SCALE REMOVAL, LIMESCALE PREVENTION, ELECTRONIC DESCALING, ELECTRONIC WATER SOFTENERS
Rectangular pulse waveform at 5 amps from our SM-5000 showing 2 megahertz triangular oscillations. Click for bigger pictures.
Our scale removal electro-magnetic generator with
power control of 12 volts with average current of 2 amps with peaks to 20 amps. Can drive over 40 turns of cable.
instantaneous current peaks up to 20 amps, typical for up to 20 diameter pipe descaler.
Wide frequency range of automatic frequency scan and pulse width modulation up to and including radio frequencies of 2 megahertz
needed for ferrous pipes.
Waveform contains rectangular pulses with triangular waveform oscillations
10 levels of continuous fine current control from 0.1 amps up to the maximum equivalent to 10 different smaller models.
Pulsed signals have 50 nanosecond (0.05 microseconds) rise-time to achieve greater pulverization of crystals.
Enclosure is of robust die-cast solid aluminum, unbreakable metal knob, secure screw-in power connector, with options of waterproof
gasket and mounting flanges. Option of ABS NEMA 4 enclosure (protection against hose directed water).
External switching power supply (12 volts) is internationally approved for any country, thus facilitating regulatory and safety approvals.
Short circuit proofed. No power line voltages enter our units.
Test lamp 12v, for testing and sales demonstrations
Click here for descaler models and prices
Welcome to ScaleMaster Digital Electromagnetic Descaler and water softener for Limescale and Hard Water Fouling. This page
is dedicated to our Electromagnetic & Ultrasonic Lime Scale Prevention units for the elimination of scale and microbes in water,
waste water and effluents for all residential and industrial applications. We are specialist water treatment engineers delivering
engineered and serviced solutions to fouling problems by waterscale, corrosion, algae, bacteria, viruses and biofilms.
ScaleMaster uses a unique and complex broad-spectrum energy form that produces an inaudible ultra-sonic impulse that
changes the electrical and physical properties of the scale-forming calcium molecules. This causes the adhesive properties of the
calcium carbonate crystals and other minerals to repel rather than adhere to pipes, fixtures and remain suspended and dissolved
in the water. This action stops any further build-up of scale and because the solubility of the water is increased, existing scale is
taken back into the water and gradually removed. Installation of our disinfection and descaling units is simple and usually involves
a wrap around jacket with no plumbing or cutting into pipes.
We are pleased to offer the best of Scale Prevention Systems and other non-chemical disinfecting treatments for drinking water
and waste water fouling problems to all types of Industry, Commerce and the Public Sector.
Handles any commercial application from 1/4 " up to 8" pipe size. Designed for indoor/outdoor installation. Extremely powerful, up to
1600mA of power. Easy to install, without cutting pipes. Automatically works on 110 or 220 VAC with our internationally approved power
supplies.
Our latest design incorporates static plus dynamic electro-magnetic fields with the widest range of automatic frequency sweep in the industry
(from 2 kilohertz to 2 megahertz) and more recently random noise generated Spread Spectrum technology which considerably widens the
range of frequencies injected into the water.
A few examples of successful applications with this technology
1.
FOOD PROCESSING, PREPARATION AND STORAGE,
2.
BEVERAGE MANUFACTURING, COFFEE SHOPS, COFFEE VENDING MACHINES,
3.
RESTAURANTS, BISTROS
4.
HOTELS AND SPAS
5.
APARTMENT BUILDINGS,
6.
CHEMICAL PLANTS,
7.
METALS AND PLASTICS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
8.
VEHICLES, BUS TOILETS
9.
ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURING
10. SWIMMING POOLS, HOT TUBS
11. COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS,
12. WAREHOUSES PUBLIC SECTOR,
13. LOCAL GOVERNMENT,
14. LEISURE COMPLEXES,
15. WATER UTILITIES,
16. WATER HEATERS,
17. STEAM GENERATING BOILERS,
18. COOLING TOWERS AND HEAT EXCHANGERS,
19. WASTE WATER AND EFFLUENTS,
20. CHILLERS AND EVAPORATORS, HUMIDIFIERS
21. DISTILLING EQUIPMENT,
22. LIQUORS, BEERS, WINES
23. AGRICULTURE, FARMS
24. HORSES, POULTRY
25. VETERINARY
We at Biophysica Inc. are Water Treatment specialists offering equipment, expert consultation and experience in the fields of Microbiology,
Electronics, Electro-chemistry Electromagnetics, Radio Frequencies and Ultrasonics. Our ScaleMaster combined with Ionization technology is
reliable and consistent with all extremes of Calcium, Iron & Magnesium Carbonate, Sulphate, Phosphate and a wide variety of other aqueous
scaling and biological fouling.
Scale is an accumulation of mineral deposits absorbed from a water stream. By the time it reaches your home, water has passed over and
permeated through limestone, marble and other minerals, and has dissolved a form of calcium carbonate, commonly known as calcite, into it.
When this hard water is heated or when evaporation takes place, calcite precipitates layers or rock-like deposits in your pipes and around your
fixtures.
Our scientists have developed a system that will solve your hard water problems. One that is...inexpensive, easily installed (requires no
plumbing), never needs maintenance, uses less than $3 per year in electricity, does not require chemicals or salt, works on all types of pipes, noninvasive, takes up little space and actually works!
The ScaleMaster system uses a complex, integrated circuitry system in an attractive weatherproof box that provides a charge to a signal cable that
simply wraps around your pipe. The unit features two sets of LED lights that let you know the system is functioning properly.
ScaleMaster's signal cable produces an oscillating electric field using a unique and complex modulating frequency wave form that produces an
inaudible sonic impulse that changes the electrical and physical properties of the scale-forming calcium molecules. This causes the adhesive
properties of the calcium carbonate crystals and other minerals to repel rather than adhere to pipes, fixtures and remain suspended in the water.
This action stops any further build-up of scale and because the solubility of the water is increased, existing scale is taken back into the water and
gradually removed.
Independent Study Calls Softeners One Of The 'Very Best' Household Energy Savers , April 14, 2010
Lisle, IL /PRNewswire/ - Water softeners can save significant amounts of money and energy in the home, a major new study by the independent Battelle Institute
revealed. Water softening devices offer green benefits to water heaters, appliances, showerheads
Softeners help preserve the efficiency of water heaters and major appliances and keep showers and faucets unclogged, the report found. The study was commissioned
by the Water Quality Research Foundation (WQRF) in 2009. Battelle Institute is a renowned independent testing and research facility dedicated to applied science and
technology development.
Among some of the key findings of the study:
Gas water heaters:
Gas storage tank household water heaters operated on softened water maintained the original factory efficiency rating over a 15-year lifetime. On the other hand, hard
water can lead to as much as a 48% loss of efficiency in water heaters.
Each five grains per gallon of water hardness causes a 4% loss in efficiency and 4% increase in cost for gas storage tank water heaters when using 50 gallons of hot
water per day. (On 30 gpg hard water, that's 24% less efficient than with softened water.)
Each five grains per gallon of hardness causes an 8% loss in efficiency and 8% increase in cost when using 100 gallons of hot water per day in a gas storage tank water
heater. (On 30 gpg hard water, that's 48% less efficient than with softened water.)
Electric water heaters:
Up to 30 pounds of calcium carbonate rocklike scale can accumulate in these heaters over time, according to the study. The life of the heating element will be shortened
due to scale buildup because of increased operating temperature of the heating element.
Also each five gpg of water hardness causes 0.4 pounds of scale accumulation each year in electric storage tank household water heaters. Such scale adversely affects
the water heater's performance. Battelle says in the electric storage water heaters operating on unsoftened water "the life of the heating element can be expected to
shorten due to scale buildup increasing the operating temperature of the element."
Tankless heaters:
Indoor instantaneous gas water heaters (tankless heaters) operated on softened water maintained the original factory efficiency rating over a 15-year lifetime.
