CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACING

AMERICAS SCHOOLS AND WORKPLACES

HEARING
BEFORE THE

COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION
AND THE WORKFORCE
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION

HEARING HELD IN WASHINGTON, DC, FEBRUARY 5, 2013

Serial No. 1131

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COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION AND THE WORKFORCE

JOHN KLINE, Minnesota, Chairman
Thomas E. Petri, Wisconsin
Howard P. Buck McKeon, California
Joe Wilson, South Carolina
Virginia Foxx, North Carolina
Tom Price, Georgia
Kenny Marchant, Texas
Duncan Hunter, California
David P. Roe, Tennessee
Glenn Thompson, Pennsylvania
Tim Walberg, Michigan
Matt Salmon, Arizona
Brett Guthrie, Kentucky
Scott DesJarlais, Tennessee
Todd Rokita, Indiana
Larry Bucshon, Indiana
Trey Gowdy, South Carolina
Lou Barletta, Pennsylvania
Martha Roby, Alabama
Joseph J. Heck, Nevada
Susan W. Brooks, Indiana
Richard Hudson, North Carolina
Luke Messer, Indiana

George Miller, California,

Senior Democratic Member
Robert E. Andrews, New Jersey
Robert C. Bobby Scott, Virginia
Ruben Hinojosa, Texas
Carolyn McCarthy, New York
John F. Tierney, Massachusetts
Rush Holt, New Jersey
Susan A. Davis, California
Raul M. Grijalva, Arizona
Timothy H. Bishop, New York
David Loebsack, Iowa
Joe Courtney, Connecticut
Marcia L. Fudge, Ohio
Jared Polis, Colorado
Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan,
Northern Mariana Islands
John A. Yarmuth, Kentucky
Frederica S. Wilson, Florida
Suzanne Bonamici, Oregon

Barrett Karr, Staff Director

Jody Calemine, Minority Staff Director

(II)

C O N T E N T S
Page

Hearing held on February 5, 2013 .........................................................................

Statement of Members:
Kline, Hon. John, Chairman, Committee on Education and the Workforce
Prepared statement of ...............................................................................
Miller, Hon. George, senior Democratic member, Committee on Education
and the Workforce .........................................................................................
Prepared statement of ...............................................................................
Statement of Witnesses:
Bernstein, Jared, senior fellow, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ....
Prepared statement of ...............................................................................
Fornash, Hon. Laura W., secretary of education, Commonwealth of Virginia ...............................................................................................................
Prepared statement of ...............................................................................
Herbert, Hon. Gary R., Governor, State of Utah ...........................................
Prepared statement of ...............................................................................
Timmons, Jay, president & CEO, National Association of Manufacturers .
Prepared statement of ...............................................................................
Additional Submissions:
Davis, Hon. Susan A., a Representative in Congress from the State of
California, article dated Nov. 20, 2012, from the New York Times,
Skills Dont Pay the Bills ..........................................................................
Ms. Fornash:
Report, The American Dream 2.0: How Financial Aid Can Help
Improve College Access, Affordability, and Completion, Internet
address to ...............................................................................................
Response to questions submitted for the record .....................................
Governor Herbert, addendum to testimony ....................................................
Messer, Hon. Luke, a Representative in Congress from the State of Indiana, questions submitted for the record to:
Ms. Fornash ...............................................................................................
Mr. Timmons .............................................................................................
Mr. Miller, prepared statement of the National Disability Rights Network
(NDRN) ..........................................................................................................
Rokita, Hon. Todd, a Representative in Congress from the State of Indiana, document, Why Utah .........................................................................
Mr. Timmons, response to questions submitted for the record ....................

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CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FACING

AMERICAS SCHOOLS AND WORKPLACES
Tuesday, February 5, 2013
U.S. House of Representatives
Committee on Education and the Workforce
Washington, DC

The committee met, pursuant to call, at 10:05 a.m., in room

2175, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. John Kline [chairman
of the committee] presiding.
Present: Representatives Kline, Wilson of South Carolina, Foxx,
Thompson, Salmon, DesJarlais, Rokita, Bucshon, Barletta, Roby,
Heck, Brooks, Hudson, Messer, Miller, Andrews, Scott, Hinojosa,
McCarthy, Tierney, Holt, Davis, Courtney, Fudge, Polis, Yarmuth,
Wilson of Florida, and Bonamici.
Staff Present: Katherine Bathgate, Deputy Press Secretary;
James Bergeron, Director of Education and Human Services Policy;
Casey Buboltz, Coalitions and Member Services Coordinator; Owen
Caine, Legislative Assistant; Theresa Gambo, Office Administrator;
Ed Gilroy, Director of Workforce Policy; Benjamin Hoog, Legislative
Assistant; Amy Jones, Education Policy Counsel and Senior Advisor; Marvin Kaplan, Workforce Policy Counsel; Barrett Karr, Staff
Director; Rosemary Lahasky, Professional Staff Member; Nancy
Locke, Chief Clerk; Brian Melnyk, Professional Staff Member;
Brian Newell, Deputy Communications Director; Krisann Pearce,
General Counsel; Molly McLaughlin Salmi, Deputy Director of
Workforce Policy; Emily Slack, Legislative Assistant; Alexandra
Sollberger, Communications Director; Brad Thomas, Senior Education Policy Advisor; Joseph Wheeler, Professional Staff Member;
Aaron Albright, Minority Communications Director for Labor;
Tylease Alli, Minority Clerk; Jeremy Ayers, Minority Education
Policy Advisor; Kelly Broughan, Minority Education Policy Associate; Jody Calemine, Minority Staff Director; John DElia, Minority Labor Policy Associate; Jamie Fasteau, Minority Director of
Education Policy; Daniel Foster, Minority Fellow, Labor; Daniel
Hervig, Minority Fellow, Labor; Livia Lam, Minority Senior Labor
Policy Advisor; Brian Levin, Deputy Press Secretary/New Media
Coordinator; Celine McNicholas, Minority Labor Counsel; Richard
Miller, Minority Senior Labor Policy Advisor; Megan OReilly, Minority General Counsel; Michele Varnhagen, Minority Chief Policy
Advisor/Labor Policy Director; Rich Williams, Minority Education
Policy Advisor; and Michael Zola, Minority Senior Counsel.
(1)

2
Chairman KLINE. A quorum being present, the committee will
come to order. Good morning and welcome to the first hearing of
the 113th Congress. I would like to thank our witnesses for being
with us today. I would like to extend a special welcome to Governor
Herbert, who traveled out from Utah, some distance.
The subject of todays hearing has become somewhat of a tradition for the Education and the Workforce Committee. It is important to start a new Congress with a fresh look at the challenges
and opportunities confronting Americas schools and workplaces.
We have been fortunate over the years to have governors and education and business leaders share their views on the issues facing
the country, and I am pleased they are represented today as well.
During his inaugural address President Obama noted, quote,
This generation of Americans has been tested by crises that
steeled our resolve and proved our resilience, close quote. Our Nation has always shown its true greatness in the most difficult of
circumstances. This certainly defines the last recession and the
challenges we continue to face. In our classrooms, one out of four
students will drop out of high school before they have earned a diploma. Students and families across the country are being buried
under a mountain of college debt that now exceeds a trillion dollars. Meanwhile, confusion and uncertainty surrounding the direction of the Nations education system has only been exacerbated by
the administrations convoluted waiver scheme. Those who complete their education are finding a difficult academic climate has
been replaced by an even more difficult job market. Roughly 8 million workers have been forced to accept part-time work when what
they need is a full-time job.
The cost of a family health care plan is expected to increase this
year by $992, and let us not forget the more than 12 million Americans who remain unemployed and searching for work, now close to
4 years since the recession officially ended. Some say we are currently stuck in a jobless recovery. Others suggest this is the worst
recovery since the Great Depression. And following reports of negative economic growth in the final months of 2012 and a new uptick
in unemployment, new concerns have emerged about whether we
remain in a recovery at all.
No one questions the ability of the American people to rise above
these tough times and work toward a brighter future. The question
is whether their elected government can do so as well. As policymakers, we have a lot of work ahead of us. Several key laws have
expired and are in desperate need of reform, Federal deficits and
debt continue to spiral out of control, undermining our economic
growth and threatening the prosperity of future generations. Programs that serve our most vulnerable are on the path to bankruptcy, and the publics confidence in our ability to tackle these
tough issues continues to fall.
I hope in this new year we can begin a new era of reform. A critical part of that effort will be led by our State leaders and local officials, the men and women who remain constantly engaged in
Americas workers and job creators. Their ideas, expertise, and
common sense are imperative as we work to advance responsible
solutions that will serve the best interests of the country today and
in the future.

3
I know there are sharp differences on the committee, in the Congress, and across the capital city. Despite these differences, I am
hopeful our vigorous debates will lead to meaningful action.
Again, I would like to thank our witnesses for joining us, and I
will now recognize my distinguished colleague, George Miller, the
senior Democratic member of the committee, for his opening remarks.
[The statement of Chairman Kline follows:]
Prepared Statement of Hon. John Kline, Chairman,
Committee on Education and the Workforce
The subject of todays hearing has become somewhat of a tradition for the Education and the Workforce Committee. Its important to start a new Congress with
a fresh look at the challenges and opportunities confronting Americas schools and
workplaces. Weve been fortunate over the years to have governors and education
and business leaders share their views on the issues facing the country, and I am
pleased they are represented today as well.
During his inaugural address, President Obama noted, This generation of Americans has been tested by crises that steeled our resolve and proved our resilience.
Our nation has always shown its true greatness in the most difficult of circumstances. This certainly defines the last recession and the challenges we continue
to face.
In our classrooms, one out of four students will drop out of high school before
theyve earned a diploma. Students and families across the country are being buried
under a mountain of college debt that now exceeds $1 trillion. Meanwhile, confusion
and uncertainty surrounding the direction of the nations education system has only
been exacerbated by the administrations convoluted waiver scheme.
Those who complete their education are finding a difficult academic climate has
been replaced by an even more difficult job market. Roughly eight million workers
have been forced to accept part-time work when what they need is a full-time job.
The cost of a family health care plan is expected to increase this year by 992 dollars.
And let us not forget the more than 12 million Americans who remain unemployed
and searching for worknow close to four years since the recession officially ended.
Some say we are currently stuck in a jobless recovery. Others suggest this is
the worst recovery since the Great Depression. And following reports of negative
economic growth in the final months of 2012 and a new uptick in unemployment,
new concerns have emerged about whether we remain in a recovery at all.
No one questions the ability of the American people to rise above these tough
times and work toward a brighter future. The question is whether their elected government can do so as well.
As policymakers, we have a lot of work ahead of us. Several key laws have expired and are in desperate need of reform. Federal deficits and debt continue to spiral out of control, undermining our economic growth and threatening the prosperity
of future generations. Programs that serve our most vulnerable are on the path to
bankruptcy. And the publics confidence in our ability to tackle these tough issues
continues to fall.
I hope in this new year we can begin a new era of reform. A critical part of that
effort will be led by our state leaders and local officialsthe men and women who
remain constantly engaged with Americas workers and job creators. Their ideas, expertise, and common sense are imperative as we work to advance responsible solutions that will serve the best interests of the country today and into the future.
I know there are sharp differences on the committee, in the Congress, and across
the capital city. Despite these differences, I am hopeful our vigorous debates will
lead to meaningful action.

Mr. MILLER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And thank you for convening this hearing this morning for this overview. And I want to
thank all of the witnesses for agreeing to join our panel. I would
like to welcome Governor Herbert for traveling here also.
I tried to travel to your State last week. I saw a lot of Colorado
Springs Airport and a little bit of Salt Lake City Airport and none
of the elementary schools I was going to visit, so we will talk later.

4
It was a wonderful experience. But anyway, I am glad you came
this way free of trouble.
By any measures, the American economy has been slowly but
surely recovering from the great recession. Corporate profits are
up, the Dow Jones is booming, and we have seen the average of
180,000 jobs created each month last year. Nevertheless, many
working families continue to struggle with unemployment and
stagnant wages. I hope that we can all agree that a fair and sustainable recovery is one that is broadly shared, that helps all of
those who have created it.
On that front, we still have much work to do. We in Congress,
and this committee in particular, have a role to play. If we want
to help this recovery along and to build for the future, there are
some things that we need to be doing.
First, we need to make and protect the critical investments in
people. I am talking about the sorts of investments that put the
American dream within the reach of every individual. This begins
with reforming our education system so that every child, regardless
of their background, has the opportunity to succeed. From a childs
earliest years all the way to higher education, quality instruction
with high standards pays off both in economic and social terms.
But at this time States and school districts and teachers are
being held back by the failure of this Congress to rewrite No Child
Left Behind. The Department of Educations waiver program has
provided important breathing room for States, but cannot be a substitute for the Congress updating the law to meet the high skills
and critical thinking demands of this recovery and of a new economy. Additionally, we must maintain a laser-like focus on equity to
ensure that our education system remains an economic driver, and
we need to invest in rebuilding and modernizing our schools and
community colleges. An investment like that will create good jobs
in construction right now, while providing American students with
modern learning environments for the long run.
We also know that a strong economy depends on whether or not
we are giving all Americans access to higher education or job training necessary to compete in a global economy. The share of American jobs that require a postsecondary education will increase to 63
percent by 2018, not even a decade from now, and I think the Governor speaks to that point in his testimony. But college tuition continues to grow faster than the economy, community colleges are
oversubscribed and underfunded.
Addressing access and affordability needs, needs to be a priority,
just as a complete rewriting of the Workforce Investment Act. Both
sides of the aisle agree that workforce training programs should be
better aligned to meet worker and employer needs. If we agree,
then lets do something about it. Lets make sure that there is a
seamless partnership among workforce boards, local community
colleges, businesses, and workers. Lets make sure that there is a
real accountability for these programs and ensure that all stakeholders can participate, and lets make sure that there are sufficient resources available so these programs work.
Better educational and training opportunities will help rebuild
inequalities in the economy, but creating those opportunities are
insufficient by themselves. That is why the Congress must address

5
the growing gap between working peoples wages and corporate
profits, between rising productivity and falling compensation. For
decades when workers productivity rose, so did their wages, creating and sustaining the American middle class, but that link has
been broken over the last few decades. Working people are not
sharing in the prosperity that they helped to create.
Today those who suffered the least during the great recession are
the ones benefiting the most. Wages of the top 1 percent have
grown by 8.2 percent during 2009 to 2011 recovery, but the wages
of the 90 percent fell 1.2 percent over that same time. This is not
sustainable. A vibrant economy and a democracy cannot survive if
all of the economic gains go to a very few at the very top.
Finally, Congress must end this whole notion of governing by fiscal cliff to fiscal cliff. Governing from one artificially created crisis
to another is no way to instill certainty for business or the confidence of consumers. Instead, it has done great harm to our Nations recovery. It started with the brinksmanship during the 2011
debt ceiling debacle. Consumer confidence plummeted by 25 percent in August 2011, economic growth and job growth slowed to almost half, and the debate resulted in Americas credit rating being
lowered for the first time in history.
Then, as last years fiscal cliff loomed, we saw similar pullbacks.
The National Association of Business Economics recently reported
that uncertainty surrounding the fiscal cliff led to postponing hiring and capital spending in the last 3 months of 2012. More than
a quarter of the businesses reported that they postponed some or
all hiring in the fourth quarter. Even worse, the artificial crises
were designed to force an agenda of austerity on the country, and
at that time our economy can ill afford it. The policy of leaping
from fiscal cliff to fiscal cliff is holding the jobs and the American
economy hostage to that political decision.
In Great Britain we can see the results of a hardheaded austerity
agenda. They are heading for a triple-dip recession, and their debt
problems are only getting worse. Despite the drastic cuts, their
debt levels have risen from 61 percent to GDP to 84 percent of
GDP. What Americas economy needs is growth and not manufactured double-dip and triple-dip recessions. Growth will both create
good jobs and reduce the deficit, growth that encourages a fair and
sustainable recovery, that builds the ladders of opportunity for
every American.
I understand that there are real policy differences regarding the
challenges I mentioned earlier, but the bipartisan consensus on
some of these issues should still be possible. The American people
expect this body to try and to find common ground. This committee
should be in the business of advancing policy that becomes law and
that makes a real difference in working families lives. I hope that
our witnesses will help us to identify the challenges and the opportunities that present themselves where we can work together to
make a difference.
And I thank you very much and I yield back the balance of my
time.
Chairman KLINE. I thank the gentleman.
[The statement of Mr. Miller follows:]

6
Prepared Statement of Hon. George Miller, Senior Democratic Member,
Committee on Education and the Workforce
Good morning, Chairman Kline. Thank you for holding this hearing.
I would like to welcome Governor Herbert and all of our witnesses to the committee. Im looking forward to your testimony.
By many measures, the American economy has been slowly but surely recovering
from the Great Recession.
Corporate profits are up. The Dow Jones is booming. Weve seen an average of
180,000 jobs created each month last year.
Nevertheless, many working families continue to struggle with unemployment or
stagnant wages.
I hope we can all agree that a fair and sustainable recovery is one that is broadly
shared by those who help to create it.
On that front, we still have much work to do.
We in Congressand on this committee in particularhave a role to play. If we
want to help this recovery along and build for the future, there are some things we
need to be doing.
First, we need to make and protect critical investments in people. Im talking
about the sorts of investments that put the American Dream within reach of every
individual.
This begins with reforming our education system so that every child regardless
of their background has the opportunity to succeed.
From a childs earliest years all the way to higher education, quality instruction
with high standards pays off in both economic and social terms.
But at this time, states, school districts and teachers are being held back by the
failure of this Congress to rewrite No Child Left Behind.
The Department of Educations waiver program has provided important breathing
room for states but cannot be the substitute for Congress updating the law to meet
the high skill and critical thinking demands of the new economy.
Additionally, we must maintain a laser-like focus on equity to ensure our education system remains an economic driver.
And we need to invest in rebuilding and modernizing our schools and community
colleges. An investment like that will create good jobs in construction right now,
while providing American students with modern learning environments for the longrun.
We also know that a strong economy depends on whether we are giving all Americans access to the higher education or job training necessary to compete in the global economy.
The share of American jobs that require some postsecondary education will increase to 63 percent by 2018, not even a decade from now.
But college tuition continues to grow faster than the economy. Community colleges are oversubscribed and underfunded.
Addressing access and affordability needs to be a priority, just as completing a
rewrite of the Workforce Investment Act.
Both sides of the aisle agree that workforce training programs should be better
aligned to meet worker and employer needs.
If we agree, then lets do something about it.
Lets make sure there is a seamless partnership among workforce boards, local
community colleges, businesses and workers.
Lets make sure that there is real accountability for these programs and ensure
that all stakeholders can participate.
And lets make sure there are sufficient resources available so that these programs work.
Better educational and training opportunities will help to reduce inequalities in
the economy. But creating those opportunities are insufficient by themselves.
Thats why Congress must address the growing gap between working peoples
wages and corporate profits, between rising productivity and falling compensation.
For decades, when workers productivity rose, so did their wages, creating and
sustaining the American middle class.
But that link was broken over the last few decades. Working people are not sharing in the prosperity they help to create.
Today, those who suffered the least during the Great Recession are the ones benefitting from the most.
Wages for the top one percent have grown by 8.2 percent during the 2009 to 2011
recovery. But, wages for the 90 percent fell 1.2 percent over the same time.
This is not sustainable. A vibrant economy and a strong democracy cannot survive
if all the economic gains go to the very few at the very top.

7
Finally, Congress must end this whole notion of governing fiscal cliff to fiscal cliff.
Governing from one artificially created crisis to another is no way to instill certainty for businesses or confidence for consumers. Instead, it has done great harm
to the nations recovery.
It started with the brinksmanship during the 2011 debt ceiling debacle.
Consumer confidence plummeted by 25 percent in August 2011. Economic growth
and job growth slowed by almost half.
And the debate resulted in Americas credit rating being lowered for the first time
in history.
Then, as last years fiscal cliff loomed, we saw similar pullbacks. The National Association of Business Economics recently reported that uncertainties surrounding
the fiscal cliff led to postponed hiring and capital spending in the last three months
of 2012.
More than a quarter of businesses reported that they postponed some or all hiring in the 4th quarter.
The proof is in the pudding. Governing by crisis hurts our economy.
Even worse, the artificial crises are designed to force an agenda of austerity on
the country, at a time that our economy can ill afford it.
In Great Britain, we can see the results of a hard-headed austerity agenda.
They are heading for a triple-dip recession, and their debt problems are only getting worse. Despite the drastic cuts, their debt level has risen from 61 percent of
GDP to 84 percent of GDP.
What America needs is growth, not a double-dip or triple-dip recession.
Growth that will both create good jobs and reduce the deficit;
Growth that encourages a fair and sustainable recovery that rebuilds the ladders of opportunity for every American.
The American people arent interested in another year of artificial crisis after artificial crisis. Im not interested either.
I understand there are real policy differences regarding the challenges I mentioned earlier. But bipartisan consensus on some of these issues should be possible.
The American people expect this body to try to find that common ground.
This committee should be in the business of advancing policy that becomes law
and makes a real difference in working families lives.
I hope our witnesses will help us identify where the challenges and opportunities
lie, where we can work together to make that difference.
Thank you and I yield back.

