FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

September 21, 2009

Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

SOUTHWEST STAINLESS, LP, a

Delaware limited partnership; and HD
SUPPLY, INC., a Delaware
corporation,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
No. 08-5127

v.
JOHN R. SAPPINGTON; WILLIAM
B. EMMER; ROLLED ALLOYS,
INC., a Michigan corporation; and
RONALD L. SIEGENTHALER,
Defendants-Appellants.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Oklahoma
(D.C. No. 4:07-CV-00334-CVE-FHM)

Justin D. Flamm (Timothy P. Reilly, J. Ronald Petrikin and Jason S. Taylor,

Conner & Winters, LLP, Tulsa, Oklahoma, with him on the briefs), Taft Stettinius
& Hollister LLP, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Defendants-Appellants.
Dinita L. James (William E. Grob, with her on the briefs), Ford & Harrison, LLP,
Phoenix, Arizona, for Plaintiffs-Appellees.

Before KELLY, LUCERO, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.

LUCERO, Circuit Judge.

This diversity case requires us to address the contours of covenants not to

compete under Oklahoma law. When John R. Sappington and William B. Emmer
defected from one Tulsa-area metals business, Southwest Stainless, to another,
Rolled Alloys, they took with them years of expertise in the metals industry and
personal relationships with many area customers. Some years before, Southwest
Stainless had been involved in a merger, and Sappington and Emmer had signed
noncompetition agreements that purported to restrict their ability to work for
competitors in the area. When Southwest Stainless lost business to Rolled Alloys
following Sappingtons and Emmers defections, it sued for breach of these
agreements and a number of related claims.
After trial, Southwest Stainless succeeded on a handful of these claims and
was granted an injunction ordering Sappington and Emmer to abide by the
noncompetition agreements for a year following judgment. Rolled Alloys
appeals, arguing that even on these claims, Southwest Stainless failed to connect
its alleged loss of business to the defendants actions. Exercising jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. 1291, we affirm the damages and injunction arising from the
noncompetition agreements and reverse damages for misappropriation of trade
secrets.

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I
Southwest Stainless, L.P., is a metals manufacturer formed by the merger
of three metals businesses known collectively as the Metals Group or Metals. 1
When the Metals Group was acquired by HD Supply, Inc., in 1997, among its
owners were Sappington, Emmer, and Ronald L. Siegenthaler. All three men
were based in Tulsa, Oklahoma. As a condition precedent to the acquisition
agreement, each signed contracts agreeing that, in the event he left the
employment of the Metals Group, he would not engage in any business within
the States of Missouri, Texas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Louisiana, Alabama, and
Florida . . . which competes in any manner with any business conducted by any
constituent corporation of the Metals Group for a period of one year (the
Noncompetition Agreements). 2 Sappington and Emmer also entered into
agreements to remain with the company for three years following the acquisition
(the Employment Agreements). 3
1

Despite the merger and subsequent acquisition, the parties and the district
court commonly refer to the Southwest Stainless business as Metals or the
Metals Group. We follow their lead.
2

The Noncompetition Agreements also covered the first three years

following the closing date of the sale, but that period is not at issue in this case.
In addition, the district court determined prior to trial that Oklahoma law governs
the Noncompetition Agreements, thus [a]s to the Noncompete Provisions
seven-state geographic restriction, the Court must limit enforcement to Tulsa
County and those counties surrounding Tulsa County.
3

The parties also stipulated that Siegenthaler entered into a Consulting

(continued...)
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Rolled Alloys, Inc., also competes in the Tulsa metals market. Prior to the
events at issue in this case, however, it sold products to Tulsa customers but did
not have an office in the area. In the 1990s, the Metals Group and Rolled Alloys
both competed for customers and worked together on sales in which Metals
served as a middleman for Rolled Alloys products.
For about three years after the acquisition, Siegenthaler consulted for the
Metals Group. More than a year before the events relevant to the case at hand,
however, he stopped consulting for Metals and took a hiatus from the metals
industry. During this period, he operated a consulting company, Myriad
Technologies. However, by 2006, Siegenthaler began to contemplate returning to
the metals industry and, in particular, opening a Rolled Alloys office in Tulsa. In
October 2006, he entered into a business relationship with Rolled Alloys to open
a fully functional Rolled Alloys office in Tulsa. Later that same month, he leased
space for the office, and by February 2007 he was making sales calls.
Shortly thereafter, both Sappington and Emmer left Metals for Rolled
Alloys. On Friday, March 9, 2007, Emmer resigned from the Metals Group, and
on the following Monday he started working as an inside salesperson in Rolled
Alloys Tulsa office. A month later, on April 9, Sappington submitted his letter

