FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

May 15, 2008

TENTH CIRCUIT

Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court

PITT VESOM, M.D.,

Plaintiff - Appellant,
No. 06-3353
v.

D. Kan.

ATCHISON HOSPITAL
ASSOCIATION; RYAN THOMAS,
M.D.; DOUGLAS GORACKE, M.D.;
DONALD SWAYZE, D.O.,

(D.C. No. 04-CV-2218-JAR)

Defendants - Appellees.

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before OBRIEN, BRORBY, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.

Dr. Pitt Vesom sued the Atchison Hospital Association and several
individual members of the Atchison Hospital Medical Executive Committee when
they refused to recommend his medical staff privileges be renewed. Dr. Vesom
appeals from summary judgment granted in favor of the defendants. We
AFFIRM.

This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.

I. BACKGROUND
Dr. Vesom is an American citizen born in Thailand. He maintained
medical staff privileges at the Atchison Hospital in Atchison, Kansas, for a
substantial period between 1983 through 2003. In 2003, the Association refused
to renew his staff privileges, allegedly because he was a disruptive physician.
Vesom sued the Atchison Hospital Association and three individual physicians
(collectively, the Hospital), claiming race discrimination under 42 U.S.C. 1981
and Title VI; conspiracy under 42 U.S.C. 1985(3); antitrust violations under
section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. 1; and claims alleging retaliatory
discharge and intentional interference with contract under Kansas law.
A. Hospital Bylaws
Atchison Hospital Association is a not-for-profit corporation formed in
1912. Governed under Kansas law, the Associations purpose is to provide
quality health care and medical services for the citizens of Atchison and the
surrounding area. 1 To admit and treat patients at the Hospital, a doctor must be
an active member of the medical staff. In turn, the physicians and dentists on the
medical staff work under the Medical Staff Bylaws which establish the
mechanisms to carry out the direct and delegated responsibilities of the Medical
Staff in cooperation with the Hospital Administration and the Governing Board.
(R. Vol. II at 493.) The Governing Board is the Board of Directors which has
1

Atchison is a community of approximately 12,000 people.

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the ultimate responsibility for the operation of the Hospital and for providing
patient care. (Id.)
The medical staff elects officers to the Medical Executive Committee
(MEC). The MEC is comprised of the Chief of Staff, the Vice Chief of Staff, the
Secretary/Treasurer, the immediate past Chief of Staff and one member at large
elected from the active medical staff. According to the Bylaws, the MEC
oversees the functions of the medical staff and acts on their behalf, but its
authority is limited to making recommendations to the Governing Board; and its
actions are not binding until approved by the . . . Board. (Id. at 499.)
The MECs duties include, among others, recommending the acceptance or
rejection of an application for medical staff privileges or an application for
renewal, required every two years. Once accepted, there is no guarantee staff
privileges will be renewed solely because the professional is licensed to practice
in Kansas. Only those who meet and maintain the qualifications, standards and
requirements of the applicable rules and regulations will be accepted for renewal
of staff privileges.
Should the MEC recommend a practitioners privileges not be renewed, the
Bylaws provide a system to challenge the adverse decision. The practitioner must
be given written notice containing a statement of the reasons for the action and a
description of fair hearing rights. The practitioner can request a hearing before a
Fair Hearing Committee consisting of not less than five disinterested outside
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physicians.
The MEC, the Governing Board and the practitioner may each have legal
counsel at the hearing. All parties have the right to offer oral and documentary
evidence and to cross-examine the witnesses. According to the defendants, the
Fair Hearing Committee is permitted to conduct independent interviews, research
and review. It then must issue a report of its findings and recommendations to the
Chief Executive Officer (CEO), who forwards the report to the practitioner and
the other members of the Board.
Within ten days of receiving the report, the practitioner may request
appellate review by the Board on actions of the Hearing Committee taken
arbitrarily, capriciously or with bias or not supported by the evidence. The
review is limited to the record presented to the Fair Hearing Committee. The
Board then issues a final decision.
B. Dr. Vesoms History with the Hospital 2
Dr. Vesom, a Board Certified internist and cardiologist, was granted
privileges at the Hospital in September, 1983. With the exception of a few
colleagues, Vesom was excluded from the staff members social events and
activities. Although Vesom was highly qualified, the majority of the staff
members routinely refused to refer their cardiac patients to Vesoms care. (R.

The facts are set forth in the light most favorable to Dr. Vesom. See
Stover v. Martinez, 382 F.3d 1064, 1070 (10th Cir. 2004).
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Vol. III at 1279.) His wife, a certified pathologist, was unable to find
employment with Atchison Hospital.
Dr. Vesom was the Chairman of at least one service section (primarily
emergency services) from 1985 through 1995. In 1986, 1987 and 1991, he was a
member of the MEC. In June 1996, Dr. Vesom voluntarily resigned and sold his
medical practice to be with his family in Thailand. 3 He returned to Atchison in
1998 and requested reappointment. The MEC recommended he not be
reappointed and Vesom requested a fair hearing pursuant to the Bylaws. 4 The
Governing Board eventually chose not to follow the MEC recommendation and
approved Vesoms conditional reappointment upon his approval of an Agreement
and Release. (R. Vol. III at 1026.) The Agreement provided a one-year
provisional appointment with proctoring by an independent cardiologist and
written reports of his behavior from specific Hospital departments. 5 Vesom also
stipulated to a provision recognizing a concern Vesom may engage in future
disruptive behavior:
During his tenure on the Medical Staff, Dr. Vesom shall enjoy all the
rights and privileges and be subject to all the rules, restrictions and