Chairman KLINE. Pursuant to committee rule 7(c), all committee

members will be permitted to submit written statements to be included in the permanent hearing record. Without objection, the
hearing record will remain open for 14 days to allow statements,
questions for the record, and other extraneous material referenced
during the hearing to be submitted in the official hearing record.
Well, we have a terrific panel of witnesses here today to help us
get started. Many of them known to members of this committee for
a long time. We have the Honorable Gary R. Herbert, 17th Governor of the State of Utah. He was sworn in on August 11, 2009.
The Honorable Laura W. Fornash is the Secretary of Education for
the Commonwealth of Virginia; Dr. Jared Bernstein is senior fellow
at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in Washington, D.C.,
and Mr. Jay Timmons is president and CEO of the National Association of Manufacturers here in Washington, D.C.
Welcome to you all.
Before I recognize you to provide your testimony, let me briefly
explain our lighting system. It is not really very high tech. You
each will have 5 minutes to present your testimony. When you
begin, the light in front of you will turn green. When 1 minute is
left, the light will turn yellow, and when your time has expired the
light will turn red, at which point I ask that you wrap up your remarks as best you are able. I am a little reluctant to gavel down
witnesses, any witnesses, particularly a panel as distinguished as

8
this, but we do need to keep it moving. After everyone has testified,
members will each have 5 minutes to ask questions, and I will be
much more prompt in dropping the gavel for members.
So lets get started. Governor Herbert, you are recognized.
STATEMENT OF HON. GARY HERBERT, GOVERNOR OF UTAH

Governor HERBERT. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and members of

the committee, I am honored to be here with you today, and thank
you for the opportunity to address you.
Never in recent history has workforce development and the work
of this committee been more important. My number one priority as
Governor of Utah is to foster an environment where the private
sector can create jobs. Utahs focus on building a strong economy
has yielded accolade after accolade, including Forbes magazine
naming us the best State for business and careers for the third
year in a row.
Utah achieves this success because we focus on a growing economy and a recognition of the importance of education. These two
priorities are inextricably linked. Utahs economy demands an educated, skilled workforce, and I am sure the same is true for all
States. Software giant Adobe recently finished building a massive
facility in Utahs high-tech corridor, and it is just part one of a
three-phase project. They were drawn to our State in part because
of our highly educated workforce and proximity to more than
100,000 students at nearby institutions of higher learning. We
have five universities within a 25-mile radius.
As more companies like Adobe continue to move and to expand
in Utah, we recognize the economic imperative to align what business needs from the workforce with the skills and degrees our education system is producing. So in my remarks today, I want to
focus on three major initiatives that we are pursuing in Utah.
The first initiative is what we call 66 by 2020. Based on a comprehensive study by Georgetown Universitys Center on Education
and Workforce, two-thirds of the jobs in Utah will require some
form of postsecondary education by the year 2020. Right now only
43 percent of Utahs workforce meets this education standard. The
infusion of technology in both the workplace and career sectors will
drive this Nations economic transformation. Across all industries
and economic sectors, market demand for college-educated workers
will outpace supply by 300,000 employees annually. If nothing
changes by 2018, the Nations postsecondary system will have produced 3 million fewer college graduates than the labor market
needs. As the Georgetown study put it, In short, the economic history of the United States is one of lockstep progression between
technology and educational attainment.
Utah is looking ahead and taking the steps now to ensure our
workforce has the right education level for the future demands of
the private sector. We have proactively engaged all major stakeholders and leaders on every front, including education and business, to unite behind and to commit to our goal of 66 by 2020.
The second initiative is pursuing its STEM education. More than
simply having an education, Utahans must have the right kind of
education, in areas that are valued in the marketplace. Much like
hockey great Wayne Gretzky, who said the key to his success was

9
that he would skate to where the puck would be, Utah is educating
for where the jobs will be. With the rise of a technology-oriented
economy, Utah has a renewed focus on STEM educationscience,
technology, engineering, and mathbecause that is where the jobs
will be. Sound analysis demonstrates that in our future economy
the most intense concentrations of postsecondary workers will be in
five main sectors and represent more than 30 percent of total occupational employment and about 45 percent of all jobs for postsecondary workers.
It is no coincidence that these five sectors, as they tap into our
new knowledge economy, are also the fast-growing areas of our
labor market. STEM-related jobs are a top tier priority in Utahs
entire education system now, K-16.
The third initiative I wish to highlight today is Utahs expansion
of dual-immersion education. Utahs dual-immersion programs in
Spanish, French, and Chinese teach our students cultural literacy
and prepare them for the global economy. Dual-immersion students
also perform better on standardized testing, they show improved
memory skills, better attention control, and higher problem-solving
ability. Utah is a leader in foreign language classes. In fact, onethird of all Mandarin Chinese classes taught in the entire United
States are taught in Utah.
You may be surprised to know that there are 658 languages spoken in Utah. A large component of that is our culture. We have
many residents who serve as missionaries for the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter Day Saints, the Mormon church around the world,
and they often gain language skills abroad. Our multilingual students become a key part of our workforce, and that attracts business to our State, such as Goldman Sachs, whose office now is the
second largest in the Americas and the fastest growing in the
world.
It is clear that States are leading the way to economic recovery.
For example, Utahs economy is growing at twice the national average. Our unemployment rate is 5.2 percent, far below the national
average of 7.8 percent. Despite our success, Federal policies complicate Utahs ability to grow and align a workforce with market
demands. Governors no longer have access to the Workforce Investment Acts discretionary funds that we were able to cater for
unique solutions for our States. Now all workforce investment
money either covers administrative costs or goes directly to the
grant programs.
Because we no longer have flexibility and access to this money,
the State of Utah has had to apply for individual grants through
the Workforce Innovation Fund. As of last April, Utah spent more
than 4 months, 550 staff hours, and $48,000 just to apply for the
grant. Now, I fully support oversight and accountability, but I do
not support excessive bureaucratic red tape that limits my States
ability to invest funds in the most effective way.
In conclusion, if States are to optimize alignment between our future educational outcomes and the labor demands of the market,
it is essential that Congress now provide States maximum flexibility to implement programs and tailor solutions in a way that
they see fit. No one understands State challenges and demographics better than the people who reside and govern there. No

10
one is more committed to the most effective use of limited resources
for the best possible outcome for both our students and our employers. And no one is more committed to growing local economies, thus
ensuring economic recovery, prosperity, and job growth.
I thank you for the opportunity to be with you here today.
Chairman KLINE. Thank you, Governor.
[The statement of Governor Herbert follows:]
Prepared Statement of Hon. Gary R. Herbert,
Governor, State of Utah
Members of the committee, thank you for the opportunity to address you today.
Never in recent history has workforce development, and the work of this committee,
been more important.
My number one priority as Governor of Utah is to foster an environment where
the private sector can create jobs. Utahs focus on building a strong economy has
yielded accolade after accolade, including Forbes Magazine naming us the best state
for business and careers for the third year in a row.
Utah achieves this success because we focus on growing the economy and investing in education. Those two priorities are inextricably linked. Utahs economy demands an educated, skilled workforce, and Im sure the same is true for all states.
Software giant Adobe recently finished building a massive facility in Utahs high
tech corridor, and its just part one of a three-phase project. They were drawn to
our state in part because of our highly educated workforce and proximity to more
than 100,000 students at nearby institutions of higher learning.
As more companies like Adobe continue to move to and expand in Utah, we recognize the economic imperative to align what business needs from the workforce, with
the skills and degrees our education system is producing.
So in my remarks today, I want to focus on three major initiatives we are pursuing in Utah. The first initiative is what we call 66% by 2020.
Based on a comprehensive study by Georgetown Universitys Center on Education
and Workforce, two-thirds of the jobs in Utah will require some form of post-secondary education by the year 2020. Right now only 43% of Utahs workforce meets
this education standard.
The infusion of technology in both the workplace and career sectors will drive this
nations economic transformation. Across all industries and economic sectors, market demand for college-educated workers will outpace supply by 300,000 employees
annually.
If nothing changes, by 2018 the nations post-secondary system will have produced
three million fewer college graduates than the labor market needs.
As the Georgetown study put it, In short, the economic history of the United
States is one of lock-step progression between technology and educational attainment.
Utah is looking ahead and taking the steps now to ensure our workforce has the
right education level for the future demands of the private sector. We have
proactively engaged all major stakeholders and leaders on every front, including
education and business, to unite behind and commit to our goal of 66% by 2020.
The second initiative Utah is pursuing is STEM education.
More than simply having an education, Utahns must get the right kind of education in areas that are valued in the marketplace. Much like hockey great Wayne
Gretzky said he would skate to where the puck will be, Utah is educating for where
the jobs will be.
With the rise of a technologically-oriented economy, Utah has a renewed focus on
STEM education: science, technology, engineering, and math, because that is where
the jobs will be.
Sound analysis demonstrates that, in our future economy, the most intense concentrations of post-secondary workers will be in five main sectors, and represent
more than 30% of total occupational employment and about 45% of all jobs for postsecondary workers. Its no coincidence that these five sectors, as they tap into our
new knowledge economy, are also the fast growing areas of our labor market.
STEM-related jobs are a top tier priority in Utahs entire education system, K16.
The third initiative I wish to highlight today is Utahs expansion of dual immersion education. Utahs dual immersion programs in Spanish, French, and Chinese
teach our students cultural literacy and prepare them for a global economy. Dual

11
immersion students also perform better on standardized testing. They show improved memory skills, better attention-control, and higher problem-solving ability.
Utah is a leader in foreign language classes. In fact, one third of all Mandarin
Chinese classes taught in the entire United States are taught in Utah. You may be
surprised to know that there are 658 languages spoken in Utah. A large component
of that is our culture; we have many residents who serve a Mormon mission for the
LDS Church and they often gain language skills abroad.
Our multi-lingual students become a key part of our workforce, and that attracts
business to our state, including Goldman Sachs, whose Utah office is its second largest in the Americas and fastest growing in the world.
It is clear that states are leading the way to economic recovery. For example,
Utahs economy is growing at more than twice the national average. Our unemployment rate is 5.2%, far below the national average of 7.8%.
Despite our success, federal policies complicate Utahs ability to grow and align
our workforce with market demands.
Governors no longer have access to the Workforce Investment Acts discretionary
funds that we were able to tailor for unique solutions for our states. Now, all workforce investment money either covers administrative costs, or goes directly to the
grant programs.
Because we no longer have flexibility with this money, the State of Utah had to
apply for an individual grant through the Workforce Innovation Fund. As of last
April, Utah spent more than four months, 550 staff hours, and $48,000 dollars just
to apply for the grant.
Now, I fully support oversight and accountability. But I do not support excessive
bureaucratic red tape that limits my states ability to invest funds in the most effective way. If states are to optimize alignment between our future educational outcomes and the labor demands of the market, it is essential that Congress now provide states maximum flexibility to implement programs and tailor solutions in the
way we see fit.
No one understands state challenges and demographics better than the people
who reside and govern there. No one is more committed to the most effective use
of limited resources for the best possible outcome, for both our students and our employers. And no one is more committed to growing local economies, thus ensuring
economic recovery, prosperity and job growth.
Thank you for the opportunity to be with you today.

Chairman KLINE. Secretary Fornash, you are recognized.

STATEMENT OF HON. LAURA FORNASH, SECRETARY OF
EDUCATION, COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

Ms. FORNASH. Good morning, Chairman Kline and members of

the committee. Thank you for the opportunity to join you today to
talk about the education reform efforts that the Commonwealth
has taken under the leadership of Governor Bob McDonnell. I
think you will hear many similar themes as to those that were just
presented by Governor Herbert.
Since taking office in January of 2010, the Governor has made
education and education reform a top priority of his administration,
with a laser focus on college and career readiness. We are raising
standards, focusing on literacy, strengthening our high school diploma requirements, and ensuring access to dual-enrollment classes that lead to credentials which transfer to our public and private
4-year institutions.
Beginning in March of 2010, the Governor issued an executive
order establishing a Governors Commission on Higher Education,
Reform, Innovation and Investment. The commission, comprised of
business, education, community leaders from across the Commonwealth, helped to develop a strategic vision and recommendations
that turned into the Virginia Higher Education Opportunity Act of
2011 or the Top Jobs for the 21st Century higher education legislation. This landmark reform legislation provides a roadmap to en-

12
sure the college dream is affordable and accessible for all Virginians. Our bold statutory goal of 100,000 new degrees over the
next 15 years with a focus on STEM-H degrees is supported by
over $350 million the last 3 years, which has been proposed by
Governor Bob McDonnell and supported by the Virginia General
Assembly. Additionally, we are using a points-based performance
funding model to incentivize our institutions in a variety of areas,
including increased associate and bachelors degree production, especially for underrepresented populations, increased growth of
STEM-H degrees, and accelerated time to degree programs.
Our institutions are rising to the challenge of these goals, and
our reforms are working. Over the past 2 years we have added an
additional 3,800 slots for undergraduate in-state students, and last
year we recorded the lowest average yearly tuition increase of 4
percent at our public colleges and universities in over a decade. In
Virginia we believe more diplomas mean a stronger economy and
more jobs, and we are implementing policies to strengthen this connection.
We have also been working collaboratively with our K-12 higher
education and workforce partners to develop and implement the
Virginia Longitudinal Data System. This system allows for integrated student-teacher reporting that matches individual teachers
to students and will soon be able to link teachers to their preparation programs and student outcomes. This past October, Virginia
became one of only a handful of States to release wage outcomes
data on college graduates down to the level of individual major and
institution. By August, the Commonwealth will include within
these reports associated statistics on education debt, also down to
the level of major and institution.
For the first time, students and families will be able to use specific information about the full cost, associated debt, and early career wages to make informed choices about postsecondary education. We have also used this data to create a workforce report
card to benchmark program outcomes and eventually evaluate program effectiveness.
Great teachers in great schools make great students and citizens.
A great teacher makes all the difference in the life of a young person. We are working hard to recruit, incentivize, retain, and reward excellent teachers and treat them like the professionals they
are.
This year the Governor introduced the Educator Fairness Act
that will streamline the bureaucratic grievance procedure to benefit
teachers, principals, and ultimately students. This legislation extends the probationary period for new teachers to between 3 and
5 years and requires a satisfactory performance rating as demonstrated through our new performance evaluation system, which
includes a component on student academic process to keep a continuing contract.
Further, we want to incentivize our very best teachers to excel
in the classroom. The Governor proposed $15 million for school districts to reward well-performing educators by establishing the Strategic Compensation Grant Fund. We want to reward the teachers
who mentor others, work in hard-to-staff schools and subjects, and
show significant academic progress with their students. This will

13
allow for additional compensation for many of our great teachers
who go above and beyond every day.
In the Commonwealth we equip low-performing schools with
turnaround specialists and additional resources from the State and
private sector. If our schools havent improved, that is unacceptable. Therefore, the Governor has proposed a bold initiative to establish a statewide Opportunity Education Institution to provide a
high-quality alternative for children attending any chronically
underperforming public elementary or secondary school.
The Opportunity Education Institution will create a new statewide school division to turn around our failing schools. If a school
is consistently failing, the Opportunity Education will step in to
manage it. The model is working in Louisiana and Tennessee,
where recovery and achievement districts were created and are
producing positive results. For a very small subset of schools that
are failing students, we have no other option.
Our school choice alternatives have focused in the Commonwealth on the development of college lab preparatory schools, virtual school programs, and public charter schools. The Governor has
introduced several pieces of legislation to strengthen our charter
school law and encourage local community leaders and charter
management organizations to look to the Commonwealth for
growth. Currently, Virginia only has four public charter schools.
We will continue to look for ways to expand high quality public
charter schools to provide families with options for their children.
In the absence of congressional reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Virginia has joined a number
of States and responded to Secretary Duncans offer to grant flexibility in implementing certain provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. While Virginia appreciates the flexibility afforded
States by the Secretary, granting temporary waivers of prescriptive
No Child Left Behind requirements is no substitute for a comprehensive update of the law. We believe Congress, not the U.S.
Department of Education, should make these important decisions
that affect every State and all public school students.
As the mother of three young children, Carter, Grace, and Wynn,
I know the importance of a good education. We must continue to
raise the bar and end failure, we must continue to bring more innovation, accountability, and choices to our public school system. An
educated workforce helps the Commonwealth attract and retain
job-creating businesses. With these bold initiatives, we will not
only strengthen our education system but also strengthen and grow
our economy and help our citizens find the good-paying and rewarding jobs they need and deserve. Thank you for the opportunity
to speak with you today.
Chairman KLINE. Thank you.
[The statement of Ms. Fornash follows:]
Prepared Statement of Hon. Laura W. Fornash, Secretary of Education,
Commonwealth of Virginia
Chairman Kline, members of the committee. I am Laura Fornash, Secretary of
Education for the Commonwealth of Virginia. In my Secretariat, I assist Virginia
Governor Bob McDonnell in the development and implementation of the states education and workforce policy and oversee Virginias 16 public universities, the Virginia Community College System, five higher education and research centers, the

14
Virginia Department of Education, and the state-supported museums. Thank you for
the opportunity to join you today to talk about the education reform efforts that the
Commonwealth has taken under the leadership of Governor Bob McDonnell.
Since taking office in January of 2010, the Governor has made education and education reform a top priority of his administration, with a laser focus on college and
career readiness. We are raising standards, focusing on literacy, strengthening our
high school diploma requirements, and ensuring access to dual enrollment classes
through the local community colleges which leads to credentials that transfer to our
public and private four year institutions.
Beginning in March of 2010, the Governor issued an executive order establishing
the Governors Commission on Higher Education Reform, Innovation and Investment. This commission, comprised of business, education and community leaders
from across the Commonwealth, helped to develop a strategic vision and recommendations that turned into the Virginia Higher Education Opportunity Act of
2011 or the Top Jobs for the 21st Century higher education legislation. This landmark reform legislation provides a road map to ensure the college dream is affordable and accessible for Virginians. Our bold statutory goal of 100,000 new degrees
over the next 15 years, with a focus on STEM-H degrees, is supported by more than
$350 million over the last three years that was proposed by Governor McDonnell
and endorsed by the Virginia General Assembly. Additionally, we are using a points
based performance funding model to incentivize our institutions in a variety of areas
including increased associates and bachelors degree production especially for
underrepresented populations, increased growth of STEM-H degrees and accelerated
time-to-degree programs. The model was developed by policy makers, the business
community and leadership from our higher education institutions to provide financial incentives for outcomes-primarily increased graduates. Our institutions are rising to the challenge of these goals and our reforms are working. Over the past two
years weve added over 3,800 slots for undergraduate in-state students, and last
year we recorded the lowest average yearly tuition increase of 4% at our public college and universities in over a decade. In Virginia, we believe that more diplomas
mean a stronger economy and more jobs and we are implementing policies to
strengthen this connection.
States rely on the federal government to assist with higher education access
through various federal financial aid programs. You have made some reforms but
more must be done to maximize these federal dollars and ensure those who enter
our higher education institutions exit with employable credentials. As the federal
government continues to reform its financial aid programs, I encourage you to review the recently released report, The American Dream 2.0: How Financial Aid
Can Help Improve College Access, Affordability, and Completion supported by a
grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. It provides three key recommendations to help ensure these dollars provide student success and completion:
Make aid simpler and more transparent;
Spur innovations in higher education that can lower costs and meet the needs
of todays students; and
Ask institutions, states, and students to share responsibility for producing more
graduates without compromising access and affordability.
We have also been working collaboratively with our K-12, higher education and
workforce partners to develop and implement the Virginia Longitudinal Data System. The system allows for integrated student-teacher reporting that matches individual teachers to students and provides certain teachers with estimates of student
growth and will soon be also able to link teachers to their preparation programs and
student outcomes.
This past October, Virginia become one of only a handful of states to release wage
outcomes data on college graduates, down to the level of individual major and institution. By August 2013, the Commonwealth will include within these reports associated statistics on education debt, also down to the level of major and institution.
For the first time, students and families will be able to use specific information
about the full costs, associated debt, and early career wages to make informed
choices about postsecondary education. Weve also used this data to create a workforce report card to benchmark program outcomes and eventually evaluate program
effectiveness.
We also believe that in order to get a good job and good college education, our
youth must be prepared for our highly-skilled, highly-technical workforce and the
rigor of postsecondary education coursework. Three areas of focus for us in K-12
education reform include expanding educational opportunity, ensuring excellence in
the classroom and increasing innovation and accountability. Through legislative and
budget proposals, we have increased the percentage of K-12 funding going into the
classroom from 62% to 64%. We have focused on ensuring students can read before

15
being promoted to the fourth grade, funded incentives for STEM teachers to keep
them in the classroom and removed mandates to give local school divisions greater
flexibility. Even with these initiatives, we continue to look for ways to ensure excellence in the classroom and opportunity for our students.
Great teachers in great schools make great students and citizens. A great teacher
makes all the difference in the life of a young person. We are working to recruit,
incentivize, retain and reward excellent teachers and treat them like the professionals that they are. This year, the governor introduced The Educator Fairness Act
that will streamline the bureaucratic grievance procedure to benefit teachers, principals, ultimately students. This legislation extends the probationary period for new
teachers to between three to five years, and requires a satisfactory performance rating as demonstrated through a new performance evaluation system, which includes
student academic progress as a significant component, to keep a continuing contract.
Last week this proposal passed the floor of the House of Delegates with a bi-partisan vote and unanimously passed from the Senate Education and Health committee.
Further, we want to incentivize our very best teachers to excel in the classroom.
The governor proposed $15 million for school districts to reward well-performing
educators by establishing the Strategic Compensation Grant Fund. This strategic
compensation plan, based on a model developed by a local Virginia school system,
will be implemented through local guidelines that best fit each school divisions
unique characteristics and mission. We want to reward the teachers who mentor
others, work in hard-to-staff schools and subjects, and show significant academic
progress with their students. This will allow for additional compensation for many
of our great teachers who go above and beyond every day.
In the Commonwealth, we equip low performing schools with turnaround specialists and additional resources from the state and private sector. If our schools
havent improved thats unacceptable. Therefore, the governor has proposed a bold
initiative to establish a statewide Opportunity Educational Institution to provide a
high quality education alternative for children attending any chronically underperforming public elementary or secondary school. The Opportunity Educational Institution will create a new statewide school division to turnaround our failing schools.
If a school is consistently failing, the Opportunity Educational Institution will step
in to manage it. If the school has failed for three years, the Institution can take
it over and provide a brand new approach to a broken system. This model is proven
nationally. Louisiana and Tennessee have created Recovery and Achievement districts, and their results are positive.
For the very small subset of schools that are failing Virginias students, we have
no other option.
Other school choice initiatives that we have focused on in the Commonwealth include the development of College Partnership Laboratory School, Virtual School Programs and Public Charter Schools. During the McDonnell administration, the governor has introduced several pieces of legislation to strengthen our charter school
law and encourage local community leaders and charter management organizations
to look to the Commonwealth for growth. Currently, Virginia only has 4 public charter schools. We will continue to look for ways to expand high-quality public charter
schools to provide families with options for their children.
In the absence of Congressional reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary
Education Act (ESEA), Virginia has joined a number of states and responded to Secretary Duncans offer to grant flexibility in implementing certain provisions of the
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. While Virginia appreciates the flexibility afforded
states by the Secretary, granting temporary waivers of prescriptive NCLB requirements is no substitute for a comprehensive update of the law. We believe Congress,
not the U.S. Department of Education, should make those important decisions that
affect every state and all public school students.
As the mother of three young children, Carter, Grace and Wynn, I know the importance of a good education. We must continue to raise the bar and end failure.
We must continue to bring more innovation, accountability and choices to our public
education system. Excellent education demands having the courage to try new approaches and the Commonwealth is working to implement bold initiatives to ensure
a high-quality education for all students. An educated workforce helps the Commonwealth attract and retain job-creating businesses. With these bold initiatives we will
not only strengthen our education system, but also strengthen and grow our economy and help our citizens find the good-paying and rewarding jobs they need and
deserve.
Thank you for the opportunity to speak with you today and I am happy to take
any questions.