(...continued)
Agreement at the time, but the record does not reflect its contents and it is not
relevant to this appeal.
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of resignation to Metals and started working at Rolled Alloys as an outside

salesperson later that same day. In metals industry parlance, inside salespeople
price quotes and fill orders, while outside salespeople work directly with and
call on customers.
After Emmer and Sappington began working in Rolled Alloys Tulsa office,
Rolled Alloys won business from Tulsa-area customers who had, in the past,
placed orders with the Metals Group. 4 Of particular relevance to this appeal are
orders placed by two Tulsa-area customers, Cust-o-Fab and Hughes Anderson. At
trial, Emmer denied helping prepare quotes for Cust-o-Fab or any other Oklahoma
customers. However, faced with documents showing some handwritten figures
for a Cust-o-Fab order, Emmer acknowledged, [I]t does look like my writing, but
I have no recollection of that at all. A Metals employee who had worked with
Emmer prior to his departure also identified his handwriting on the documents.
The documents reflect that Cust-o-Fab placed a $449 order with Rolled Alloys.
Historically, Metals had averaged a 40% profit margin on Cust-o-Fab orders.
Similarly, Sappington never acknowledged at trial that he worked on
Hughes Anderson orders after he left Metals for Rolled Alloys. However, he did
recall helping Owen Thornton, a salesperson at Metals, price a Hughes Anderson

This is not to say that the customers stopped doing business with the
Metals Group completely; it continued to win some business from these customers
after Sappington and Emmer departed.
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order shortly before Sappington moved to Rolled Alloys. According to Thornton,

Sappington instructed him to lower the price on certain items, resulting in a quote
of $208,900. Thornton submitted the resulting quote to Hughes Anderson, but on
April 12, 2007the same week Sappington started work at Rolled
AlloysHughes Anderson placed the order with Rolled Alloys for $208,044. If
Hughes Anderson had selected Thorntons quote, Metals would have made
$31,200 in profit.
Invoking the federal courts diversity jurisdiction, Southwest Stainless sued
Rolled Alloys, Siegenthaler, Sappington, and Emmer on June 14, 2007. 5 In its
amended complaint, Southwest Stainless alleged: (1) breach of the
Noncompetition Agreements and Employment Agreements, (2) breach of the
acquisition agreement, (3) interference with business relations, (4) breach of
fiduciary duty of loyalty, (5) interference with contractual relations, and (6)
misappropriation of trade secrets. In an opinion and order prior to trial, the
district court granted partial summary judgment on certain key questions of law:
(1) Oklahoma law governs the interpretation of the Noncompetition Agreements, 6
(2) defendants were entitled to summary judgment as to claims arising out of the
5

For simplicitys sake, we will use Rolled Alloys or the defendants to

refer to all four defendants.
6

As noted above, the district court also determined that, under Oklahoma
law, [a]s to the Noncompete Provisions seven-state geographic restriction, the
Court must limit enforcement to Tulsa County and those counties surrounding
Tulsa County.
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Employment Agreements, as these agreements expired by their own terms prior to

the events in question, and (3) defendants were entitled to summary judgment as
to claims arising out of the Acquisition Agreement, as all its relevant conditions
had been satisfied. On the remaining claims, the district court concluded that
genuine issues of material fact existed for trial. The parties agreed on a pretrial
order identifying twelve contested issues of law and fifty-seven contested issues
of fact.
After a three-day bench trial, the district court issued a fifty-six page
opinion and order, reaching 197 conclusions of fact and 54 conclusions of law. In
its order entering judgment, the court found in favor of plaintiffs as to the
following claims: (1) breach of the Noncompetition Agreements against
Sappington and Emmer, (2) breach of fiduciary duty of loyalty against
Sappington, (3) interference with contractual relations against Siegenthaler and
Rolled Alloys, and (4) misappropriation of trade secrets against Sappington and
Rolled Alloys. On all other claims, the court entered judgment in favor of the
defendants. In ordering relief, the court found the actual damages for these
claims to be duplicative, and damages of $180 for the claims related to the Custo-Fab order and $31,200 for the claims related to the Hughes Anderson order.
However, for the misappropriation of trade secrets claims, it found that
Sappington and Rolled Alloys had willfully and maliciously misappropriated
Southwest Stainless Hughes Anderson quote and ordered an additional $31,200
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in exemplary damages. In addition, because it found that Sappington and Emmer