The purchasing group, Mid-America Cardiology Associates, continues to

provide cardiology services in Atchison.
4

In 1998, the MEC was composed of Dr. Goracke (Chief of Staff), Dr.
Campbell, Dr. Sontheimer, Dr. Shriwise and Dr. Eplee.
5

The departments included Social Services, Nursing, Emergency Room and

the Intensive Care Unit.
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sanction as may be granted or imposed by the Bylaws upon any

physician on the Medical Staff, including but not limited to, any and
all section thereof governing or relating to Disruptive Physicians.
(R. Vol. III at 1030.) Vesoms next reappointment request in 2001 was approved
without incident and he was granted privileges for two years.
In December 2002, Vesom submitted a Reappointment Information Form
and other documents for his 2003 reappointment. Each renewal packet included
an Authority and Liability Waiver which states:
I further waive any rights under Educational Rights and Privacy Act
or any statute granting immunity to such Boards or Committees and
further agree to hold harmless such President, Board or Committees
evaluating my application from any claim or action by or on my
behalf in the event such application for reappointment is denied for
any reason.
(R. Vol. II at 565.) At the time Vesom applied for renewal of his privileges, the
MEC consisted of Dr. Goracke (Chief of Staff), Dr. Swayze (Vice Chief of Staff),
Dr. Jones (Secretary/Treasurer), Dr. Rider (member at large), and Dr. Thomas
(past Chief of Staff).
Shortly before the MEC met to consider Vesoms renewal application, he
and two other staff physicians, Dr. Ware and Dr. Tayiem, made complaints
regarding the Hospitals peer review process concerning one of Dr. Thomas
patients. 6 On January 3, 2003, these three doctors met with Dr. Goracke and the

Dr. Tayiem is a Palestinian physician who joined in the complaints

regarding the peer review process. Tayiem remains in active status at the hospital
and was a member of the MEC during the discovery period.
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CEO of the Hospital, Virgil Bourne, to discuss their complaints. On January 22,
2003, Vesom, Ware and Tayiem sent their complaints in a letter to the Board of
Directors of the Hospital. One day later, a special meeting of the Board was
convened to discuss pressing medical staff issues. (R. Vol. III at 1177.) In
attendance were Board members Bourne, Goracke and the Hospitals legal
counsel, Andrew Ramirez. The only action taken was to terminate the Hospitals
agreement with Dr. Ware.
C. Denial of Privileges
In February 2003, the MEC met and determined it would recommend Dr.
Vesoms renewal of privileges be denied and Wares provisional privileges be
terminated. Eventually, the reasons given for denial were based on the
disruptive physician provisions of the Bylaws. These provisions prohibit:
1.

attacks (verbal or physical) leveled at individuals, Hospital personnel

or patients which are personal, irrelevant or go beyond the bounds of
fair professional conduct;
...

3.

non-constructive criticism addressed to its recipient in such a way as

to intimidate, undermine confidence, belittle or imply stupidity or
incompetence;

4.

refusal to accept Medical Staff assignments, or to participate in

committee or departmental affairs on anything but his or her own
terms or to do so in a disruptive manner;
...

7.

verbal or physical threats of retribution, litigation or violence

directed at individuals, Hospital personnel or patients; or
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8.

use of foul, abusive language.

(R. Vol. I at 150-51.) On February 18, 2003, Bourne sent Drs. Vesom and Ware
identical letters notifying them of the MECs adverse recommendation based on
the conclusion they were disruptive physicians. On February 24, 2003, Goracke,
Bourne and Ramirez met with the Board. The minutes of this meeting state:
The Executive/Credentials Committee further informed the Board of
their recommendation to give David Ware . . . notice of Termination
of Provisional Active Staff Status and Privileges effective March 18,
2003. They also informed the Board of their recommendation to
notify Pitt Vesom . . . of Termination of Active Staff Privileges
effective March 18, 2003.
(Vol. III at 1179.) The Board then met in executive session with the Hospitals
attorney and the risk manager.
Vesom requested a Fair Hearing on March 6, 2003. Bourne responded with
a letter delineating the specific charges made against Dr. Vesom, an itemized
listing of the information used by the MEC in reaching its recommendation
(Vesoms Credentials File), and the witnesses expected to testify in support of the
charges. Vesom claims it was at this time he realized the MEC would present
alleged instances of disruptive conduct but would not include exculpatory
information and documents. Prior to the Fair Hearing, he was provided with
copies of all the written exhibits that would be used to support the charges. The
hearing ultimately took place on January 24, 2004. Both the Hospital and Vesom
were represented by attorneys and both parties were permitted to offer testimony

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and evidence in support of their positions. The Fair Hearing Committee, a panel
of five independent doctors, was allowed to ask questions of their own.
Understanding its role was to determine whether the MECs decision was
arbitrary, unreasonable or capricious, the Fair Hearing Committee unanimously
determined the evidence demonstrated Vesom had exhibited a pattern of
disruptive behavior. (R. Vol II at 731, 739.) Vesom requested appellate review
before the Board, which took place on March 25, 2004. The Board affirmed the
decision of the Fair Hearing Committee and the MEC on April 2, 2004.
Throughout the appeal process, Dr. Vesom maintained active medical staff
privileges at the Hospital. Afterward, he obtained privileges at Cushing Hospital,
approximately 25 miles away. In September 2004, Vesom accepted an offer to
practice at a hospital in Poplar Bluff, Missouri.
Dr. Vesom filed this action against the Hospital and Drs. Thomas, Goracke
and Swayze. Dr. Vesom claims these doctors conspired to deny him privileges
and preclude him from practicing in the community because he is Asian and he
had reported incidents of professional incompetence committed by other doctors.
He asserted discrimination under 42 U.S.C. 1981 and 1985, and Title VI of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964. He also claimed violations under the Sherman Act,
Kansas public policy (whistle-blowing) and intentional interference with business
relationships. The district court granted summary judgment on all claims.
On appeal, Vesom raises numerous issues. As to his claims of racial
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discrimination, he contends the district court erroneously determined the Hospital