16
Chairman KLINE. Dr. Bernstein.
STATEMENT OF JARED BERNSTEIN, SENIOR FELLOW,
CENTER ON BUDGET AND POLICY PRIORITIES

Mr. BERNSTEIN. Chairman Kline, Ranking Member Miller, thank

you for inviting me to testify today.
From the perspective of working families, the current economy is
highly imbalanced. The stock market just hit new highs last week,
boosted by historically high corporate profitability, yet as my first
chart shows, middle- and low-wage workers continue to fall behind.
In 2012, the real weekly earnings of full-time workers were down
about 2 percent for those at the bottom of the pay scale, flat in the
middle, and up 2 percent for those at the top.
Now, greater educational attainment has often been put forth as
a policy solution to this problem of stagnant earnings and inequality, and for a good reason. People with higher levels of education
enjoy lower unemployment, there is a significant wage premium for
workers with higher levels of education, one that has consistently
grown over time, and clearly the education of its citizens is a time
honored role of government, a, quote, public good that is essential
to building a strong competitive economy.
However, an objective observer of todays politics would, I fear,
be hard pressed to see these concerns reflected in our political
agenda or our policies. It is hard to see how careening from crisis
to crisis, from fiscal cliff to debt ceiling to sequester, supports the
private sector need for both a well-educated workforce on the supply side and a stable climate of demand for the goods and services
they produce.
In particular, an exclusive focus on deficit reduction appears to
have wholly crowded out policies devoted to educational opportunity or job creation. Worse, spending cuts are threatening to reduce the governments commitment to supporting education and
training while austerity economics is hurting a fragile recovery.
As this committee well knows, spending cuts agreed to so far
have been almost exclusively from the discretionary side of the
budget. Within the nondefense discretionary budget, some key education programs are already at risk. For example, if the Pell Grant
appropriation grows only with inflation from its 2012 funding level,
the program will face a funding shortfall of about $50 billion over
the next decade. Any further cuts to this part of the budget will
exacerbate this shortfall.
Still, while these programs must be protected, it would be a mistake to think that higher educational attainment alone would help
ameliorate the economic squeeze so many families face. The supply
of labor, even of so-called skilled labor, is not what is holding back
job growth right now. It is inadequate labor demand, not enough
jobs to meet the supply of workers, that has been far more the
pressing factor in recent years.
Our slack demand labor market has hurt even college-educated
workers. I suspect the trend shown in the second figure of my testimony will surprise some of the members of the committee. It shows
that even the wages of workers with a bachelors degree have been
losing ground in real terms, and not just over the recession, but
over the prior expansion as well. Yet despite the fact that so many

17
families continue to struggle, Congress sole focus appears to be
deficit reduction.
Now, it is essential to stabilize the growth of the debt in the medium term, but a few factors should be considered. First, based on
the $2.3 trillion in 10-year spending cuts and tax increases enacted
since 2011, we are $1.2 trillion in further policy changes away from
stabilizing the debt as a share of GDP by 2022. So Congress and
the administration have already made important progress in this
regard.
Our most pressing near-term economic problem is not the budget
deficit, it is the jobs deficit. In fact, as I travel around the Nation
discussing these matters with audiences from all walks of life, I
constantly hear one refrain: Why isnt Washington doing anything
about our jobs and our paychecks? So in closing out my testimony,
I would like to provide the committee with a brief and very lightly
annotated list of ideas that I would urge you to consider.
Infrastructure investment. Our national stock of public goods is
in significant disrepair with significant costs to productivity and
growth. Manufacturing policies. Both offense, that is forward-looking investments in areas like clean energy where private investment will be undersupplied, and defense, fighting back against
nontariff barriers, like currency manipulation that disadvantage
our exports. Helping unions by creating a more level playing field
for them to organize. Minimum wage. Ranking Member Miller has
proposed a useful increase in the wage floor that would help lift the
earnings of our lowest wage workers by 85 cents a year for 3 years.
More rigorous application of labor standards, including overtime
rules, correct worker classification, and the prosecution of wage
theft. Strong work supports, both in terms of wage subsidies for
low-income workers, like the earned income or the child tax credits,
and assistance with the costs of employment, including child care
and transportation.
And finally, better oversight of financial markets. While this may
seem tangential to jobs for the middle class, it is in fact highly relevant. Todays high unemployment rate, even years into a GDP recovery, is widely viewed as one consequence of the housing bubble,
itself inflated by severely underregulated financial markets. Not
only would action on some subset of these policy ideas help to provide desperately needed opportunities for working families, but I
think they provide an excellent answer to the question of, What is
Washington doing to help? Thank you.
Chairman KLINE. Thank you.
[The statement of Mr. Bernstein follows:]
Prepared Statement of Jared Bernstein, Senior Fellow,
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
Chairman Kline and ranking member Miller, I thank you for inviting me to testify
today on issues directly in the wheelhouse of this committee: education, skills, and
jobs.
My testimony begins by looking at the current jobs situation with an emphasis
on educational investments. I then discuss ways in which recent budget cuts are
threatening the educational support critical to a productive workforce. Finally, I
specify a range of policy ideas that I urge the committee to consider in the interest
of boosting future job growth.

18
Education Investments and the Current Job Market
From the perspective of working families, the current economy is highly imbalanced. The stock market just hit new highs last week, boosted in part by historically
high corporate profitability. Yet, middle- and low-wage workers continue to fall behind. As shown in my first chart, in 2012, the real weekly earnings of full-time
workers were down about 2% for those at the bottom of the pay scale, flat for those
in the middle, and up 2% for those at the top.

The staircase pattern of growth shown in the figure is characteristic of the income inequality that has been increasing prevalent in our economy for decades now.
Inequality has served as a kind of a wedge in the U.S. economy, such that the benefits of growth no longer accrue to working families the way they used to. This divergence of compensation and productivity is well-documented and is a central reason
why even in macroeconomic good timesin the absence of the output gaps that remain large todaymiddle-class families have faced challenging economic times since
well before the bursting of the housing bubble and the Great Recession that then
ensued.
Education has often been put forth as a policy solution to this problem of stagnant
earnings and inequality, and for good reason. In the most recent jobs report, for example, the unemployment rate last month was shown to be 3.7% for college graduates, 8.1% for high-school grads, and 12% for high-school dropouts. And there is,
of course, a significant wage premium for workers with higher levels of education,
one that has grown considerably over time.
In this regard, a significant message from my testimony is that members of this
committee need to be aware of the forthcoming budgetary constraints on programs
that help support education, both at the federal and sub-federal levels, and particularly as regards educational access and affordability for the least advantaged among
us.
But especially at times like the present, it would be a mistake to think that higher educational attainment alone would help ameliorate the economic squeeze so
many families face. The supply of labor, even of so-called skilled labor, is not
whats holding back job growth right now. Inadequate labor demandnot enough
jobs to meet the supply of workershas been by far the more pressing factor in recent years.
Our slack-demand job market has hurt even college-educated workers. I suspect
the trend shown in my second figure, using the same data source as the first figure
(BLS weekly earnings) will surprise some members on the committee. It shows that
even the wages of workers with a bachelors degree have been losing ground in real
terms, and not just over the recession, but over the prior expansion as well.

19

Trends like these should serve to remind policymakers and economists that we
need to worry about both sides of the supply/demand equation. Yes, we need to ensure that policies are in place to help future workers achieve their academic potential. This role for policy is especially important when persistently high levels of income inequality block educational opportunity for children from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. But, in periods like the present characterized by persistent labor-market slack, we also need to be concerned that there will be jobs for
them after their course of schooling is successfully completed.
Budget Cuts at the National and State Levels
Clearly, the education of its citizens is time-honored role of governmenta public
good that is essential to building a strong, competitive economy. It is widely accepted by economists of all political stripes that absent a public role, the nations citizenry would be under-educated, damaging both individual and national potential.
However, an objective observer of todays politics would, I fear, be hard-pressed
to see these concerns reflected in our political agenda or our policies. It is extremely
hard to see how careening from crisis-to-crisisfrom fiscal cliff to debt ceiling to sequestersupports the private sector need for both a well-educated labor force on the
supply side and a stable climate of demand for the goods and services they produce.
In particular, an exclusive focus on deficit reduction appears to have wholly
crowded out policies devoted to educational opportunity or job creation. Worse,
spending cuts are threatening to reduce the governments commitment to supporting
education and training while austerity economics is hurting the fragile recovery.
As this committee well knows, spending cuts agreed to so far have been almost
exclusively from the discretionary side of the budget. Within the non-defense discretionary (NDD) budget, some key education programs are at already at risk. For example, my Center on Budget and Policy Priorities colleague Richard Kogan points
out that if the Pell Grant appropriation grows only with inflation from its 2012
funding level, the program will face a funding shortfall of about $50 billion over
the next decade. In other words, an additional $50 billion will be needed to maintain
Pell Grant award levels without cutting students from the program.
Kogans analysis is based on the lower NDD spending caps already legislated,
largely through the Budget Control Act. Thus, any further cuts to this part of the
budget will exacerbate this shortfall.
About one-third of NDD spending provides grants to states and localities to support services including education, to which is allocated about 25% of those grants,
or around $40 billion this year. According to Leachman et al:
These funds mostly end up with elementary and high schools, primarily to help
them educate children from low-income families and children with learning disorders and other types of disabilities. The funds also go to agencies that provide preschool education to low-income children through the Head Start program, and to
school districts to help them train better teachers and reduce class sizes.

20
These same authors report the results of a 2012 survey of education administrators of K-12 public schools, wherein majorities say that sequestration cuts would
mean reducing professional development (69.4 percent), reducing academic programs (58.1 percent), eliminating personnel (56.6 percent) and increasing class size
(54.9 percent).
Invariably, todays budget discussions take place at a level high above the programmatic implications of the cuts being considered. But many of the programs that
will be targeted by NDD cuts already enacted are well known to this committee,
such as high poverty schools that get assistance through Title 1, special education
through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Head Start, and teacher
quality improvement grants.
Finally, while NDD spending has taken a hit with significant implications for K12, the recession and slow recovery has had at least two other negative consequences for the provision of educational quality and opportunity: a) job losses for
teachers and other educational workers, and b) higher costs of attendance at public
universities.
State budget constraints have led to significant service cuts at the state and local
level, and public education has of course been a central target. Recovery Act funds
helped to temporarily offset some of these localized budget pressure, but Figure 3
shows the extent to which the budget cuts forced layoffs in local education since its
peak in early 2008. Since then, jobs in that sector are down about 360,000. Meanwhile, both enrollments and costs are rising, so spending per pupil is down in most
states.

Another consequence of state budget cuts has been diminished support of their
public university systems. Figure 4 plots state appropriations for higher education,
both in total and per full-time equivalent student, against enrollments. The number
of students going to public colleges rose significantly in the downturn, in part because returning to school can be a smart option during a period when the labor market is particularly unwelcoming. But as can be seen, the gap between enrollment
and appropriations was wider in recent years than in any time covered by these
data (from the College Board).

21

As state contributions to higher education decline, tuitions typically must pick up

the difference, and of course, over the recessionary period, this means rising prices
(and greater demand) for higher ed while most households incomes were falling. In
fact, between the 2007-08 school year and now, tuitions and fees for private fouryear colleges rose about 13% compared to a 27% rise for public higher education.
Of course, there are still large differences in the tuition levels between private and
public institutions of higher education, with private tuition and fees about $30,000
per year in 2012-13 and public at about $9,000. But the large differential in the
growth of tuition and fees between the two sectors means this gap is shrinking.
Fighting the Jobs Deficit
As stressed above, when it comes to economic policy, despite the fact that so many
families continue to struggle, Congresss sole focus appears to be deficit reduction.
While it is essential to stabilize the growth of the debt in the medium term, a few
factors should be considered. First, based on about $2.3 trillion in spending cuts and
tax increases enacted since 2011, we are $1.2 trillion in further policy changes (that
would save another $200 billion in interest payments) away from stabilizing the
debt as a share of GDP by 2022.1 So Congress and the administration have already
made important progress in this regard.
Second, the most pressing near-term economic problem is not the budget deficit,
its the jobs deficit. This is clear in relevant indicators of both: we have high unemployment and low interest rates.
Were the budget deficit a near-term problem, in the sense of crowding out private
borrowing, wed see this in debt markets through higher rates of interest, but instead we see the opposite, with Treasury yields at historic lows. Yet the unemployment rate has been stuck around 8% for the past year.
In fact, as I travel around the nation discussing these matters with audiences
from all walks of life, I constantly hear one refrain: Why isnt Washington doing
anything about jobs and paychecks?
So in closing out my testimony, Id like to provide the committee with a brief and
very lightly annotated list of ideas that Id urge you to consider.
Infrastructure investment: Our national stock of public goods is in significant
disrepair, with significant costs to productivity and growth. With high unemployment and low borrowing costs, this is an excellent time to make such investments.
One specific idea to consider here is the FAST! (Fix Americas Schools Today) bill
introduced in the last Congress to repair the nations public schools, with an emphasis on energy-efficient retrofits.
1 This figure may be modified up or down as a result of the forthcoming CBO forecast, to be
released at 1:00 p.m. today. See http://www.cbo.gov/content/43858.

22
Manufacturing policies: Both offense (forward looking investments in areas like
clean energy where private investment will be undersupplied) and defense (fighting
back against non-tariff barriers like currency manipulation that disadvantage our
exports).
Helping Unions: Creating a more level playing field for unions to organize.
Minimum wage: Ranking member Miller has proposed a useful increase in the
wage floor that would help lift the earnings of our lowest wage workers by 85 cents
a year for three years, bring the federal minimum from $7.25 to $9.80 and then indexing it to inflation. Such an increase in the minimum wage would lift year-round
earnings from around $15,000 to around $20,000, and potentially lift the earnings
of 30 million low-wage workers, with little or no negative impact on the employment
of affected workers.
More rigorous application of labor standards, including overtime rules, correct
worker classification, and prosecuting wage theft.
Strong work supports both in terms of wage subsidies for low-income workers
like the Earned Income or Child Tax credits, and assistance with the costs of employment, including child care and transportation.
Guaranteed health insurance coverage: While lower-income jobs obviously tighten family budget constraints, if that family has affordable and reliable health insurance coverage, they are far more likely to be able to make ends meet and achieve
a level of security that all working families deserve.
Better oversight of financial markets: While this may seem tangential to jobs
for the middle class, it is in fact highly relevant. Todays high unemployment rate,
even years into a GDP recovery, is widely viewed as one consequence of the housing
bubble, itself inflated by severely under-regulated financial markets. And while the
Dodd-Frank financial reform bill has much to recommend it, Congress must accelerate its lagging implementation.
Not only would action on some subset of these policy ideas help to provide desperately needed opportunities to working families, but they would provide an excellent answer to the question of whats Washington doing to help?
Finally, an amply funded government sector is essential to accomplish the above
agenda, both in terms of educational access and jobs for the middle class. This will
require future budget deals involving revenue increases and spending cuts, not solely in the interest of debt stabilization, but to support economic security and opportunity, financial market oversight, and work.
Thank you.

Chairman KLINE. Mr. Timmons, you are recognized.

STATEMENT OF JAY TIMMONS, PRESIDENT AND CEO,
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS

Mr. TIMMONS. Chairman Kline, Ranking Member Miller, and

members of the committee, thank you so much for inviting me to
offer a perspective on the critical workplace issues facing manufacturers as a new session of Congress gets underway. In the coming
months, manufacturers urge the committee to focus on our Nations
ability to compete with other Nations and address the many challenges that our sector face here at home. Today it is actually 20
percent more expensive to manufacture in the United States compared to our major trading partners, and that figure excludes the
cost of labor. Although the committee cannot address every factor
that goes into that number, it can provide assistance in other
areas.
My written testimony highlights some of the barriers to competitiveness for manufacturers. For example, the National Labor Relations Boards overreach is making workplace relations needlessly
adversarial. The Boards aggressive agenda is undoing the timetested balance in our labor system, one on which employers and
employees have come to rely. But I would like to use my time today
to highlight two issues in two areas where I believe Congress has
an opportunity to make significant advances, and both of these

23
issues focus on the manufacturing workforce and I believe have the
opportunity for bipartisan solutions.
Over 600,000 manufacturing jobs are unfilled today because
workers dont possess the right skills. Manufacturers are working
to close this skills gap through initiatives like the NAMs military
badge program and our skills certification program, both of which
facilitate entry and advancement into the manufacturing workforce. There are many Federal programs, as you know, that aim to
provide worker training, but quite candidly they are just not getting the job done.
Federal resources arent being used effectively. For example, programs authorized by the Workforce Investment Act are overly bureaucratic, which prevents workforce training dollars from getting
to the workers who actually need them. We believe Congress
should streamline the program and direct the focus, direct its focus
to training workers with skills that are in demand and for jobs that
actually exist. The AMERICA Works Act, which Congressmen
Barletta and Schneider introduced this morning, achieves exactly
that goal. Manufacturers appreciate Congressman Barlettas work
on this legislation, and we urge members of the committee to cosponsor this bill.
We can begin closing the skills gap through better education and
better training programs, but that is going to take time. Manufacturers also need access to the people who will invent, who will innovate, who will create, and who will build, regardless of where
they are born. And so manufacturers are encouraging Congress to
move forward with comprehensive immigration reform that will
allow us to meet our current and future workforce needs. Manufacturers need to be able to hire the right person, with the right skills,
at the right time. Without major reforms, we will be ceding talent
to our competitors and turning away a future generation of entrepreneurs.
Consider this inspirational finding of a study by the Partnership
for a New American Economy. It found that over 40 percentover
40 percentof Fortune 500 companies were either started by an
immigrant or by the child of an immigrant. American manufacturing enterprises founded by immigrants span all sectors, from
technology, to steel, to chemicals, to medical devices, and many
others. All told, major companies founded by immigrants or children of immigrants have an economic impact larger than the entire
economies of all but two of our competitorsJapan and Chinaaccording to the report.
We also have to recognize reality. In addition to border security,
structural reforms, and verification issues, immigration reform
must address the millions of undocumented individuals who currently live in the United States. We need to provide a solution for
these men, women, and children who seek freedom and opportunity
and who can help us build a stronger country.
So thank you again for giving me this opportunity to provide a
perspective from manufacturers. We look forward to working with
you, with all of you to achieve our shared goal of a more vibrant
economy that leads to investment and jobs in America.
[The statement of Mr. Timmons follows:]

24
Prepared Statement of Jay Timmons, President & CEO,
National Association of Manufacturers
Chairman Kline, Ranking Member Miller and Members of the Committee, thank
you for the opportunity to appear today to testify on behalf of our nations manufacturers at this hearing on the Challenges Facing Americas Workplaces and Classrooms.
My name is Jay Timmons, and I am the President and CEO of the National Association of Manufacturers, the nations largest industrial trade association, representing small and large manufacturers in every industrial sector, in all 50 states.
And we are the voice of 12 million manufacturing workers in America. I am pleased
to testify on behalf of our nations manufacturers and all those who wish to preserve
our nations competitiveness and prosperity, on the critical issues of education and
workforce development.
Before I begin, I would like to let you know that the Manufacturing Institute, the
non-profit affiliate of the National Association of Manufacturers, is honoring 120
women tonight from across the country for their leadership in Manufacturing. We
applaud all of these women for their hard work, dedication and commitment to the
success of American manufacturing.
Manufacturing remains an important economic force across the country. To retain
that strength we need to address the fact that it is now 20 percent more expensive
to manufacture in the United States compared to our competitors, and that figure
excludes the cost of labor. As manufacturers, we have identified four goals to keep
manufacturing as leading economic driver.
1. The United States will be the best place in the world to manufacture and attract direct foreign investment.
2. Manufacturers in the United States will be the worlds leading innovators.
3. The United States will expand access to global markets to enable manufacturers to reach the 95 percent of consumers who live outside our borders.
4. Manufacturers in the United States will have access to the workforce that the
21st-century economy demands.
These goals are our vision for manufacturing. There are however, also very specific challenges we are facing in labor policy, workforce development and immigration that make it difficult to achieve these objectives.
Labor Policy
The National Labor Relations Boards (NLRB) aggressive agenda threatens jobs
and undermines employeremployee relations. The NAM is committed to defending
the rights of manufacturers and their employees and stopping this bureaucratic
overreach. We need to maintain the time-tested balance between labor unions and
employers. This balance is critical to economic growth and job creation.
The current National Labor Relations Board and the Department of Labor continue to churn out troubling regulations and case decisions, often overturning decades of established and accepted labor practice. At times it appears these agencies
are proposing old-economy ideas to solve problems that simply do not exist in a
modern workplace. Based on press accounts, we are likely to see an expansion in
the amount of personal information employers will be required to share with union
representatives, including personal emails. It is also likely the Board will seek to
allow for electronic voting during a unionization campaign election. Both of these
initiatives, along with the ambush election rule, and the Employee Free Choice Act,
purport to make it easier for unions to hold representation elections, but it is rather
interesting when you look at the NLRBs own data about union representation elections and how the Board is dead set on fixing a problem that the numbers continue
to show doesnt exist.
This is a pattern with the Board. For example, the Acting General Counsels Summary of Operations Memorandum for 2012 shows 93.9 percent of union elections
were conducted in 56 days or less from the time the representation petition was
filed. This rate is above the Boards goal of 90 percent and the 12th straight year
the NLRB has exceeded its stated goal. Keep in mind, the ambush election rule that
would speed up representation elections never went into effect last year due to litigation the NAM supported. The regulation was invalidated by the District Court
last year and is before the DC Circuit Court of Appeals right now. Weve been asking the same questions and have yet to receive credible answers from this Board.
What is even more telling however, is despite the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
D. C. Circuit recent decision that two of the three current members of the Board
were improperly appointed by the Presidenteffectively reducing the Board to one
member, the Chairman of the NLRB, Mark Pearce, has stated the Board will continue to perform our statutory duties and issue decisions.