had been in breach of the Noncompetition Agreements since leaving Metals, it
ordered injunctive relief permanently restrain[ing them] for a period of one (1)
year . . . from directly or indirectly . . . engaging in any business within Tulsa,
Rogers, Wagoner, Okmulgee, Creek, Pawnee, Osage and Washington Counties,
Oklahoma, which competes in any manner with any business conducted by
plaintiffs Southwest Stainless, L.P. or HD Supply, Inc.
Sappington, Emmer, Siegenthaler, and Rolled Alloys timely appealed.
II
On appeal, Rolled Alloys raises twelve issues challenging aspects of each
and every entry of judgment and the ordered relief. Our standard of review is the
same for the majority of the challenges: In an appeal from a bench trial, we
review the district courts factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions
de novo. 7 Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Brantley, 510 F.3d 1256, 1260 (10th Cir. 2007)
(quotation omitted). A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if it is without
factual support in the record or if, after reviewing all the evidence, we are left
with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id. at 1262
(quotation omitted). In conducting this review, [w]e view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the district courts ruling and must uphold any district

We discuss the standard of review applicable to the permanent injunction

in Part II.D, infra.
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court finding that is permissible in light of the evidence. Id. While we review
the amount of a damage award for clear error, the methodology a district court
uses in calculating a damage award, such as determining the proper elements of
the award or the proper scope of recovery, is a question of law we review de
novo. FTC v. Kuykendall, 371 F.3d 745, 763 (10th Cir. 2004) (quotation and
brackets omitted). The parties do not challenge the district courts decision that
Oklahoma law governs.
A
Regarding the damages awarded for breach of the Noncompetition
Agreements, Rolled Alloys raises two challenges on appeal: (1) that Sappingtons
and Emmers breaches did not cause damage to Metals, and (2) that the district
court used improper methods in calculating damages. We address each in turn.
1
A thread common to many of the issues Rolled Alloys raises on appeal is
that the district court committed clear error in concluding that Sappington caused
Metals to lose the Hughes Anderson order and Emmer caused Metals to lose the
Cust-o-Fab order. It makes three interrelated arguments on this front: that it was
contradictory for the district court to conclude that Metals failed to show that it
lost general profits to Rolled Alloys and yet find that it had lost these specific
orders; that unless the district court identified how Sappington and Emmer caused
the damages, it could not conclude that they had actually caused these damages;
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and that Metals could not prove that Rolled Alloys caused it to lose these orders
unless it proved that it would have otherwise won the orders. We are
unpersuaded.
Under Oklahoma law, [i]n order for damages to be recoverable for breach
of contract they must be clearly ascertainable, in both their nature and origin, and
it must be made to appear they are the natural and proximate consequence of the
breach and not speculative and contingent. Florafax Intl, Inc. v. GTE Mktg.
Res., Inc., 933 P.2d 282, 296 (Okla. 1997). However, [a] claim for lost profits
need not be proven with absolute certainty: In essence, what a Plaintiff must
show for the recovery of lost profits is sufficient certainty that reasonable minds
might believe from a preponderance of the evidence that such damages were
actually suffered. Boatsman v. Sw. Bell Yellow Pages, Inc., 30 P.3d 1174,
1177 (Okla. Civ. App. 2001) (quoting Florafax Intl, Inc., 933 P.2d at 296)
(brackets omitted). Under this standard, the district courts findings are supported
by the record.
We agree with Rolled Alloys that internally inconsistent findings
constitute clear error. John Allan Co. v. Craig Allen Co., LLC, 540 F.3d 1133,
1139 (10th Cir. 2008). We do not agree that the district court made such
inconsistent findings in this case. Rolled Alloys emphasizes that, at trial, the
court stated, [The plaintiffs] want me to infer that all the damages from the
breach are all the profits that Rolled Alloys made from the Tulsa customers since
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these gentlemen joined Rolled Alloys. And I think I would have to make a leap
of faith there. Similarly, in its findings of fact, the district court concluded:
[P]laintiffs are not entitled to general lost profit damages from
Sappington and Emmer. Plaintiffs failed to prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that Sappingtons and Emmers
employment with Rolled Alloys and/or conduct caused any of the
general lost profits. The claimed lost profits are based on sales that
Rolled Alloys made, but the record contains no evidence that Metals
would have made these profits had the Noncompetition Agreements
not been breached.
Rolled Alloys argues that it was contradictory to thereafter conclude that
Sappington caused $31,200 in damages related to the Hughes Anderson order and
Emmer caused $180 in damages related to the Cust-o-Fab order.
Intentionally or not, the defendants ignore the distinction the district court
made, both in its statement at trial and in its findings of fact, between general lost
profits and profits lost on specific orders. We conclude that it was not
contradictory for the district court to decide that it was speculative and
contingent to infer that Metals would have won all of the business of Rolled
Alloys Tulsa-area customers but for Sappington and Emmer breaching the
Noncompetition Agreements, while simultaneously concluding that a
preponderance of the evidence showed that their breaches led Metals to lose the
individual Hughes Anderson and Cust-o-Fab orders. The general profits Metals
claimed to have lost were the sum of every order Rolled Alloys won from the
sixteen Tulsa-area customers also served by Metals. In rejecting Metals claim