Bylaws did not create a contract and there was no factual issue whether the
Hospitals stated reasons for its actions were pretextual. In large part, he
maintains the courts ruling on pretext was due to the courts arbitrary evidentiary
rulings. He further contends the district court erred in granting summary
judgment on his Sherman Act claim, and his state law whistle-blower and
interference with business relationship claims. Finally, he argues the waiver
contained in his renewal packet did not preclude his lawsuit.
II. DISCUSSION
We review the district courts grant of summary judgment de novo. See
Stover, 382 F.3d at 1070. Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(c). In conducting our analysis, we view all of the facts and draw all
reasonable inferences from the record in favor of the non-moving party. See
Stover, 382 F.3d at 1070.
A. Evidentiary Rulings
Dr. Vesom claims the district court failed to recognize the existence of a
material issue of fact due to its refusal to consider important admissible evidence.
Accordingly, we begin with the evidentiary challenges. Evidentiary rulings are
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committed to the discretion of the trial court, and we review them only for abuse
of discretion. Our review is even more deferential where the evidentiary ruling
concerns the admissibility of what is claimed to be hearsay evidence. United
States v. Ramirez, 479 F.3d 1229, 1245 (10th Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 128 S.Ct.
1074 (2008). Under this standard, a trial courts decision will not be reversed
unless the appellate court has a definite and firm conviction that the lower court
made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in
the circumstances. Allen v. Sybase, Inc., 468 F.3d 642, 659 (10th Cir. 2006).
1.

Affidavits

Vesom claims the district court erred in failing to consider statements

contained in the affidavits of Dr. Ware, Dr. Rider, Nurse Kathy Jackson and
Rosetta Birch, a former respiratory therapist. The court disregarded parts of Ware
and Riders affidavits because the statements were based on inadmissable hearsay
or conclusory statements about the feelings and intent of others. It struck the
affidavits of Birch and Jackson because Vesom failed to disclose these witnesses
until just before his response to the summary judgment motion and offered no
justification for the delay.
a.

Affidavits of Rosetta Birch and Kathy Jackson

Rosetta Birch is a former respiratory therapist and medical records clerk at

the Hospital. Her affidavit was signed on January 13, 2006, shortly before
Vesoms response to the Hospitals motion for summary judgment. One of the
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instances of Vesoms disruptive conduct involved an allegation that Birch had

complained about Dr. Vesoms treatment of a certain patient. Her affidavit
contradicted the allegation. In addition, Birch stated she never saw Dr. Vesom
disrupt the flow of care to a patient. (R. Vol. III at 1299.) Her affidavit also
stated that on more than one occasion Birch heard the Hospitals Risk
Management Officer remark that Dr. Vesom needs to just go back to where he
came from. (Id.)
Kathy Jackson, a registered nurse at the Hospital from 1969 until
September 28, 2005, signed her affidavit on January 6, 2006. During her last
sixteen years at the Hospital, Jackson was the head nurse in the emergency room.
She stated certain doctors did not appreciate[] constructive criticism and often
retaliated against those who critiqued hospital procedures or standards and,
contrary to some of the complaints regarding Vesoms behavior to the emergency
room staff, she never found him to be abusive or disruptive in the way he handled
a situation. (Id. at 1301.)
In its reply brief, the Hospital urged the district court to strike these
affidavits because neither witness was disclosed in Vesoms original or amended
witness lists as required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1) & (e)(1). Rule 37 states a
party may not use such evidence unless there is substantial justification and the
failure to disclose is harmless. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37. According to the district
court, the witnesses and their testimony were known to Vesom and it was
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feasible . . . to disclose . . . these . . . witnesses some time prior to his summary

judgment response. (Vol. I at 423.) Because there was no substantial
justification and the witnesses were being used to defeat summary judgment, it
struck the affidavits.
The exclusion of evidence presented out of time is automatic and
mandatory unless the violation was either justified or harmless. Finley v.
Marathon Oil Co., 75 F.3d 1225, 1230 (7th Cir. 1996). Vesom admits the
affidavits were submitted outside the discovery time line and he did not seek to
amend his earlier disclosures. Nonetheless, he claims the court erred because the
witnesses (at least, Kathy Jackson) were working at the Hospital during much of
the discovery phase and were only willing to come forward and testify after the
discovery deadline had passed. (Appellants Br. at 35.) He also claims the
failure to disclose was harmless because the Hospital could have deposed the
witnesses before the reply brief deadline. Vesom complains the district court
elevat[ed] schedules and timetables over the duty to see that justice is done.
(Appellants Reply Br. at 10.) We disagree.
Birch and Jackson were no longer employed by the Hospital for at least
three months before their affidavits were signed. There was sufficient time, prior
to filing his summary judgment response, to amend earlier disclosures explaining
the delay. Instead, Dr. Vesom chose to sandbag. He submitted the affidavits of
two new and unannounced witnesses who were available at the time of his Fair
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Hearing, in an attempt to defeat summary judgment. He offers nothing to support

his speculation that these witnesses were not willing to come forward until some
time in 2005. Even if true, Dr. Vesom knew they had knowledge of material facts
long before then. The admissibility of the affidavits under Rule 56(e) does not
remove them from the district courts sound discretion to impose sanctions under
Rule 37(c). The district court did not abuse its discretion.
b.

