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Transmission Lines

Transmission lines are used to efficiently transmit power between two points. At high frequencies, power is transmitted through electromagnetic fields that propagate along transmission lines, which are physical structures that guide these waves. The key characteristics of transmission lines are that the voltage and current vary along the length due to distributed circuit elements like inductance and capacitance per unit length. The general transmission line equations relate the voltage and current at each point on the line. These equations can be solved to show wave propagation along the line at the characteristic impedance, which is determined by the line's inductance and capacitance values.

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57 views13 pages

Transmission Lines

Transmission lines are used to efficiently transmit power between two points. At high frequencies, power is transmitted through electromagnetic fields that propagate along transmission lines, which are physical structures that guide these waves. The key characteristics of transmission lines are that the voltage and current vary along the length due to distributed circuit elements like inductance and capacitance per unit length. The general transmission line equations relate the voltage and current at each point on the line. These equations can be solved to show wave propagation along the line at the characteristic impedance, which is determined by the line's inductance and capacitance values.

Uploaded by

Poosarla Teja
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transmission Lines

Why transmission lines ?


In an electronic system, the delivery of power requires the connection of two
wires between the source and the load.

At low frequencies
power is considered to be delivered to the load through the wire.
circuit elements are discrete Lumped elements - voltage and current
waves affect the entire circuit at the same time.
Physical dimension of electric networks <<< operating

At high frequency region


power is considered to be in electric and magnetic fields that are guided
from p lace to place by some physical structure. Any physical structure that
will guide an electromagnetic wave place to place is called a Transmission
Line.
Distributed parameter network - circuit elements are distributed
throughout the length - voltage and current waves do not affect the entire
circuit at the same time
2

The major deviation from circuit theory with transmission


line - distributed networks is this positional dependence of
voltage and current!
This positional dependence is added when the assumption of
the size of the circuit being small compared to the signaling
wavelength

Efficient point to point transmission of power- TEM waves guided or


directed uses Tx Line

Common guiding structures


Coaxial Tx line
Parallel plate Tx line
Two wire Tx line

General Transmission Line Equation

Both Electric and Magnetic fields are present in the transmission line -These
fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation
for TEM mode waves
Electric field is established by a potential difference between two conductors Implies equivalent circuit model must contain capacitor.
Magnetic field induced by current flowing on the line - Implies equivalent
circuit model must contain inductor.
5

A differential length z of a Tx line is will be described by


R - resistance per unit length /m
L - inductance per unit length H/m
G - conductance per unit length S/m
C capacitance per unit length F/m

Applying Kirchhoff's Voltage Law,


i z , t
v z , t Rz.i z , t Lz
v z z , t
t
v z z , t v z , t
i z , t

Ri z , t L
z
t

If z 0,
vz, t
iz, t

Ri z, t L
1
z
t

Applying Kirchhoff's Current Law,


v z z , t
i z , t Gz.v z z , t Cz
i z z , t
t
i z z , t i z , t
v z z , t

Gv z z , t C
z
t

If z 0,
iz, t
vz, t

Gv z, t C
2
z
t

General Transmission Line Equation

Using phasors simplifies the General Transmissi on Line Equation,

i z , t ReI z e

vz , t Re V z e jt
jt

vz, t
iz, t
Ri z, t L
z
t

vz, t
jt dV z

e
RI z e jt jLI z e jt
z
dz
dV z

R jLI z Similarly,
dz

dI z

G jC V z
dz

Time Harmonic Transmissi on Line Equations,

Wave Characteristics on an Infinite


Transmission Line
dV z

R jLI z
dz

d dV z
dI z

R jL
dz dz
dz

d V z
R jL G jC V z
2
dz
2

d 2V z
2

V z 1
2
dz

dI z

G jC V z
dz
d dI z
dV z

G jC
dz dz
dz

d 2 I z
R jLG jC I z
2
dz

d 2 I z
2

I z 2
2
dz

Propagatio n Constant

R jLG jC

Attenuatio n Constant(N p/m)

R jLG jC
Phase Constant(r ad/m)

Solution of (1) & (2)

V ( z ) V ( z ) V ( z ) V0 e V0 e z

I ( z) I ( z) I ( z) I0 e I0 e

For an infinite line ez must vanish no reflected wave

V ( z ) V ( z ) V0 e z

I ( z ) I ( z ) I 0 e z

Ratio of voltage to current at any position on the


Tx line characteristic impedance, Z0

V ( z ) V0
V0
Z0

I ( z) I0
I0

R jL

Z0

G jC

R jL
G jC

j R jL G jC j j
Z0

R jL
G jC

j
13

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