eer EE Les LETTERING CYS ene acl THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DUST pmo 01110) Ss A complete A-Z directory £ CLR ea Rta Re ete ae : A + how to use them HALOING eee nea easy Sen) BLENDING ! eer cataCONTENTS INTRODUCTION 96 PART TWO THEMES TRANSPORT » 96 INDUSTRIAL DESIGN AND ENGINEERING © 114 FOOD AND DRINK » 124 ARCHITECTURE « 132 HUMAN AND ANIMAL © 138, ADVERTISING # 154 CONCEPTUAL = 164 INDEK + 172. CREDITS « 175, 8 PARTONE TECHNIQUES ACETATE MASKING # ANGLED SPRAYING » BASIC EXERCISES, BASIC FORMS ® CARD MASKING # CAST SHADOWS CHROME EFFECTS * CORRECT ON TECHNIQUES DOT CONTROL * DOT HIGHUGHTS + DROP SHADOWS ERASURE © FABRIC MASKING « FILM MASKING « FLAT TONE FOUND OBJECT MASKING « FREEHAND SPRAYING « GHOSTING GRADATED TONE » HALOING * HIGHLIGHTING KNOCKING BACK ® LETTERING TECHNIQUES # LINE GONTROL LINING-IN # LIQUID MASKING © LODSE MASKING OVERSPRAYING ® RULING SCRATCHING BACK « SPATTERING ‘STARBURSTS # STENCILS + TAPE MASKING * TEMPLATES TORN PAPER MASKING + TRANSPARENCY » VIGNETTING WINDOW HIGHUGHTS.ia NTRODUCTION If JS NOT So LONG AGO that books on airbrushing were practically unobtainable simply because publishers did ‘Hol think there was an adequate demand. However, the nued and increasing need for highly finished, Guality Nustrations in every area of graphic design has shrought an awareness of airbrushing to a wider audi hctpexen though the techniques themselves may still Be chisive foxmany. Using step-by.step demonstrations ‘hd the work of pidfessional illustrators, this book aims to cover the techniques esnployed. As skills improve and develop so will cach illustrator introduce new ap- proaches to his or her work, which others may find unacceptable oF inappropriate, but to the illustrator using them they may become an indispensable twctt nique in all fuiure work. Because of this, and because there are no ules which must be adhered to, no single book on airbrushing techniques can ever be detinitive. ‘The majority of the readers of this book, | hope, will Start by. stiidying the professional examples reproduced ui" yee , niier would encourage me to renuler these exer- se using an airbrush, Winsor blue or Payne's Gray Watercolor, and an old foot-pump with a reservoir ~ “which was cesigned for use with an airbrush. Not only did this develop my skills in using a new tool, but it also taught me paticnce — tok a good WO oF three minutes 10 pump up the tank to the requited pressure and then spray tor about 30 seconds before having to Siart pumping again, All this after slowly and carefully Coatting film masks on artwork drawn on paper which was often thinner than the film. (This explains why feve af my works have survived ~ the majority just fell apart Tike jigsaws,) g father than look at the step-by-step demon ons first. While it is undeniable that the demon. tions have played a part in the choice ot techniques J, the finished examples have been selected primar lyon the strength of the airbrushing. Regardless of the fac! that most of the illustrations reproduced here were fora specific purpose and would theretore be seen In a ntext, many do stand as illustrations in their own ight such is the standard being achieved today. My intioduction to the airbrush was a by product of ie) on the theory of perspective and shadows, 4 were both subjects 1 found fascinating and developed an understanding of them. ‘This iPART ONE TECHNIQUES ucariox ANN Use of the airbrush as @ means of ing natural, manenade, and fantasy or science fction subjects has increased eniorinously over the past decades. Illustrators have found this tool an able aid either for rendering a complete illus- tion oF in Timited application to enhance detail, tex- foem, or contrast on an illustration which has been primarily hand-painted. cause of the more widespread use of the airbrush, ifious techniques have developed to artive at the lust and most effective means