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for general lost profits, the district court merely concluded that it had not proven
it would have won all of this business. To conclude that it had shown it would
have won some of this business is not contradictory. Thus, this argument does
not provide a basis for concluding that the district courts findings were clearly
erroneous.
In the absence of internal inconsistencies in the district courts findings, we
conclude that the record shows a sufficient certainty that reasonable minds might
believe from a preponderance of the evidence that [the damages awarded for the
Hughes Anderson and Cust-o-Fab orders] were actually suffered. Florafax Intl,
Inc., 933 P.2d at 296. With respect to the Hughes Anderson order, the district
court concluded that Sappington must have disclosed, or directly or indirectly
worked on, the Hughes Anderson order at Rolled Alloys, a direct violation of
Sappingtons Noncompetition Agreement. There is ample evidence in the record
supporting this conclusion: Hughes Anderson placed the order with Rolled
Alloys mere days after Sappington defected; Sappington acknowledged helping
price Metals quote before he left; in the decade proceeding Sappingtons
departure, Metals had lost just one Hughes Anderson order to Rolled Alloys;
Sappington was very friendly with Rich Gustafson, a purchasing contact at
Hughes Anderson; and, perhaps most damningly, Rolled Alloys bid was just
$856 less than that of Metals.
Rolled Alloys argues that even if the record supports the conclusion that
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Sappington must have worked on the Hughes Anderson order, damages cannot
be awarded unless the district court can conclude what Sappington purportedly
did and how the $31,200 in damages had purportedly resulted. Neither of
these arguments defeats the district courts findings. A [c]ausal connection may
be proved by circumstantial evidence, provided the evidence has sufficient
probative force to constitute the basis for a legal inference, rather than mere
speculation, and the circumstances proved . . . lead to the conclusion with
reasonable certainty and probability. Martin v. Stratton, 515 P.2d 1366, 1371
(Okla. 1973). The district court did not merely speculate that Sappington caused
Metals to lose the order; rather it concluded that he must have caused Metals to
the lose the order. The evidence cited above is plainly sufficient to support this
legal inference.
Similarly, Metals put on evidence that it submitted a quote just $856 more
than Rolled Alloys quote. This is sufficient for the district court to have
concluded that Metals would have won the order but for Sappingtons
involvement in Rolled Alloys. 8 Indeed, Sappington himself testified, [Gustafson

Rolled Alloys also argues here that this specific conclusion is internally
inconsistent with the district courts conclusion that [e]ven when Metals
submitted a lower bid . . . that did not guarantee business. As discussed above,
because the district court reached this conclusion in reference to Metals claims
that it was entitled to damages for all business won by Rolled Alloys, it is not
inconsistent with the conclusion that, with respect to this particular order, Metals
would have won the order if it had the lowest bid.
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has] always been very concerned about pricing. So what he was doing, Im
assuming, [wa]s placing an order with the low bidder. Finally, the district court
identified the factual basis for the profit margin used in its damages calculation
on testimony that the actual Metals quote at issue used a 15% profit margin.
Thus, we conclude that the district court did not clearly err in determining that
Sappingtons breach caused $31,200 in damages arising from the Hughes
Anderson order.
The record regarding the Cust-o-Fab order is thinner, but it is not without
factual support in the record; we are not left with a definite and firm conviction
that a mistake has been made in determining that Emmers breach of the
Noncompetition Agreement led to $180 in damages. See Weyerhaeuser Co., 510
F.3d at 1262 (quotation omitted). Although a plaintiff seeking damages must
show lost profits with sufficient certainty that reasonable minds might believe
from a preponderance of the evidence that such damages were actually suffered,
Florafax Intl, Inc., 933 P.2d at 296, we are guided by the general principle that
what showing is sufficient can depend on the amount at stake, cf. Manouchehri
v. Heim, 941 P.2d 978, 984 (N.M. Ct. App. 1997).
Emmer himself identified figures in his handwriting on the Rolled Alloys
quote for the order, and a Metals employee who had worked with Emmer
described those figures as deliberately undercut[ting] the Metals pricing with
which Emmer was intimately familiar. Although the record does not show that
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Metals bid on this specific order, undisputed testimony established that Metals
bid on at least 75% of the orders Cust-o-Fab eventually placed with Rolled
Alloys. This evidence permitted the district court to conclude that it was more
likely than not that Metals bid on this order. See Florafax Intl, 933 P.2d at 296
([F]or the recovery of lost profits [a plaintiff must show by] a preponderance of
the evidence that such damages were actually suffered.). That same witness
testified that Metals average profit margin on Cust-o-Fab orders was 40%. Thus,
the $180 in damages assessed for the Cust-o-Fab order was not clearly erroneous.
2
Having concluded that, as a factual matter, the district courts conclusion
that Sappingtons and Emmers breaches damaged Metals was not clearly
erroneous, we turn to the question of whether it used proper methodologies in
calculating the damages awarded for these breaches. 9 [T]he methodology a
district court uses in calculating a damage award . . . is a question of law we
review de novo. Kuykendall, 371 F.3d at 763 (quotation omitted). Under the
applicable Oklahoma law,
the measure of [contract] damages . . . is the amount which will
compensate the party aggrieved for all the detriment proximately
caused thereby, or which, in the ordinary course of things, would be
likely to result therefrom. No damages can be recovered for a breach

