International Journal of Innovative Technology & Adaptive Management (IJITAM)

ISSN: 2347-3622, Volume-1, Issue-2, November 2013

A Study on Third Generation Mobile Technology (3G) and

Comparison among All Generations of Mobile Communication
Aditi Chakraborty
Lecturer, Panskura Banamali College,
Panskura,Paschim Medinipur,W.B. INDIA.
[email protected]

Abstract: The word wide revolution in mobile is

changing our lives in term of the way we work, learn
and interact. In the past few decades, mobile wireless
technologies have experience 4 or 5 generations of
technology revolution and evolution, namely from 0G to
4G.Current research in mobile wireless technology [1]
concentrates on advance implementation of 4G
technology and 5G technology. In this paper, we review
architecture and functionality of Third generation (3G)
mobile technology and compare it with various existing
generations of mobile wireless technology vis--vis in
terms of their portals, performance, advantages and
disadvantages. The paper throws light on the evolution
and development of 3G mobile wireless technologies
along with its speed, connected devices, components
and related protocols. We also review the world wide
used of 3G technology now and in feature along with
others technologies.
Keyword: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G.

1. Introduction
3G is the third generation of mobile phone [2] [3]
standards and technology and represents one of the
biggest opportunities the business world has ever seen,
increasing the potential of mobile Internet and opening
up new revenue streams.
In 3G, mobile phones became mobile devices combining
a camera, video camera, computer, stereo, MP3 player
and radio into one device. Rich-media information and
entertainment are available at anytime whenever there
is a wireless network.
The first pre-commercial 3G network branded as
FOMA launched in May 2001, by NTT DoCoMo in
Japan. Following the first pre-commercial launch, NTT

DoCoMo again made history with the first commercial

launch of 3G in Japan on October 1, 2001.

2. Evaluation
Generation

of

Mobile

The nomenclature of the cellular wireless [1]

generations (G) generally refers to a change in the
fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards
compatible transmission technology, and new
frequency bands. New generations have appeared
about every ten years since the first move from 1981
analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This
was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support,
spread spectrum transmission and peak throughputs of
200 kbit/s; and in 2011 by 4G, which refers to all-IP
switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit
speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.

2.1. What is 1G
First generation refers to the analog brick phones and
bag phones as they were first introduced for mobile
cellular technology. Cell phones began with 1G and
signify first generation wireless analog technology
standards that originated in the 1980s. 1G was replaced
by 2G wireless digital standards.
2.2. What is 2G
2G [2] emerged in late 1980s. It uses digital signals for
voice transmission and has speed of 64 kbps. It provides
facility of SMS (Short Message Service) and use the
bandwidth of 30 to 200 KHz. Next to 2G, 2.5G system
uses packet switched and circuit switched domain and
provide data rate up to 144 kbps. E.g. GPRS, CDMA and
EDGE.
2.3. What is 3G

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International Journal of Innovative Technology & Adaptive Management (IJITAM)

ISSN: 2347-3622, Volume-1, Issue-2, November 2013

3G [2][3] is the third generation of mobile phone

standards and technology. Current 3G systems have
been established through ITUs project on International
Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000).

Figure 1: evolution of Mobile generation

3G technologies have enabled faster data transmission
speeds, greater network capacity and more advanced
network services. In May 2001, NTT DoCoMo (Japan)
launched the first pre-commercial 3G network
branded as FOMA. Following the first pre-commercial
launch, NTT DoCoMo again made history on October 1,
2001, with the first commercial launch of 3G in Japan.
UMTS-HSPA is the worlds leading 3G technology. By
2015, UMTS-HSPA and LTE 3G technologies are
expected to account for 3.9 billion global subscriptions,
compared to 569 million CDMA EV-DO subscriptions
and 59 million WiMAX subscriptions.
2.4. What is 4G
4G [5] offers a downloading speed of 100Mbps.4G
provides same feature as 3G and additional services like
Multi-Media Newspapers, to watch T.V programs with
more clarity and send Data much faster than previous
generations []. LTE (Long Term Evolution) is considered
as 4G technology. 4G is being developed to
accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by
forthcoming applications like wireless broadband
access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video
chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVB), minimal services like voice and
data, and other services that utilize bandwidth.

enabled devices that user will experience a high level of

call volume and data transmission.