of achieving desired Many of these techniques ate peculiar to the ish.and are the result of much experimentation by idual illustrators based on both the advantages and. ions of the airbrush. When the airbrush is in pistant use, it will soon be apparent that there are niques other than those described and illustrated . They will be discovered or identified through a ar need and may well become esentiul to the stator who chances upon them. In this book, the pose is to describe those techniques which have a and more general application in illustrative work, itereative or technically based Aiforushing is. an acquired skill. It reguires practice, ‘patience; careful planning, experiment, and, to produce ‘uuccesful work, an understanding and awareness of colo light, tone, and contrast. In addition an ability to draw is essential.Alsat cect Wiese RS Sheet ore form and niamber of cferent thickness, Tes usetul in altbrushing asa | =< to, eltadherive masking fila, Because tt lacks adhesive, acetate willallew residual color to ‘cheroucit underneata, creating 9 | {1 softedged efect which can tw | ued toadvantage. tethis isnot | mre aeeeesraceais Te hae Wanted ate must bs taker © | Rene Bilal an tha tisvaton board ensure that the mast f helt sed sob enraved alg 8 cuver every and flatly against the art- | eee work to provide fn edge to The cul or broken edge ofa peor of acetate can be used 10 Ferm 2 loese mask, ora whole shape etm be cutout of the mate- 8 The gue masks uss, but sal cosresponding to 2 particule "eu 9 faking al of oF tne prt ofthe artwork. Hecate ariwerk, 078 a has bas ited acetate, lke mashing film, com> sum spravn, ppetety ansparens, ime mask can | [Ee | bbe accurately positioned in ration to previously sprayed areas ofthe, | BRB I) hte edged comers, ran be Dt thallfo caves sccuasit prone to spiting, Athougha | ‘pceter ny tea sarauinn Te eelge Split may anpear insignificant on | Suey allay zee i the acetate mash, st curpesingy | would bes eacalt mace =o ny howasmall amount of sprayed | "ac noen wes pln passing through It wl he Sullisentioshow up on the arwork Lobehee Laas the, oss 1a bras naira hneboars, Ih S 4 Us8i viber bor nardare sat edges 2 Irevie at ha same |ANGLED SPRAYING Jf | ipsam is se to dence te technique of Hlenaing cotors int |) eathother,wiehout having 3 | || tact defined eae brava thm. Is achieved by |) | mecisiance the aitorust i hei | | srytrom te artwork an tne J) anges ebich the airbrush isin flston tothe artwork snface Thisteshnique maybe wed in ‘anjnction with the section on | | | seers Wele-band Blending 1M pqured ‘ober iyo 0061s nether hou nace soe ia tae beng sawn Ae Ue ov Taghod of he ist cole bs speed fern ep 2 Gato, halcny the a trust lan ange of 9" to neat work Lo crea ayory sot ant gent iyaaton 2 The socand ane fre sprayed bl the care anole ath fst alo ing te yrcktionte cueren aed hie cheteqraph derensiekoa aight and ange ot te eibul in Felton fot arrk ee 3 gent APES ire the secon twerkhae sen “unect140Fs0 hel fre color can agah be spayed ron tog nrc ellie coy he a rg tal po- GroundSky Retioction v2 mash lh Soeced ove Thing ie sire nage, tm evn | tre sonapes ene, arc lw 1m a fier sarin resxzeac th farting tra bey ele cron Frascing int een ole vane | ‘nrewec Anethon acetate na = Ip pmpated fo ape ard Senate olen sxpeeure el te faceats mack ovedar wich has | anon covering ‘he out fom the sng the sara. ihe sane soaucr ore ae ae oer thn ana =! oh tw eye 5 relnger edye beineon toons Aan ihe cov tra caer gh {ghd by eotohing au calor Heouid anat kil To olbered bya Thoyalow 20" Sera night inora one ° siesainy ae ‘oon bbown, bf concentrating ar the ep cogs ef the ask, hich Fepsoveme the esestod ne Tis = gadiod down nt yew culte, Lut rots that t an sary a ve faussthe deo) of Re ara ior Mong anette 30k 2 eet boolgyound oar 1 ager borg arooaten fom wie noua 2 The acetate mask a ernowe fd Bun eran soraje rth fap she onder ard