It is unclear whether Rolled Alloys challenges the methodology used for

both orders, or only the Cust-o-Fab order. Out of an abundance of caution, we
address both.
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of contract, which are not clearly ascertainable in both their nature

and origin.
Okla. Stat. tit. 23, 21 (footnote omitted); see also Florafax Intl, 933 P.2d at 296
(applying title 23, 21 to lost profits). While the amount of lost profits may not
be based on mere speculation, conjecture and surmise alone, the mere uncertainty
as to the exact amount of damages will not preclude the right of recovery. It is
sufficient if the evidence shows the extent of damage by just and reasonable
inference. Florafax Intl, 933 P.2d at 296 (citations omitted). Under these
general principles, we discern no legal error in the methods used by the district
court.
Regarding the Hughes Anderson order, the district court assessed the
$31,200 in damages based on Thorntons testimony that Metals bid of $208,900
included a 15% profit margin. Given that the district court concluded that Hughes
Anderson would have selected this Metals quote but for Sappingtons breach, this
method of calculating the damage is plainly proper: It simply awarded the profits
that, as a factual matter, Metals would have made on the order. 10 We decide that
these are damages that, in the ordinary course of things, would be likely to
result from this breach. Okla. Stat. tit. 23, 21.

10

In fact, the 15% profit margin used is less than Metals historical average
profit margin of 20%-25% on Hughes Anderson orders. Using historical average
profit margins is another acceptable methodology for calculating lost profits.
See Florafax Intl, 933 P.2d at 297.
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To calculate the profits lost on the Cust-o-Fab order, the district court
based its award on Metals average profit margin of 40% on Cust-o-Fab orders.
The track record of a business clearly [i]s appropriate to consider on the issue
of the extent of lost profits. Florafax Intl, 933 P.2d at 297; see also Boatsman,
30 P.3d at 1178 (lost profits may be extrapolate[d] from business done before
the breach). This 40% figure was based on the recent history of Metals business
with Cust-o-Fab, according to the testimony of a Metals employee who had
worked with Cust-o-Fab for ten to fifteen years. 11 The defendants argue that the
district court erred because it multiplied this margin by the amount of revenue
Rolled Alloys received from that sale, rather than what Metals might have
received for the order. However, because Rolled Alloys won this business
because it underbid Metals, this method simply awarded damages at the very
bottom of the range likely to result from the breach. See Okla. Stat. tit. 23,
21. Thus, we conclude that the district court used acceptable methods in
calculating the damages for these claims.

11

In arguing against the methodology used by the district court, the

defendants assert that this 40% figure is inconsistent with other findings
regarding Metals profit margins generally. For the reasons discussed above, this
figure for a specific customer is not inconsistent with the district courts findings
regarding customers generally. However, we also note that this argument does
not address the methodology used, but rather the factual basis for the figures to
which the method is applied. Thus, we only review the figures for clear error.
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B
Rolled Alloys also attacks the district courts factual conclusions regarding
whether Sappington was liable for tortious interference with business relations or
breached his fiduciary duty of loyalty to Metals, whether Siegenthaler and Rolled
Alloys were liable for tortious interference with contractual relations, and
whether Metals is entitled to damages on these claims. It acknowledges that, as
with the breach of contract claims, we review the district courts conclusions on
these issues for clear error. Weyerhaeuser Co., 510 F.3d at 1260. Contrary to
Rolled Alloys assertions, however, we discern factual support in the record for
all but one of the district courts factual conclusions and are not left with a
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id. at 1262.
1
We need not address the merits of Rolled Alloys argument that Sappington
is not liable for tortious interference with business relations. We acknowledge
that in its opinion and order preceding judgment, the district court stated, The
[c]ourt finds, therefore, that plaintiffs are entitled to recover from Sappington [for
tortious interference] the $31,200 in profits they had a reasonable assurance of
realizing on the Hughes Anderson quote. However, when it entered judgment,
the district court entered judgment in favor of Sappington and Emmer on this
claim. Thus, there is no relief to be granted on appeal.