3. Evolution of 3G
3G is a global development of communication
technologies and standards. As originally proposed, the
idea behind 3G was to unify the different standards
used in 2G wireless networks. Instead of different
network types being adopted in the Americas, Europe
and Japan, the plan called for a single network standard
to be agreed on and implemented. Although it was fine
in
theory,
in
actuality,
the
International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) sanctioned five
terrestrial IMT-2000 standards in its 3G standardization
process. The diagram below outlines the five IMT-2000
standards.
The ITU's IMT-2000 vision of a global family of 3G
mobile communications systems include EDGE and
UMTS, both of which 4G Americas supports for the
success of operators deploying 3G services for the
benefit of their customers.

3.1.

Connected Devices

The spread of Mobile Broadband networks, the

emergence of new mobile device categories and the
expansion of mobile service propositions is establishing
an "Internet of things" (IOT). Within the next decade,
billions of new devices will be connected to mobile
networks, providing consumers and businesses with an
array of applications, services and experiences. This, we
believe, will really usher in the "Connected Future" in
which we are always connected, anywhere, and at any
time.

2.5. What is 5G
5G Technology stands for fifth Generation Mobile
technology. Fifth generation network provide
affordable broadband wireless connectivity (very high
speed). Currently 5G term is not officially used. In fifth
generation researches are being made on development
of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic
Adhoc Wireless Networks (DAWN) and Real Wireless
World. Fifth generation focus on (Voice Over IP) VOIP-

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International Journal of Innovative Technology & Adaptive Management (IJITAM)

ISSN: 2347-3622, Volume-1, Issue-2, November 2013

The oldest member of the GSM family of technologies is

GSM itself; a digital or Personal Communications
System (PCS), 2G technology that provides voice and
circuit-switched data services.
There are several reasons why GSM is so popular
among operators and their customers:
Clear voice quality,.
International roaming
Spectral flexibility
Tight security
Data support
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards
Product selection
Research and development

Figure 2: 3G Architecture
Connected Computing Devices are built around
multimedia. This category includes computing
devices like tablets, laptops, and smartphones that
help consumers browse the web, listen to music,
and watch video.
Consumer M2M Devices are purpose-built and
depend on the cloud. This category includes
consumer tracking and navigation devices,
eReaders, and mHealth devices that run only a
single application for consumers.
Enterprise M2M Devices service specific business
needs. Enterprise M2M devices include fleet
telematics devices, digital signs, and smart grid
terminals.

4. Evolution of Mobile Technology

4.1. GSM: Global
Communications

System

for

Mobile

GSM [4] is the legacy network of the evolution to the

third generation (3G) technologies Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System (UMTS), also known as
WCDMA, and High Speed Packet Access (HSPA).
Commonly referred to as the GSM family of
technologies, the following diagram represents the
evolution from second generation (2G) GSM and
General Packet Radio System (GPRS) to 3G Enhanced
Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE), UMTS and HSPA.

4.2. EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates

Evolution

For GSM

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) [4][6] is

a third-generation (3G) technology that enables highspeed packet-data services such as Internet access and
streaming multimedia. EDGE supports peak theoretical
network data rates of 474 kbps, with average
throughput of 70 to 130 kbps on both the downlink and
the uplink. The average rates are fast enough to support
a wide range of data services, including streaming audio
and video, fast Internet access and large file downloads.
EDGE also can support Push-to-Talk (PTT) services.

4.3.

EDGE Evolution (EDGE II or Evolved EDGE)

EDGE Evolution, also called Evolved EDGE or EDGE II, is

an upgraded version of EDGE technology that was
ratified by the 3GPP in Release 7 (Rel-7). It applies many
of the techniques employed in HSPA+ to lower latency
and increase the speed of EDGE. A key part of the
evolution of EDGE is the utilization of more than one
radio frequency carrier. This is designed to overcome
the inherent limitation of the narrow channel
bandwidth of GSM.

4.4. EV-DO: Evolution-Data

Evolution-Data Only

Optimized,

or

Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data Only is a

wireless broadband standard within the CDMA2000
technology family. Code Division Multiple Access 2000
(CDMA2000), consisting principally of 1xRTT and One
Carrier-Evolved, Data-Optimized (1xEV-DO) versions, is

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International Journal of Innovative Technology & Adaptive Management (IJITAM)

ISSN: 2347-3622, Volume-1, Issue-2, November 2013

the second most widely deployed cellular technology in

the world. 1xRTT is the most widely deployed of the
CDMA2000 family of technologies and is a CDMA
operators first step towards wireless data services.
Often compared to GPRS or EDGE in the 3GPP family of
technologies, 1xRTT has a further evolution to EV-DO.

4.5.