Affidavits of Dr. Rider and Dr. Ware

The Hospital requested the court strike the affidavits of Drs. Rider and
Ware to the extent the declarations were not based on personal knowledge,
contained inadmissible hearsay or were merely conclusory statements. The
district court granted the motion. Dr. Vesom contends the court misapplied Rule
701 of the Federal Rules of Evidence which permits testimony characterizing the
behavior of other members of the MEC as angry, hostile or retaliatory. See
United States v. Welch, 745 F.2d 614, 617-18 (10th Cir. 1984) (allowing lay
opinion defendant was angry but appeared lucid).
i) Dr. Riders Testimony
Dr. Riders testimony was presented in two affidavits and his deposition. 7
Dr. Riders testimony recounts his attendance as the at-large member of the MEC
committee meetings in January and February 2003. He states the other MEC

Dr. Riders deposition was taken on March 29, 2005. He submitted

affidavits on August 30, 2004, and January 12, 2006.
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members were angry with Dr. Vesom. However, Rider goes further, stating the
doctors were angry because Dr. Vesom had voted for an outside peer review of
Dr. Thomas treatment of a patient and at a later meeting, disputed the peer
reviews accuracy. Rider also stated the MEC members were angry with Vesoms
discussions with Bourne and his letter to the Board concerning the inadequate
practices at the Hospital. While Dr. Rider was certainly in a position to observe
what he believed to be angry behavior, he does not recount any specific
statements that would support his conclusion as to the reason for the other
members anger.
In his second declaration, Rider stated the committee members did not
discuss specific instances of behavior supporting a conclusion that Dr. Vesom was
disruptive prior to the decision to recommend non-renewal. Rather, the
determination that Vesoms privileges would not be renewed was a foregone
conclusion, bolstered by the Hospital attorneys counsel to the members that their
decision could be justified in terms of Bylaw violations. The list of Bylaw
violations and the exhibits from Vesoms credential files used at the Fair Hearing
were compiled by the Hospitals attorney only after the decision to deny a
renewal of Vesoms privileges. The district court considered this testimony.
Dr. Rider concluded, however, The animus directed at Dr. Vesom by
members of the MEC was not the result of disruptive behavior on his part.
Rather, it was the result of professional jealousy of a better qualified foreign born
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doctor whose competition and demanding standards of care were resented by the
hospital employed medical staff doctors. (Id. at 1296.) Again, he offers no
personal observation of specific statements or conduct by the members to support
his opinion.
Under Fed. R. Evid. 701, the testimony of a lay witness in the form of
opinions or inferences is admissible if those opinions or inferences are (a)
rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear
understanding of the witness testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.
Gossett v. Okla. ex. rel. Bd. of Regents for Langston Univ., 245 F.3d 1172, 1179
(10th Cir. 2001) (quotations omitted). In Gossett, we reversed the district courts
rejection of an affidavit which included the opinion of a University instructor that
a student was the victim of gender discrimination. We determined the opinion
was admissible because:
[The] affidavit demonstrate[d] . . . her position as an instructor in the
Nursing School and on the Admissions Committee provided her with
the opportunity to observe firsthand for several years the School's
policies and practices with respect to its treatment of male students.
Her opinion was a means of conveying her impression based on what
she had herself perceived, and it was predicated upon concrete facts
within her own observation and recollection.
Id. at 1180.
While Dr. Rider personally witnessed the actions of the MEC and may have
formed an opinion from his observations, the district court properly excluded his
ultimate opinion that the decision was based, at least in part, on Vesoms place
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of birth.
We need not decide if this evidence is inadmissible because it violated Rule
701. Rather, Riders second affidavit directly contradicts his previous deposition
statements under oath. 8 While an affidavit will not be disregarded merely because
it conflicts with a prior sworn statement, it deserves no consideration when it
constitutes an attempt to create a sham fact issue. Burns v. Bd. of County
Commrs of Jackson County, Kan., 330 F.3d 1275, 1282 (10th Cir. 2003).
To determine whether an affidavit is a sham, we consider whether the
affiant was cross-examined during his earlier testimony, whether the affiant had
access to the pertinent evidence at the time of his earlier testimony or whether the
affidavit was based on newly discovered evidence, and whether the earlier
testimony reflects confusion which the affidavit attempts to explain. Id. Dr.
Riders deposition was taken on March 29, 2005. He testified in detail regarding
the ongoing animosity between the hospital-employed physicians (Thomas,
Goracke and Swayze) and the independent physicians (Ware, Rider, Arkom,
Growney and Vesom). When asked how Dr. Wares termination (a non-minority)
supported Dr. Vesoms claim of racial discrimination, Dr. Rider responded:

[I]t is consistently held that an order or judgment which is correct in

ultimate effect will not be disturbed on appeal even though the lower tribunal
relied upon a wrong ground or gave an untenable reason for its action. The issue
on appeal is the correctness in ultimate effect of an order or judgment, not the
reason or reasons given therefor by the trial court. First Natl Bank v. Luther,
217 F.2d 262, 266 (10th Cir. 1954).
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Well, as I say, I think Dr. Vesoms case is -- there may be some element that
may be related to race, but I would consider that a small consideration. (R. Vol.
III at 1059.) When later pressed with the question: So you would agree . . . that
race did not play a part in the decision to recommend non-reappointment of
Vesoms medical staff privileges, Rider responded: I really dont have enough
information of the thinking of the other members of the staff to make a statement
one way or another. (Id. at 1063.)
Riders declaration in response to the Hospitals motion for summary
judgment was signed on January 12, 2006. It does not purport to clear up any
confusion during the deposition nor does it claim Rider was exposed to new
evidence. Therefore, the declaration should be disregarded as a sham or because,
as he testified in his deposition, it was not based on Riders personal knowledge.
ii) Dr. Wares Testimony
Dr. Wares declaration was executed on January 12, 2006. The district
court struck paragraphs 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 as hearsay and Dr. Wares opinions
about the feelings and attitudes of certain physicians towards plaintiff. (R. Vol.
I at 424.) Vesom maintains the alleged hearsay statements were admissible as the
admissions of party-opponents and Dr. Wares lay opinion was admissible under
Rule 701.
Dr. Wares declaration states he was recruited to Atchison in July 2002.
He recounts an incident shortly after his recruitment where Dr. Bourne gave
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Ware a tour of the facility. During the tour, Bourne identified Dr. Vesom and
stated: Watch out for him. Hell stab you in the back! (R. Vol. III at 1306.)
Shortly thereafter, defendant Dr. Thomas told Ware he hated Dr. Vesom and it
was no secret. (Id.) While golfing with defendant Dr. Goracke, Ware testified
Goracke made disparaging remarks about Dr. Vesom. (Id.) Dr. Ware opined
that the feelings and attitudes expressed against Dr. Vesom were, in part, based
upon the fact that he was a foreign born doctor coupled with his standard of
providing high quality care to his patients. 9 (Id.)
We agree the statements of Goracke and Thomas are admissible as the
admissions of a party-opponent. Rule 801(d)(2)(A) of the Federal Rules of
Evidence provides: A statement is not hearsay if . . . [t]he statement is offered
against a party and is . . . the partys own statement, in either his individual or a
representative capacity . . . . But the remainder of Dr. Wares statements are
hearsay. Like Dr. Rider, Dr. Ware fails to present personally observed statements
or conduct as the basis for his opinion. Therefore, the district court did not err in
excluding this evidence.
2.

Documentary Evidence

Vesom maintains the district court erred in refusing to admit documents

9

Ware also stated the Hospital was aware of Vesoms complaints to

Kansas health authorities because Ware made comments to various hospital
personnel, including Dr. Goracke, prior to the February 2003 MEC meeting,
regarding both he and Vesoms intentions to report their complaints outside the
Hospital. The district court did not strike this testimony.
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from his Credential Files for lack of proper authentication. Vesom contends this
evidence was admissible on summary judgment because the content of the
material would be admissible at trial. Pastran v. K-Mart Corp., 210 F.3d 1201,
1203 n.1 (10th Cir. 2000). Further, the parties had stipulated in a pre-trial order
that the documents contained in Vesoms Credential Files were business records
and could be introduced without further foundation.
As an initial matter, Vesom has failed to point us to the specific documents
he believes were erroneously disregarded by the district court. While the record
reveals the Hospital did request specific documents be disregarded, not all of
those documents have been included in the record. The documents which are
available are handwritten or contain handwritten notes none identify the author.
Given this record, we cannot say the district court abused its discretion in failing
to consider the pages we have viewed. See United States v. McClatchey, 217 F.3d
823, 835-36 (10th Cir. 2000) (to the extent defendant did not cite to the specific
evidence in the record, the issue was waived).
In sum, the district court did not abuse its discretion in striking the
affidavits of Rosetta Birch and Kathy Jackson. The affidavits of Drs. Ware and
Rider regarding their subjective beliefs as to the intent, thoughts or motivations of
others were correctly stricken. To the extent the district court disregarded
testimony stating certain persons were physically observed to be angry or the
statements of party-opponents, we will consider such evidence on appeal.
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B. Racial Discrimination Claims

When the plaintiff bringing a claim under 1981 10 and Title VI 11 offers no
direct evidence of discrimination, we apply the burden-shifting scheme of
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). 12 See Antonio v. Sygma
Network, Inc., 458 F.3d at 1177, 1181 (10th Cir. 2006). Under McDonnell
Douglas, if the plaintiff can establish a prima facie case of discrimination or
retaliation, the burden shifts to the defendant to show a legitimate
non-discriminatory or non-retaliatory reason for the adverse employment action.

10

42 U.S.C. 1981 provides in relevant part:

(a) . . . All persons . . . shall have the same right in every State . . . to
make and enforce contracts . . . .
(b) For purposes of this section, the term make and enforce
contracts includes the making, performance, modification, and
termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits,
privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship.

To establish a prima facie case, the plaintiff must show (1) that the plaintiff is a
member of a protected class; (2) that the defendant had the intent to discriminate
on the basis of race; and (3) that the discrimination interfered with a protected
activity as defined in 1981. Hampton v. Dillards Dept. Stores, Inc., 247 F.3d
1091, 1102 (10th Cir. 2004).
11

Title VI, codified at 42 U.S.C. 2000d states, No person in the United

States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from
participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under
any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
12

We recognize this is not an employment action and the parties agree

Dr. Vesoms status with the Hospital was as an independent contractor. However,
courts routinely follow the McDonnell Douglas model when considering claims of
racial discrimination brought by non-employees or independent contractors. See
Hampton, 247 F.3d at 1107 (non-employee).
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Id. If the defendant meets this burden, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to
demonstrate that the defendants proffered reason is pretext. Id.
Dr. Vesom claims the district court wrongly rejected his claim that the
Hospital Bylaws created a contractual interest sufficient to support Vesoms
1981 claim. The Kansas Supreme Court has not decided the question whether
hospital bylaws create a contract and those states which have decided the issue
are in disagreement. 13 Fortunately, we need not reach this issue of first
impression. Assuming for the purposes of this case the Hospital Bylaws created a
contract sufficient to support Dr. Vesoms 1981 claim, and also assuming he has
established a prima facie case under both 1981 and Title VI, he fails to establish
the Hospitals proffered reason for its actions was a pretext disguising a racially
discriminatory animus.
C. Pretext