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2
Rolled Alloys argument that the district court erred in concluding that
Sappington breached a fiduciary duty he owed to Metals is not persuasive. As
Rolled Alloys openly acknowledges, it only challenges the factual basis for this
conclusion and adopts the same argument it makes in challenging the factual basis
for the district courts conclusions regarding Sappingtons breach of the
Noncompetition Agreement. For the reasons described above, see Part II.A,
supra, the record supports the district courts factual findings regarding
Sappingtons role in the Hughes Anderson order. We also discern no error in the
district courts conclusion that these damages were not separate and distinct
from those sought by Metals for breach of contract. See United Phosphorus,
Ltd. v. Midland Fumigant, Inc., 205 F.3d 1219, 1235 (10th Cir. 2000). Thus, we
affirm the district courts assessment of duplicative damages on the basis of
breach of fiduciary duty. 12

12

This is not to say that breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty
have identical factual requirements. Whether Sappington owed Metals a fiduciary
duty is, in part, a question of fact. See Enter. Mgmt. Consultants, Inc. v. State ex
rel. Okla. Tax Commn, 768 P.2d 359, 362 (Okla. 1988) (The law does not
presume an agency status is present. The burden of proving the existence, nature
and extent of the agency relationship rests ordinarily upon the party who asserts
it.). However, the defendants do not challenge on appeal the conclusion that
Sappington owed Metals such a duty.
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3
Rolled Alloys next challenges the district courts conclusion that
Siegenthaler and Rolled Alloys are liable for tortious interference with contract.
Arguing that [t]his is precisely the same standard articulated by the District
Court with regard to Metals claim of tortious interference with business, Rolled
Alloys asserts that the district court could not logically find for the defendants on
that claim but for the plaintiffs on this claim. The defendants argument
misapprehends the district courts basis for finding in favor of the plaintiffs on
this claim of contract interference.
Rolled Alloys is correct that the standard for interference with contract or
business relations is the same: A plaintiff must show that: (1) [it] had a business
or contractual right that was interfered with; (2) the interference was malicious
and wrongful, and that such interference was neither justified, privileged nor
excusable; and (3) damage was proximately sustained as a result of the
complained-of interference. Mac Adjustment, Inc. v. Prop. Loss Research
Bureau, 595 P.2d 427, 428 (Okla. 1979). Rolled Alloys argument fails, however,
because it assumes that the same relationship is at issue in both claims. In
Metals claim against Sappington and Emmer for interference, it alleged that they
interfered with Metals business relationship with its customers. Metals claim
against Siegenthaler and Rolled Alloys, on the other hand, is for their interference
with its contractual relationship with Sappington and Emmer. Thus, it is not
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contradictory to reach opposite conclusions with respect to these claims.