gruiey beathctne, mhiscoler shoudhaye a fnaunh craton ‘olen the vite tne boar ta came thot" 6 Argnighi.agan a opeve ane the 8, a8 ‘re, is sorayed eevee crc end of fe cece the eer rgniatt ard appr inthe ener othe bade he poste a nara harmonable; itis therefore necesiary to fevise quick and effertve fechimiques which eam rectly the situation without having to resor to a compat restar. The ‘example illasuated here, aa Irregalanty In the spray quatty, Ive comimion mistake, usually Uae resul of lack of control Sometimes its caused hy dri paint patiles being blown onto the artwork through poor clean ingot the airbrush ‘Over spreying with White Titnas rleiege Wy grouse a pece leo wth stots te Sled calernning er sry Seaneth of colar atte 9 toa ry mom Howie: hanna sen rata Sb out na‘eranie sear ha ee ‘arely boon medi ine er oa a the 60 2 Tovecthethe mtn, apa Shite aprayoe apre ho earn Pete wah othe eabred ae oo Cary Fe mus al geskng iar veooicn epproetraiely tre tle tea ‘in 8 Canal gracason 8 Torevive he ccuiod const o the tonal gracaton the ws reepnyed wi be Cig! clr eler ewe par tase 4 hhoe tho maak le moved th oct ofa sean era of acai’ Saker Littng Watercolor ran conseting sal watecsier ret are the att, econ thine mayen vaardt rere pr Hire dla fay erang, tay oe ocoesary te ust cute a bw buds, ‘espera eee Yeauring ox femion rust brought bask to tehha othe arg7a aura, Tearmthoe sot alas eae cohen ies ona tee srt, fon ae ugh hoare- mounted Papo: Hocauea the sigrarta eco inane tho aca ie com reetignea tg Srocth ene ny costed boars Femoving Celor Bleed splaysuer fay we Groen Spot Tes urbe Wwe rsh ea ingina” wre. raged eae 01 Peemncin rad set SURF, Iona ta pit thoy 1 Petoronen trou a be red tore tesaue clsone sone barsany people, when ist antro luce fo the airbrush, believe ies | | only capable o® spraying nium orlarge areas and fs not stable fox fine, dalled work, Plenty of sat contiol exercises will not oxy prove them wrong, hut vil also huild wp confidence and sl in ting the arbres Is alae gon! practice for applying sprayel caus Ac highlights to give sparkle 10 the trish ofa detailed stra ion, Tis technique is covereet tuner sr nts the fol lowing section: 1 The shows shoot of came sed cv the sane See a cob irewsy eau spraieo Tr... * © 2 Here thea mw of dors nave fret one prgecahoy ste ormpaire Wenge. Ae ery on the sequence aes, cers your sonal the mosiry ae the dsiance et be ar- bush nozze ‘onthe haar suace apie Lhe igh sizeof ee 8 To ncimaco acto ol ra ‘ynourt of pant alowed Uraugh hose ucts he sean Sayed uiuualy und ereorraested sprayed cles, na srall penny Can gies a good inialon ath Soleo the areal semenThe use of dat highlights fs pa nage | ere aan Soon Sco eae, oa part of Uae ebjet and mast nhways conform tothe chosen, 8 Opaque whkalsther spre | & The corraeteclineae, by arm Aicection of the light source realy overt dette caies be | paeon wth be fret again tre belgos, athe vena, srowalivn Perro n % Eempiexhituehl ela cts hte Tatham Ona Cinved Edga ST Tapbsut rads on Tah woult be rtennaty atbcted | rawr part o' th hench ‘loo inorance te nema ‘Sort because mo highign's tees ematucrston aie | ihe same sue, ae "a ao ‘engwe peenseratched ortothe | Astarte aA Thelen t chai eo th Iteeohightons 9% cot shot lure Ines, bet tape oF = — 2 Opaque white uate ie ose l aopiee win aeush selected Slaces on tap atts seraihod (Ona Metetic Surtaco cuts of apace white spray ANIC nav afte. eee appealing Thigererpe srovs Ine eopicaton | cio exkaeaals othe ete! ct ate pea trove Fat afde nears b he ke olarsb. | polsre0 neta ‘owe These marin are sr ob #1Porsche and tanker in inter tt Dor Highighss ave most carrrany amp at Rahs > mikes.aninteresi"g cored | eu J | tsecsom state sutgets, this mr ctecovero inearighiahts, | sono her on age | en usa to eas et | sr trae ar sate sn se a a files withthe(On an Angled Edge Phe Gace cube has beer sprayer st aligh oearae of contact shad os 