Edexcel GCE
Physics 6733
Paper 01
January 2006
Physics 6733/01
Edexcel GCE
Confidential (Online) Mark Scheme
N (25542) A
6733/01 (PHY3)
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
Please bring this mark scheme to the meeting 26/01/06
General Certificate of Education Examination
MARK SCHEME JANUARY 2006
ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY
PHYSICS UNIT PHY3
PRINCIPAL EXAMINER
A N Johns, Lethans View Cottage, Hillside, Nr Saline, Fife, KY12 9TD (01383 850347)
[email protected]
ASSESSMENT LEADER AND ASSESSMENT COORDINATOR
Frances Kirkman: 020 7190 4744, [email protected]
Jagdeep Kaur: 020 7190 4743, [email protected]
Last date 15/02/06
Detailed instructions to Examiners are contained in document E38/39. Please read it
carefully.
Within the scheme:
/ indicates alternative marking point
( ) brackets indicate words not essential to the answer
[ ] brackets indicate additional guidance for markers
a.e. arithmetic error (1 mark)
e.o.p. error of physics
e.c.f. error carried forward
s.f. sig figs (1 mark where specified)
u.e. unit error (1 mark)
Quality of Written Communication
Read the answer through. Award the mark if you answer yes to ALL the following. The mark is
independent of the marks for correct physics.
Is the answer in the physics context of the question?
Is the candidates meaning clear on first reading?
Is appropriate use made of physics terms?
Is there effective use of spelling, punctuation and grammar?
N25542A
Unit error policy
Missing or incorrect units will normally be penalised. They will not be penalised in show
that questions or in any other question where the units to be used have been given.
Occasionally, it may be decided not to penalise a missing or incorrect unit, e.g. the
candidate may be calculating the gradient of a graph, resulting in a unit which is not one
that should be known and is complex. Principal Examiners will indicate on the mark
scheme if no unit error penalty is to be applied.
The same missing or incorrect unit will not be penalised more than once within one
question but may be penalised again in another question.
Significant figures policy
Use of an inappropriate number of significant figures in the theory papers will normally
only be penalised in show that questions where use of too few significant figures has
resulted in the candidate not demonstrating the validity of the given answer.
Use of an inappropriate number of significant figures will normally be penalised in the
practical tests.
Graphs
The following usually applies. There may be exceptions, however, and the Principal
Examiners will give details at the appropriate point.
Axes: Both axes must be labelled with quantities and units, and drawn the correct way
round. However, if a unit is incorrect both in the table and on the graph it should be
penalised only in the table and treated as an ecf for the graph.
[Note: sometimes a separate mark will be given for units or for each axis if the units are
complex. This will be indicated in the mark scheme.]
Scale:
Do not credit awkward scales, e.g. multiples of 3, 7 etc
The chosen scale should allow all points to be plotted
Do not credit scales if the chosen scale results in plotted points using only half of
either axis
Plots:
Points should be plotted to within 1 mm
Check the two points furthest from the best line. If both OK, award mark
If either is 2 mm out do not award mark
If both are 1 mm out do not award mark
If either is 1 mm out then check another two and award mark if both of these OK,
otherwise no mark
Line:
This should be a thin continuous line which is the best-fit line for the candidates results,
i.e. balancing points on either side of the line. The best-fit line may be a straight line or a
curve.
6733 Unit Test PHY3 (Topics)
Topic A - Astrophysics
(a)(i)
(ii)
Background wavelength
Use of max T = 2.90 10-3 m K
Correct substitution
1.06 (or 1.1) 10-3 m
Part of spectrum
Microwave or infra-red
(b)(i) Main sequence star definition
(Fusion of) hydrogen (nuclei) / protons to helium (nuclei)
stably / in equilibrium / in core
(ii)
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
Diagonal falling line
Correct curvature above 20 000 K AND below 5000 K
X on line and level with 100 (to + 1 mm) [must be clearly indicated]
(iii)
Dwarfs and Giants
(i) bottom left quadrant
(ii) top right quadrant
9
[no region indicated max. 9 x]
T consistent with diagram at centre of region AND 2500 T/K 10000
(c)
(i)
More MS stars
Cas
9
9
(ii) Cen B
(iii) Diameter of Sirius A
26 3.9 1026
1.0 1028 W (ue)
9
9
(iv) L = T4 A (or implied by substitution)
(v)
A = 2.46 (or 2.43 or 2.45) 1019 (m2)
Use of d2 / 4 r2 / 1.4 109 m
9
9
2.8 109 m [no ecf]
(d)
Supernova processes
Quality of written communication
Heavier elements fused / fusion occurs in outer shells (around core)
Runs out of fuel to fuse/fusion ceases THUS implosion / core collapse
Protons + electrons form neutrons OR Shock wave (or explosion) blows away 9
outer layers
9
Neutron star / pulsar / black hole
(e)(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Hydrogen fusion
Mass subtraction of 4p He
4.7 10-29 (kg)
E = mc2 seen/implied
4.2 (or 4.5) 10-12 J
Percentage mass loss
4.7 10-29 divided by 4 1.673 10-27 (allow 5 10-29 or 6.645 10-27)
7 10-3
% conversion: 0.7% / 0.75% (ecf)
TOTAL
3
32
Topic B - Solid Materials
(a)(i)
Young modulus
Any reference to gradient or E = stress / strain (or implied)
Substitution of correct values for either straight line (to + 1 mm)
1.25 1.45 1011 and 3.s.f
(ii) Energy density
9
Any area attempted
Triangle area: 300 1.5
or
13.5 cm2 squares
Rectangle area: 300 1.5
or
each of 100 (MPa)
[or equivalent
area chosen]
9
9
9
6.5 7.0 and 105 (J m-3)
(iii) Strongest material
A
Highest UTS / tensile stress
(b)(i) Crosses and materials
Three crosses at end of straight line regions
A = high carbon steel
B = mild steel
C = copper
All correct (1 or 2 correct score 9 x)
99
High carbon steel / A [if A = h.c.s.]