We also conclude that there is sufficient record support for the district
courts finding of liability against Siegenthaler and Rolled Alloys on this claim.
Metals undisputedly had contractual relationships with Sappington and Emmer:
the Noncompetition Agreements. The defendants were aware of these agreements
and nonetheless hired Sappington and Emmer away from Metals to work in their
Tulsa office. Further, Sappingtons and Emmers departures from Metals for
Rolled Alloys proximately caused Metals to lose the Hughes Anderson and Custo-Fab orders to Rolled Alloys. See Part II.A, supra. Thus, the district court did
not err in concluding that the defendants interfered with Metals contractual
relations with Sappington and Emmer.
4
We need not linger on Rolled Alloys argument that the district court erred
in awarding damages for the Hughes Anderson and Cust-o-Fab orders under these
claims. As it openly acknowledges, it incorporates by reference the same
argument it made regarding breach of contract for these claims. For the reasons
discussed above, see Part II.A, supra, the district court did not err in assessing
these damages.
C
Rolled Alloys is on stronger footing in its appeal regarding the
misappropriation of trade secrets. At issue is whether Metals pricing information
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qualifies as a trade secret under the Oklahoma Uniform Trade Secrets Act
(OUTSA). See Okla. Stat. tit. 78, 85 et seq. Here, the district court
concluded that a specific piece of information, the Hughes Anderson quote, was a
trade secret misappropriated by Sappington and Rolled Alloys. Rolled Alloys
argues that this information does not qualify as a trade secret because Metals
disclosed this information to its customers without reservation. We agree.
OUTSA defines a trade secret as:
information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program,
device, method, technique or process, that:
a. derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not
being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by
proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from
its disclosure or use, and
b. is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the
circumstances to maintain its secrecy.
Id. 86(4). As a general matter, [c]onfidential data regarding operating and
pricing policies can . . . qualify as trade secrets. Black, Sivalls & Bryson, Inc. v.
Keystone Steel Fabrication, Inc., 584 F.2d 946, 952 (10th Cir. 1978). In
evaluating a specific claim, however:
Oklahoma has adopted six factors from the Restatement of Torts to
help determine whether information is a trade secret: (1) the extent
to which the information is known outside of the business; (2) the
extent to which the information is known by employees and others
involved in the business; (3) the extent of measures taken by the
business to guard the secrecy of the information; (4) the value of the
information to the business and to competitors; (5) the amount of
effort or money expended by the business in developing the
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information; and (6) the ease or difficulty with which the information
could be properly acquired or duplicated by others.
Australian Gold, Inc. v. Hatfield, 436 F.3d 1228, 1245 (10th Cir. 2006) (citing
Amoco Prod. Co. v. Lindley, 609 P.2d 733, 743 (Okla. 1980)).
Although the district court did not identify these factors specifically, it
placed great emphasis on the measures that Metals takes to keep its pricing
information confidential: Employees sign confidentiality agreements, passwords
are used to restrict access to company information, employees are regularly
reminded of the confidential nature of company information, and Metals has spent
hundreds of thousands of dollars accumulating and maintaining its confidential
information. In addition, the court noted that Sappington, Emmer, and
Siegenthaler believed pricing information to be a trade secret during their time at
Metals. We agree that each of these facts weighs in favor of finding a trade
secret.
We nonetheless conclude that these facts do not establish enough. They
establish that Metals takes general measures to keep its company information
private. However, the district court also made factual conclusions showing that
this is not always the case. With respect to pricing in particular, it found that
[s]ome customers which regularly place large orders may order using monthlyupdated posted pricing, which allows the customers to know prices on certain
items in advance; [c]ustomer feedback reveals how competitors are pricing their

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products; and Metals does not prevent its customers and vendors from
disclosing pricing information to others. Thus, regardless of the measures noted
by the district court, it is apparent that not every piece of Metals confidential
information constitutes a trade secret. See Black, Sivalls & Bryson, Inc., 584
F.2d at 951 ([I]nformation which had been published or otherwise disseminated
. . . . cannot qualify as [a] trade secret[] . . . .).
Because not all of Metals company and pricing information qualifies as
trade secrets, we look to the record to see whether Metals has established that the
Hughes Anderson quote in particular was protected. The burden is upon the party
claiming OUTSA protection to show the existence of the trade secret. Australian
Gold, Inc., 436 F.3d at 1245. We see no such evidence in the record. To the
contrary, the district court concluded both that Metals does not prevent its
customers and vendors from disclosing pricing information to others and that
Metals had submitted a second quote to Hughes Anderson for $208,900. Thus,
Hughes Anderson had at its disposal the secret information at issue, and it was
free to share that information with Rolled Alloys. Accordingly, critical factors
weigh against concluding that the Hughes Anderson quote was a trade secret: The
bid was known outside of Metals, Metals took no measures to prevent Hughes
Anderson from disseminating the information, and Rolled Alloys could properly

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acquire the information simply by requesting it from Hughes Anderson. 13

As the Supreme Court has explained,
Because of the intangible nature of a trade secret, the extent of the
property right therein is defined by the extent to which the owner of
the secret protects his interest from disclosure to others. . . . If an
individual discloses his trade secret to others who are under no
obligation to protect the confidentiality of the information, or
otherwise publicly discloses the secret, his property right is
extinguished.
Ruckelshaus v. Monsanto Co., 467 U.S. 986, 1002 (1984) (citations omitted).
Metals disclosed the quote to Hughes Anderson and openly admits that Hughes
Anderson was under no obligation to keep the information confidential. We thus
conclude that the district court erred in determining that the quote constituted a
trade secret and reverse its judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on this claim.
D
Rolled Alloys remaining arguments address the injunctive relief granted by
the district court. It challenges the injunction on two fronts. It first argues that
the district court erred in concluding that Metals had prevailed on the
meritsthat is, that Metals proved Sappington and Emmer breached the
Noncompetition Agreements. It then argues that, notwithstanding the merits of

