Section 5.

3 Evaluating Definite Integrals

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Evaluating Definite Integrals

THEOREM (Evaluation Theorem): Suppose f is integrable on [a, b] and f = F for an other function F.
Then
Zb
ib
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a) = F (x)
a

EXAMPLES:
2
Z2
23 13
7
x3
2
=

=
1.
x dx =
3 1
3
3
3

2.

Z/2
i/2
= cos(/2) ( cos(0))
sin xdx = cos x

3.

Z2

= 0 (1) = 1

1
dx = ln |x|
x

i2
3

0
-3

-2

-1

= ln 2 ln 3 = 0.4054...

-1

THEOREM: If F is an antiderivative of f on an (open) interval I, then the most general antiderivative of

f on I is F (x) + C, where C is an arbitrary constant.
NOTATION: To denote the set of all antiderivatives of f on an (open) interval I we use the indefinite integral
notation:
Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + C

Table of Indefinite Integrals

Z

cf (x)dx = c

f (x)dx

xn+1
x dx =
+ C (n 6= 1)
n+1
n

e dx = e + C
sin xdx = cos x + C
2

sec xdx = tan x + C

sec x tan xdx = sec x + C
1
dx = arctan x + C
1 + x2

[f (x) + g(x)]dx =

ax dx =

1
dx = ln |x| + C
x

f (x)dx +

ax
+C
ln a

cos xdx = sin x + C

csc2 xdx = cot x + C
csc x cot xdx = csc x + C

1
dx = arcsin x + C
1 x2

g(x)dx

Section 5.3 Evaluating Definite Integrals

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Table of Indefinite Integrals

Z

cf (x)dx = c

f (x)dx

xn+1
x dx =
+ C (n 6= 1)
n+1
n

e dx = e + C

sin xdx = cos x + C

sec xdx = tan x + C

sec x tan xdx = sec x + C

1
dx = arctan x + C
1 + x2

[f (x) + g(x)]dx =

ax dx =

1
dx = ln |x| + C
x

f (x)dx +

g(x)dx

ax
+C
ln a

cos xdx = sin x + C

csc2 xdx = cot x + C
csc x cot xdx = csc x + C

1
dx = arcsin x + C
1 x2

EXAMPLES:
Z
x2+1
x3
1.
x2 dx = [P R with n = 2] =
+C =
+C
2+1
3
Z

2.

x8 dx = [P R with n = 8] =

3.

xdx =

4.

dx =
5
x

5.

x xdx =

x4

dx =
5
x3

x3x
dx
x

6.

7.

x7
1
x8+1
+C =
+ C = x7 + C
8 + 1
7
7

x1/2 dx = [P R with n = 1/2] =

1

dx =
x1/5

x x

x4
dx =
x3/5

1/3

x1/5 dx = [P R with n = 1/5] =

dx =
Z

x3/2
2
x1/2+1
+C =
+ C = x3/2 + C
1/2 + 1
3/2
3

x1/5+1
5
+ C = x4/5 + C
1/5 + 1
4

x4/3+1
3
1+1/3
dx
=
[P
R
with
n
=
4/3]
=
+ C = x7/3 + C
x
| {z }
4/3 + 1
7
4/3
x

x17/5+1
5
43/5
dx
=
[P
R
with
n
=
17/5]
=
x
+ C = x22/5 + C
| {z }
17/5 + 1
22
17/5
x

Section 5.3 Evaluating Definite Integrals

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Table of Indefinite Integrals

Z

cf (x)dx = c

f (x)dx

xn+1
x dx =
+ C (n 6= 1)
n+1
n

e dx = e + C

sec xdx = tan x + C

ax dx =

f (x)dx +

g(x)dx

ax
+C
ln a

cos xdx = sin x + C

csc2 xdx = cot x + C
csc x cot xdx = csc x + C

1
dx = arctan x + C
1 + x2

1
dx = ln |x| + C
x

sec x tan xdx = sec x + C

[f (x) + g(x)]dx =

sin xdx = cos x + C

7.

1
dx = arcsin x + C
1 x2

Z 1 1/3
Z 1+1/3
Z
x5/6+1
x x
x
x3x
1+1/31/2
dx =
dx
=
[P
R
with
n
=
5/6]
=
dx
=
dx
=
x
+C
| {z }
x
x1/2
x1/2
5/6
+
1
5/6

8.

x(1 + x )dx =

9.

