 1)
all types (R/D = 1.5)
800
1000
800
800
0.075
0.27
0.068
0.035
4.2
4
4.1
4.2
11.1
10.6
10.8
11.1
500
0.071
4.2
11.1
500
500
500
0.052
0.086
0.052
4
4
4
10.6
10.6
10.6
1000
0.23
10.6
1000
1000
0.12
0.1
4
4
10.6
10.6
threaded (r/D = 1)
500
0.274
10.6
threaded (r/D = 1.5)
flanged (r/D = 1)
stub-in branch
threaded (r/D = 1)
flanged (r/D = 1)
stub-in branch
45, full line size, = 1
800
800
1000
200
150
100
950
0.14
0.28
0.34
0.091
0.05
0
0.25
4
4
4
4
4
0
4
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
10.6
0
10.6
90 full line size, = 1
standard, = 1
branch flow
straight through
three-way (flow
through)
standard, = 1
standard, = 1
dam type
Vmin = 35[
(lbm/ft3)]1/2
Vmin = 40[
(lbm/ft3)]1/2
1000
1500
500
300
0.69
1.7
0.41
0.084
4
3.6
4
3.9
10.6
9.5
10.6
10.3
300
0.14
10.6
300
300
1000
0.037
0.017
0.69
3.9
3.5
4.9
10.3
9.2
12.9
1500
0.46
10.6
2000
2.85
3.8
10
Types
Standard Radius (R/D =
1)
Long Radius (R/D = 1.5)
Standard Radius (R/D =
1)
Long Radius (R/D = 2)
2K Method
Chemsys Process Engineering P. Ltd
Fitting
Type
K1
Threaded, SR (R/D = 1)
800
0.4
Flanged/Welded, SR (R/D =
1)
800
0.25
All Types, LR (R/D = 1.5)
800
0.2
1 Weld (90 Angle)
2 Weld (45 Angle)
3 Weld (30 Angle)
4 Weld (22.5 Angle)
5 Weld (18 Angle)
1000
800
800
800
800
1.15
0.35
0.3
0.27
0.25
All Types, SR (R/D = 1)
500
0.2
All Types LR (R/D = 1.5)
500
0.15
45 Elbow Mitered
1 Weld (45 Angle)
2 Welds (45 Angle)
500
500
0.25
0.15
Screwed, SR (R/D = 1)
1000
0.6
180
Flanged/Welded, SR (R/D =
1)
1000
0.35
All Types, LR (R/D = 1.5)
1000
0.3
Screwed, SR (R/D = 1)
500
0.7
Screwed, LR
Flanged/Welded, SR (R/D =
1)
Stub-in-tpye Branch
Screwed
Flanged/Welded
Stub-in-type Branch
800
0.4
800
0.8
1000
200
150
100
1
0.1
0.05
0
Full Line Size, Beta = 1
300
0.1
Reduced Trim, Beta = 0.9
500
0.15
Reduced Trim, Beta = 0.8
1000
0.25
Globe, Standard
Globe, Angle
1500
1000
4
2
Diaphragm, dam type
1000
Butterfly
Lift
Swing
Tiliting-disk
800
2000
1500
1000
0.25
10
1.5
0.5
90 Elbow Curved
90 Elbow Mitered R/D 1.5
45 Elbow
Tee, used as elbow
D:Internal diameter of pipe (Inches)
K :Resistance Coefficient
K1:Resistance Coefficient for fitting at Re=1
K:Resistance Coefficient for large fitting at
Re=
Re: Reynolds number
Tee, Run Through
Valves, Gate/Ball/Plug
Valves
Check Valves
Equivalent length Method
Fitting
90 Elbow Curved, Threaded
1. Calculate Equivalent length
with reference to given chart.
2. Add this length to straight
length and calculate head
loss/pressure drop.
90 Elbow Curved, Flanged/Welded
90 Elbow Mitered
45 Elbow Curved. Threaded
45 Elbow Mitered
180 Bend
Tee Through-branch as an Elbow
Tee Run-through
Angle valve
Globe valve
Plug valve
Types
(L/D)eq
Standard Radius (R/D = 1)
30
Long Radius (R/D = 1.5)
16
Standard Radius (R/D = 1)
20
Long Radius (R/D = 2)
17
Long Radius (R/D = 4)
14
Long Radius (R/D = 6)
12
1 weld (90)
2 welds (45)
3 welds (30)
60
15
8
Standard Radius (R/D = 1)
16
Long Radius (R/D = 1.5)
1 weld 45
2 welds 22.5
15
6
threaded, close-return (R/D = 1)
50
flanged (R/D = 1)
all types (R/D = 1.5)
threaded (r/D = 1)
threaded (r/D = 1.5)
flanged (r/D = 1)
stub-in branch
threaded (r/D = 1)
flanged (r/D = 1)
stub-in branch
60
20
20
45, full line size, = 1
55
90 full line size, = 1
150
standard, = 1
branch flow
straight through
340
90
18
three-way (flow through)
30
Gate valve
Ball valve
Diaphragm
standard, = 1
standard, = 1
dam type
8
3
Swing check valve
Vmin = 35[ (lbm/ft3)]1/2
100
Lift check valve
Vmin = 40[ (lbm/ft3)]1/2
600
Hose Coupling
Simple, Full Bore
Example 1. Oil, with = 900kg/m3 and kinematic coefficient of viscosity =
0.00001m2/s, flows at Q= 0.2m3/s through 500 m of 200-mm diameter
cast-iron pipe. Determine (a) the head loss and (b) the pressure drop if the
pipe slopes down at 10 in the flow direction.
Z1
Z1
10
L*Sin10
Z2
Example 2. Calculation of Pressure Loss: if fittings are present.(3K)
Pipe Size: DN100 (4")
Pipe Diameter (Nominal): 4"
Pipe Internal Diameter:102.3 mm
Pipe Length: 50 m Fittings: 3 x 90 long radius (R/D = 2)
flanged elbows Fluid Velocity: 3 m/s
Fluid Density: 1000 kg/m3
Reynolds Number:306,900
Friction Factor: 0.018
Gravitational Acceleration:9.81 m/s
12
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