25
The result is rather than being focused on hiring new employees and creating new
opportunities for employees, employers are shifting focus to educating themselves on
multiple union representation elections, questioning whether or not they should consult with their attorney over representation elections and facing challenges to comply with the shifting landscape of regulations. We anticipate this current focus to
continue over the next several years, not just with the NLRB, but as also evidenced
by the most recent Regulatory Agenda released by the Department of Labor this
past December. Employers will be trying to decipher hundreds of pages of proposed
regulations from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the
Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, NLRB, and other agencies rather
than focusing on the reason they exist in the first place.
Alignment of Education and Workforce Needs
While these challenges are of serious concern by themselves, there is also a longgrowing and looming problem for manufactures. Our most recent Skills Gap survey
identified approximately 600,000 positions going unfilled due to the lack of qualified
applicants. In fact, 82 percent of manufacturers reported a moderate-to-serious
shortage in skilled production labor.
The U.S. is betting its entire economic future on our ability to produce leadingedge products. Whether its in IT, biotech, aerospace or construction * * * it doesnt
matter. Manufacturers will be the ones to consistently create new and better things.
This future promises to be bright, but only if we have the workforce capable of pushing that leading-edge. And right now, that doesnt look like a very good bet.
We have created an education system that is almost completely divorced from the
economy at large. The only way to address this monumental challenge and support
the economic recovery is to align education, economic development, workforce and
business agendas to work in concert and develop the talent necessary for success
in the global economy.
It is our belief that we do not need another government program to solve these
problems. We should, however, make sure the ones we currently have are actually
addressing the problems we face. If they are failing to meet the needs of employees
and employers, we shouldnt be afraid to change them. As representatives of the
manufacturing industry, we think weve found a solution that fits the needs of our
businesses and our labor force while working within the existing secondary and
postsecondary education structure.
The solution, called the NAM-Endorsed Manufacturing Skills Certification System, is grounded in the basic set of skills identified by manufacturersthe employers themselvesas required to work in any sector across the manufacturing industry.
The system is a series of nationally portable, industry-recognized credentials
based specifically on those employer-identified skills. These credentials, and the
training required to obtain them, certify that an individual possesses the basic skills
necessary for a career in manufacturing and ensures that they are useful nationwide and across multiple manufacturing sectors. A realignment of this kind would
be tangible for our nation and its workforce.
While on its face, the idea of a skills certification system may not seem transformational, it is in fact reforming education and the way we think about it. For
too long, any programs that were career or technical were pushed off into the noncredit side of academic institutions. This attitude sends a loud and clear message
to students and parents about the value colleges and universities place on these
types of programs. Yet, it is these very skills and certifications that will lead to a
job or career that actually exists.
We are working to integrate credentials into the for-credit side of colleges, so even
if a student takes only three or four courses to achieve a certification and heads into
the workforce, they have banked those credits. Under this system, the individual
knows that when they return to achieve the next level certification, they will also
be working toward a degree as well.
This approach creates more on and off ramps in education, which facilitates individuals ability to obtain schooling when their professional career requires it, and
positions them to earn while they learn, applying what they learn in class at night
on the job the next day. In fact, I know the Manufacturing Institute has worked
closely and successfully with Congresswoman Brooks former employer, Ivy Tech,
which is a national leader in quality manufacturing training. These are the partnerships we embrace and hope to replicate.
For many years, postsecondary success has been defined as a four-year degree.
This is unfortunate when a valid, industry-based credential can provide the knowledge and skills for a well-paying job and a solid foundation on which to build a future.

26
Acquiring skills that are in demand by employers is probably the soundest investment individuals can make in themselves and as I said earlier, the federal government does not need to spend more money to facilitate these investmentsbut there
are things Congress and the President must do in order for this approach to have
the greatest impact over the long-term.
In addition to private-sector alignments, we need to look at federal workforce
training programs that often do not address the skills that are in demand by employers. For example, programs such as the Workforce Investment Act that have not
been reauthorized for decade need to be seriously addressed. WIA can be beneficial
to employers, but the program is overly bureaucratic and inefficient which prevents
workforce training dollars from getting to the workers who need them. The program
should not only be streamlined but also focused on the goal of training workers to
credentials that are in demand in the private sector and to jobs that actually exist.
That is why manufacturers support the America Works Act, legislation introduced
this morning by Congressmen Barletta and Schneider. The legislation creates this
prioritization in WIA but also in TAA and Perkins. For employers, an emphasis on
a nationally-portable, industry-recognized credentialing system provides a level of
quality in potential hires that does not exist today. For employees, it ensures they
are obtaining the skills in demand in the workplace and can work in multiple sectors. For government, it ensures that federal funds allocated to worker training are
used more efficiently and effectively. I want to thank Congressman Barletta for
working with us on this piece of legislation that is of utmost importance to manufacturers.
For too many years, anything that looked or sounded like skills development was
classified into a lesser accepted form of education. It was defined simply as job
training, non-creditable courses or career and technical education. In other words,
it wasnt considered real education. Skill certifications can and should be part of a
traditional education system, but a wall has been built between education and job
training by institutions on both sides of that divide. The NAM and the Manufacturing Institute are working to break down that wall. The result will be more individuals gaining the skills they need to build a career and more employers finding
and hiring qualified workers.
Immigration
Employers are investing in workforce development that is essential for the future
of manufacturers. We have committed to and are invested in reducing the skills gap
and will work to find future solutions to support substantive changes and investments in the education system, especially in the areas of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math, but right now there is a skills gap across the country in many
sectors.
Employers cannot find the workers they need to get the job done. We need access
to the people who will invent, innovate, create and build and many of these people
are born outside of the United States. The broken immigration system is making
it more difficult to hire the right person with the right skills at the right time.
We fully understand the need and support efforts to address the millions of undocumented and falsely-documented people currently residing in the United States.
Whether it is politically popular or not, many of these individuals were born here
and many others have lived here for years. This is a serious concern and should
be addressed in a thoughtful manner in conjunction with border security and enforcement measures. The NAM supports resolving these issues and looks forward
to working with Congress, the President and anyone else willing to work together
on a solution.
Just as important, however, is reform of the employment-based immigration system, which in its existing state is hindering economic growth. Manufacturers need
a functional legal immigration system that efficiently deals with the lack of necessary green cards and visas. American companies cannot hire the employees they
need and will either not hire at all or move jobs abroad if the workers are not available domestically. Put simply, we need to raise the caps on the number of green
cards and visas and create a functional system for hiring employees in order for reform to be a workable solution for manufacturers.
A few years ago, a study by the Partnership for a New American Economy, a
group of business and civic leaders, found that over 40 percent of Fortune 500 companies were either started by an immigrant or the child of an immigrant. Manufacturers are well represented in this group.
American manufacturing enterprises founded by immigrants span all sectors,
from technology, to steel, to chemicals, to medical devices, to many others. All told,
the study concluded, major companies founded by immigrants or children of immi-

27
grants have an economic impact larger than all but two of our competitors, Japan
and China.
Every year, even during the economic downturn, the H-1B visa cap is reached,
leaving companies without any access to necessary employees. In addition, the wait
time for a green card can be up to ten years, leaving employers and employees frustrated and searching for alternate solutions.
During the next ten years, STEM jobs are expected to grow by 17 percent, compared to a 9.8 percent-growth in non-STEM jobs. In 2008, just four percent of all
bachelors degrees were awarded in engineering. In China, 31 percent of all bachelors degrees were in engineering and throughout all of Asia the percentage was
19 percent. We need these individuals now, but we also need to firm up our pipeline.
But it is not just the education pipeline that needs to be addressed. Comprehensive reform should look to create a program to address the future needs of the workforce. Without creation of a functional, legal system we will be looking back at ourselves in 20 years trying to determine how to manage the next generation of 12 million undocumented people residing in the United States. Hand in hand with the
need to address the next generation workforce is the need to have a verification system that is fair and reliable.
Make no mistake; immigration reform and the access to foreign-born talent is not
an excuse for American manufacturers to neglect the STEM pipeline. These two
issues are inextricably linked. We will continue to work on building skills for the
shop floor and for the laboratory. Visa and green card funding should be dedicated
to building this pipeline and we look forward to working with you to create a more
robust program.
Conclusion
Mr. Chairman, we need access to workers with the skills that will allow American
manufacturers to grow and succeed. We have invested in developing those skills
here in the United States, but we also need access to foreign-born workers whose
skills, talents and vision complement those of the American workforce.
Thank you for the opportunity to testify today. I look forward to working with you
to build the next generation of manufacturers.

Chairman KLINE. Thank you. I thank all the witnesses. We are

going to start questions, and I will start. I am going to limit myself
and all members to 5 minutesremind me to gavel myself down
if we get going hereso that all members will have a chance to ask
questions.
Let me start with you, Governor. You talked about red tape and
bureaucracy getting in the way of workforce training. We are going
to again, Mr. Miller mentioned it in his remarks, we are going to
again take up the Workforce Investment Act. We had legislation in
the last Congress, we will probably move it around a little bit and
bring it back up because we believe, I believe that the current
workforce investment, the workforce training system is not helping.
So you brought it up. What is it that you are doing in Utah that
you think we could pick up in Federal legislation that would be
helpful?
Governor HERBERT. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman. I think all
of us recognize in the marketplace that regulation sometimes gets
in the way of production, and as I get around the State of Utah
and other places, the most common lament that I hear from the
business community is the regulation sometimes that dont make
sense to them, and particularly Federal regulation.
In Utah we have taken an approach of going back and actually
counting and reviewing the numbers of regulations that we have
in our State, and last year we challenged our departments, our cabinet members to go back and count the regulations that we have
on our books, and we found out we had 1,969. Who knew? And we
found out that we had 368 of those that had no public purpose,

28
meaning they didnt level the playing field, they didnt protect the
public. They were just a drag on the economy. And so we did what
would be sensible, I think, and that was we eliminated or modified
them to allow the marketplace to not have that drag.
That has been a shot in the arm for our business community.
And so, again, we are now taking it one step further. Now, this
year, we will be working with our local governments and their regulations to make sure that they are appropriate and they actually
have a purpose out there in either leveling playing fields or protecting the public. But I think regulation reform is something that
ought to be viewed by every State and certainly ought to be viewed
here in Washington, and count them up, see how many you have
got and see what you can eliminate or modify.
Chairman KLINE. I cant even guess what that number would be.
Governor HERBERT. That is part of the problem.
Chairman KLINE. Very, very large. Exactly. Many thousands of
pages, no doubt. I think we are up to something like 13,000 pages
of regulations on the Affordable Care Act already.
Mr. Timmons, let me pick up again on the workforce training
and the Workforce Investment Act. You have been following what
we have been doing here. What do you think would be most helpful
in making sure that businesses are able to convey what jobs are
available and what training needs to be done?
Mr. TIMMONS. Well, I think there are several factors, Mr. Chairman. From a Federal perspective, obviously, ease of being able to
access training funds and having those funds consolidated into programs that are focused on developing those with the skills that are
necessary for the manufacturing workforce. As I mentioned,
600,000 jobs in manufacturing go unfilled. It is one of the reasons
that the organization, the Manufacturing Institute, which is an
arm of the NAM, has been focused on skill certification programs,
that is partnerships with community colleges, to help us certify
manufacturing workers with a portable set of skills that they can
use across State lines or in other communities.
We have also been working on our military badge program that
allows us to access the skills that our returning military personnel
have that they may not know can translate into real life experiences in the manufacturing sector. The military badge program
acts as a translator for skills that our military personnel have acquired while they are on mission in the military and translate
those skills into real life manufacturing jobs here at home.
Chairman KLINE. So you are saying in the manufacturing field
alone there are 600,000 job openings and you dont have the people.
Mr. TIMMONS. That is right, sir, about 5 percent of the manufacturing workforce is vacant today. Even with 8 percent unemployment, manufacturers are always trying to find workers that have
the skills necessary. Some of those are the high-end positions, the
STEM fields, and some of them are more basic skills that require
some basic sets of training activities.
Chairman KLINE. So the 47 programs across nine agencies or
whatever is not getting it done. Okay.
Mr. TIMMONS. I think they are well intentioned.
Chairman KLINE. My time has expired.
Mr. Miller.

29
Mr. MILLER. Thank you.
On this same subject, Jared, one of my concerns in my opening
statement was this, as I say, leaping from fiscal cliff to fiscal cliff.
And one of the things I think we see or is talked about in the unemployment market, after people are unemployed 6 months or
more, they start to lose proficiency, they are not in the environment to pick up new requirements, skills that are necessary or information. And my concern is, you know, as I pointed out, what we
saw happen in 2011 was this dramatic drop. I think FedEx testified it was the largest drop in business in the history of the company, larger than after 9/11. That is what happened when we
fooled with the debt limit then.
We saw this report recently suggesting that people just stopped
hiring in the fourth quarter because they didnt know if we were
going to go over the cliff, due to the debt limit, what have you. And
it seems to me that has to be resolved so that employers have a
clear picture of where they are going so that then we can backfill
with the kinds of programs undertaken by the Governor, the kinds
of programs suggested here by the manufacturers, but people have
to have a vision that is longer than 90 days. I mean, we are running this government on a 90-day leash. That is long term, when
we go 90 days. We have done 30 days. And I just dont see how
you get this economy really taking advantage of everything we
need to get stronger and stronger if you have this continued bashing around here inside the Beltway.
Mr. BERNSTEIN. Well, yeah, I couldnt agree more. And I suspect
when the Governor talks about, you know, regulatory uncertainty,
he is probably also talking about general economic uncertainty.
That is certainly something that I hear a lot from business people.
But the problem that most folks talk about nowadays is not so
much uncertainty from a regulatory agenda, but uncertainty from
precisely the kind of jumping from cliff to ceiling to sequester that
you are describing, Congressman, and what is I think unfortunately ironic there is that this is an uncertainty that is being generated by the very Congress who could do something about it.
Let me make one comment about these unemployed, these slots
allegedly open in manufacturing. I am not questioning Mr.
Timmons, who is an expert in that field. I will say, among economists it has been widely argued whether unemployment now is
structural, mostly structural, or mostly cyclical, meaning that it is
mostly cyclical coming from a demand phenomena, the kind of job
creation problems you have when the unemployment rate is so high
and you are still working through the residuals of the great recession. So a lack of available jobs, or is it structural, a lack of enough
skilled workers? And the consensus among economists, conservative and liberal, this is across the board, is that this is a cyclical
unemployment problem, not a structural one, so that if we had
more employment growth, a lot of the unemployment problems you
are hearing described would go away.
Now, that doesnt mean that we have adequately trained workers
for every job slot in the economy. We dont. And I very much endorse some of the ideas I have heard from my colleagues. But the
problem writ large is a cyclical problem associated with labor de-

30
mand, not enough job growth, not a skills-based problem right now
in the near term.
Mr. MILLER. Thank you.
Now, we are all hoping, Mr. Timmons, we are hoping to reauthorize the workforce investment program here, and there has been
a lot of suggestions and there has been a lot of effort on both sides
of the aisle put into this effort. You know, we try to come together,
but one of the things that was suggested in the markup last year
by the bill presented by my colleagues on the other side of the aisle
was that the labor unions would not be allowed to participate in
the workforce investment boards in an area such as large manufacturing, DuPont, Dow, Chevron, Exxon, they are all there, United
States Steel. And as we transition, we find jobs, new jobs, in my
area the labor unions have been very helpful in providing the workforce for the expansions at Chevron, the labor unions have been
very helpful in providing skilled workers for the internal workings
of the refineries. When both Dow and DuPont came up with new
manufacturing procedures, the community colleges and the labor
unions, the Chemical Workers put together the programs to train
those people so they would be ready when the construction was
done. And so I just want to have your opinion, is this critical that
labor unions not be allowed to participate in these boards that are
made up of employers, employees, educators, small businesses,
large businesses in our communities?
Mr. TIMMONS. Well, you know, I come from a little different perspective. My grandfather was a 40-year labor union member with
Mead Paper Company.
Mr. MILLER. I have got more people here come out of labor families, okay? So I am long on people who arent happy with labor
unions that came out of labor families.
Mr. TIMMONS. Right. So, you know, I think I will let you all work
that out.
Mr. MILLER. Is this a critical question because this goes to how
this bill
Mr. TIMMONS. This is not a critical question for the NAM.
Mr. MILLER. Is this a make-or-break issue for you?
Mr. TIMMONS. Not for the NAM, but I can tell you that I
think
Mr. MILLER. Appreciate that.
Mr. TIMMONS [continuing]. It is important for us to really focus
on getting it done one way or the other.
Mr. MILLER. We may not be working very well together in Washington, but all over this country they seem to be working together
in various communities to try to create the atmosphere for these
new jobs, new processes that are responding to the changes in the
economy. Thank you.
Chairman KLINE. Thank the gentleman.
Mr. Wilson.
Mr. WILSON OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and
thank you, in fact, for promoting an effort to promote an atmosphere, as Mr. Miller indicated, to create jobs. I am very concerned
about the contraction of the economy. I think it directly relates to
higher taxes. We already know right here in this room that the
NFIB projected that the government takeover of health care would

31
result higher taxes providing for the destruction of jobs. In fact, 1.6
million jobs. And so we need to certainly make every effort. Mr.
Chairman, I appreciate your efforts.
And, Secretary Fornash, I am honored to be here with you. My
mothers family is from Richmond. I graduated from Washington
and Lee at Lexington, and I have a son who is a doctor in Portsmouth, so we cover the Commonwealth.
With that, you indicated a need to reauthorize No Child Left Behind. This brings up a huge issue, and that is what is the proper
role of the Federal government and what should be the primary
function of State government, which is to provide for public education, and I believe it should be led by local elected school boards.
So what should be the Federal role?
Ms. FORNASH. Well, thank you, Mr. Wilson. It is nice to know
your strong ties to Virginia. Appreciate that.
I think the role of the Federal government is really to focus on
that supplemental funding to States, that helping disadvantaged
children progress academically. We know these at-risk students
need greater access to resources, and the Federal government is
doing that. I think the challenge is obviously the accountability for
those Federal dollars and really ensuring that States have the
flexibility at the local level to focus on raising rigor with standards
to focus on closing the achievement gap. And in many times those
strategies take innovation and creativity that Federal dollars dont
always allow for. So it is important going forward that we make
sure those resources do have greater flexibility in order to be able
to respond to some of the innovative programs that are being successful throughout the Nation. And in Virginia we are very much
focused on raising our standards and ensuring that all young people are college or career ready when they leave high school.
Mr. WILSON OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Well, your input can be very
helpful because I certainly, I have faith in professional educators.
My wife is a retired teacher. So that is who we need to be counting
on to provide for the young people of our country.
Mr. Timmons, I appreciate your reference about the National
Labor Relations Board. South Carolina was the poster child, the
NLRB overreach, as you indicated. Boeing built a plant, 1.1 million
square feet, hired a thousand employees, and then out of the blue
NLRB intervened and said that it couldnt open. Thank goodness
Governor Nikki Haley, Attorney General Alan Wilson responded
quickly, we were able to settle this, and now thousands of people
are employed and 787 Dreamliners are being built. What other examples of overreach have you detected that destroy jobs by NLRB?
Mr. TIMMONS. I think a few examples of creating an unnecessarily adversarial relationship involve quick snap elections, the
specialty health care bill, which createsregulation, pardon me
that creates micro unions, small bargaining units, smaller bargaining units. I think the poster rule that was required by the
NLRB, which is now on hold, are a few examples of those.
Unfortunately, I think that well-intentioned, oftentimes by regulators, well-intentioned actions have adverse results, and actions do
have consequences, and creating an environment where employers
and employees who have had 70 years of settled labor law, creating

32
a situation that is not as harmonious as it once was is very unfortunate, particularly in an economy like we face right now.
Mr. WILSON OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Well, we certainly look forward
to your input.
And, Governor Herbert, congratulations. Forbes has named Utah
as the best State for business for 3 years in a row. And the reduction in unemployment from 8.3 to 5.2, that is huge, and I want to
congratulate you. We look forward to seeing what you did. I know
one thing, the benefits of being a right-to-work State. Could you
tell us how you have seen this and how this is reflected in creating
jobs?
Governor HERBERT. Well, thank you. We are pleased with the
growth we have seen, and it has been a difficult time for all of us,
all the States going through the great recession. But my father was
an old Idaho farm boy, and I didnt grow up on a farm, but we always had an acre, and acre and a half of garden, and what my dad
taught me was it didnt matter how good the seeds were you planted if you didnt have a good soil to plant them in. And so as a metaphor for what we have tried to do in Utah, we have tried to create
an environment of a fertile field, a fertile soil where entrepreneurs
can come down and throw their seeds and grow them. If they work
hard, weed, water, and fertilize, there will come a harvest.
And in Utah we have an environment that is conducive to riskreward of a free market system, and we dont have the shackles
sometimes of a labor union that has a hard negotiation. We are a
right-to-work State, and I think that gives us competitive advantage. I believe in free markets and the ability for the entrepreneur
to go where they want and set up what they want and risk and
try to have a profitable outcome in that environment. Our success
in Utah is one of predictability and certainty and an environment
that attracts the entrepreneur to come and invest in our soil, which
as Forbes has mentioned is the best climate in America right now.
Mr. WILSON OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Congratulations. Thank you.
Chairman KLINE. The gentlemans time has expired.
Mr. Andrews.
Mr. ANDREWS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Timmons, I welcome your support for immigration reform. I
thank you for it. Hope you are part of a broad and successful coalition to get that done.
Mr. TIMMONS. We do, too.
Mr. ANDREWS. The NAM is a member of something called the Coalition for a Democratic Workplace. Is that correct?
Mr. TIMMONS. That is right.
Mr. ANDREWS. And my understanding is the Coalition for a
Democratic Workplace filed a petition to intervene in the Noel Canning decision that invalidated the NLRB appointments. Is that correct?
Mr. TIMMONS. I am sorry, invalidate which?
Mr. ANDREWS. In the Noel case, which is the one that invalidated
the recess appointments on the NLRB.
Mr. TIMMONS. I think the coalition did, but I am not sure.
Mr. ANDREWS. Here it is.
Mr. TIMMONS. Okay.