Femtocells

Femtocells are low-power wireless access points

originally called Access Point Base Stations that
operate in licensed spectrum to connect standard
mobile devices to a mobile operators network using
the customers DSL or cable broadband connection. A
femtocell is a scalable, multi-channel, two-way
communications device that incorporates key elements
of a mobile radio access network into a compact
device about the size of the typical desktop Wi-Fi
router and can be deployed in a home or office.

4.6.

FMC: Fixed-Mobile Convergence

Fixed-Mobile Convergence (FMC) is a technology trend

toward seamless connectivity between fixed and
wireless telecommunications networks. FMC impacts
almost all communications and information industries,
promising great changes to the way customers consume
communications services anytime, anywhere and
from any device. It is comprised of four key components
service, terminal, network, and industry convergence
all of which are interrelated and critical to the success
of the others. Simply put, the aim is to provide both
fixed and mobile telephony services with a single device
or phone that can switch back and forth seamlessly.

4.7.

deploy mobile broadband services as a part of 3GPP

Release 5.

4.9.

HSUPA: High Speed Uplink Packet Access

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) [4] is an

upgrade to UMTS-HSDPA that uses the Enhanced
Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) to constitute a set of
improvements to optimize uplink performance. These
improvements include higher throughput, reduced
latency and increased spectral efficiency. HSUPA was
standardized in 3GPP Release 6 and combined with High
Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), is commonly
referred to as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA).

4.10. HSPA+: High Speed Packet Access Plus

HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access Plus) is also known as
HSPA Evolution and Evolved HSPA. HSPA+ was first
standardized in 3GPP Release 7 and standardization has
continued through to Release 10. HSPA+ will apply
some of the techniques developed for Long Term
Evolution (LTE) and allow operators to extend the life of
their HSPA networks.

4.11. IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem

The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is an architectural
framework for delivering Internet Protocol (IP)
multimedia services. It was originally designed by the
wireless standards body 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP), as a part of the vision for evolving
mobile networks beyond GSM. IMS applications can

reside either in the operators network or in thirdparty networks.

4.12. LTE: Long Term Evolution

HSPA: High Speed Packet Access

HSPA - High Speed Packet Access is the most widely

deployed mobile broadband technology in the world
today and will build upon the more than 6 billion
connections with the GSM family of technologies. HSPA
is the terminology used when both HSDPA (3GPP
Release 5) and HSUPA (3GPP Release 6) technologies
are deployed on a network.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a radio platform

technology that will allow operators to achieve even
higher peak throughputs than HSPA+ in higher spectrum
bandwidth. Work on LTE began at 3GPP in 2004, with an
official LTE work item started in 2006 and a completed
3GPP Release 8 specification in March 2009. Initial
deployments of LTE began in late 2009.

4.8. HSDPA: High Speed Downlink Packet

Access

4.13. LTE-Advanced

HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is an

upgrade to UMTS/WCDMA and has become the leading
global mobile broadband standard, HSDPA increases the
download speeds by up to 3.5 times, initially delivering
typical user data rates of 550 to 800 kbps.
Improvements to the downlink, through HSDPA, were
the first upgrade steps available to operators seeking to

LTE-Advanced is a term used for the version of LTE that

addresses IMT-Advanced requirements, as specified in
Release 10. LTE-Advanced is both backwards- and
forwards-compatible with LTE, meaning LTE devices will
operate in newer LTE-Advanced networks, and LTEAdvanced devices will operate in older LTE networks.

4.14. MIMO: Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is an antenna
technology Sometimes called smart antenna

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International Journal of Innovative Technology & Adaptive Management (IJITAM)

ISSN: 2347-3622, Volume-1, Issue-2, November 2013

technology that is used both in transmission and

receiver equipment for wireless radio communication.
MIMO uses multiple antennas to send multiple parallel
signals (from transmitter).
MIMO can be used to advance such applications as:
Streaming video, music
Video surveillance
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
Video conferencing
Interactive gaming
Mobile TV

4.15. Mobile WiMAX

WiMAX, [4] or Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access, was a name created by the WiMAX
Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote
conformity and interoperability of the IEEE 802.16
technology standard. The forum describes WiMAX as a
standards-based technology enabling the delivery of
last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to
cable and DSL. WiMAX provides wireless transmission of
data using a variety of transmission modes, from pointto-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet
access. It should be noted that most often, references
to WiMAX deployments and ecosystem announcements
include the fixed, portable and mobile WiMAX
technologies.

UMA is a global standard developed by the 3rd

Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in Release 6.
UMA provides subscriber access to mobile wireless
circuit, packet and IMS-based services over devices
using IP-based networks, such as DSL, cable and Wi-Fi.
UMA solutions promote seamless handovers, high
levels of service transparency, and a relatively lowimpact way of deploying converged services in a 2G or
3G network with the cost benefits of unlicensed
spectrum and Internet backhaul. UMA also specifies
seamless handovers between 2G and 3G GSM-HSPA
radios and unlicensed access.