2 To enhance the sorte ane 13 fle, a det ght hs Foon Srbjedtiechanger the reste Sorrerolveeuks, [eee rene (ately rakes the cots ape lo brighter sutace, 174 Upon: pat of a cy de ic noo Bay apelin the gg “ae ber onus aoe nly 2a0ing ave ey ate revues i se asthey get uch avay Tor be.ca favel me hg 3Ta fen the cig of thn dove opoas whis.Dron shadow is a meihod ot Using cise shadow To emphasize the principal object in an lust tion, eile im pat ato throve tne whole objet inte tlle. The snadow areas can also be used «quate the illusion of different Tove, Refer sla racast ADO, — | | n 2 stor cover tae wr thaskra t'n charter x00 rayedlue Sugurly yavas, st caged slbes, gen mike Cees jars sed ora ano=n [ Using Acotate 1 inecamccheracte"W" ssused, | 3 Therma na ofthe acetate mask: butths time acu ussic asthe" | Syncs the area urramcig e mask edn Shoreter ahi exceoed fo | seragng, ere te acette maak rire chara, eter cere pos: fining 1s rye iy heat he vor weigher usa The Character sprays lowing he Sars aiiwes meres t in 9 The nreu cooy cfine craracar aca, and tw trea shadow areas arpa pages 0-4 "Srepusllaneaie proves ha Scravod elt een tore lepoced reas the Soave char | 2 To aia ho excel se in Branton ances mase Semple cn tho ore che tera the se astray cut ut 44 Ou eonpiaier onthe spraying of Ihe etatectr the aa nan athe cola Pask Stereo 8 Sinna eset and th lb the snrayna af he choco 6 vircncotn ccuiaerasks tae tas acqurcel stray sottedavs, || eon iomckce For theattectk, it sone caios Me eee! my be Jy Berolied Il because ageate neler theoreti Iron autasve, ede shades” oreaneeby use rack Wr‘Thisisa general heading refering lo the use uf easels, Bll soll, and the pencil type, winich may. be used for comretions and fo applying highlights to specific ateasof the artwork, The tech Hnlque ts usually ony successful hea applied to illustrations whieh have been sprayed ontoa type cammoniy used 39 the preparation of luctite dawngs Furtermore, i is best applied ‘Musirations which have been sprayed with seatercolare. Ths ie because the untae leyer of splayed eratestoloe pats fatrerney tmin. On gouache ancl acrylic speayed surtaces, there ‘one chance af damaging the sor Courhigcoies, anal thereon Dxerspraying with apague white ‘Sar biter aa iss sk. As aconection techaign, cxusute should be lied to small teas, When tse locteate igh lighss, a hard, pencil type eraser is far he best, busine i pose sible to maintain a reasonably samp polnt on the rubber cote Which will ive greater contaol The finish varies according to the desea of paint removed TH oul range trom complete expo= Sure oF the ite uf Ue bute, 10 very subtle highlights sueh 3s ‘would be sen on matte oF urna: Chined sunfaces. With care, the peril exer could also be wed 10 fenbance wontist, especialy when, ‘ach ofthe tifecunce between the lights ae the darks has heen lost hy exces suveeuterappileation 1 rhs exarpe a sprees bean spayed with a cul geht ‘P oresanl anonpe) sted sur 2 Atthe natal ption ofthe higniqhs, thecoe has bear fraeen wth cleus netlan ry pone: erase’ Nwilbo nowea Pat the amount pain: eraycclat re fervor ties af tho hghight oowesed. oe that erg gh {UGS ao tho ase cous 8EABRIG MASKING ‘here ae accisions when trad ional methods of rendering tectared surtaces itt an alzbrush ae net aseflective as one would hope, The use af mec 10 out fabric opens up additional ‘pporuities wich, when applied to an lasestion, will give surface texture not nevcessaily identifiable with the fabric need Some do reproduce the slatinet fac weave, ara Miers Joreexpenmentation i advisable before applying a fabric nas Finished artwork, unless of sa, the intention Isto repes- Sent the specifi effec. Besides Tou a plete Detote Use, ES a0 ‘wont keeping samples f both thetabrle and the speay fet fen fos fue eee Ips of fare sulle as mask- Ing materials are these sich have si open weave to allow the spravet coor ta puss Uhtouh anid beeween