Z1

Z1

x+x

dx =

xdx +

x3 dx =

x2 x4
+
+C
2
4

q

Z1
Z1





1/3
3
1/2
1+1/2 1/3
1/4
1/2
1
1/2
1/4
4
x
x x + x dx = x
dx
dx = x
x
+x
x x
+x
0

x1/2

Z1

1/2

x3/2


+ x1/4 dx =

1/3

1/2

1/2

+x

1/4

3/4+1

1

Z1
0

dx =

x1/2 x3/21/3 + x1/4 dx =

Z1

1/2+1/2

1/2+1/4

+x

7/4

1

1

x
1
x
x
4
x
=
= x2 + x7/4
+
+
2
3/4 + 1 0
2
7/4 0
2
7
0

 

1 2 4 7/4
1 2 4 7/4
1 4
15
=

= + =
1 + 1
0 + 0
2
7
2
7
2 7
14

10.

6 11/6
x
+C
11

x(1 + x2 )2 dx
3

Z1
0

dx =

x1/2 x1/2 + x1/4 dx

Z1
0

x + x3/4 dx

Section 5.3 Evaluating Definite Integrals

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Table of Indefinite Integrals

Z

10.

cf (x)dx = c

f (x)dx

e dx = e + C

sec xdx = tan x + C

x 1 + 2x + x
xdx + 2

dx =

x dx +

f (x)dx +

g(x)dx

ax
+C
ln a

csc x cot xdx = csc x + C

1
dx = arcsin x + C
1 x2

(x + 2x3 + x5 )dx

x5 dx =

x2
x4 x6
1
1
1
+2 +
+ C = x2 + x4 + x6 + C
2
4
6
2
2
6



Z 
11x2 5x1/2 + 4x 2
11x2 5x1/2 + 4x 2

dx
11.
dx =
7 x
7x1/2

Z 
Z 
11x2
5x1/2
4x
2
11 21/2 5 1/21/2
=

+ 1/2 1/2 dx =
x
x
+
1/2
1/2
7x
7x
7x
7x
7
7

Z
Z
Z 
5
11
11 3/2 5 1 4 1/2 2 1/2
3/2
x dx
x1 dx +
dx =
x x + x x
=
7
7
7
7
7
7
Z 

csc2 xdx = cot x + C

1
dx = arctan x + C
1 + x2

cos xdx = sin x + C

sec x tan xdx = sec x + C

x(1 + x ) dx =

ax dx =

1
dx = ln |x| + C
x

sin xdx = cos x + C

2 2

[f (x) + g(x)]dx =

xn+1
x dx =
+ C (n 6= 1)
n+1
n

11 x3/2+1
5
4 x1/2+1
2 x1/2+1

ln |x| +

+C
7 3/2 + 1 7
7 1/2 + 1 7 1/2 + 1

4 x3/2 2 x1/2
11 x5/2 5

ln |x| +

+C
7 5/2
7
7 3/2
7 1/2

11 2 5/2 5
4 2
2
x ln |x| + x3/2 2x1/2 + C
7 5
7
7 3
7

22 5/2 5
8
4
x ln |x| + x3/2 x1/2 + C
35
7
21
7


Z 
4 5 x + 7x sin x
dx
12.
9x
=


4 11/2 2 1/2
dx
x
x
7
7
Z
Z
4
2
1/2
x dx
x1/2 dx
7
7

Section 5.3 Evaluating Definite Integrals

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Table of Indefinite Integrals

Z

12.

13.

Z 

Z1

cf (x)dx = c

f (x)dx

xn+1
x dx =
+ C (n 6= 1)
n+1
n

e dx = e + C
sin xdx = cos x + C
2

sec xdx = tan x + C

sec x tan xdx = sec x + C
1
dx = arctan x + C
1 + x2

[f (x) + g(x)]dx =

ax dx =

1
dx = ln |x| + C
x

f (x)dx +

ax
+C
ln a

cos xdx = sin x + C

csc2 xdx = cot x + C
csc x cot xdx = csc x + C

1
dx = arcsin x + C
1 x2




Z 
4 5 x + 7x sin x
4
5x1/2 7x sin x
dx =
dx

+
9x
9x
9x
9x

Z 
4 1 5 1/2 7
x
+ sin x dx
=
9 x 9
9
Z
Z
Z
1
7
5
4
1/2
x
dx +
sin xdx
dx
=
9
x
9
9
=

4
5 x1/2+1
7
ln |x|
cos x + C
9
9 1/2 + 1 9

10
7
4
ln |x| x1/2 cos x + C
9
9
9

x3 + x + 1
dx
x2 + 1

g(x)dx

Section 5.3 Evaluating Definite Integrals

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Table of Indefinite Integrals

Z

13.