13

Compare Van v. Anderson, 66 Fed. Appx. 524, *1 (5th Cir. 2003)

(unpublished) ([S]ection 1981 claims, breach of contract claims, and tortious
interference claims all fail as a matter of law. . . . [N]either the medical staff
bylaws nor his business relationship with his patients could constitute a
contractual relationship upon which liability could be predicated.); Madsen v.
Audrain Health Care, Inc., 297 F.3d 694, 699 (8th Cir. 2002) (Missouri courts
have held that hospital bylaws cannot be considered a contract under Missouri
law because consideration is lacking.), with Samuel v. Herrick Meml Hosp., 201
F.3d 830, 835 n.1 (6th Cir. 2000) (Florida has . . . legislat[ed] that a hospital must
promulgate bylaws and those bylaws create a binding contract between the
physician and the hospital.); Marrese v. Deaconess Hosp., 966 F.2d 1456, *6 n.8
(7th Cir. 1992) (unpublished) ([T]he Indiana courts, . . . have recognized that
hospital medical staff bylaws can constitute a contract between the hospital and
its medical staff.).
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Under Tenth Circuit precedent, pretext may be shown by such weaknesses,

implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions in the
employers proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable factfinder
could rationally find them unworthy of credence and hence infer that the
employer did not act for the asserted non-discriminatory reasons. Morgan v.
Hilti, Inc., 108 F.3d 1319, 1323 (10th Cir. 1997) (quotations omitted). A plaintiff
can make a showing of pretext with evidence that the defendants stated reason
for termination was false. Kendrick v. Penske Transp. Servs., Inc., 220 F.3d
1220, 1230 (10th Cir. 2000). Evidence tending to show pretext permits an
inference that the employer acted for discriminatory reasons. Morgan, 108 F.3d
at 1323. At the summary judgment stage, if a plaintiff advances evidence
establishing a prima facie case and evidence upon which a factfinder could
conclude that the defendants alleged nondiscriminatory reasons for the
employment decisions are pretextual, the case should go to the factfinder. Id.
We do not always require actual evidence of discrimination because, [i]n
appropriate circumstances, the trier of fact can reasonably infer from the falsity of
the explanation that the employer is dissembling to cover up a discriminatory
purpose. . . . Moreover, once the employers justification has been eliminated,
discrimination may well be the most likely alternative explanation, especially
since the employer is in the best position to put forth the actual reason for its
decision. Swackhammer v. Sprint/United Mgmt. Co., 493 F.3d 1160, 1168 (10th
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Cir. 2007) (quoting Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prod. Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 147
(2002)). 14 However, it is not always permissible for the factfinder to infer
discrimination from evidence that the employers explanation is unworthy of
belief. Id. [I]f the record conclusively revealed some other, nondiscriminatory
reason for the employers [adverse employment] decision, or if the plaintiff
created only a weak issue of fact as to whether the employers reason was untrue
and there was abundant and uncontroverted independent evidence that no
discrimination had occurred, the fact that the employers explanation was
unworthy of belief would no longer be sufficient to create an inference of
discrimination. Id. (quoting Reeves, 530 U.S. at 148).
Dr. Vesom finds it incredible that the district court found evidence of a
post hoc justification for the denial of his reappointment, yet failed to deny
summary judgment. He argues this finding, alone, permits an inference that the
stated reason for termination is plainly false and pretextual and ample evidence
of mendacity. (Appellants Br. at 34.) His argument misapprehends his burden.
While Dr. Riders testimony states the four other members of the MEC decided to
recommend denial of Vesoms renewal application before they reviewed the
Bylaws, Dr. Vesom failed to present any evidence this decision was motivated by
14

Although Reeves spoke in terms of judgment as a matter of law under

Fed. R. Civ. P. 50, the standard for granting summary judgment mirrors the
standard for judgment as a matter of law, such that the inquiry under each is the
same. Reeves, 530 U.S. at 150 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477
U.S. 242, 250-51 (1986)).
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racial animus. See Patel v. Midland Meml Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 298 F.3d 333, 342
(5th Cir. 2002) (More importantly, even if Dr. Patel could connect these events
to his 1999 suspension, he still fails to create a question of fact for the jury that
race motivated his suspension.).
In Reeves, the Supreme Court determined the defendants were not entitled
to judgment as a matter of law because in addition to establishing a prima facie
case of discrimination and creating a jury issue as to the falsity of the employers
explanation, petitioner introduced additional evidence that [the employer] was
motivated by age-based animus and was principally responsible for petitioners
firing. Reeves, 530 U.S. at 151. Dr. Vesoms claims fail on both factors. 15
15

The district court concluded (albeit in the context of Dr. Vesoms

Sherman Act claim), the Board independently made the ultimate determination to
deny a renewal of Vesoms privileges and there was no evidence suggesting the
Board did not act independently in accepting the MECs recommendation after the
Fair Hearing procedure was completed. On appeal, Vesom responds by stating,
[t]here is significant evidence that the Fair Hearing Panel and the Board of
Directors exercised no real authority over the determination to terminate Vesom;
rather, they acted perfunctorily, citing generally to EEOC v. BCI Coca Cola
Bottling Co. of Los Angeles, 450 F.3d 476, 484-86 (10th Cir. 2006), cert. granted,
127 S.Ct. 852 and dismissed 127 S.Ct. 1931 (2007). (Appellants Br. at 45.) This
issue was not raised in the racial discrimination context below. However, we
stated in BCI:
[B]ecause a plaintiff must demonstrate that the actions of the biased
subordinate caused the employment action, an employer can avoid
liability by conducting an independent investigation of the
allegations against an employee. In that event, the employer has
taken care not to rely exclusively on the say-so of the biased
subordinate, and the causal link is defeated. Indeed, under our
precedent, simply asking an employee for his version of events may
defeat the inference that an employment decision was racially
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[W]hen a plaintiffs evidence supports a nondiscriminatory motive for the