4.18. UMTS:
Universal
Mobile
Telecommunications System, or WCDMA:
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
[6] is a voice and high-speed data technology that is
part of the International Telecommunication Unions
(ITU) IMT-2000 family of third-generation (3G) wireless
standards. Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) is the radio
technology used in UMTS. As a result, the terms UMTS
and WCDMA are often used interchangeably. UMTS is
based on Internet Protocol (IP) technology with user
achievable peak data rates of 350 kbps and more
typical speeds for both the uplink and the downlink at
200 to 300 kbps.
UMTS operators can use a common core network that
supports multiple radio-access networks, including
GSM, EDGE, WCDMA, HSPA and evolutions of these
technologies. This is called the UMTS multi-radio
network and it gives operators maximum flexibility in
providing different services across their coverage areas.

Figure 3: Vast used of WIMAX Technology

4.16. SAE/EPC:
System
Evolution/Evolved Packet Core

Architecture

System Architecture Evolution, or SAE, is synonymous

with Evolved Packet Core, or EPC. SAE/EPC is defined by
3GPP in Release 8 (Rel-8) as an entirely new core
network with a flatter all-IP architecture enabling a
higher data rate, lower latency packet-optimized system
that supports multiple radio-access technologies,
focusing on the packet-switched domain, with the
assumption that the system will support all services
including voice in this domain.

Figure 4: UMTS Network

4.19. Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity

4.17. UMA: Unlicensed Mobile Access

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International Journal of Innovative Technology & Adaptive Management (IJITAM)

ISSN: 2347-3622, Volume-1, Issue-2, November 2013

Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, is a wireless local area

network (WLAN) technology based on the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family
of standards, which includes 802.11a, b, g and n. There
are several key differences between cellular and Wi-Fi.
For example, Wi-Fi signals have a range of about 200 to
300 feet, while cellular GSM signals can travel for
several miles. Wi-Fi also uses unlicensed spectrum, so
unlike GSM, it has no inherent protection from
interference.

Figure 5: 3G Network

5. COMPARISON
OF
ALL
GENERATIONS
OF
MOBILE
TECHNOLOGIES
Here is the comparison table among all mobile
generation [7] [8]

Table 1: Comparison among 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G.

6. RESULT
The study was based on 3G mobile technology and a
comparatively study among all generations architecture
and the services. on various factor one generation stand
better than the other in technical advancement, data
speed and services 3G stand promising .In present day
3G provide best service but in high tariff as compared to
2G .As the advancement in generation goes the
technology become more complex and band utilization
increases.

7. CONCLUSION
The study shows though 2G provide services that are
good and high data speed at low cost ,and call rates are
at low tariff but the data speed is comparatively low
.But 3G provide high rate of data access and some
exclusive services that were not provided by previous
versions like 3G video calling. The smart phones are
more compatible to 3G services as the applications on a
smart phone require high data speed. 4G seems to be a
very promising generation of wireless communication
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International Journal of Innovative Technology & Adaptive Management (IJITAM)

ISSN: 2347-3622, Volume-1, Issue-2, November 2013

that will change the peoples life to wireless world.

There are many striking attractive features proposed for
4G which ensures a very high data rate, global roaming
etc.

8. REFERENCES
[1] Vijay K. Garg ph.d., P.E, camuel halpern M.S, and
Kenneth F.Smolik,ph.D., P.E. Third Generation (3G)
mobile communication system.
[2] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones
[3] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G.
[4]www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&se
ctionid=361
[5]Vangelis Gazis, Nikos Housos, Athanasia Alonistioti
and Lazaros Merakos Communication Networks
Laboratory, University of Athens Generic system
architecture for 4G mobile communications.
[6] Neerav Dalal Award Solutions, Inc. IEEE METROCON2001 A Comparative Study of UMTS (WCDMA) and
cdma2000 Networks.
[7] K. Kumaravel Assistant Professor Dept. of Computer
Science, Dr. N.G.P. Arts and Science College,
Coimbatore, India 641 04 Comparative Study of 3G
and 4G in Mobile Technology.
[8] Amit Kumar1; Dr. Yunfei Liu2; Dr. Jyotsna Sengupta3;
Divya41,2College of Information Science and
Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
3Dept. of Computer Science, Punjabi University, Patiala,
Punjab, India 4Dept. of ECE, CGC Group of Colleges,
Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India Evolution of Mobile
Wireless Communication Networks

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