33
Mr. ANDREWS. So I assume that you agree with the assessment
that the intra-session recess appointments President Obama made
are unconstitutional?
Mr. TIMMONS. Well, the coalition filed that, and obviously we are
a part of the coalition. The NAM did not. We werent part of that
particular decision.
Mr. ANDREWS. Do you support what the coalition did, though?
Mr. TIMMONS. But at this point the courts have at least ruled.
Right now we are waiting for an appeal
Mr. ANDREWS. But you support what the coalition did in intervening in the case?
Mr. TIMMONS. And I think we need to
Mr. ANDREWS. Okay.
Mr. TIMMONS. Basically I think we need to listen to the courts.
Mr. ANDREWS. On August 31st of 2001, President George W.
Bush appointed Peter Hurtgen to the NLRB in an intra-session recess appointment, exactly the same facts as these. Did you intervene and oppose that appointment?
Mr. TIMMONS. Not that I am aware of.
Mr. ANDREWS. On August 31st of 2005 President Bush appointed
Peter Schaumber to the NLRB in an intra-session recess appointment. Did you oppose that appointment?
Mr. TIMMONS. Not that I am aware of.
Mr. ANDREWS. On January 4th of 2006 President Bush appointed
Peter Kirsanow to the NLRB on an intra-session NLRB appointment. Did you oppose that?
Mr. TIMMONS. You know, this is an interesting line of questions,
but quite frankly I think the courts are the ones that have to decide this. This is not an issue for us.
Mr. ANDREWS. Well, but you didnt seem to think the courts had
to decide it when President Bush appointed four members of the
NLRB using exactly the legal basis President Obama did. Why
didnt you challenge those appointments?
Mr. TIMMONS. Well, thank you for your confidence in my constitutional abilities. I have been president of the NAM for 2 years,
so I think you probably have to talk to some of my predecessors.
I do think the bottom line, though, Congressman, is the courts
have made a decision on this, and I think we are going to have to
listen to the courts.
Mr. ANDREWS. Well, but evidently your coalition did not think
that President Bushs appointments of Mr. Hurtgen and Mr.
Schaumber, Mr. Kirsanow, Mr. Dennis Walsh on January 7th of
2006 were problematic. Why is all of a sudden these appointments
in intra-session recesses, what is so different about them that make
them challengeable in court when you didnt challenge the other
four by President Bush?
Mr. TIMMONS. Again, I think you are going to have to ask the
courts why they think that that is the case.
Mr. ANDREWS. I will tell you why I think it is the case. I think
that there is no question that there has to be some limitation on
the appointment power of the President of the United States, there
is no question about that. Although I would point out that on 303
occasions since President Reagan took office Presidents have used
the intra-session recess appointment to appoint people. Jeane Kirk-

34
patrick was appointed by President Reagan, Alan Greenspan was
appointed by President Reagan during this time. Presidents sometimes felt they needed to do this.
This problem has been heightened in recent years because the
Senate, in my opinion, has used its constitutional prerogative to
advise and consent as a constitutional bludgeon to paralyze the operation of the executive branch. President Obama made these appointments because the Senate refused to act on his nominees so
that the Board could not act.
The power to advise and consent is not the power to paralyze.
Presidents who are confronted with this, 72 times by President
Reagan, 37 times by President George H.W. Bush, 53 times by
President Clinton, and the champion, 141 times by President
George W. Bush, made intra-session recess appointments, but your
coalition, your organization never challenged any of them, including four appointments, four appointments to the National Labor
Relations Board in the George W. Bush years.
So I understand we have to leave this to the courts. I am hopeful
the court will reach a decision which avoids paralysis of the executive branch for ideological reasons. But I find it, frankly, disconcerting that on four occasions when President George W. Bush
appointed people to the NLRB using exactly the same constitutional arguments President Obama did, your organization was
quiet about it.
I yield back the balance of my time.
Chairman KLINE. I thank the gentleman.
Dr. DesJarlais.
Mr. DESJARLAIS. Good morning, and thank you all for being here
today. I want to focus a little bit on the higher education aspect
and the challenges we face. Governor and Secretary, I wanted to
get your perspectives on a couple of things. Just like anything coming out of Washington right now, the deficit and spending issues
are driving a lot of our challenges.
But also, it seems like we are having more and more difficulty
getting kids to graduate college in a punctual fashion. The days of
4-year colleges seem to be stretched to 6 years, and costs continue
to increase. And over the past decade, for public 4-year colleges I
think we have seen about a 66 percent increase in cost, 47 percent
per 2-year public institutions, and about a 26 to 27 percent increase for 4-year private institutions. Yet over the same decade,
Federal subsidies for higher education has gone up about 140 percent. We know that in fiscal year 2012 Pell Grant spending was
about $41.5 billion compared to $13.7 billion in 2006. And looking
back to the 2003-2004 school year for 4-year institutions, about 50
percent of students are obtaining a bachelor degree after 6 years.
So when we look at these numbers, they are kind of alarming.
And to think, unless the numbers have changed, student loan debt
in this country surpasses all credit card debt and all auto loan debt
combined. So we have a lot of money being poured in by the Federal government, but we are not getting a good return on our investment.
So, Governor Herbert, I would ask you first, what do we do to
make colleges not only more affordable, but what do we do to
incentivize students to graduate in a timely fashion? And then how

35
do we make it more conducive for full-time employment for these
kids after they graduate?
Governor HERBERT. Well, after I get through answering that
question, I can work on world peace.
Mr. DESJARLAIS. Exactly.
Governor HERBERT. You know, Steve Forbes made an interesting
observation, where he said that when the Federal government got
involved in the 1970s in putting more money into higher education,
it actually had the phenomenon of rising costs for students. Our
loans have gone up. The costs of education have gone up. And so
you wonder if there is a cause-and-effect relationship there.
We have an emphasis in Utah to see if we can make sure that
we get through the process quicker, saving time. Most college students take 6 years to get a 4-year degree. We in Utah are trying
to embrace more use of technology, concurrent enrollment in K-12
so that people are better prepared when they get to college education experience to in fact get a leg up on the challenge they have
there. We find there is too much remedial work, where people have
to be retrained when they leave high school and get into college.
That costs time and money.
We have got colleges now within their own budgets that are trying to restructure and reprioritize their own budgets to make sure
that we in fact get away from what some have referred to as degrees to nowhere. Again, all education has value, but right now in
the marketplace, for example, the STEM educations have more
value and better reward.
So we are trying to find ways to streamline, to use more technology, remote learning, concurrent enrollment, online courses,
which will help us in fact reduce costs. We also have a significant
effort to have private support and help with donors to help reduce
costs so there is not just a burden on the taxpayer. And I think if
you will find and compare, you will find that Utahs higher education is at the lower one-third when it comes to tuition costs and
the overall costs to get a degree in Utah.
Mr. DESJARLAIS. Thank you, Governor.
Secretary.
Ms. FORNASH. Great. Thank you for the opportunity. Governor
McDonnell has been very focused on access and affordability to
higher education and really focused on tuition increases because of
the growing debt, college debt, that students are experiencing. And
so we have had a real push on trying to incentivize our institutions
to do certain things, and part of that is the 4-year graduation rate.
And we have got this points-based performance funding model
where we are trying to push new resources to those institutions
who are graduating more students in a timely manner. We are also
looking at greater use of technology to help students complete in
a timely manner. We also do want to promote dual enrollment. We
have legislation that was passed that requires all local school divisions to provide associate and 2-year opportunities at the high
school levels to ensure greater access and affordability.
And we are also promoting year-round use of facilities. As you
know, many of our higher education facilities are only used 9 and
10 months throughout the year. So how do we use those other

36
months and those break times to provide credit to students so they
can complete in a timely manner.
Mr. DESJARLAIS. Well, I think that sounds spot-on. And I will be
anxious to hear the numbers, how that turns out, how that is working for you because I think that is the model that we need. And
I look forward to hearing how that turns out. Thank you for your
time.
I yield back.
Chairman KLINE. The gentlemans time has expired.
Mr. Scott.
Mr. SCOTT. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I want to thank all the
panelists, particularly those from Virginia. I have known Secretary
Fornash and Mr. Timmons, who worked with Governor, Senator,
and Congressman Allen. So it is good to see you all.
Secretary Fornash, there was a great controversy a little while
ago when targets under the annual measurable objectives were set
for minority students at a very low level, and there was criticism
of that target. Can you tell me whether or not the future targets
anticipate eliminating the achievement gap? And if so, how long
will it take, and are we on track?
Ms. FORNASH. Yes, sir. Thank you for the question, Congressman
Scott.
What happened occurred last summer when our waiver was approved and the methodology was approved from the U.S. Department of Education. At that time we did not have the results back
from our mathematics tests. When the results came back it did
produce uneven results for the annual measurable objectives. We
quickly responded to that situation and developed a new methodology that would ensure all students would obtain the same goal
within the 6-year period. And so that has been our focus currently.
Mr. SCOTT. Do you anticipate eliminating the achievement gap?
Ms. FORNASH. We are working very hard to do so. Yes, sir.
Mr. SCOTT. Are we on track? Are we on track to eliminating the
achievement gap?
Ms. FORNASH. We have a 6-year plan to do that. You also heard
me mention the Opportunity Education Institution, which would
specifically target those failing schools in the Commonwealth and
step in with a very aggressive plan to manage those schools and
make sure that they are receiving accreditation.
Mr. SCOTT. So notwithstanding the low start, you expect within
6 years to be able to eliminate the achievement gap for minority
students?
Ms. FORNASH. That is definitely the goal that we are working towards. Yes, sir.
Mr. SCOTT. Thank you.
Dr. Bernstein, is it true that the sequester is expected to be
if enacted, if allowed to go into effectwould be a drag on the economy? And if so, if we replaced it with an alternative $1.2 trillion
in cuts, why would that not be an equal drag on the economy?
Mr. BERNSTEIN. Well, it would be, yes. The sequester amounts to
about $85 billion of spending cuts in 2013. And according to independent analysisI believe it is the firm Macro Advisersthis
would reduce growth by 0.7 of a percent, GDP growth by 0.7 of a
percent. Now, GDP growth in the most recent report was actually

37
slightly negative. I think that that was anomalous. I think if you
take a longer-term view, just to say look at year over year instead
of quarter over quarter, you will find that the economy is expanding somewhere in the range of 1.5 to 2 percent a year.
That is already too slow, as can be demonstrably seen by an unemployment rate that has been stuck at 8 percent. So you have to
grow faster than that in order to bring the unemployment rate
down. But if the sequester should kick inor, for that matter, a
sequester replaced by any other set of cuts should kick inyou
would grow even slower, the unemployment rate would probably
rise. That is certainly the prediction among macroeconomists.
Mr. SCOTT. Your first chart shows how those at the bottom arent
doing particularly well. What can we do to fix that?
Mr. BERNSTEIN. Well, I think, of the suggestions I made toward
the end of my testimony, there are some that I think are most relevant to folks at the lower end of the pay scale. I mean I think do
no harm is probably one of the best things you can do for lowerincome people because if the unemployment rate ticks up a little
bit, it goes up a lot for them. So avoiding the sequester in the context of my last remarks are critical in this regard.
But I know that an increase in the minimum wage, in fact just
this morning there is an editorial in The New York Times endorsing that idea for the same reason, the fact that low-income workers
havent seen a minimum wage increase in a while and have been
falling behind. I think this idea of making sure work supports remain strong for low-wage people. Even if you are someone at the
lower end of the pay scale, if your wage is boosted by a robust
earned income or child tax credit, that helps a lot at the end of the
day. Finally I also noted assistance with the costs of going to work,
transportation costs, child care costs, a huge burden for many lowincome families trying to do the right thing, trying to go to work.
Mr. SCOTT. Dr. Fornash, can you say a word about what budget
cuts are doing for your ability to provide quality education in Virginia in terms of class size and ability to attract and retain quality
teachers? What effect budget cuts are having?
Ms. FORNASH. Well, the Governor has tried to restore funding to
both higher education as well as K-12 in order to ensure that we
do have adequate educational resources for our students and programs in place for teacher training.
Chairman KLINE. The gentlemans time has expired.
Mr. BERNSTEIN. Mr. Chairman, could I inject one point on that
point? Is that okay?
Chairman KLINE. Not right now. We will get back to you.
Mr. Rokita.
Mr. ROKITA. Thank the chairman. I would like to say good morning to all the witnesses and thank you for your testimony. It has
been very helpful.
Governor Herbert, can I ask you a question real quick? Is that
your family behind you or no?
Governor HERBERT. Family behind me?
Mr. ROKITA. That is your family. Okay. Well, I could tell. They
seem to be very proud of both of you. Would you mind introducing
them for the record, because I know you must be very proud of
them.

38
Ms. FORNASH. Oh, I would be delighted. Thank you so much.
This is my son Carter Fornash. He is in the fourth grade. He will
be back to see you on a class field trip in April. My niece Natalie
Daniel and my sister-in-law Martha Daniel.
Mr. ROKITA. Thank you very much. I appreciate that.
I will start with you, Secretary, then, if you dont mind. I am
very interested in your public charter schools and really your whole
charter school program. Indiana has an ever-increasing robust program in that regard. I know you said you only had four. But there
are all different kinds. There is the public charter school and then
you said there was a science lab college prep charter school program, something like that. Could you confirm that?
Ms. FORNASH. We currently have four public charter schools in
the Commonwealth of Virginia and those were all created by local
school divisions. We have a real challenge at bringing in charter
management organizations to the Commonwealth basically because
of the restriction that we have on approving charter schools. Those
can only be approved by the local school board.
We do have an innovative concept that I believe you read about
in my testimony and that are STEM academies. And these are public-private partnerships that are created throughout the Commonwealth. We have 16 of them. And they really take on a different
flavor depending upon the business community. And this is a strategy that I would recommend as a way to really expose young people to careers in the STEM fields, as well as provide them with the
skills to be able to be college- and career-ready.
Mr. ROKITA. How do you plan on measuring success? I mean, in
Indiana we have charter schools where 25 percent of the kids, their
sole source of foodI dont think this is different from other parts
of the countrytheir sole source of food is the school. Charter
schools where they are buying shoes for the kids. And then we
have advanced learning charter schools as well. And seemingly,
from someone who is still a little bit on the outside of it, that is
all graded on the same scale. Is that going to be your plan, too?
Or how are you going to measure success in these very different
environments?
Ms. FORNASH. Sure. Well, the initial measure of success for us
is third-grade reading. I mean, that has really been our focus in
the Commonwealth over the past 2 years, is putting a focus, whether it is resources or reading specialists, on third-grade reading and
ensuring that young people are able to read because we know that
is the best predictor of success in high school and in graduation.
So our focus has been third-grade reading, but also an interest
in ensuring that young people are college- and career-ready. And
so that is evident through the graduation rate. We have also
changed our diploma requirements to provide young people to earn
an industry certification as part of their high school diploma requirements, so ensuring that when you graduate from high school
you are either college- or career-ready.
Mr. ROKITA. Okay. Thank you.
And, Governor, thank you again for being here. Our paths
crossed back when you were lieutenant governor and you caucused
with the Nations secretaries of state.
Governor HERBERT. The good old days.

39
Mr. ROKITA. The good old days. You were excellent. And that is
why I dont doubt any of your testimony and see the great things
that Utah is doing. I know from our work together during that time
that that would be the case.
I would like to enter into the record this document that says,
Why Utah.
Chairman KLINE. Without objection.
[The information follows:]

Mr. ROKITA. I am not sure if this was made for us today or you
use this for other purposes or not.
Governor HERBERT. Somebody made it for you.

40
Mr. ROKITA. It says, quote, And we have reduced the size of government while all other employment sectors have grown. And if
you said this in your testimony I apologize. But can you put some
numbers to that or some specificity to reducing the size of government, what that meant?
Governor HERBERT. Well, thank you. You know, we have talked
a lot about certainty and predictability and people want to build on
a solid foundation. And I believe that comes with fiscal prudence.
We are one of only seven States right now that has a AAA bond
rating from all rating agencies on Wall Street, and that says something about Utah, says something about the rest of the country and
the challenges that they are facing. We have had a growth that has
been pretty good. We are about 3 percent growth rate now, back
to our historical norms. And so that expansion of job creation has
been healthy.
Mr. ROKITA. But reduce size of government.
Governor HERBERT. Yeah. Our personal income has grown at
about 5 percent. Every sector of our economy is growing again except for government. And we have gone through to find ways to
streamline and find efficiencies. Again, some of it is technology.
Sometimes it is better process. But it is interesting to know that
we have about 22,560 employees in the State today. You have to
go back to the year 2001 to find a smaller number. As we all know,
government is labor intensive, and we have actually reduced our
labor and found more efficiencies.
At the same time, Utah, which is also one of the fastest growing
States in America, has increased its population by over 600,000
people. So our ratio has gone from one State employee in 112 or
113 to now it is one State employee for 139. Again, as we save taxpayers dollars proportionally, it allows us to redirect moneys where
it needs to go and in fact empower the private sector because we
are not taking as much of their revenue and their capital. They can
reinvest and grow the economy. And, frankly, that ought to be the
focus of all of us. If we get the economy growing right, everything
else kind of falls into place. And that is the formula we have done
in Utah, and it is working very well for us.
Mr. ROKITA. Chairman, my time has expired. Thank you.
Chairman KLINE. Mr. Hinojosa.
Mr. HINOJOSA. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I wish to also thank
Governor Herbert and the other three distinguished panelists for
your participation at our congressional hearing on Education and
Workforce Committee.
My first question is for Dr. Jared Bernstein. Between the years
1973 and 2008, the share of jobs in the U.S. economy which required postsecondary education increased from 28 to 59 percent.
According to the Georgetown University Center on Education and
Workforce, the share of postsecondary jobs will increase from 59 to
63 percent over this next decade.
In your view, what will the jobs of the future look like? What can
Congress do to prepare the least educated and underrepresented
minority groups for the jobs of the future as you see it? And how
can we continue to lower unemployment rates for these populations?

