08/07/2016
CHAPTER 3: FORMULAS, EQUATATIONS, AND MOLES
3.1. Chemical Formulas
3.2. Formula and Molar Mass
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
3.3. Equations
Msc: Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy
Department of Natural Science, Faculty of International Training,
Thai Nguyen University of Technology
Email:
[email protected]Office room: 109 A2 building
Thai Nguyen - 2016
3.1. Chemical Formulas
Examples of Chemical Formulas
Three types of chemical formulas for
compounds
Empirical formula
Less
Informatio
n
Gives simplest ratio of elements
Molecular formula
HCO2
Hydrogen Peroxide:
HO
Empirical
Molecular
Structural
H2C2O4
Ball-and-Stick
Model
Carbon dioxide:
Gives exact number of each element
CO2
H2O2
Structural formula
Molecular
formula that shows
how atoms are connected
More
Informatio
n
Empirical
CO2
Molecular
O=C=
O
Structural
Space-Filling
Model
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Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bonds
Compounds are held together by chemical bonds
Chemical bonds result from Coulombic attractions between
protons and electrons
Coulombic attraction attraction between positive and
negative charges
We are primarily concerned with two types of bonds:
Covalent
Ionic
Electrons always shared in pairs
Resulting compound is called a covalent or molecular
compound
Basic unit: molecule
Most common formula: molecular or structural formula
Polyatomic Ions
These need to be
memorized!!
Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions
When many positive cations and negative anions bond
together, the result is an ionic compound
Basic unit: formula
CO2
Ionic Bonds
Covalent bonds form when two atoms (nonmetals) share their
electrons
unit
These are always empirical formulas
Some ionic compounds contain polyatomic ions
Polyatomic ion ion composed of two or more covalently
bonded atoms
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Classifying Elements and Compounds
Remember this?
Classifying Elements and Compounds
Classifying Elements and Compounds
Classifying Elements
We can further classify elements and compounds
according to their basic units
Must
memorize
Determine this
based on types of
bonds (covalent or
ionic)
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Ionic Compounds
Naming Compounds and
Writing Chemical
Formulas
Ionic compounds are charge neutral
The cations and anions must balance so the charges add
up to zero
To do this, we need to determine the charge on both!
How to determine charges on each ion:
Can predict some ion charges with the periodic table
For polyatomic ions, must memorize these
For transition metals, charge is either specified with
roman numerals OR must be determined from the anion
Example:
Iron (III) = Fe3+
Exceptions:
Ionic Compounds
Naming Hydrated Ionic Compounds
Name Formula
Formula Name
Basic format:
metal (__) nonmetal (-ide) OR
metal (__) polyatomic
Charge on metal (for transition metals only)
Note: instead of metal, can
also be ammonium (NH4+)
Swap charges (without signs)
Reduce subscripts if possible
Mg(NO2)2 = magnesium nitrite
Ca2+ PO43
+6
-6
Fe
3P2 = iron (II) phosphide
Some ionic compounds contain a specific
number of waters attached to each
formula unit.
Example: Ni(NO3)2 7 H2O
Name ionic compound, then add
prefix + hydrate
Ni(NO3)2 7 H2O
nickel (II) nitrate
heptahydrate
Example:
Examples:
2 (-3)
Write symbols with charges
Notice ending on second ion
-ide = nonmetal by itself
-ate or ite = polyatomic
ion
Examples:
Calcium phosphate
3 (+2)
Zn2+ and Ag+
Ca3(PO4)2
Titanium (III) nitride
Ti3+
N3
Ti3N3
TiN
Prefix
Number
hemi
mono
di
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa
nona
deca
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Covalent (Molecular) Compounds
Formula Name
Basic format:
(prefix)(1st atom) (prefix)(2nd atom)(ide)
Use prefixes to determine subscripts
Dont reduce subscripts!