The study found that tankless water heaters completely failed to function because of scale plugging in the downstream plumbing after only 1.6 years of equivalent hot
water use on 26 gpg hard water. Softened water saves 34% of costs compared to operating on 20 gpg and saves 47% compared to operation on 30 gpg hard water.
Showerheads and faucets:
Showerheads on soft water maintained a brilliant luster and full flow. Faucets on softened water performed well throughout the study; nearly as well as the day they were
installed. Showerheads on hard water lost 75% of the flow rate in less than 18 months. Faucets on hard water could not maintain the specified 1.25 gallons per minute
flow rate because of scale collection of the strainers. The strainers on the faucets using unsoftened water were almost completely plugged after 19 equivalent days of
testing.
Appliances:
In the study, dishwashers and washing machines were operated for 30 days and 240 completed wash cycles on soft and hard water sources. The units using soft water
were almost completely free of any water scale buildup. As the report states, they appeared as if they could be cleaned up to look like new with just a quick wipe down.
The appearance of the inside of units using hard water showed the need for deliming and cleaning due to the buildup of scale and deposits.
SOURCE Water Quality Research Foundation
Restaurants
Customers will notice an immediate difference in the feel of the water. It will be smoother and silkier to the touch. Calcium scale buildup is a
breeding ground for bacteria. The calcium in your pipes will begin to dissolve and reduce the risk of bacterial infections. Once
the ScaleMaster is installed, you will notice many benefits that will lead to other major improvements in your establishment.
Financial: You will be saving considerable money on your water-heating bill. As scale is removed from your pipes, your water heater will
work much more efficiently. A reduction of 1/4" of scale will save you up to 40% in your heating costs. The ScaleMaster will clean pipes
throughout the entire building and keep them scale-free permanently. Once your pipes have cleaned out, the water pressure will return to its
maximum flow rate. Even your water will boil faster.
Bathrooms: You will notice a decrease in toilet bowl, urinal, sink stains and discoloration. Lime scale deposits will disappear forever. Mold
and mildew caused by hard water will be a thing of the past. The bathroom fixtures will clean a lot easier, saving you money on your
maintenance bills.
Dishes: Your dishwasher will be more energy efficient as the ScaleMaster removes hard scale that has formed on the rinse/wash jets,
pumping and head raising equipment and supply lines. Spotting on dishes and glassware will be reduced dramatically. You will notice that
detergent will not clot in conveyor and/or rack type dishwashing equipment. You can expect up to a 20% reduction in detergent use. All of
your appliances that are in contact with water will have prolonged life spans.
Beverages: Your coffee and tea makers will remain cleaner and operate more effectively. The lines will become unclogged and the taste of
your beverages will be greatly improved. The ScaleMaster will prolong the life of your icemaker, too. The overall quality of ice cubes and
drinking water will be remarkably improved.
Investment: For a small, one time only investment, the ScaleMaster will be one of most beneficial purchases you will ever make for your
establishment. TheScaleMaster has an expected life span of about twenty years. Best of all, there is absolutely no maintenance, chemicals
or salts required.
Coffee Vending Machines
A good hot cup of coffee for its employees is a necessity for any company. Coffee vending machines supply this demand, but often require
service calls to clean or replace the heating elements and to unclog the water lines that get full of scale. Coffee vending machine owners had
no alternative but to absorb the cost of service calls & maintenance before the discovery of the electronic descaler, ScaleMaster.
Reduces maintenance and service calls dramatically.
Reduces element replacement and cleaning
Eliminates line clogging due to scale build-up
Improves taste of coffee by cleaning out pipes of scale and eliminating bacteria that breeds in the scale
Improves hot water heater efficiency
Scale is a coating or precipitate deposited on surfaces that are in contact with hard water. The most common form of scale is calcium
carbonate. Scale is most visually evident as hard white deposits which build up in faucets, shower heads, toilets, bath tubs, glassware in
residential houses and in commercial use such as coffee and ice makers, and in industrial use such as cooling towers, boilers, heat
exchangers and evaporators. Many billions of dollars are lost due to equipment failure or replacement caused by scale buildup.