41
Mr. BERNSTEIN. Well, I should look more carefully, the numbers
I have in my head dont quite match the numbers you are citing,
although there is no question that over time the demands for more
highly skilled workers increases. But it increases at a fairly secular, steady pace. There hasnt been any evidence of an acceleration in the increase of employers needs for particularly highly
skilled workers. And in fact if you look at the Bureau of Labor Statistics projections for new jobs, the share with, say, college educated goes up a couple of percentage points over the next 10 years,
not that big a deal.
And if you then look at the occupations creating the most jobs,
you will find that many of those jobs are for home health aides, for
child care workers, for workers in the retail sector, for security
guards, for health technicians. Did I say home health aides? That
is one of the top ones. So while I think it is very important to be
sure that we have the skilled workforce, continue to have the
skilled workforce we needand for that, I will speak specifically to
some policy ideasI think it is also very important that we be
mindful that that is not the only sector that is going to be adding
jobs. We are going to be adding a lot of jobs the middle and the
low end of the pay scale as well. And being mindful of the job quality issues there, as I was mentioning to Mr. Scott and Mr. Miller
earlier, low unemployment, robust work supports, a high enough
minimum wage, guaranteed health care insurance, the ability to
collectively bargain, if that is what you want to do, those are all
really important.
This is the point I actually wanted to make earlier. It does speak
to the issue of your question, how can we help support the need
for more highly and, for that matter, more successfully educated
people across the educational scale? And that has to do with these
funding cuts I mentioned earlier. In my spoken testimony, I talked
about how the cuts are impacting education. Well, the nondefense
discretionary part of the budgetand of course the discretionary
part of the budget is where all the cuts thus far have taken place
on the nondiscretionary part, one-third of that spending goes to
States and localities for the kinds of things Secretary Fornash was
talking about a few minutes ago and endorsing as very important
to her State and I am sure every other State as well.
Well, of the one-third of this nondefense discretionary spending
that goes to States and localities to support services, including education, about 25 percent of that, or $40 billion this year goes to
education. And that is precisely the kinds of programs that Secretary Fornash was talking about. These are things that target
low-income kids, kids with learning disorders, kids with disabilities. They go to Head Start. They go to districts to train better
teachers and reduce class sizes. Any further cuts to the discretionary side of the budget, any shift from defense cuts to the nondefense discretionary side of the budget will cut directly into the
kinds of the programs that I am talking about, that third of NDD
spending that goes to States to help them with their educational
services; with their services writ large, of which education is a
part.
Mr. HINOJOSA. Thank you for that response. And that leads me
to the question for Secretary Fornash.

42
In your testimony, you mentioned the success of Virginias pointbased performance funding model in incentivizing institutions to
increase the production of the college associates degrees and bachelors degrees. Can you explain how that performance funding
model works as well as its impact on the graduation rates for the
underrepresented populations that I am concerned about?
Ms. FORNASH. Yes, sir. It is a relatively new performance-based
funding formula. We just actually provided funding
Mr. HINOJOSA. Is your microphone on?
Ms. FORNASH. I am sorry. This is a relatively new performance
funding model that was just implemented in 2011. It was developed with the business community policymakers and higher education policy analysts. And what the performance funding model
does is give institutions certain points for graduating students in
4 years, STEM-H majors, as well as graduating more underrepresented populations.
So we have only been able to provide funding to that performance-based incentive funding for the past 2 years. So at this point
we dont have any data to report as it would relate to graduation
and retention of underrepresented populations. But I do think it is
important to note that we are incentivizing institutions to look to
those populations. We know that if we want to increase the number
of degrees in the Commonwealth and elsewhere, we are going to
have to look to underrepresented populations and we need to have
our institutions focused on ensuring those students graduate.
Mr. HINOJOSA. My time has run out. I yield back.
Chairman KLINE. I thank the gentleman.
Mr. Thompson.
Mr. THOMPSON. Thank you, Chairman.
Thanks to the panel for bringing your expertise to all the issues
we are dealing with here.
Mr. Timmons, I want to start with you. With so many Americans
suffering under unemployment and underemployment and manufacturing struggling to fill vacanciesand that is what I have seen
traveling around my congressional districtunable to find qualified
and trained workers for these positions sitting open, and quite
frankly, on top of that, the risk of Americas future competitiveness, given both of those things, what recommendations would you
have for secondary education, including career and technical education, if it is applicable, in filling what I would call the skills gap?
Mr. TIMMONS. Well, Congressman, I think there are certainly
many things that we can look at with regard to the education system. You know, one thing I would say that hasnt been mentioned
here today is that all manufacturing jobs do not require a 4-year
degree. And, you know, that is the bright spot. We have been encouraged with the work of the administration on their support of
our skills certification program. That is postsecondary, but in work
with community colleges it has certainly been a benefit to helping
train future manufacturing workers.
In the secondary area, our Manufacturing Institute has also created a program, and it is I guess about 6 years old, called Dream
It, Do It. I describe it as a cross between kind of the old shop class
that many of us remember and junior achievement. And it gives
young people an opportunity to really imagine their future in the

43
world of manufacturing. We have gotten away over the course of
the last several decades from encouraging our children and future
generations to be involved in the manufacturing workforce because
of a perception of what manufacturing used to be. Manufacturing
today is sleek. It is innovative. It is clean. It is technology driven.
You know, when I am speaking to students, I say it is a sexy field
to go into. And the Dream It, Do It campaign or the Dream It, Do
It effort helps young people kind of imagine their future in this
field.
So that is what we are doing from the private sector vantage
point. We have partners in many States. Some States, the Governors have taken it on as kind of their main focus for advancing
some interest in manufacturing, and we have appreciated that
partnership as well.
Mr. THOMPSON. Thank you. I think we have done a tremendous
disservice to a lot of our youth, our kids. You know, many of them
go right into the workforce. And I am a supporter of higher education. No doubt about that. I want to work to make that affordable and accessible. But I believe there are many different pathways to success in life, and if we dont honor all those and reduce
the burdens on all those pathways, we really havent served our
children well.
Governor, as you know, last week it was reported that the gross
domestic product dropped during the last 3 months of 2012 resulting in a 0.1 percent of negative growth for the fourth quarter. Now,
this is the first contraction since the spring of 2009. As you have
looked at that and have heard that reported, what factors do you
believe led to that loss? And what policies do you believe should we
take to put the U.S. economy back on track?
Governor HERBERT. Well, that is a great question. I think there
are a number of factors that, at least in my opinion, that caused
it. I think some of it is cyclical, the ups and downs of the business
cycle, and some of it may be seasonal. But clearly the fact that
there is concern and uncertainty in the marketplace caused by either regulation, the fiscal cliff so-called, sequestration, tax hikes all
cause the entrepreneur to sit on the sidelines and say, Gee, I dont
know what the rules are. It is estimated by many economists that
there is $2 trillion of capital sitting on the sidelines not willing to
invest, waiting for some kind of certainty to occur so they can feel
like, We know what the rules are, if we know what the rules are
we can play by them, and we will have an opportunity to have a
return on our investment. I think that uncertainty is the biggest
cause for the constriction.
Again, without belaboring the point, in Utah we have tried to in
fact provide certainty and predictability. We have not had a tax increase for 15 years. We actually lowered our taxes and flattened
the rate. We have had regulation reform. We in fact do everything
we can to empower the private sector to do what they do best,
which is innovate and create and find new ways to solve the problems and find solutions to the challenges that the marketplace and
the public wants. And in doing so, we have created an opportunity
where venture capital is coming to Utah. Businesses are locating.
We actually have research and developments occurring and concentrating in Utah. Actually reshoring, bringing people from out-

44
side of our country. They are coming back to a favorable environment. Lower cost energy. Those kinds of things are attracting manufacturing to Utah. Procter & Gamble opened up their first manufacturing plant in North America in 40 years in Utah here just a
couple of years ago because of those kinds of things. So absent certainty and predictability, the marketplace is hesitating.
Mr. THOMPSON. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman KLINE. The gentlemans time has expired.
Mr. Tierney.
Mr. TIERNEY. Thank you.
Dr. Bernstein, I wont ask the Governor this because it would put
him on the spot, but I will ask you. The uncertainty of which the
Governor speaks, can you give us a couple of comments on how
that arose or what is causing that uncertainty over the last quarter?
Mr. BERNSTEIN. I think there is actually considerable evidence
that right now uncertainty is very much a function of fiscal policy
and jumping from fiscal cliff to fiscal ceiling to potential sequester.
It is very hard for businesses, many of whom depend on government contractsthe government lets $0.5 trillion in contracts per
year all throughout the economyto plan ahead with that kind of
uncertainty. So this lurching from crisis to crisisand I think I am
corroborating things the Governor himself said a minute agovery
much doesnt help.
Mr. TIERNEY. It is rather asymmetric. I would just point out, the
uncertainty is caused of course by our friends who wont come to
a reasonable balanced approach to taking care of our fiscal problems. But be that as it may.
Let me ask you again, Dr. Bernstein, talk to me, if you will,
about the lack of demand in the economy and its effect on our situation.
Mr. BERNSTEIN. Sure. It is very important in the context of a
hearing that has been largely aboutand appropriately so, of
course, given the committees mandateon education and making
sure that we have an adequate supply of skilled workers. But absent enough jobs for the workforce, a skilled worker is essentially
all dressed up with nowhere to go. That is, simply training somebody does not create a job for them.
We have a widely agreed uponagain, by economists of all
stripeslarge output gaps in our economy. The economy has never
grown quickly enough to restore the growth lost in the depth of the
great recession. The unemployment rate has been elevated for
years now. The current unemployment rate is just below 8 percent.
Most economists consider full employment somewhere slightly
north of 5 percent.
So those factors are not just hurting the unemployedand this
is importantthey also hurt the employed. I showed in my first
chart the loss of earnings for middle-income workers and low-income workers, real losses once you factor in inflation. These are for
full-time workers. These are for full-time workers.
Mr. TIERNEY. So the stagnation of wages is the second element
of that.
Mr. BERNSTEIN. The stagnation of wages is closely related to the
persistent lack of demand or weakness in the labor market.

45
Mr. TIERNEY. Governor, on that point alone I notice that in your
fiscal year 2014 budget, you allow for a 1.6 percent increase, I
guess, in education, right?
Governor HERBERT. Yes. But again, we have about a 2 percent
growth rate in our student population.
Mr. TIERNEY. But it is a 1.6 percent increase in your budget for
that year. And I think that allocates resources to give a cost of living raise to your higher education professionals, right?
Governor HERBERT. We have provided salary increases for higher
education and also for public education.
Mr. TIERNEY. Well, you didnt for K-12, right? I mean, they have
not had a raise for 4 years. And let me guess, you had a Utah State
Board of Education and your own Education Excellence Commission both recommended you give a 2 percent increase in education.
You gave a 1.6 percent, and the difference is that you didnt give
a cost of living raise to your K-12 teachers, right?
Governor HERBERT. Well, again, our formula we have there is
taking care of the health care costs in the benefit package.
Mr. TIERNEY. Right. But I guess my real question focuses on
whether or not you gave a cost of living increase to your K-12
teachers.
Governor HERBERT. We did. We did. It depends on how they decide to spend it at the local district level. They have flexibility. We
covered the benefit package. They can either take a reduction in
their benefit or they can have a cost of living on their salary and
take home.
Mr. TIERNEY. So they got a choice in poison, but they didnt really get an increase.
Governor HERBERT. The choice is, the local districts, how they
want to spend the moneys.
Mr. TIERNEY. So they want to cut the teachers back in one area
or another. But it is not a question of
Governor HERBERT. I would answer it this way, Congressman. I
remember as a young man I was able to go out and buy an automobile. When I asked my father if it was okay for me to do that
he said, You can buy it if you can afford it. There are limited
amounts of money that we have available to spend. We are putting
$300 million this year
Mr. TIERNEY. So, Governor, if I could interrupt you. You chose
to make your reduction in the K-12 people by not giving them the
same cost of living increase that you gave to other areas, including
higher education.
Governor HERBERT. We made the proposal, then worked with the
legislature to make sure thatour original proposal was for last
year. If you are talking about last years budget
Mr. TIERNEY. I am talking about 2014 projections on that. And
I guess, Dr. Bernstein, is that failure to give raises for 4 years and
then failure to give a cost of living increase this year obviously has
an impact on the overall economy of that area, right?
Mr. BERNSTEIN. And there is no question that Utah has done absolutely better on many of the indicators that the Governor was
talking about today and I dont doubt that at all. But it is the case
that from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s, the real income of Utah
households in the bottom fifth of the pay scale fell 11 percent, fell

46
11 percent in real terms. Over that same period middle-income
householdsthat is from the late 1990s to the mid-2000sonly
went up less than 2 percent. So there is the same type of pay
squeeze, of income squeeze, of difficulties facing middle-wage and
low-wage workers exists there as well.
Chairman KLINE. The gentlemans time has expired.
Mr. Messer.
Mr. MESSER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I have a formal statement. But in the interest of time I would like to, with your permission, submit that statement and then try to get to the essence of
my question. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
I am sure there has been some dialogue earlier about the Affordable Care Act and its sometimes intended and unintended consequences on our economy. I think the chairman mentioned there
are already 13,000 pages of regulations associated with that bill.
This week the superintendent of a school system in my district
came to mehis name is Dave Adams at the Shelbyville Central
School Systemand raised the issue with me that the challenges
the school system is having and the calculation of what a full-time
employee is and how that might impact their budgets and specifically how that might impact teachers aides, people who work between 30 or 40 hours a week but do that 9 months a year. His estimate is that under the proposed definitions in the act it would cost
this school system, a town of about 15,000 people, $794,000 in a
time where they are very strapped with budgets.
This, of course, is not something that just impacts schools. And
I would like to raise my first question to Mr. Timmons, if I could.
How will the affordable health care laws mandates and penalties
impact employers and their employees? And what steps are employers taking to mitigate the potential harm from these provisions?
Mr. TIMMONS. Well, I am only on page 4,692 of the regulations.
So I cant give you a direct answer to that. But just suffice it to
say that manufacturers were fairly disappointed with the outcome
of the Affordable Care Act. We supported the goals of reducing the
cost of health care and we supported the goal of increased access.
And, unfortunately, there were a lot of other things added to that
bill that made it quite expensive.
Manufacturers, 97 percent of manufacturers provide very robust
health care benefits for their employees. So for us, it was not that
large of an issue or a change. And I cant answer your question because I think manufacturers are looking at the cost-benefit ratio of
the law and what they are going to be required to do to keep the
plans that they have in place right now versus moving away from
employer-provided care and into the new system.
I can say that manufacturers would prefer to be able to provide
these benefits to their employees. I mean, it is something that we
are very proud of. It is something that employees appreciate. And,
you know, it is part of that good healthy working relationship that
employer and employees have in the manufacturing community. So
I have to, unfortunately, get back to you on what they are planning
to do, but I can tell you that they are evaluating it.
Mr. MESSER. Okay. Well, I appreciate that.

47
And very quickly, Secretary Fornash, appreciate your testimony.
And you were very eloquent about the successes in Virginia. I just
wanted to ask the question, is this an issue that you are aware of?
Do you have any thoughts on the impact of the requirements and
penalties of the Affordable Care Act on education institutions in
Virginia or elsewhere?
Ms. FORNASH. Sure. We are still evaluating the implications of
the Affordable Care Act as it relates to education and in the process are working on some guidance to our State agencies. In the
Education Secretariat also have our higher education institutions,
which employ a tremendous amount of part-time staff, as you can
imagine, on the auxiliary side, student affairs, residence life, dining, those types of things. So that is obviously a concern for the employees of those operations, as well as our State-operated museums
who hire a lot of wage, part-time, seasonal employment. So these
are definitely issues that we are in the process of evaluating and
working on some guidance to better understand and issue to our
State agencies and institutions of higher education.
Mr. MESSER. Well, thank you.
Mr. Chairman, clearly at a time when schools are strapped for
cash and we just had a dialogue just a second ago about the challenges they face, I think this is one more challenge that is being
piled on schools. Thank you.
Chairman KLINE. The gentleman yields back.
Mr. Courtney.
Mr. COURTNEY. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And thank you to the
witnesses for your outstanding testimony today. Again, I appreciated the input regarding the skills gap and the 600,000 job openings, which again I think we are all hearing that in our districts.
In Connecticut, Governor Malloy has initiated an advanced manufacturing program using community colleges with 1-year or 2-year
degrees. The hiring rate is almost 100 percent in those programs.
So, you know, there is actually I think a lot of good work this
committee can do with the Workforce Investment Act to try and
make sure the structural unemployment doesnt add to the pain
that is out there right now. But again, I have to say, the fiscal uncertainty that is out there right now is what I am hearing when
I am back home. And I am going to use a very specific example,
which is that if sequestration and the CR, by the way, go into effect, the impact in terms of the Navys budget for repair and maintenance, which will affect shipyards in Virginia as well as Connecticut, California, Hawaii, means that 23 ship repair and availabilities are going to be canceled. And those are real jobs. Those
are exactly the high-value jobs in manufacturing that people are
pulling their hair out right now, they just cannot believe that that
is not something that we are focused on right now 22 days away
roughly from sequestration from kicking in.
And the solutions that the majority party has put forward to protect defense cuts would basically shift all the cuts to discretionary
domestic spending, which is Title I, which is Head Start. Again, my
largest school district is going to lose two Head Start programs if
the domestic discretionary cuts go into effect. So that is not a solution. I mean that is just not an answer for dealing with what again
is about an inch from our nose as we are standing here right now.

48
The Bipartisan Policy Center, which is the group that was founded by Senator Dole and Senator Daschle, came out with a report
on sequestration which again a million jobs will be lost if we dont
deal with this right now. And I just wonder if you have reviewed
those findings, Dr. Bernstein, and have any comment.
Mr. BERNSTEIN. Well, it is precisely related to the kinds of comments that I was referring to earlier. And in fact you gave the
microeconomic foundations for exactly what we are talking about.
Many of these outlays find their way into the economy quickly.
Think of it as sort of the opposite of stimulus. Right? It is instead
of an infrastructure program that creates a job, this is pulling out
funding resources that are actively creating jobs now, and those
jobs will be lost if those spending cuts occur as planned in the sequestration.
I mean you will recall that many economists, and I think Members of this body, were very much worried about the impact of the
fiscal cliff on the economy. Ben Bernanke warned about it. I dont
recall the CBO ever projecting a recession before. They projected
that if the fiscal cliff occurred, there would be a recession. This is
a microcosm of that. And if you thought the fiscal cliff was bad for
the economy, this is a microcosm of the fiscal cliff. Works the same
way, by slowing GDP growth, slowing employment growth, slowing
consumer demand, slowing investor demand, pulling funding out of
the very kinds of productive processes you are describing.
Mr. COURTNEY. And the positive outcome of the fiscal cliff, which
was basically to get some certainty into tax rates, estate tax rates,
again, not everybody was thrilled with where the cutoffs were in
terms of the rates, but at least now we are not looking in those two
areas. In AMT, no more AMT patches. We are not looking at any
sunset dates. We are not looking at any automatic expiration dates
or shelf life dates.
And, frankly, you know, your organization and your members, by
the way, it is not just the big OEMs that are worried about the sequestration, it is the supply chain of metal finishers, valve manufacturers. These are the guys that, frankly, are going to feel because they have no reserves that they can fall back on. And the absence of any reference to what is staring manufacturers, particularly defense manufacturers in the face right now, literally about
3 weeks away, is kind of astonishing to me, Mr. Timmons.
Mr. TIMMONS. Well, it shouldnt be too astonishing because we
are talking about it all the time. And you are exactly right, our
study actually shows that there will be a 12.8 percent contraction
in GDP between now and the end of 2015 if sequestration is allowed to proceed. And it could ultimately result in another decade
to get back to where we have just come from.
So for us, it really is a very vital issue. You know, 67 percent of
manufacturers say that there is too much uncertainty right now to
expand, to hire, to grow; 55 percent of manufacturers say they
would not start their business today if they knew what they know
now and in this current environment. So manufacturers are very
concerned about sequestration. As Dr. Bernstein mentioned and
our study confirms that, a million jobs at stake in the manufacturing sector if sequestration, particularly in defense manufacturing, is allowed to continue as it is currently scheduled to do.

49
And we would love to work with all Members of Congress on both
sides of the aisle to resolve this problem.
Mr. COURTNEY. Thank you. I yield back.
Chairman KLINE. The gentlemans time has expired.
Mrs. Brooks.
Mrs. BROOKS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Timmons, as you might know, I was previously a senior vice
president with workforce training at Ivy Tech Community College
and general counsel for the college. And you have talked about the
skills gap and the 600,000 jobs that have gone unfilled. Can you
talk a little bit more specifically about the Manufacturing Institute
work that you all do, what you have done with Ivy Tech, and why
you think community and technical colleges are really the right
forum for this type of training?
And then secondly, I was on shop floors last week at Roche Diagnostic and Rolls-Royce in Indiana, and you are right, they are
sleek, innovative, high-tech factory shop floors. And I think a lot
of people dont understand the appreciation or the importance of
the skill certification that you have mentioned. Can you talk about
how the Manufacturing Institute is working with the community
colleges on the skill certifications?
Mr. TIMMONS. Well, I would be happy to do that. And thank you
for the question.
The Manufacturing Institute has really taken the skills issue to
a new level. I mentioned earlier the Dream It, Do It campaign that
the Manufacturing Institute kicked off several years ago, and one
of the things that we want young people to understand is the ability to have a much higher income than they might otherwise.
Twenty-seven percent higher income than the rest of the economy
is what the average is for manufacturing workers.
The institute has implemented, as I mentioned in my testimony,
a skill certification system by working with community colleges
throughout this country to enact a portable set of skills that can
be applied to manufacturing facilities anywhere. It is a basic skill
set that tells a manufacturer that these individuals are skills-ready
to enter the manufacturing workforce. It doesnt mean that there
wont be additional training that is required at a particular company for a particular industry, but it is an effort to try to provide
that pipeline for the workforce that manufacturers so desperately
need.
I also want to point out againand I mentioned it earlier but I
think it is very important to mention this particular programand
it is the military badge program that the institute has kicked off
with several of our members throughout the country. And the military badge program really acts as a translation device, if you will,
for skills that military personnel may have acquired in their service to our country. For instance, if you are talking to somebody who
is just returning from Afghanistan and you say, Well, what skills
do you think you could apply to the manufacturing workforce? And
they shrug their shoulders and say, I dont know, I drove a tank.
Well, the military badge program will help them identify the skills
that would be very vital to a manufacturing career. It might be hydraulics. It might be electronics. It might be logistics. Those skills
can be then applied to a manufacturing position.