Name Formula
Write symbols for each
Leave off mono- prefix if
only one of first atom
Naming Acids
Examples:
triphosphorus hexabromide = P3Br6
Examples:
PF5 = phosphorus pentafluoride
Acids are molecular compounds that release H+ ions when
dissolved in water
H atom is typically written in front
Two possibilities:
1.
Binary acids H+ cation and a nonmetal anion (two
elements total)
2.
Oxyacids H+ cation and polyatomic anion
carbon tetraiodide = CI4
N2Cl3 = dinitrogen trichloride
Acids
Organic Compounds
Formula Name
Name Formula
Binary acids (H+ + 1 other element)
Write symbols with charges
hydro prefix = nonmetal by
itself
no hydro prefix = polyatomic
ion
Remember: -ate -ic
-ite ous
Swap charges (without signs)
Basic format:
hydro______ic acid
Example: H2S =
hydrosulfuric acid
Oxyacids (H+ + polyatomic ion)
No
May also
contain nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and a
few others
Organic chemistry (or carbon chemistry) is so
interesting and varied it forms its own year long course
For now, remember: hydrocarbons contains only
carbon and hydrogen
hydro- prefix
Basic format:
polyatomic (-ic) acid
polyatomic (-ous) acid
OR -ate -ic
-ite -ous
Examples:
H2SO4 = sulfuric acid
H2SO3 = sulfurous acid
Examples:
hydrophosphoric acid
H+ P3
H3P
Organic compounds are primarily composed of
hydrogen and carbon
phosphoric acid
H+ PO43
H3PO4
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Organic
Prefixes
#C's prefix
1 meth
2
eth
3 prop
4
but
5 pent
6
hex
7 hept
8
oct
9
non
10 dec
Formula and Molar Mass
Formula mass sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms
in its chemical formula
Also known as molecular mass or molecular weight
Weight of one molecule (units = amu)
Now we can convert from
number of molecules /formula
units to grams (and vice versa)!
Number of
molecules/
formula units
Moles of
compound
Grams of
Compound
Molar mass of
compound
Avogadros
number
Formula mass is numerically equal to the molar mass
3.2 Formula and Molar Mass
Mass of 1 mole of molecules (units = grams/mol)
Example: Calculate the molar mass of sulfur trioxide.
Grams of
Compound
Number of
molecules/
formula units
Moles of
compound
Molar mass of
compound
Avogadros
number
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Composition of Compounds
Composition of
Compounds
Chemical formulas indicate the relative quantities of each element in
a compound
Consider CCl4
In 1 mole of CCl4, there are 4 moles of Cl atoms
So if you have 1 mol of Mg(C2H3O2)2
How many moles of Mg?
How many moles of C?
How many moles of H?
How many moles of O?
Mass Percent Composition
Mass percent composition elements percentage of the
compounds total mass
We can use these relationships to do conversions
Using Mass Percent Composition
We can sometimes use mass percent as a conversion
factor:
% =
Molar mass of compound
We can rewrite this as:
(# ) ( )
% =
100%
Determine the mass of Cl in 25.0 g of CCl4. The mass percent
Cl in this compound is 92.192%.
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Determining Chemical Formulas
Consider the following experimental data:
Determining Chemical Formulas from
Experimental Data
Empirical vs. Molecular Formula
Can we convert empirical formulas to molecular formulas?
Recall that the molecular formula is whole-number multiple of
the empirical formula:
We
can solve this by following these steps:
1. Convert to moles.
2. Write pseudoformula.
3. Divide all subscripts by the smallest one
a) If necessary, multiple all subscripts
by a small whole number to get rid of
fractions.
Combustion Analysis
A common experimental technique to determine empirical
formulas is combustion analysis
Burn sample in
pure oxygen and examine products
Carbon
CO2
Hydrogen
H2O
Example: Consider empirical formula CH
Molecular formula:
An unknown sample is decomposed and produces 1.651
g of silver and 0.1224 g of oxygen. What is the empirical
formula of the sample?
n = 1, 2, 3
We can find n if we have the molar mass:
=
Multiply all subscripts in the empirical formula by n to find
the molecular formula
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Combustion Analysis
How do we get an empirical formula from this?