(ii) Molecular structure of metals
9
Quality of written communication
Elastic atomic separation increases AND reversible / atoms do not 9
change (relative) position
Plastic bonds between atoms broken / dislocations move / atoms change 9
position permanently / relatively
(iii)
Fracture plane of bonds break
1
Rubber line to scale
(Horizontal) line starting from origin (max 40 MPa at 3.0 10-3)
(c)
Pre-stressed reinforced concrete beam
(d)(i)
Steel / iron AND rod / cable / wire
Tension / loaded / stressed
Concrete cast / poured over (not cement) AND allowed to set / solidify
Tension forces removed [NOT rods contract]
(Leaving) steel in tension AND concrete in compression
Materials which can be stretched considerably / to high strain (or >100%)
9
AND still return to their original length when stress is removed
Elastomer
(ii) Molecular structure of rubber
(e)
Tangled chain molecules
(Easy to stretch at start) chains are straightened out
(Harder to stretch when) straight chains (or bonds) being stretched
Castle drawbridge
(i) W = 19 620 N / 20 000 N
(ii) Weight acting at 1.5 m, vertically downwards
(iii) Principle of moments stated or implied [in equilibrium not required]
Substitution with cos 45o or sin 45o (allow 2T here, ecf)
7 kN (no ecf)
9
TOTAL
3
32
Topic C - Nuclear and Particle Physics
(a)(i)
Neutron Capture Equation
238
92 U
(ii)
+ 01 n
239
92
Beta minus decay
239
92
239
93
Np +
0
1
_
+
U Np +
All six numbers correct antineutrino
(b)(i) Binding energy per nucleon graph
Nucleon number / mass number
(ii)
Nuclei on graph
H at start of curve (< 3 MeV), Fe at peak of curve (at 56), U at end of
curve (at 235) [to 1mm]
any two
all three
Fe (ecf)
Binding energy of U
(iii)
7.5 / 7.6 (ecf)
x 235
1.8 (GeV) [allow 1.77 1.80]
(iv)
(c)(i)
(ii)
Positronium charge and mass
neutral / zero
charges of +1 AND -1 cancel
Electron and positron are antimatter versions of each other
Antimatter interaction
Annihilation
/ energy / photon
(iii)
Possible interactions
Quality of written communication
Electromagnetic force affects charged particles hence yes
Weak force affects all particles C hence yes
Gravitational force negligible / affects masses hence yes OR strong force
9
affects quarks only hence no
(iv) Similarities and differences
Any two from: Made of matter and antimatter / short lifetime / unstable /
99
neutral charge [not made of fundamental particles]
Lepton vs. quarks / different mass / meson affected by strong force
(d)(i) Conservation laws
Baryon
-1
Q: (-1) + (+1) = (0) + (+1) + (X)
B: (0) + (+1) = (0) + (0) + (X)
(ii) Quark content
9
uud
_
us
Particle X
(iii)
_
_ _
Quark equation (su + uud ds + us + X) [allow ecf]
Correct cancelling of quark flavours
9
9
sss [sss alone scores 3/3]
TOTAL
3
32
Topic D - Medical Physics
(a)
(b)
(c)(i)
Radiation effects on cells
Destruction / kills cells [not just damage]
Mutation
Nuclear equation
Correct symbols: I Xe + +
0 and -1 for
131, 53 AND 131, 54 correct for I and Xe
Technetium symbols
metastable / excited state
will emit / energy / photon
(ii) Time scale
One day per cycle
(iii) Elution graph shape
Quality of written communication
(Rise: ) Mo decays to generate Tc
(Fall:) milking of cell / elution process / Tc flushed out / Tc removed
from cell
Peak height falls as Mo decays
(d)(i) Nature of ultrasound
High frequency (wave / sound) / frequency above human hearing
Above 20 000 Hz [or correct example given]
(ii) Sonar principle
Pulse / short ultrasound wave sent
Detect echo / reflection
(Information gained from) time delay / signal amplitude
(iii) Specific acoustic impedance of soft tissue
Use of c = f and 106, 10-3 conversion
1545 / 1550 (m s-1)
(iv) Correct substitution in Z = cp
1.64 106 kg m-2 s-1 [allow 1.59 106 kg m-2 s-1]
(v) Percentage transmission
(e)(i)
Use of
Substitution (should be (4.9/8.1)2, ecf their Z)
0.36 / 0.37 [no ecf, beware 60% from incorrect equation]
64% / 63% [ecf on reflected value]
X-ray energy
9
Diagnosis keV AND therapy MeV
Any point from: keV: Preferential absorption / Z dependence for
9
absorption [or MeV absorption not Z dependent]
9
MeV: More penetrating / kill cells
(ii) X-ray image explanation
White = bone AND grey (allow black or darker areas) = soft tissue
White = no X-rays reach film (to darken it) / Grey = some X-rays reach 9
film (to darken some of it)
Attenuation / absorption (strongly) dependent on proton number
20 > 9 (or implied) means greater attenuation for bone than tissue
9
Total
4
32