the thers. The texture may be applied over large or small eas, which in theists ca proce ade ‘ol variations of foxm ane fomtast. The material need be th ust caeacat is eatue, for the trayed edge of torn fabric aloo lls 4 dhuratesstic rest, A ‘orm of repeat patter could be apple using, for example, 2 fuel openciveave ay seen tl fashioned gla curtains, or indeed the uy types of lace whieh are svuable Abechground texture can ne appied over the artwork bore ihe object or subject ists Sprayed, Natura ths requires the principal pant ofthe ius loo co besprayed in ua opague snedium in are 19 prevent the Tete from shina steeughy Sonal, contre as may bv sprayed by overlaying the faicon tp uF a previousiy cut ewe oF masking Hl 1 iis dononsraton ul ene “aeaty. pes ol Pe ve rey ae hs be Se rau souyed toxie 9 Fhe yore uulese) In, pene thofaare aroun al our Suge tabi ay ells (ie Muse a= tactic Oe corte nn s2Rnt Hhes-edged dorcers Fe 2 lace 0 ego apil carat ras eeen re, Suing ares ones ane ana sane ish rs examele shows the ofecr ‘sng ager emeicery eaves, Siw guar thats sr inugule eros th the payne reslnsied lo specied weas, tl Jess obnicus coercion win th eigraltanie err 4 Loose cotton scrim na Hen Used ete lung a reverancom tect 5 simpli chockow er aie pa ‘orn no recut wen shear five.o7 ng ees ove keg‘The use of uanspareat telladheaive acling fil in air brasiing isthe mest popular then of proxestingeteas Uf the armors ven are nat current being wurked on, Masking fi is avaliable with either matter 9 sls fh sts supplied en a poe fective hacking sheet which att be needed oan. The aubesve on tte Him is taw-tae, allawing masks to be place overa clean oF previously sprayed surface ar suibacgucaly hed wuihout damage ra the under Ising material Because the fim is ansparent, i allows thee aces cover te femat Hable, hich extremely vsefol hea dung the strength of coor and shading against those aeeas lcudly sprayed. Its also posal to remove excess and residual pat from the fil by carefully wiping ser it with» dasnp clot, Gaouee abverbent cotton, Niehout damaging, the artwork orth ancy exposed tor spraving (this of caurse apes Paints which romain watereatuble ater drying Whe using masking fin, always ule saup, wes Blac, 9 old des cuichy lose their edge tne lead luster tefl eater than eut can. Iw hrough i Gentle bat even pret sume is rouined when cutting, to {vod scoring the etwork, inthe two examples given here particular note souk be taken of the sequence used in applying the lomal anges they are moe ths same lor transparent warereotor ana ‘oguue soeache. With a frinspayent nteliim, Phe depth of shale ancl Gio ote om ark to ght Py fnverspraving Uiansparenit iy ens wth the opaque mediim, satis rises ave rade indepestdeity id pa cate drs can be sprayed ener dark seyuutel Wetercolor Mediur: Tcuerorsraaarassonatly vase ate Tie regarec on Baal paper as shaw 2 thouraong sp iraneree 1 vod US" erate pager O- iwelar’s ns 2 The tanto denen 9° th om rust cane of ne ae Geedhlres, mfp vl 8 C0 flee ab teste wher a rerspat4 Tro artworks covert van "rage Pen an al ina des2-bing th ange are cut int he fs 5 Th semi sosueonce bepns ‘it emows ofr feo al ‘eet ch tt ae we Cet sam, 18 Temmecum toner of tha inves arom sarayae. Mark eacione cit te talinescf ne lost vor are enor square tb yi Na et eas of oral gradation 7 The thai gens of no leaves tobe ‘prayed the ight saves, al tissu, ule rang on ie Isxos igs bse romowec anc te ‘hr al putas re vere ashe 8 Ch completion a tho lentes, al mmaskng tenis rarovee ano are pisoa fad aver to wow one rtaore AV ines aircuncig the Petae afthorosromy ar ec ‘te 9 Ihe seauacca forthe enfin. ‘be sarepattam anoticte 2 lavas, working hom the daveest Shanes ft, folowod by the rca Aardthon the lightor once, hs the tl saga, dare hadoo aw spray tho vaper sat ole tones 410 he tera walies ane tor ae Fuitupisintte sprain amgices The tocground rg Fm ba urthast pale 0 thas