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The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle

The document describes the fetch-decode-execute cycle of a CPU. It involves 3 main steps: 1) Fetch - The CPU fetches instructions and data from memory and stores them in registers. 2) Decode - The CPU decodes the fetched instruction to understand what operation to perform. 3) Execute - The CPU then executes the instruction by performing the specified operation on data, and stores the result in a register. It then repeats this cycle continuously to process instructions one by one.

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Abhisek Sarkar
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30 views

The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle

The document describes the fetch-decode-execute cycle of a CPU. It involves 3 main steps: 1) Fetch - The CPU fetches instructions and data from memory and stores them in registers. 2) Decode - The CPU decodes the fetched instruction to understand what operation to perform. 3) Execute - The CPU then executes the instruction by performing the specified operation on data, and stores the result in a register. It then repeats this cycle continuously to process instructions one by one.

Uploaded by

Abhisek Sarkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The fetch-decode-execute cycle

A standard process describes the steps needed for processing to take place. It is called the Fetch Decode - Execute cycle or sometimes simply called the Fetch-Execute Cycle.
The CPU has fetched an instruction, decoded it and then executed it. When it has finished one
instruction, it does the next one, and the next one and the next one. In fact, this is all the CPU
does, all day long.

1. FETCH
The first step the CPU carries out is to fetch some data and instructions (program) from main
memory then store them in its own internal temporary memory areas. These memory areas are
called 'registers'.
This is called the 'fetch' part of the cycle.
2. DECODE
The next step is for the CPU to make sense of the instruction it has just fetched. This process is
called 'decode'. The CPU is designed to understand a specific set of commands. These are called
the 'instruction set' of the CPU. Each make of CPU has a different instruction set.
The CPU decodes the instruction and prepares various areas within the chip in readiness of the
next step.
3. EXECUTE
This is the part of the cycle when data processing actually takes place. The instruction is carried
out upon the data (executed). The result of this processing is stored in yet another register.
Once the execute stage is complete, the CPU sets itself up to begin another cycle once more.

Flowchart for first n Fibonacci number:

Simplex, Half-duplex and Full-duplex communication:


a) The simplex transmission is the one that travels in only one direction. It can be more
clear on the example of person talking into microphone and then hearing voice from the
speaker. Signal travels in only one direction from microphone to speaker. This way of
transmission can be also called unidirectional or one-way transmission.
b) The half-duplex transmission is capable of sending signal in both directions, but in only
one direction at a time. Some networks use half-duplex transmission, but it is required to
specify this requirement for all the nodes in the network. An example could be police car
radio phones allowing one person talk at a time(Walky-Talky).
c) Last, and most common way of transmission is full-duplex (or just duplex). It allows
signal transmission in both directions simultaneously. An example is a telephone service.
This type of transmission can also be called bidirectional transmission.

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