Weigh products calculate moles of carbon and
moles of hydrogen
Grams CO2
1 mol
CO2
Moles CO2
1 mol C
1 mol CO2
Moles C
44.01 g
Grams H2O
1 mol
H2O
Moles H2O
2 mol H
1 mol H2O
Moles H
3.3 Equations
18.016 g
Any other element (usually oxygen) is determined by
subtraction from original mass of sample
Then we follow usual steps to find empirical formula
Rules for Balancing Equations
1.
2.
3.
You must end up with the same number of each
element on each side of the equation
Never change a subscript to balance; only change
coefficients
1. Coefficients go at the front of the compound
(never in the middle)
1. 2 NaCl = OK
Na2Cl = NOT OK!!
Always use lowest whole-number ratios
2 H2 + O2 2 H2O NOT
4 H2 + 2 O2 4 H2O
Tips for Balancing Equations
Sometimes we can balance by inspection
Always save the most complicated species for last
When in doubt, make a list!
This is the element that shows up in the most compounds
If you can, treat polyatomic species as one piece
H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)
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Practice Balancing Equations
Balance the following equations:
H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)
HCl(aq) + O2(g) H2O(l) + Cl2(g)
N2H4(l) NH3(g) + N2(g)
Aqueous sodium carbonate reacts with aqueous copper(II)
chloride to form solid copper(II) carbonate and aqueous
sodium chloride.
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Coefficients in balanced equations specify the relative
amounts of reactants and products in moles
We can use as these conversion factors to determine
relationships between reactants and products!
Frequently, we know the mass of the reactant(s) and want
to know the mass of the product(s)
Have to convert to moles in between!
Mass
Example:
2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(l)
If we burn 17 moles of octane (assuming excess
oxygen), how many moles of carbon dioxide do we
produce?
17 8 18
16 2
= 136 2 = 140 2
2 8 18
Molar mass
Moles of A
Atoms/
molecule
s
Avogadros
Number
Molar Mass
Mass
Moles of B
Avogadros
Number
Atoms/
molecule
s
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What is the limiting reactant?
Limiting reactant reactant that runs out first
Limiting Reagents
Theoretical Yield
Percent Yield
Amount of product is limited by this reactant, since the
reaction cannot continue without it
How to find limiting reactant:
1.
For each reactant, calculate how much product it could make
Use
2.
same product for every reactant
Whichever makes the least amount of product is the limiting
reactant
Leftover
reactant is called the excess
Always remember: if you start with grams of reactant,
you must convert to moles!
Theoretical and Percent Yields
Theoretical yield amount of product you should get if
you use up all the limiting reactant
You calculate this when you determine the LR!
Actual yield amount you actually got in an experiment
Compare them to calculate the percent yield:
% =
Molarity
100%
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Solution Concentration
Using Molarity
Many chemical reactions take place in solution
Solute substance dissolved in another substance
Solvent the substance (usually liquid) in which the
solute is dissolved
Solute + Solvent = Solution
We can use the dilution equation:
Before
Dilution
Most common unit of concentration: molarity
=
Sometimes we start with a concentrated (stock) solution and
need to make a dilute solution
After
dilution
Molarity also provides us with another useful conversion
factor
()
()
1 1 = 2 2
Example: How many grams of HCl are in 155 mL of a
0.375 M HCl solution?
Solution Stoichiometry
If solutions are described in terms of volumes and
concentration we can still do stoichiometry:
Mass
Molar mass
Moles of A
Volume
of
Solution
Molarity
Molar Mass
Mass
Solution Concentration
Moles of B
Molarity
Volume
of
Solution
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Solution Concentration
One primary disadvantage to molarity:
Volume
is a temperature dependent property
This
means that the molarity of a solution at 20C is
different from the molarity of a solution at 30C
How else can we express solution concentration?
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