Evaporative Air Coolers
Hard water problems and scaling are never more evident than to owners of evaporative coolers. Better known as "swamp coolers", most
home owners and businesses in the western United States rely on these systems for air cooling during the hot summer months. However,
hard water causes severe scaling that requires constant maintenance and replacement of the filter pads.
Scale build-up on evaporative cooler system on the Gila River Housing Authority, an Indian Tribe in New Mexico. The filter pad is completely
scaled up in just one month and needs to be cleaned or replaced periodically. When the pad is clogged up, the air flow reduction increases
humidity which reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of the air cooler. The corrosion rate increases with scale buildup, causing
considerable depreciation of all cooler parts including the blower, brackets and pumps.
A SolutionBy simply installing the SM-25 ScaleMasterunit on the recirculating line, you can enjoy these benefits...
No longer do you have to climb up on your roof every month to clean or exchange the filter pads.
Save $$$ on service calls, cooler parts and filter pads.
Stops bleed line from clogging up which causes higher TDS levels and more scaling.
Allows the air cooler to function at its maximum potential all the time--providing you with maintenance-free cool air!
DESCALING....
By Jeffrey M. Conway
Approximately 85% of the World experiences hard water. Water hardness is a common quality of water which contains dissolved compounds
of calcium and magnesium and, sometimes, other divalent and trivalent metallic elements. Hardness prevents soap from lathering by
causing the development of an insoluble curdy precipitate in the water. Another problem associated with hard water is scale.
Several new technologies have hit the marketplace in the past few years that claim to soften the water and remove scale. We will look
closer at the cause of scale, common evidence of scale, summarize the four basic technologies available to control the effects of hard water.
What is Scale?
Scale is a coating or precipitate deposited on surfaces that are in contact with hard water. Water that contains carbonates of bicarbonates of
calcium or magnesium are especially likely to cause scale. When water is heated or evaporation takes place, scale minerals precipitate
layers of rocklike deposits inside pipes, water heaters, equipment, and on fixtures and glassware. While most common scale is a result of
calcium carbonate, other combinations of ions commonly found in water offer a variety of scale.
Common Evidence of Scale
Scale is most visually evident as hard white to off white deposits which build-up in faucets, shower heads and drains. Scale leaves deposits
on dishes, glassware, sinks, countertops and on vehicles that were just washed. Most scale formations are hard and very difficult to clean.
Visual references also include fixtures such as toilets, bath tubs, showers and appliances like coffee and ice makers. Swimming pools and
spas can experience scale build up on tile and pump equipment. Cooling towers have tremendous scale problems that cause that industry
alone a billion dollars a year to remove. Evaporative coolers, boilers, car washes, irrigation systems, processing equipment, paper pulp mills
all experience scale problems. Unfortunately, because scale forms a "coating" it can significantly effect thermotransfer and reduce the flow of
fluids. The increase of fuel cost due to scale build-up is highly significant.
COMBATING HARD WATER AND ITS EFFECTS
There are four basic technologies available to control the effects of hard water.
Ion-Exchange - Water softening by ion-exchange removes calcium and magnesium ions and replaces them, usually, with salt. Ion-exchange
systems require a tank filled with exchange resins, a mechanism to regenerate the resins and a tank to store salt brine used for
regeneration. Ion-exchange water softeners combat the effects of hard water by removing the calcium and magnesium nutrients.
Phosphates - Polyphosphates are used as a sequestering agent to control iron and hardness, and as coating agents to control corrosion by
formation of a thin passivating film on metal surfaces. Polyphosphate crystals are placed inside a filter housing; as water flows through the
filter the polyphosphate crystals slowly dissolve and are thereby introduced into the water stream. In essence, polyphosphates bind calcium
and magnesium in solution where they are less likely to precipitate and form calcite. Phosphates are preferred food for bacteria which offer
greater potential for bacteria growth. Polyphosphate crystals must be regularly replaced as they dissolve into solution.