employers action and the plaintiff presents no evidence to undermine that
motive, summary judgment for the employer is appropriate. Swackhammer, 493
F.3d at 1168. Dr. Vesom unquestionably established he was disliked, even hated,
by other members of the medical staff and members of the MEC. He also
established his renewal application was rejected shortly after he and two other
physicians (one Caucasian male and one Palestinian male) complained about the
peer review procedures at the Hospital. It is also undisputed that both Dr. Vesom
and the Caucasian physician were denied renewal of their privileges. The reasons
given to both physicians for the MECs actions were identical.
Dr. Vesom claims virtually all of the alleged disruptive activity of Dr.
Vesom centered on his attempts to improve the quality of health care at the
Hospital, or his complaints that he was being discriminated against because of his
race by the Hospital administration. (Appellants Br. at 44.) While Dr. Vesom
may believe his race was a factor, he has not come forth with any evidence of his

discriminatory. Employers therefore have a powerful incentive to

hear both sides of the story before taking an adverse employment
action against a member of a protected class.
Id. at 488 (citation omitted). It is undisputed the Board made its decision only
after five independent physicians (not associated with the Hospital) heard
arguments and received evidence from Dr. Vesom, through his attorney, at the
Fair Hearing. Vesom fails to offers any reason why the causal chain was not
broken at this point.
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allegation. Indeed, the only evidence of the MECs motivations reveals an

ongoing and escalating animosity between the independent physicians (including
Dr. Vesom) and physicians employed by the Hospital. Because Dr. Vesom failed
to submit any admissible evidence of racial discrimination, the district court
appropriately granted summary judgment in favor of the Hospital.
D. Sherman Act Claim
Section 1 of the Sherman Act states:
Every contract, combination in the form of a trust or otherwise, or
conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several
States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal. Every
person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or
conspiracy hereby declared to be illegal shall be deemed guilty of a
felony . . . .
15 U.S.C. 1. To succeed on a Sherman Act claim, a plaintiff must show
concerted action and an unreasonable restraint of trade. Systemcare, Inc. v. Wang
Labs. Corp., 117 F.3d 1137, 1139 (10th Cir. 1997). An antitrust injury must be
analyzed from the consumers viewpoint. Mathews v. Lancaster Genl. Hosp., 87
F.3d 624, 641 (3d Cir. 1996). Thus, Dr. Vesom needs to show the Hospitals
conduct affected the prices, quantity or quality of goods or services, not just his
own welfare. Id.; see also Sanjuan v. Am. Bd. of Psychiatry & Neurology, Inc.,
40 F.3d 247, 251 (7th Cir. 1994). The district court concluded, inter alia, Dr.
Vesom failed to submit evidence of any anti-trust injury. There was no evidence
he had exclusive contracts with his patients or that the Boards decision drove up

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prices of cardiology service to any patient.

Vesom claims the courts ruling must be reversed because he was denied
staff privileges for the purpose of diminishing the competition for services in the
Atchison community. (Appellants Br. at 45.) However, he fails to cite to
record evidence apart from asserting Dr. Riders testimony established the
defendants concerted actions produced an anti-competitive effect. (Id. at 46.)
Assuming these assertions are sufficient to avoid waiving this issue on appeal,
they are not enough to establish any error in the courts ruling.
E. Kansas Whistle-Blower Claim
Dr. Vesom claims the district court erred in concluding his status, akin to
an independent contractor, precluded his public policy claim against the Hospital
under the Kansas whistle-blower law. When the federal courts are called upon
to interpret state law, the federal court must look to the rulings of the highest
state court, and, if no such rulings exist, must endeavor to predict how that high
court would rule. Stickley v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 505 F.3d
1070,1077 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). The Kansas whistle-blower
statute provides as follows:
(a) No employer shall discharge or otherwise discriminate against
any employee for making any report pursuant to K.S.A. 65-4923 16 or
16

Kan. Stat. Ann. 65-4923(a) provides in relevant part:

If a health care provider, or a medical care facility agent or employee

who is directly involved in the delivery of health care services, has
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65-4924.
(b) Any employer who violates the provisions of subsection (a) shall
be liable to the aggrieved employee for damages for any wages or
other benefits lost due to the discharge or discrimination plus a civil
penalty in an amount not exceeding the amount of such damages.
Such damages and civil penalty shall be recoverable in an individual
action brought by the aggrieved employee. If the aggrieved
employee substantially prevails on any of the allegations contained in
the pleadings in an action allowed by this section, the court, in its
discretion, may allow the employee reasonable attorney fees as part
of the costs.
Kan. Stat. Ann. 65-4928. The Kansas Supreme court has authorized a whistleblower action in tort by an at-will employee for retaliatory termination. See
Palmer v. Brown, 752 P.2d 685 (Kan. 1988). Its rationale for this extension was
based in part on public policy grounds. See id. at 687-90. The Kansas Supreme
court has not addressed whether the statute covers an independent contractor.
Dr. Vesom contends the termination of his staff privileges was based, at
least in part, on his complaints to the Board and the Kansas Health Department
regarding the Hospitals peer review procedures and professional incompetence of
certain doctors. He concedes Palmer and the Kansas statutory protections do not
reference the status of an independent contractor. However, he urges we apply
Board of County Commissioners, Waubansee County, Kansas v. Umbehr, which
teaches that an independent contractors entitlement to public policy protections