50
If they have a skill set that is ready to go, we help them enroll
in an online database to match them with openings in the manufacturing community. If their skills might need a little tweaking,
we work with a group called Right Skills Now to get them the additional training that they will need and then we get them into this
electronic database.
So the Manufacturing Institute, you know, I have to say that
they have about six people on their staff and they are running
quite an amazing program to help fill this 600,000 deficit in our
workforce.
Mrs. BROOKS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I yield back.
Chairman KLINE. Thank the gentlelady.
Ms. Bonamici.
Ms. BONAMICI. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman and Ranking Member Miller, for holding the hearing today. And thank you
to the witnesses. I want to start by concurring with some of the
comments that were made today.
Governor Herbert, thank you for bringing up the importance and
the benefits of language immersion and preparing students for a
global marketplace.
Secretary Fornash, thank you for emphasizing the importance of
increasing innovation.
Dr. Bernstein, I appreciate your discussion about the role of investment in education as an important way to address income inequality.
And, Mr. Timmons, this has been a great discussion about the
skills gap and workforce training, something that I have met with
community colleges and businesses in my home State of Oregon
about. I am actually working on developing some legislation that
will help to pair the local employers with workforce training and
help address that skills gap.
I want to follow up, especially with Dr. Bernstein, about something that my constituents are emphasizing, and that is the importance of investment in early childhood education programs, like
Head Start and the difference that they make for students, especially in the long term. And I know, Dr. Bernstein, you mentioned
the importance of higher education to helping Americans find jobs
and earn good wages. But you also talked about the dramatic effects that cuts in the nondefense discretionary budget would cause,
including programs like Head Start and early childhood education.
The University of Oregon, my alma mater, has a new president,
and he has an interesting background for a college president. He
was a criminologist. And he said one of the best investments we
can make in crime prevention is an early childhood education. So
can you elaborate in not only the importance of investing in early
childhood education to ensure that we have the workforce needs for
the future, but also, conversely, how budget cuts and cutting those
programs could negatively impact everything from a prepared
workforce to graduation rates and even criminal justice laws?
Mr. BERNSTEIN. By the way, I was out at the University of Oregon last week giving a couple of talks. Go Ducks, is I think what
you say out there.
Ms. BONAMICI. Thank you.

51
Mr. BERNSTEIN. The idea that we would under-invest in preschool, including Head Start, particularly for disadvantaged kids
whose parents far more often than not are unable to afford the investments that more affluent parents make all the time, is unquestionably cutting off our nose to spite our face, whether it is concerns about our fiscal future, whether it is concerns about the
issues discussed here today, whether it is concerns about those
children realizing their potential. This is something that is widely
agreed upon, again, by economists of all stripes. It is not a liberal
idea. It is not a conservative idea. In fact, a renowned Nobel laureate economist named Jim Heckman, who is I think typically associated with Republicans, has written many memos to Members of
Congress and the administration just deeply urging that we pursue
this kind of funding more deeplyagain, particularly as regards
kids in the bottom half of the income scale who typically are left
behind in this regard.
Things like small class sizes have been shown, we now have decades of longitudinal data on this, so there are very good controlled
studies that show if a kid gets to go to a smaller class, which is
often associated with the kinds of funding within the NDD budget,
that kid will have a higher likelihood of completing college. Same
thing if you look at the kinds of educational experiences, parental
investments that kids in the bottom fifth of the income scale face
versus kids in the top fifth, they are highly disadvantaged at the
starting gate. So both in terms of public savings down the road and
helping these kids achieve their potential, these are obviously very
smart investments.
Ms. BONAMICI. Thank you. And I know that my colleagues and
I all listen to our concerns of our constituents when we are in our
districts and we will be doing what we can to make sure that we
dont have these detrimental cuts that our local school districts will
not be able to make up if these important investments, like Title
I, Head Start, IDEA are cut. So thank you for your testimony.
And thank you again for this hearing.
Chairman KLINE. I thank the gentlelady yielding back.
Ms. Foxx.
Ms. FOXX. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Ms. Fornash, in your testimony you discuss Virginias Longitudinal Data System. Could you tell us what steps you are taking to
secure student and teacher performance data and protect students
privacy? And with respect to the linkage between teachers and
their preparation programs, how do you hope to use that information?
Ms. FORNASH. Yes, maam. Thank you, Congresswoman Foxx. We
are very proud of Virginias longitudinal database system because
it is providing a way where we can come together with the State
agencies, within the Department of Education, the State Council of
Higher Education/Virginia, as well as a number of other State
agencies, one of which is the Virginia Information Technology Association. And so they have been a critical partner in ensuring the
safety and security of those records since that is foremost important to us in the Commonwealth, is protecting those records.
We also see it as a vital tool in order to be able to evaluate program effectiveness. And so right now we are in the process of, as

52
I mentioned earlier, being able to look at wage outcome data for
our graduates of our both public, as well as private higher education institutions. But we also have interest in using that data in
better understanding the outcomes of our teachers and understanding how they impact young people and students.
And so we have really developed a very robust system that is
going to allow us to look at teachers, their preparation at our 4year public and private institutions, and then ultimately the outcomes of students and what types of things do we need to be thinking about in the future. As it relates to preparation of teachers,
what changes do we need to make in our teacher preparation programs to really ensure that they are prepared to handle the challenges of the student in the 21st century.
Ms. FOXX. A little quick follow-up, and maybe you can get me
some information outside of todays hearing.
But one of the things we are all concerned about is the issue of
transparency and making sure that people have the kind of information that you are gathering. So in 25 words or less, could you
say how you are going to make sure that people understand what
the results are of your data gathering?
Ms. FORNASH. Sure. And that really is a challenge. Right now we
have used the resources to really build the infrastructure for the
system and we are working closely with our higher education institutions research faculty to make them more aware of the system
and the capacity of the system. Much of what is currently available
in the database you are able to query through the Department of
Educations Web site at the State level or the State Council of
Higher Educations Web site at the State level. These, again, are
on protective servers. But we do make that information available
to the public and try to do so in a very simple and easy to find
manner.
Ms. FOXX. Well, thank you very much.
Mr. Timmons, I apologize that I have had to be in and out of the
hearing today, but I know that you all have shared some really
good information. And I can tell by the questions that my colleagues have asked that you are presenting very good information.
You mentioned that you are, quote, working to integrate credentials in the for-credit side of the colleges so individuals will have
the opportunity to get college credit and work toward a degree.
Could you say a little bit more aboutand you talked about this
just a little bit agobut can you talk about how well the colleges
are working with you, how they have been enthusiastic about better aligning their course work with business needs, and anything
else that you might have wanted to have said along those lines
that you didnt get a chance to say before?
Mr. TIMMONS. Well, I have a minute and three seconds, so I am
not sure I can get to all that. But to your specific question, Congresswoman, we have been very pleased with the response from
communities and institutions of higher education, both at the community college level and the 4-year level, because, quite frankly,
everybody is talking about manufacturing. It really doesnt matter
what political party you belong to, it doesnt matter where you live,
folks understand that manufacturing is really the heart of a thriving economy. And it has the highest multiplier effect of any other

53
sector of the economy in terms of investment in jobs, so everybody
wants to see manufacturing succeed, and obviously we are thrilled
with that.
Community colleges and higher education institutions have been
very responsive to our call for creating a set of portable skills. We
have worked very closely with the administration on this particular
project, and I have to say that it has received a lot of bipartisan
support, as well as community support. So we are thrilled with the
reaction that we have gotten.
Ms. FOXX. I yield back.
Chairman KLINE. Thank the gentlelady.
Ms. Davis.
Mrs. DAVIS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Thank you all for being here. I wanted to go back to the skills
gap issue, and I know we have talked a lot about that today, and
just bring in a question from the New York Times article.
And I will submit that for the record, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman KLINE. Without objection.
[The New York Times article follows:]
From the New York Times, Nov. 20, 2012

Skills Dont Pay the Bills

By ADAM DAVIDSON

Earlier this month, hoping to understand the future of the moribund manufacturing job market, I visited the engineering technology program at Queensborough
Community College in New York City. I knew that advanced manufacturing had become reliant on computers, yet the classroom I visited had nothing but computers.
As the instructor Joseph Goldenberg explained, todays skilled factory worker is
really a hybrid of an old-school machinist and a computer programmer. Goldenbergs
intro class starts with the basics of how to use cutting tools to shape a raw piece
of metal. Then the real work begins: students learn to write the computer code that
tells a machine how to do it much faster.
Nearly six million factory jobs, almost a third of the entire manufacturing industry, have disappeared since 2000. And while many of these jobs were lost to competition with low-wage countries, even more vanished because of computer-driven
machinery that can do the work of 10, or in some cases, 100 workers. Those jobs
are not coming back, but many believe that the industrys future (and, to some extent, the future of the American economy) lies in training a new generation for highly skilled manufacturing jobsthe ones that require people who know how to run
the computer that runs the machine.
This is partly because advanced manufacturing is really complicated. Running
these machines requires a basic understanding of metallurgy, physics, chemistry,
pneumatics, electrical wiring and computer code. It also requires a worker with the
ability to figure out whats going on when the machine isnt working properly. And
aspiring workers often need to spend a considerable amount of time and money taking classes like Goldenbergs to even be considered. Every one of Goldenbergs students, he says, will probably have a job for as long as he or she wants one.
And yet, even as classes like Goldenbergs are filled to capacity all over America,
hundreds of thousands of U.S. factories are starving for skilled workers. Throughout
the campaign, President Obama lamented the so-called skills gap and referenced a
study claiming that nearly 80 percent of manufacturers have jobs they cant fill.
Mitt Romney made similar claims. The National Association of Manufacturers estimates that there are roughly 600,000 jobs available for whoever has the right set
of advanced skills.
Eric Isbister, the C.E.O. of GenMet, a metal-fabricating manufacturer outside Milwaukee, told me that he would hire as many skilled workers as show up at his door.
Last year, he received 1,051 applications and found only 25 people who were qualified. He hired all of them, but soon had to fire 15. Part of Isbisters pickiness, he
says, comes from an avoidance of workers with experience in a union-type job.
Isbister, after all, doesnt abide by strict work rules and $30-an-hour salaries. At
GenMet, the starting pay is $10 an hour. Those with an associate degree can make
$15, which can rise to $18 an hour after several years of good performance. From

54
what I understand, a new shift manager at a nearby McDonalds can earn around
$14 an hour.
The secret behind this skills gap is that its not a skills gap at all. I spoke to several other factory managers who also confessed that they had a hard time recruiting
in-demand workers for $10-an-hour jobs. Its hard not to break out laughing, says
Mark Price, a labor economist at the Keystone Research Center, referring to manufacturers complaining about the shortage of skilled workers. If theres a skill shortage, there has to be rises in wages, he says. Its basic economics. After all, according to supply and demand, a shortage of workers with valuable skills should push
wages up. Yet according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number of skilled
jobs has fallen and so have their wages.
In a recent study, the Boston Consulting Group noted that, outside a few small
cities that rely on the oil industry, there werent many places where manufacturing
wages were going up and employers still couldnt find enough workers. Trying to
hire high-skilled workers at rock-bottom rates, the Boston Group study asserted,
is not a skills gap. The studys conclusion, however, was scarier. Many skilled
workers have simply chosen to apply their skills elsewhere rather than work for
less, and few young people choose to invest in training for jobs that pay fast-food
wages. As a result, the United States may soon have a hard time competing in the
global economy. The average age of a highly skilled factory worker in the U.S. is
now 56. Thats average, says Hal Sirkin, the lead author of the study. That
means theres a lot who are in their 60s. Theyre going to retire soon. And there
are not enough trainees in the pipeline, he said, to replace them.
One result, Sirkin suggests, is that the fake skills gap is threatening to create
a real skills gap. Goldenberg, who has taught for more than 20 years, is already
seeing it up close. Few of his top students want to work in factories for current
wages.
Isbister is seeing the other side of this decision making. He was deeply frustrated
when his company participated in a recent high-school career fair. Any time a student expressed interest in manufacturing, he said, the parents came over and
asked: Are you going to outsource? Move the jobs to China? While Isbister says
he thinks that his industry suffers from a reputation problem, he also admitted that
his answer to a nervous parents question is not reassuring. The industry is inevitably going to move some of these jobs to China, or its going to replace them with
machines. If it doesnt, it cant compete on a global level.
Its easy to understand every perspective in this drama. Manufacturers, who face
increasing competition from low-wage countries, feel they cant afford to pay higher
wages. Potential workers choose more promising career paths. Its individually rational, says Howard Wial, an economist at the Brookings Institution who specializes in manufacturing employment. But its not socially optimal. In earlier decades, Wial says, manufacturing workers could expect decent-paying jobs that would
last a long time, and it was easy to match worker supply and demand. Since then,
with the confluence of computers, increased trade and weakened unions, the social
contract has collapsed, and worker-employer matches have become harder to make.
Now workers and manufacturers need to recreate a systema new social contractin which their incentives are aligned.
In retrospect, the post-World War II industrial model did a remarkably good job
of supporting a system in which an 18-year-old had access to on-the-job training
that was nearly certain to pay off over a long career. That system had its flaws
especially a shared complacency that left manufacturers and laborers unprepared
for global trade and technological change. Manufacturers, of course, have responded
over the past 20 years by dismantling it. Yet Isbisters complaint suggests some
hopethat theres a lack of skilled workers; that factory layoffs overshot, and now
need a reversal. As we talked, it became clear that Isbisters problem is part of a
larger one. Isbister told me that hes ready to offer training to high-school graduates, some of whom, he says, will eventually make good money. The problem, he
finds, is that far too few graduate high school with the basic math and science skills
that his company needs to compete. As he spoke, I realized that this isnt a narrow
problem facing the manufacturing industry. The so-called skills gap is really a gap
in education, and that affects all of us.
Adam Davidson is co-founder of NPRs Planet Money, a podcast and blog.

Mrs. DAVIS. Thank you.

The question really is raised whether or not it is so much a skills
gap in all cases but rather a wage gap, because many, many manufacturers are only offering about $10-an-hour jobs. So the incentive

55
for young people to go into those jobs when there might beI
mean, they could flip hamburgers probably for more than thatis
that part of the problem? I am certain that in all cases this is not
necessarily true, but I wonder, Dr. Bernstein, if you want to comment on that, that in many cases, and the article cites, you know,
it may be entry at $10 and maybe you go up to $16.
Mr. BERNSTEIN. Yeah, I think the wage gap right now is very
pronounced, and as I have tried to explain in my testimony, in the
very near term, more pressing than the skills gap, which is a
longer-term problem and a very real one. But if you look at my figure 2, for example, I show thatand, again, I think members
would be surprisedI mean, you have heard a lot of talk today
about how the demand for workers with high levels of skill is being
unmet. Well, if that is true, we should definitely see their wages
going up. I mean, that is very simple economics. If the demand for
something is unmet by employers, employers should be bidding
those wages up, and we dont. In fact, what we saw, as I pointed
out, was a decline in the real pay of college graduates.
Now, college graduates have much lower unemployment rates,
they have much higher levels of pay. It is a great idea forI know
your kids are here todayit is a great idea for anyone to get all
the skills they can because it makes a big difference in their earnings potential and in their success in life, no question about that.
But economy large, this lack of demand, persistently high unemployment rate has been hammering away at wages across the pay
scale, not just at the very bottom.
Mrs. DAVIS. So if we really see manufacturing as the heart of a
thriving economy, obviously that is a very important place to be
able to put those resources. It is understandable if there were so
many people out there looking for jobs that employers wouldnt feel
a need to raise that salary, but that doesnt seem to be working in
terms of filling those jobs.
Mr. BERNSTEIN. I think in terms of manufacturing, the thing
that economists have found is that historically there has beenand
I believe Mr. Timmons referenced this earlierhistorically there
has been a large and significant wage premium in the manufacturing sector, and that is obvious because it is a high value-added
sector, so you would expect that kind of a wage premium. But what
we have seen, however, is that that premium has consistently slid.
It has come down a lot. Now, it has not gone to zero. Some people
say it has. My work suggests it is still somewhere in the, say, 5
to 10 percent range, but it used to be in the 20 percent range. By
the way, it is a larger premium if you include compensation because manufacturers tend to provide better compensation packages
relative to just the wage package.
Mrs. DAVIS. Thank you.
Certainly I wanted to just comment, Mr. Timmons, on the issue
around the military and the military badge. And I know that we
are working with that across the country and with the Labor Department to try and help translate those skills better. Part of the
problem that the military has is they need to at least provide something in the neighborhood of about 90 days of preparation to make
that transition smooth, and of course that is a real problem that
we have.

56
I wanted to just turn to you, Madam Secretary Fornash, for the
issues that we all face and we look at colleges and the fact that
we have a high enrollment rate in our universities probably globally, you know, we do quite well in that area, but when it comes
to actual graduation we are at the bottom. That must frustrate
you. It certainly frustrates everybody that looks at this issue. In
addition, I guess it is an education gap, kids are not graduating
from high school with what they need to be successful in college.
What do you think needs to be done about that?
Ms. FORNASH. One of the primary issues, I think, that relates to
graduation and retention rates is remediation, and so many of our
4-year institutions are providing remediation services when that
really should be done at the high school level or at the community
college level. And in Virginia I think we can say we are very proud
of Virginias community college system because they have taken a
very innovative approach to remediation as it relates to math and
reading, and they have actually broken it down into components
and created an online opportunity for students to gain those skills
that they really need specific to the academic program that they
are interested in studying. And so to me that is one of the largest
challenges we face in higher education, is really ensuring that a
young person is prepared for postsecondary education and ensuring
that that is done in a way that wont slow down the process and
hamper them from getting those credentials they need to be successful.
Chairman KLINE. The gentleladys time has expired.
I think all members have had a chance to ask questions. And Mr.
Miller, I think, had a follow-up question, and I will yield to him
for that question and any closing remarks he might have.
Mr. MILLER. Thank you.
By way of question, in Virginia, can you tell me where you are
now in terms of State support for your public higher education institutions? I think in California we drifted down to almost 20 percent from a high of 70, years ago, down to around 20. I think we
are around 22, somewhere in that. Do you know where you are?
Governor HERBERT. I do. Our State budget, 50 percent goes to
public education, another 15 percent goes to higher education, so
a total of our State budget that we dedicate to education.
Mr. MILLER. That supplies what level of support, that is what
percentage of the budget of those public institutions?
Governor HERBERT. It is about $3.7 billion of about a $6 billion
State budget.
Mr. MILLER. Of the 100 percent that is being spent by those institutions, the State is supplying, in California I think we are supplying about 20 percent of their budget down from a high of 70,
and I just wondered what it is in Virginia and in Utah.
Governor HERBERT. Well, for Utah, again, our State portion of
the budget, this is not the stuff we partner with, with the Federal
government, we put about 65 percent of our State revenues go to
education.
Ms. FORNASH. In higher education we have about 10 percent of
our general fund goes to our higher education institutions.