Permanent Magnets - Of all the products available today in the water industry, none is more controversial than that of magnetic devices.
The fact is, permanent magnets use a fixed energy field which, under controlled conditions, effect the crystal structure of calcium. Controlled
conditions is the key factor to the effectiveness of permanent magnets. Pipe size, flow rates and levels of hardness may effect the magnets
ability to perform if not properly sized.
Historically, the performance of permanent magnets have been ultimately reliant on controlled conditions, such as flow rate; their energy
levels and power fields are fixed. Unfortunately, improper sizing has happened more than once, and when coupled with false claims from the
manufacturers and dealers, bad word of mouth spreads. The truth is however, magnets have been used widely, and successfully, in the
Soviet states and parts of Europe for many decades both in residential applications and in industrial/marine applications. Many
manufacturers claim to have thousands of satisfied customers.
Electronic Conditioning - Electronic water conditioning is a relatively new technology which evolved from the use of magnetic fields in
water improvement. The advent of these systems introduce both variable energy and frequency changes. Electronic treatment is based on
the principal of creating an oscillating electro-magnetic field of energy with the use of low frequency radio or square waves. As water passes
through a pipe delivering variable frequencies and energy levels, a physical change in the preferred crystal structure of calcium and
magnesium occurs changing the crystalline structure of aragonite rather than the random crystalline structure of calcite. Aragonite is a form
of calcite crystallizing that stays in solution and does not adhere to surfaces. This action stops any further build-up of scale and because
the solubility of the water is increased, existing scale is taken back into the water and gradually removed. Like the magnets, precise energy
and frequency fields are required in order for the electronic water conditioners to work properly.
Prices:
All in $ US All of our descalers now emit a wide range of magnetic waveforms at scalepictures.htm with frequencies from 2
kiloHertz up to 2 megahertz radio frequencies and can penetrate through ferrous based pipe. Higher power levels allow for more turns
(40) of cable over a greater length of pipe. All of our generators deliver an output based on constant
highly conductive loads and shorts, not constant voltage which would blow a fuse when shorted.
Model: All have extra option of
variable current control which
allows user to select any level
Pipe diameter, current and power. Of these, the most
from 0.1 amp to the maximum of
Applications
important factors to compare are current and power
that model. All will drive over 40
turns of cable with frequencies up
to 2 megahertz.
current which is ideal for
Robust
version
with solid
die-cast
aluminium
case with
waterproof
gasket and
flanges to
mount on a
wall
Our New 0.6 amp Model Model
SM-600V
Maximum pipe diameter up to 0.4" ;
Average current =
For coffee machines,
0.6 amp max. Variable from 0.1 to 0.6 amp Power = 2.4
small homes
watts
$1295.00 US
Our New 0.8 amp Model Model
SM-800V
Maximum pipe diameter up to 0.6" ;
Average current =
For coffee machines,
0.8 amp max. Variable from 0.1 to 0.8 amp Power = 3.2
small homes
watts
$1,390.00
US
Our New 1 amp Model Model SM- Maximum pipe diameter up to 1" ;
Average current = 1 For coffee machines,
1000V
amp max. Variable from 0.1 to1 amp Power = 4 watts
small homes
$1,998.00
US
Our New 2 amp Model SM-2000
Maximum pipe diameter up to 2" ;
Average current = For homes, commercial
$3305.00 US
2 amps Peak current = 8 amps. Power = 8 watts
or industrial
Our New 3 amp Model SM-3000
Maximum pipe diameter up to 3" ;
Average current
commercial or industrial $3995.00 US
= 3 amps, Peak current = 10 amps Power = 12 watts
Our New 4 amp Model SM-4000
Maximum pipe diameter up to 4" ;
Average current =
commercial or industrial $4305.00 US
4 amps, Peak current = 10 amps. Power = 16 watts
Our New 5 amp Model SM-5000
commercial or industrial,
Maximum pipe diameter up to 5" ;
Average current =
cooling towers,
$5995 US
5 amps, Peak current = 14 amps. Power = 20 watts
evaporators