13

That Rolled Alloys could properly acquire the Hughes Anderson quote by
requesting it from the customer weighs against it being a trade secret regardless
of whether this is how Rolled Alloys actually acquired the information. See
Black, Sivalls & Bryson, Inc., 584 F.2d at 951. Thus, this factor does not
contradict the district courts finding that Rolled Alloys actually acquired the
information via Sappington.
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the breach, the district court erred in concluding that Metals would suffer
irreparable harm unless granted injunctive relief. We disagree.
For a party to obtain a permanent injunction, it must prove: (1) actual
success on the merits; (2) irreparable harm unless the injunction is issued; (3) the
threatened injury outweighs the harm that the injunction may cause the opposing
party; and (4) the injunction, if issued, will not adversely affect the public
interest. Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation v. Wagnon, 476 F.3d 818, 822 (10th
Cir. 2007). When a district court grants a permanent injunction, we review that
decision for abuse of discretion. FTC v. Accusearch Inc., 570 F.3d 1187, 1201
(10th Cir. 2009). The district courts discretion in this context is necessarily
broad and a strong showing of abuse must be made to reverse it. Id. (quotation
omitted).
1
We first reject Rolled Alloys first argument that Metals failed to show
success on the merits. Under the Noncompetition Agreements, Sappington and
Emmer agreed not to engage in any business within the States of Missouri,
Texas, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida . . . which
competes in any manner with any business conducted by any constituent
corporation of the Metals Group for a period of one year. Prior to trial, the
district court determined that under Oklahoma law, the agreements were only
enforceable as to competition within Tulsa County and those counties
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surrounding Tulsa County. But Rolled Alloys does not dispute that Hughes
Anderson and Cust-o-Fab are Tulsa-area customers, nor that Rolled Alloys and
Metals compete for their business. Rather, it argues that, for the same reasons
discussed above, Metals failed to show that Sappington and Emmer worked on
these orders. Because we reject this assertion, see Part II.A, supra, Metals has
shown actual success on the merits as required for injunctive relief. 14
2
Rolled Alloys final argument is that injunctive relief is inappropriate
because the district court erred in concluding that Metals would suffer irreparable
harm without such relief. Specifically, the defendants argue that because Metals
still conducted some business with the Tulsa-area customers at issue after
Sappington and Emmer joined Rolled Alloys, Metals was not suffering irreparable
harm. We disagree.
A district court may find irreparable harm based upon evidence suggesting
that it is impossible to precisely calculate the amount of damage plaintiff will
suffer. Equifax Servs., Inc. v. Hitz, 905 F.2d 1355, 1361 (10th Cir. 1990)

14

Because it urges us to conclude that Sappington and Emmer did not work
on these orders, Rolled Alloys then argues that they did not breach the contract
merely by being employed in Tulsa while serving only customers outside
Oklahoma. Having concluded that Sappington and Emmer served Tulsa-area
customers also served by Metalsactions plainly prohibited by the
Noncompetition Agreementswe decline Rolled Alloys invitation to opine on
the outermost boundaries of what it means to engage in any [competing]
business.
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(quotation and alterations omitted). Oklahoma describes an injury as irreparable

when it is incapable of being fully compensated for in damages or where the
measure of damages is so speculative that it would be difficult if not impossible
to correctly arrive at the amount of the damages. Hines v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No.
50, 380 P.2d 943, 946 (Okla. 1963). One such situation in which damages may
not fully compensate a plaintiff is when the business at issue is based on
personal contacts and a knowledge of the special needs and requirements of
customers, a fact which complicates any damage estimate. Equifax Servs., Inc.,
905 F.2d at 1361 (quotation and citation omitted). As found by the district court,
such are precisely the circumstances at issue here: Sappington and Emmer were
long-standing and respected players in the Tulsa metals market, and because of
this, the customers goodwill toward them was a valuable commodity. It is the
value of this goodwill that the Noncompetition Agreements were designed to
protect, and the incalculable damage to that goodwill can constitute irreparable
harm.
Rolled Alloys further argues that because the district court concluded that
Metals was not entitled to damages for general lost profits, it was contradictory
for it to then conclude there was irreparable harm. We read the district courts
opinion to stand for exactly the opposite. Because it is so difficult to prove the
value of goodwillas illustrated by Metals difficulty in proving damagesthe
type of injury noncompetition agreements are designed to prevent is suited to
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injunctive relief in cases such as this. See id. We thus discern no abuse of
discretion in the district courts judgment that, having breached the
Noncompetition Agreements during the initial one year time period, Sappington
and Emmer must now abide by their terms for a year from judgment.
III
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district courts entry of
judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the breach of contract, breach of fiduciary
duty, and tortious interference with contract relations claims. In addition, we
AFFIRM the entry of injunctive relief. We REVERSE and REMAND for entry
of judgment in favor of the defendants on the claim for misappropriation of trade
secrets.

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