57
Mr. MILLER. But you dont know what percentage of the institutional budget that provides? I mean, I think in Michigan it was
drifting down to 6 percent.
Governor HERBERT. For the individual institutions themselves?
Mr. MILLER. Yes.
Governor HERBERT. It varies depending on the institution. We
have eight institutions of higher learning, we have seven applied
technology colleges which we are putting significant revenue into.
It probably is a portion of probably 20, 25 percent of the overall
budget comes from tax dollars. And it varies.
Mr. MILLER. Okay. I may not have phrased the question right,
but I will find the answer somewhere. Thank you.
Ms. Fornash, let me thank you for raising this issue of remediation. I think in my State 30 percent of the students are going to
institutions of higher education to get remediation. I cant think of
a more expensive way to provide remediation than to do it on the
campus of a State college or university, and especially when students are borrowing money. It just simply has to stop. I mean, you
want to talk about, you know, the right allocation of resources and
debt and what have you, I think you make a very important point
and I hope other States.
On the question of college, I think we have done here a relatively
good job of helping with the affordability of college with interest
rates and things to try to get through the recession, and student
loans and the direct loans, I think, are all helpful. But the cost of
college just continues. Looking at it from this side of the dais, there
is not a lot of answers at the Federal level. We can strain, but really the cost of college is better dealt with. And some of the things
I just want to say that you have mentioned institutionally in Virginia and Utah really have got to examine how this money is being
spent in the institutions and what is the allocation of urgent resources and sort of non-urgent resources. I know there is turmoil
in California because some lifetime learning classes will be dropped
from community colleges. We had 5 million people show up for the
community colleges across this country that we never saw before,
and they are trying to get a job. And I think that kind of urgency,
that kind of triage, it offends the liberal arts major that we would
consider this, but the fact is the person that did your study, Tony
Carnevale at Georgetown, will tell you whether they go to Georgetown or whether they go to San Jose State or community college,
80 percent of them are going there to get a job. And the allocation
of these resources and the cost of college, we have really strained
at the Federal level to try to make it affordable with income-determinant repayments, with forgiveness so people could enter these
careers. But this cost issue is something that we dont have a lot
of say. We are sort of paying the bills. We really have a sense of
urgency about that overall cost of college for us.
And my final comment just, Mr. Timmons, is I think the badges
are really a way for a lot of people to see a way into manufacturing
that they couldnt envision. When I grew up, it was passed on from
your uncle or your brother, what have you. Now they are not quite
sure what is going on in that facility, and the idea that they would
bring some competencies, whether it is from military service or
elsewhere, to start that process I think is really an encouraging ap-

58
proach to students making a decision about how can they benefit
from, you know, higher education, how can they benefit from training programs, what do they bring back from military service. That
is a conversation a long time coming, and I really appreciate the
leadership of the manufacturers in that one.
Let me just close with this. We go back and forth. I dont know
where these people are that have these skills, maybe they are just
not in the United States, but regionally it sounds like everybody
has 600,000 people that are looking for these skills, especially in
California. But we do see manufacturing. I mean, there has been
a lot of front page cover story magazines talking about manufacturing coming back to the United States, whether it is turmoil in
China with the processes and the wages and the changes, and we
saw that Foxconn just got their first independent union. Who
knows what the hell that means? But if I remember, if I looked at
the press over the last 8 or 9 months, you see commitments of foreign investment in manufacturing in the United States, much of it
suggests that it is energy related to natural gas and what have
you, in the Southeast, the Midwest, I would say 7, 8, 9 billion dollars in new facilities, some in chemicals, some in fertilizers and
some of it in other related manufacturing where energy is a major
input.
So, I mean, some of this is coming back to the shores for other
reasons. And I dont say that that is the end-all, and we can just
sit back and watch it come because that doesnt happen, but there
are some positive developments in terms of people repatriating
businesses. They sort of left through Mexico, and there is some
suggestion that some of them are coming back through Mexico, you
know, they are pausing for a moment in Mexico while they take a
look here. So what is your sense of that?
Mr. TIMMONS. There are definitely some positive signs. We would
like to see more positive signs, to be frank about it.
Mr. MILLER. I am not suggesting we are home free.
Mr. TIMMONS. That is right. You mentioned energy and the cost
of energy. In my opening statement I mentioned the 20 percent
cost disadvantage that manufacturers in the United States face
compared to our major trading partners, and there is a lot of factors that go into that, taxes, regulation. Energy is one of those
input costs, but for the first time in our survey, and we have been
doing this for about a decade, energy costs are actually a slight net
positive for manufacturers. So I think that companies are starting
to look at that trend and say, Hey, you know, this can be very helpful to their ability to compete and succeed.
So we are encouraged by the development, for instance, of shale
gas and other forms of energy. And as you probably know, we are
an advocate for an all-of-the-above energy strategy, everything
from traditional oil and coal and natural gas to alternatives, including wind and solar and other types of energy, and that is a
very, very important part of the manufacturing process and a huge
cost driver for most manufacturers.
Mr. MILLER. Jared, just quickly, you know, the last of the stimulus certainly with respect to schools is running out, the sands
have gone through, just about done to the extent that it held up
either jobs or the wages of the people in those jobs, certainly in

59
schools. And now these cuts, I mean, when we looked at where
these cuts are going to fall should sequestration take place, the target may be the Federal government, but the victim is going to be
local government, it is going to be schools, higher education, K-12,
and whatever extent cities had some of this for law enforcement,
what have you. That is where it is going here. You know, Federal
employment has dropped even more dramatically in many instances.
Mr. BERNSTEIN. My analysis very much supports that. I show in
my testimony a loss of about 360,000 local education jobs already
over the last few years.
Mr. MILLER. That is with the stimulus.
Mr. BERNSTEIN. That is from when the stimulus began until now.
So that is likely to accelerate. Remember States have to balance
their budgets, so they are much more likely to cut services than
raise taxes at a time like this. And that is, as we have heard from
these statistics, that is where their services tend to lie.
It has had problematic effects, as I document, at the K-12 level,
but also at the public university level where appropriations from
the State have lagged exactly when enrollments have gone up, because it is actually a smart thing, to go back to schoolI am talking about post, you know, collegeit is actually a smart thing to
do to go back to school when the economy is in a weak place because it can have lasting, damaging effects on your career trajectory if you enter the job market during a recession. So just when
we have had greater demands for enrollment in community college,
higher education, as well as, of course, enrollment continues to go
up in K-12, we are having these cutbacks. And as I mentioned, if
you shift discretionary spending cuts from the defense side on to
the nondefense side, these cuts will be all that much deeper.
Mr. MILLER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman KLINE. Thank the gentleman. Just take a couple minutes for a few closing remarks myself and then let the Governor
head back to Utah and everybody get back to work.
We had a pretty wide-ranging discussion here today. There was
some discussion about recess appointments and court decisions and
quite an exchange between Mr. Timmons and Mr. Andrews. Of
course, Mr. Andrews is on to other things, but obviously there were
some differences in these recess appointments, and the whole question was whether or not the Senate was in recess. I thought that
was the question, and the court came up with yet another ruling
based on their interpretation of exact language in the Constitution.
But I think it is undeniable that that has added to uncertainty out
there. The question of NLRB rulings now is wide open, it is always
subject to appeal, but I would argue subject to litigation, and that
hasnt helped the certainty issue which a number of you have
talked about.
Mr. Miller talked about in the Workforce Investment Improvement Act that we were working in the last Congress that unions
were prohibited from being on the Board. That language is actually
not there. The language in our bill encouraged greater participation
from employers but doesnt prohibit unions, and what the language
will look like when we take that rascal up again, I am sure Mr.
Miller has some input for that.

60
Clearly, we have work to do here. Again, I just cant thank you
enough for your taking the time, the witnesses, to be here today
and offer your testimony and field our questions. It really is very
helpful to us, and I want to thank you all.
There being no further business for the committee, committee is
adjourned.
[Questions submitted for the record and their responses follow:]
U.S. CONGRESS,
Washington, DC, May 08, 2013.
Hon. LAURA FORNASH, Secretary of Education,
Commonwealth of Virginia, P.O. Box 1475, Richmond, VA 23218.
DEAR SECRETARY FORNASH: Thank you for testifying at the Committee on Education and the Workforces February 5, 2013 hearing entitled, Challenges and Opportunities Facing Americas Schools and Workplaces. I appreciate your participation.
Enclosed are additional questions submitted by committee members following the
hearing. Please provide written responses that answer the questions posed no later
than May 22, 2013 for inclusion in the official hearing record. Responses should be
sent to Benjamin Hoog of the committee staff, who can be contacted at (202) 2254527.
Thank you again for your contribution to the work of the committee.
Sincerely,
JOHN KLINE,
Chairman.
Enclosures
QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD FROM MR. MESSER

I believe one of the biggest challenges facing our schools and workplaces is the
numerous insurance mandates and hundreds of billions of dollars in new taxes on
employers in the Affordable Care Act. These requirements and penalties likely will
raise the cost of coverage and increase financial pressures on employers who are
struggling to grow their businesses and create jobs, the last thing we want to do
given our sputtering economy.
I recently met with Dave Adams, the Superintendent of Shelbyville Central
Schools, who like most employers is concerned about the proposed standard measurement period for determining whether an individual qualifies as a full-time employee for penalty purposes under the health care law. He is especially concerned
about how educational organizations will calculate hours worked during this standard measurement period since they may be prohibited from including actual hours
of service worked by school employees during educational breaks. He tells me this
could cost Shelbyville schools $794,000 next year alone and lead to fewer hours for
some school system employees.
I share his concern about the impact this tax will have on the quality of education
provided to students in Shelby County and elsewhere, and the potential for job
losses and program cut-backs as a result. It is unconscionable that the Federal government will be taxing schools and employers to the point where student instruction
may suffer, jobs may be lost, and hours may be limited simply to pay for the Presidents health care law.
I have several questions about this issue:
A. Secretary Fornash, what challenges do these requirements and penalties pose
for educational organizations?
B. Secretary Fornash, do you have concerns about the potential impact of these
provisions on school systems, student instruction and the education workforce?
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA,
OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR,
May 22, 2013.
Hon. JOHN KLINE, Chairman,
Committee on Education and the Workforce, U.S. House of Representatives, 2181
Rayburn House Office Building Washington, DC 20515.
CHAIRMAN KLINE, CONGRESSMAN MESSER, AND MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE: The
Affordable Care Act poses many challenges for education organizations. Part time

61
wage employees are an important staffing tool for colleges and universities as well
as for our elementary and secondary schools.
The federal Affordable Care Act includes a provision stating that employees, who
work 30 hours per week or more, shall be eligible for health care coverage. The average annual cost of providing health care is currently $13,249 per Virginia state employee. Providing health insurance to all Virginias wage employees is not financially feasible. Initial estimates exceed $100 million to expand health insurance to
these employees.
Mindful of the financial implications of complying with the Affordable Care Act,
the Virginia General Assembly and Governor Bob McDonnell agreed that the Commonwealths wage employees can work no more than an average 29 hours per week.
The Virginia Community College System and its stakeholders will be hit the hardest
with an estimated 4,300 wage staff members across Virginias 23 community colleges and the system office. It will also impact more than 9,100 adjunct teaching
faculty who are hired and compensated by academic hours taught, not clock hours
worked. Wage employees are crucial to Virginias Community Colleges and the people they serve; offering Virginia a lean and productive operation that plays a crucial
role in their ability to offer families affordable access to a college education. Adjunct
faculty provide Virginias students with real world experience in a vast array of professions.
This spring, the Chancellor of Virginia Community College System created a policy that adjunct instructors cannot teach more than seven credit hours in the summer semester; ten credit hours in the fall semester; and ten credit hours in the
spring semester. This mandated credit load limitation creates tremendous challenges. Reduced teaching loads may reduce course offerings and will not be easy for
some of instructors who are striving to build their career and pay their bills.
K-12 schools are also hurting. Public schools rely on wage workers to help keep
their facilities up-to-date and safe for our children. Long-term substitute teachers
will also be affected. When teachers use their time off, for surgeries, maternity leave
or other long-term commitments, we owe it to the children to provide qualified replacement. To have a new substitute every day is disruptive to the learning environment and doesnt provide consistency for our children.
The extension of health-care coverage for wage employeesincluding bus drivers,
cafeteria workers and substitute teachersis a key issue in many Virginia school
divisions this spring as local school boards and governing bodies struggle to approve
budgets. In Loudoun County, for example, the school board this month voted to
eliminate coverage for all new wage employees working fewer than 20 hours a week.
School boards also are increasing deductibles and asking employees to pay a higher share of their premiums. And in divisions where teachers and other employees
are not being asked to pay more this year, school boards have had to repurpose
funds that otherwise could have been spent on textbooks, new technology or other
instructional needs.
My concerns about the Affordable Care Act stem from a desire to see Virginias
students achieve their full potential. Part time wage employees play a critical role
in our school systems and on our college and university campuses. They are a flexible staffing tool allowing programs to expand and contract quickly as demand
changes. I do not want to see the quality of a Virginia education reduced because
institutions cant respond to the needs of students and the marketplace.
Thank you for asking me to comment on the Affordable Care Act.
Sincerely,
LAURA W. FORNASH,
Secretary of Education.
U.S. CONGRESS,
Washington, DC, May 08, 2013.
Mr. JAY TIMMONS, President and CEO,
National Association of Manufacturers, 733 10th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington,
DC 20001.
DEAR MR. TIMMONS: Thank you for testifying at the Committee on Education and
the Workforces February 5, 2013 hearing entitled, Challenges and Opportunities
Facing Americas Schools and Workplaces. I appreciate your participation.
Enclosed are additional questions submitted by committee members following the
hearing. Please provide written responses that answer the questions posed no later
than May 22, 2013 for inclusion in the official hearing record. Responses should be
sent to Benjamin Hoog of the committee staff, who can be contacted at (202) 2254527.

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Thank you again for your contribution to the work of the committee.
Sincerely,
JOHN KLINE,
Chairman.
Enclosures
QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD FROM MR. MESSER

I believe one of the biggest challenges facing our schools and workplaces is the
numerous insurance mandates and hundreds of billions of dollars in new taxes on
employers in the Affordable Care Act. These requirements and penalties likely will
raise the cost of coverage and increase financial pressures on employers who are
struggling to grow their businesses and create jobs, the last thing we want to do
given our sputtering economy.
I recently met with Dave Adams, the Superintendent of Shelbyville Central
Schools, who like most employers is concerned about the proposed standard measurement period for determining whether an individual qualifies as a full-time employee for penalty purposes under the health care law. He is especially concerned
about how educational organizations will calculate hours worked during this standard measurement period since they may be prohibited from including actual hours
of service worked by school employees during educational breaks. He tells me this
could cost Shelbyville schools $794,000 next year alone and lead to fewer hours for
some school system employees.
I share his concern about the impact this tax will have on the quality of education
provided to students in Shelby County and elsewhere, and the potential for job
losses and program cut-backs as a result. It is unconscionable that the Federal government will be taxing schools and employers to the point where student instruction
may suffer, jobs may be lost, and hours may be limited simply to pay for the Presidents health care law.
A. Mr. Timmons, how will the health care laws mandates and penalties impact
employers and their employees? What steps are employers taking to mitigate the
potential harm from these provisions?
JAY TIMMONS,
PRESIDENT AND CEO,
May 22, 2013.
Hon. John Kline, Chairman; Hon. GEORGE MILLER, Ranking Member,
House Education & Workforce Committee, 2181 Rayburn House Office Building,
Washington, DC 20512.
DEAR CHAIRMAN KLINE AND RANKING MEMBER MILLER: Thank you for giving me
the opportunity to testify before the Education and Workforce Committee on February 5, 2013 at your hearing entitled, Challenges and Opportunities Facing Americas Schools and Workplaces. As you may recall, I testified about a number of challenges facing manufacturers, including the Affordable Care Act.
The purpose of this letter is to respond to a question for the record submitted by
Congressman Luke Messer. Congressman Messers question was, Mr. Timmons,
how will the health care laws mandates and penalties impact employers and their
employees? What steps are employers taking to mitigate the potential harm from
these provisions?
Response
As the Committee is aware, the Affordable Care Act contains many mandates,
penalties, taxes, fees and surcharges that businesses will have to absorb, pay, comply or otherwise adapt to whether or not they provide health insurance for their employees. Clearly, employers who provide health insurance are concerned about the
cost of providing it, but they are also interested in making sure the coverage makes
sense for their employees. Employers are looking for clarity, of which there has been
little over the last three years. Manufacturers are looking for predictability, of which
the lack of clarity makes impossible. In short, manufacturers know they will have
to react and adapt, but they are unsure of the best course of action to take right
now. How businesses choose to mitigate the impact of harmful provisions of the law
depends a great deal on their particular industry, size and structure.
Again, I would like to thank you for the opportunity to provide the view of our
nations manufacturers to the Committee.
Sincerely,
JAY TIMMONS.

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[Additional submission of Mr. Miller follows:]
Prepared Statement of the National Disability Rights Network (NDRN)
As the nonprofit membership organization for the federally mandated Protection
and Advocacy Systems (P&As) and Client Assistance Programs (CAPs) for people
with disabilities, the National Disability Rights Network (NDRN) would like to
thank Chairman Kline, Ranking Member Miller and the House Committee on Education and the Workforce for holding the hearing. NDRN would specifically like to
comment on the critical need for employment services for people with disabilities
and the need for a bipartisan reauthorization of the Workforce Investment Act and
Rehabilitation Act.
The P&A/CAP Network was established by the United States Congress through
eight separate programs to protect the rights of people with disabilities and their
families through legal support, advocacy, referral, and education. P&As and CAPs
are in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Territories
(American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and the US Virgin Islands),
and there is a P&A affiliated with the Native American Consortium which includes
the Hopi, Navaho and Piute Nations in the Four Corners region of the Southwest.
Collectively, the P&A/CAP Network is the largest provider of legally based advocacy
services to people with disabilities in the United States.
Unemployment among people with disabilities is a severe and endemic problem.
The unemployment rate among people with disabilities is around 13.7%, significantly higher than that of the general population. In addition, the workforce participation rate for people with disabilities is approximately 21%, less than one third of
the participation rate for people without a disability. Although the economic recovery has added many jobs to the economy over the past three years, the effects of
the recovery have been much slower for people with disabilities, and the participation rate for people with disabilities has decreased while the unemployment rate for
people with disabilities has increased since 2010. Full integrated employment for
people with disabilities is an important component in the fight for full community
integration. Employment is a critical part of independence, as it allows people to
earn a living wage and meet their needs. The P&A/CAP Network has been advocating for service providers and local governments to prioritize employment as a
basic need for people with disabilities, and to ensure that people with disabilities
receive the range of services that they need to be able to work. NDRN supports legislative changes that support employment services for people with disabilities, and
make it easier for people with disabilities to obtain, maintain or advance in employment.
Specifically, there are a number of changes to the Rehabilitation Act that would
facilitate the work of the P&A/CAP Network in advocating for people with disabilities:
1. Clarify language to allow for a Native American CAP program. Currently, the
Native American Consortium, which provides a range of services to Native Americans with disabilities in the Four Corners region, does not have a Client Assistance
Program. The law should be clarified to indicate that the Native American Consortium can designate a CAP program to receive funds and provide services to people
with disabilities as like other P&A agencies.
2. Provide language for a dedicated source of training and technical assistance
when CAP appropriations reach an appropriate trigger amount. Training and technical assistance has proven to be effective in ensuring that the CAP Network is upto-date on current law, regulations and procedures. Training and technical assistance should be a required component of the CAP funding.
3. Allow expenditure of program income received by P&A and CAP grantees to
occur over an indefinite time frame instead of requiring program income to be expended by the end of the second fiscal year after it is received. Grantees have occasionally had to spend program income based on several years worth of case work
in a very limited time, limiting their ability to use those funds to most effectively
and efficiently benefit people with disabilities.
4. Clarify that the authority of the PAIR program is the same as the Protection
and Advocacy for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities (PADD) program.
Also, clarify that P&A agencies have the ability to use the courts to enforce their
access authority to records, individuals, and facilities to advocate and protect the
rights of individuals with a disability.
NDRN also supports the following changes to the Vocational Rehabilitation programs, which would help ensure that people with disabilities have more opportunities to obtain employment:

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1. Create a requirement that Vocational Rehabilitation agencies develop Individualized Plans for Employment (IPE) within ninety days after the date of determination of eligibility. CAP agencies have had difficulty advocating for their clients when
the IPE is not completed in a timely fashion. Additionally, allow the client to request mediation and an impartial due process hearing if the IPE is not completed
within that timeframe.
2. Clarify that a Vocational Rehabilitation agency must provide notification to its
clients whenever the client has the right to appeal a decision or to request mediation. CAP agencies have encountered many situations where individuals attempting to access Vocational Rehabilitation services have been provided confusing and/
or contradictory information.
3. Provide that each due process hearing shall be conducted by an impartial Hearing Officer who is fully trained on the requirements of the Rehabilitation Act as well
as the approved State plan. CAP agencies have encountered situations where an impartial Hearing Officer is unsure of his or her ability to take certain actions, and
adequate training is critical.
4. Provide that the opportunity for mediation is available whenever a client receives an unfavorable determination from a Vocational Rehabilitation agency. Currently, Vocational Rehabilitation agencies interpret the law to require that individuals who wish to dispute Vocational Rehabilitation decisions must request a hearing
before the agency will consider a request for mediation. The statute should be clarified to allow for mediation even when the individual does not wish to have a fair
hearing.
5. Clarify the burden of proof for an individual to obtain Vocational Rehabilitation
services. The language of the statute should include clear language that a Vocational Rehabilitation agency must find clear and convincing evidence to determine
ineligibility.
6. Include provisions to limit the ability of Vocational Rehabilitation agencies and
other service providers to place people with disabilities in segregated workplaces or
to receive subminimum wage for their work. Require that people with disabilities
be able to pursue an employment goal for 24 months before entering subminimum
wage employment, or for up to 48 months for people with significant disabilities. Require face-to-face regular employment counseling for people working at subminimum
wage jobs.
These issues call out for Congress to address in a bipartisan fashion. NDRN and
the P&A/CAP Network hope that the House and Senate can work together to pass
legislation that will improve employment services for people with disabilities and
support greater transition to competitive, integrated employment. Taking these
steps will help achieve our goal of reducing unemployment of people with disabilities
and increasing the participation of people with disabilities in the workforce.

[Additional submission of Mr. Fornash: report, The American

Dream 2.0: How Financial Aid Can Help Improve College Access,
Affordability, and Completion, may be accessed at the following
Internet address:]
http://www.hcmstrategists.com/content/FINAL_Steering_Committee_Report.pdf

[Additional submission of Governor Herbert follows:]

Addendum to Testimony From Gov. Gary R. Herbert
Rep. John Tierney of Massachusetts asked about funding levels for teachers in the
Gov. Herberts budget. Below is Gov. Herberts response.
In my proposed budget this year, I recommended an increase of 1.16% or $26 million for public education compensation. This percentage was more than the one percent that was recommended to higher education institutions. This would be flexible
and can be used in conjunction with other sources of revenue to apply to compensation and benefits on an as-needed basis.
Last year, the Utah State Legislature also provided 1.16% during the 2012 General Session for compensation.
National data shows that teacher average salary increased by 7.03 percent in
2008 but when the recession hit in 2009 the average salary dropped by 7.82 percent.
The data also indicates an increase in average teacher salary of 9.1 percent from

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2005 to 2010.1 Utah State Office of Education data shows teacher salaries increasing 21.01 percent from 2006 to 2012 for an average of 3.5 percent per year.2
We are aggressively focused on funding many different initiatives that will yield
the best outcomes in our education system. Part of that includes increasing compensation so we can attract the best and brightest teachers.
Rep. George Miller of California asked about the percentage of higher education
funds that are provided by the state. Below is Gov. Herberts response.
On average, Utahs state institutions of higher education receive 49% of their
operational funding from the state, with the remainder coming from student tuition
and fees.
During the Great Recession, the state could not provide funding to match the
growth in enrollment at Utahs higher education institutions. This left a great imbalance in state support as some institutions raised tuition higher than others to
provide much needed funding for instruction. As a result, some institutions have a
lower percentage of State funding to tuition than others.

[Whereupon, at 12:18 p.m., the committee was adjourned.]

1 Source: National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, 1969-70 through

2009-10.
2 Source: Utah State Office of Education, Finance and Statistics.