Our New 6 amp Model SM-6000
commercial or industrial,
Maximum pipe diameter up to 6" ;
Average current =
cooling towers,
$9305 US
6 amps, Peak current = 14 amps. Power = 24 watts
evaporators
Our New 8 amp Model SM-8000
commercial or industrial,
Maximum pipe diameter >8" ;
Average current = 8
cooling towers,
$12285 US
amps, Peak current = 18 amps Power = 32 watts
evaporators
Our New 10 amp Model SM-10000
commercial or industrial,
Maximum pipe diameter >10" ;
Average current =
cooling towers,
$15,000 US
10 amps, Peak current = 18 amps Power = 40 watts
evaporators
Our New 12 amp Model SM-12000
commercial or industrial,
Maximum pipe diameter >20" ;
Average current =
cooling towers,
$20,000 US
12 amps, Peak current = 18 amps Power = 48 watts
evaporators
Our New 15 amp Model SM-15000
commercial or industrial,
Maximum pipe diameter >20" ;
Average current
cooling towers,
= 15 amps, Peak current = 22 amps Power = 60 watts
evaporators
$25,000
US
SM-125 and similar devices normally put out only 0.2 amps (200 milliamps) are now replaced by our new SM-2000 which is a higher power 2 amp
unit suitable for maximum pipe diameter 10" at 2000 gpm. Such high power levels normally retail in the descaling industry for $4995. A variable
control knob allows the user to program any lower current level thus replacing all smaller units. We now have 3 and 5 amp models, also with 2
MHz. These are all based on state-of-the-art efficient switching technology rather than obsolete linear current control which required massive heat
sinks in order to operate at more than 0.1 amps and were limited to low frequencies of a few kilohertz. Although we have designed our generators
to be able to be turned down to 0.1 amps, because some experts believe that low levels are effective, we believe that less than 1 amp is
insufficient in most applications.
The waveform is repetitive rectangular pulses with square edge, pulse width modulated, each having a very fast rise-time of 50 nanoseconds,
repeating approximately every 10 microseconds (100 kHz) with resonance oscillations up to 2 megaHertz. The oscillations decay in amplitude with
a triangular profile, then the next pulse rectangular comes followed by another oscillation. The waveform has the benefits of rectangular, square
and triangular characteristics. The Triangular Wave Control System causes "induced molecular broad spectrum agitation". The charged particles in
the fluid (including water molecules themselves, scale ions, colloids, bacteria, and algae in water) experience molecular agitation as they pass
through the pipe section with the Triangular Wave Magnetic Fields. The induced molecular agitation is caused by the synergistic combination of
polarity change, rapid frequency change, and amplitude change giving the Triangular Wave System the ability to more effectively treat a wide
variety of fluids. The result is clean pipes and tubing with no biofilm and reduced bacterial contamination.
Options:
Descaler box of solid die-cast aluminum with two flanges for wall mounting, water-proof gasket and painted black. Extra $100
10 diode bar-graph display to indicate electrical current flow through magnetic coil instead of one light. Extra $200
Digital meter to indicate electrical current flow through magnetic coil. Extra $300
Descaler box as an elegant more expensive plastic box is functionally identical but with an expensive attractive plastic windowed enclosure with the capability of an
optional digital meter above to indicate electrical current flow through magnetic coil. Extra $1000
Outdoor plastic, lockable, water-proof enclosure to contain our descaler, ionizer and DC power supply. Can be wall mounted. Extra $500
Automobile 12 volt lamp (2, 3, 5, or 10 Amp) and cable to test, verify and demonstrate appropriate generator output. Provided free with the unit.
How Hard is Your Water?
Slightly Hard
Moderately Hard
Hard
Very Hard
0.3 grains
4-7 grains
8-10
10 grains plus
17.1-51.3 ppm or mg/L
68.4-119.7 ppm or mg/L
136.8-171 ppm or mg/L
188.1 ppm or mg/L plus
References:The following references represent only a small sample of the published work on these technologies. The references here are intended to give
the reader an indication of the history of scientific research on the topic as well as the sponsoring agencies and interested audiences.