knowledge that a health care provider has committed a reportable

incident, such health care provider, agent or employee shall report
such knowledge . . . .
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must be resolved in the context of surrounding facts. 518 U.S. 668, 678-81
(1996) (bright-line rule distinguishing between employees and independent
contractors leaves Constitutional rights unduly dependant on how the service
providers title is labeled). Dr. Vesom asserts a physicians economic reliance on
his relationship with the Hospital constitutes a fact pattern demonstrating an
entitlement to whistle-blower protection under public policy considerations and
Kansas common law. We decline Vesoms invitation to create state law for
Kansas.
The Kansas whistle-blower statute is plain and unambiguous. It clearly
provides a medical providers protection from retaliation by its employer. The
plain language does not include independent contractors. Thus, the district court
properly refused to extend that protection outside its legislative boundaries. See
Graham v. Dokter Trucking Grp., 161 P.3d 695, 703 (Kan. 2007) ([P]ublic
policy is usually the arena of the legislative branch.); Higgins v. Abilene Mach.,
Inc., 172 P.3d 1201, 1204 (Kan. App. 2007) (issue of public policy is for the
legislature to consider in the form of an unambiguous statute); Palmer, 752 P.2d
at 687-88 (Before courts are justified in declaring the existence of public policy,
. . . it should be so thoroughly established as a state of public mind so united and
so definite and fixed that its existence is not subject to any substantial doubt.)
(quotation omitted). Dr. Vesom does not allege a constitutional violation as was
the case in Waubansee. He fails to explain why Supreme Court precedent should
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control a state common law claim or why a federal court should expand state law
based on public policy, despite the presence of an unambiguous state statute.
While, in the future, Dr. Vesom may be able to persuade the Kansas legislature to
modify the existing statutes, it is not our place to create new law for the Kansas
legislature or its state courts.
F. Intentional Interference Claim
Kansas recognizes a cause of action for tortious interference with a
prospective business advantage or relationship. Turner v. Halliburton Co., 722
P.2d 1106, 1115 (Kan. 1986). The requirements for this tort [are]: (1) the
existence of a business relationship or expectancy with the probability of future
economic benefit to the plaintiff; (2) knowledge of the relationship or expectancy
by the defendant; (3) that, except for the conduct of the defendant, plaintiff was
reasonably certain to have continued the relationship or realized the expectancy;
(4) intentional misconduct by defendant; and (5) damages suffered by plaintiff as
a direct or proximate cause of defendants misconduct. Id. (internal citations
omitted). Tortious interference with contractual expectations or a prospective
business advantage are predicated on malicious conduct by the defendant and is
aimed at . . . protecting future or potential contractual relations. Id.
Vesom complains the district court ruled against him on his interference
claim, even though the termination of his medical staff privileges interfered with
his business relations with the thousands of patients he had treated in the 20+
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years he practiced in Atchison. (Appellants Br. at 51.) However, Dr. Vesom

does not address the reason the district court ruled against him he failed to
submit actual evidence of interference besides his own conclusory statements.
Vesom presented no contractual relationship or exclusive arrangement with his
patients on which to base his prospective loss. He proffered no affidavit
identifying one person who did not engage Dr. Vesom due to his loss of privileges
at the Hospital. On the other hand, the Association came forward with undisputed
evidence that Vesom continued to exercise his staff privileges at the Hospital
until April 2004, when the Board accepted the MECs recommendation. It is also
undisputed that, after he left Atchison, Dr. Vesom maintained privileges at
Cushing Memorial Hospital in Leavenworth, Kansas (approximately 25 miles
from Atchison), and Horton Community Hospital in Horton, Kansas
(approximately 20 miles from Atchison). He admittedly continued to see patients
at Cushing until his voluntary resignation of his privileges at both hospitals to
start a practice in Poplar Bluff, Missouri.
Because Dr. Vesom bears the burden of persuasion regarding his damages
at trial, the Association need not negate [Vesoms] claim. Libertarian Party of
N.M. v. Herrera, 506 F.3d 1303, 1309 (10th Cir. 2007). Rather, the Association
need only point[] out to the court a lack of evidence on an essential element of
[Vesoms] claim. Id. The Association has done so. Vesom must respond with
specific facts from which a rational trier of fact could find in his favor. Id.
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[T]he facts must be identified by reference to affidavits, deposition transcripts,

or specific exhibits incorporated therein. Id.
On appeal, Vesom makes no attempt to meet this burden. His argument to
the district court was equally unambitious. He argued, [p]lainly, plaintiff had a
thriving medical practice which was destroyed by defendants intentional and
unlawful misconduct. (R. Vol. I at 355.) This statement is not followed by
record cites. Moreover, Vesoms affidavit statement gives no indication that he
has suffered damages. Indeed, there is some evidence in the record demonstrating
his new practice in Missouri may be far more lucrative than his Kansas practice.
Dr. Vesoms [c]onclusory allegations . . . do not establish an issue of fact under
Rule 56. Bruner v. Baker, 506 F.3d 1021, 1025 (10th Cir. 2007). The district
court properly granted summary judgment on this claim.
III. CONCLUSION
Because there is no pretext, Dr. Vesoms 1981 racial discrimination claim
fails. With the demise of his 1981 claim, his 1985(3) conspiracy claim cannot
stand. Dr. Vesoms failure to present any facts supporting damages requires
summary judgment be granted in favor of the Association on his Sherman Act
claim and his state claim for interference with prospective business relations. We
decline to extend or modify Kansas law on public policy grounds, eliminating Dr.
Vesoms state whistle-blower claim. Having sufficiently sifted through state law
in concluding summary judgment is appropriate on all claims, we need not
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address Dr. Vesoms waiver under Kansas law.

AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Terrence L. OBrien
Circuit Judge

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