Benefits of soft water Dealers should be looking to educate customers on all the benefits from water softeners. at
http://www.watertechonline.com/articles/165826-benefits-of-soft-water
Federal Technology Alert "Non- Chemical Technologies for Scale and Hardness Control" DOE/EE-0162 at http://www.spaceage.com/magwater/fta/fta_nonchem.pdf "These technologies (electronic descalers, magnetic water softeners) can be used as a replacement for most
water-softening equipment"
Alleman, J. 1985. Quantitative Assessment of the Effectiveness of Permanent Magnet Water Conditioning Devices. Purdue University. Sponsored by and
protocol by Water Quality Association.
American Petroleum Institute. 1985. Evaluation of the Principles of Magnetic Water Treatment, Publication 960.
Baker, J.S., and S.J. Judd. 1996. "Magnetic Amelioration of Scale Formation." Water Research, 30(2):247-260.
Benson, R.F., B.B. Martin, and D.F. Martin. 1994. "Management of Scale Deposits by Diamagnetism. A Working Hypothesis." Journal Environmental
Science and Health, A29(8):1553-1564.
Busch, K. W., M. A. Busch, D. H. Parker, R. E. Darling, and J. L. McAtee, Jr. 1986. "Studies of a Water Treatment Device That Uses Magnetic Fields," In
Proceedings Corrosion/85, Boston MA.
Dirks, J.A., and L.E. Wrench. 1993. "Facility Energy Decision Screening (FEDS) Software System." PNL-SA-22780. In Proceedings of the Energy and
Environmental Congress. Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 4-5, 1993.
Fryer, L. 1995. "Magnetic Water Treatment A Coming Attraction?" E-Source, TU-95-7
Gruber and Carda. 1981. Performance Analysis of Permanent Magnet Type Water Treatment Devices. South Dakota School of Mines and Technology.
Sponsored by and protocol by Water Quality Association.
Hibben, S.G. 1973. Magnetic Treatment of Water. Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense.
Marth, R.A. 1997. A Scientific Definition of the Magnetic Treatment of Water: Its Subsequent Use in Preventing Scale Formation and Removing Scale.
Research Conducted for Descal-A-Matic Corporation.
Parsons, S.A., Bao-Lung Wang, S.J. Judd, and T. Stephenson. 1997. "Magnetic Treatment of Calcium Carbonate Scale -- Effect of pH Control." Water
Research, 31(2): 339-342.
Quinn, C.J., T.C. Molden, and C.W. Sanderson. 1996. "Nonchemical Approach to Hard Water Scale, Corrosion and White Rust Control." In Proceedings
Iron and Steel Engineer, Chicago IL, September 30, 1996.
Reimers, R.S., P. S. DeKernion, and D. B. Leftwich. 1979. "Sonics and Electrostatics - An Innovative Approach to Water and Waste Treatment." In
Proceedings Water Reuse Symposium, Volume 2. American Water Works Research Association Research Evaluation, Denver, CO.
Rubin, A.J. 1973. To Determine if Magnetic Water Treatment is Effective in Preventing Scale. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
Schmutzer, M. A., and G. W. Hull. 1969. Examination to Determine the Physical or Chemical Differences Between Untreated and Magnetically Treated
Water. United States Testing Center, Inc. Hoboken, NJ.
Simpson. L. G. 1980. "Control Scale and Save Energy." The Coast Guard Engineer's Digest, Volume 20, Number 205, pp. 32-35.
Contact: Biophysica Inc., Toronto, Ont, Canada
Our Technical Support Hotline, Phone: (416) 636-5804 or Toll Free 1-800-488-2032 from Canada, US and Territories (10am to 10pm Eastern Standard Time)
e-mail: biophysica at gmail dot com (preferably) with copy to info at biophysica dot com (to avoid e-mail harvesters change the "at" and dot"
Copyright 2001, Biophysica Inc. All rights reserved.
This page last updated on July 26, 2013
Back to Home Page