Z1

cf (x)dx = c

f (x)dx

xn+1
x dx =
+ C (n 6= 1)
n+1
n

e dx = e + C

sec xdx = tan x + C

ax dx =

sec x tan xdx = sec x + C

1
dx = arctan x + C
1 + x2

1
x3 + x
+ 2
2
x +1 x +1

Z1 

[f (x) + g(x)]dx =

sin xdx = cos x + C

x3 + x + 1
dx =
x2 + 1

1
dx = ln |x| + C
x

f (x)dx +

g(x)dx

ax
+C
ln a

cos xdx = sin x + C

csc2 xdx = cot x + C
csc x cot xdx = csc x + C

dx =

1
dx = arcsin x + C
1 x2

Z1 
0



Z1 
1
x(x2 + 1)
1
dx =
x+ 2
dx
+ 2
x2 + 1
x +1
x +1
0

1  2
  2

x2
1
1
0
1
=
+ arctan x =
+ arctan 1
+ arctan 0 = + arctan 1 = +
2
2
2
2
2 4
0
14.

2 sec x(3 sec x 5 tan x)dx =

(6 sec x 10 sec x tan x)dx = 6

sec xdx 10

sec x tan xdx

= 6 tan x 10 sec x + C
15.

sin 2x
dx
sin x

Section 5.3 Evaluating Definite Integrals

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Table of Indefinite Integrals

Z

cf (x)dx = c

xn+1
x dx =
+ C (n 6= 1)
n+1
x

sec xdx = tan x + C

161 .

2 sin x cos x
dx =
sin x

cos x + cos x tan2 x

dx =
2 sec2 x

1
=
2

Z/3

ax dx =

1
dx = ln |x| + C
x

csc2 xdx = cot x + C

csc x cot xdx = csc x + C

1
dx = arcsin x + C
1 x2

2 cos xdx = 2

cos xdx = 2 sin x + C

cos x(1 + tan2 x)

dx =
2 sec2 x

Z/3

cos x sec2 x
dx =
2 sec2 x

162 .

cos x + cos x tan x

dx =
2 sec2 x

cos x(1 + tan x)

dx =
2 sec2 x

Z/3 cos x

1
=
2

Z/3

cos2 x
cos2 x

sin2 x
cos2 x

1
cos2 x

3
0
2

dx =

Z/3 cos x
0

cos2 x+sin2 x
cos2 x

1
cos2 x

17.

x +2

dx =

x dx +

2x dx =

Z/3
0

dx =

Z/3
 1
1   
1
/3
sin
sin 0 =
cos xdx = sin x]0 =
2
2
3
2
x3
2x
+
+C
3
ln 2
7


Z/3 cos x 1 +
0

Z/3

cos x
dx
2

g(x)dx

ax
+C
ln a

Z/3
 1
1   
1
/3
sin
sin 0 =
cos xdx = sin x]0 =
2
2
3
2

Z/3

f (x)dx +

cos xdx = sin x + C

1
dx = arctan x + C
1 + x2

sin 2x
dx =
sin x

sec x tan xdx = sec x + C

[f (x) + g(x)]dx =

sin xdx = cos x + C

Z/3

e dx = e + C

15.

f (x)dx

3
4

sin2 x
cos2 x

1
cos2 x

dx

cos x cos12 x
dx =
2 cos12 x

3
0
2

3
4

Z/3
0

cos x
dx
2

Section 5.3 Evaluating Definite Integrals

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Applications
THEOREM (Net Change Theorem): The integral of a rate of change is the net change:
Zb
a

EXAMPLE: We have

Zb 

F (x)dx = F (b) F (a)

x3
3

dx =

Zb
a

b3 a3
x dx =

3
3
2

APPLICATIONS:
(a) If an object moves along a straight line with position function s(t), then its velocity is v(t) = s (t), so
Zt2

v(t)dt = s(t2 ) s(t1 )

t1

is the net change of position, or displacement, of the particle during the time period from t1 to t2 . Similarly,
Zt2

|v(t)|dt = total distance traveled

t1

(b) The acceleration of the object is a(t) = v (t), so

Zt2

a(t)dt = v(t2 ) v(t1 )

t1

is the change in velocity from time t1 to time t2 .

EXAMPLE: A particle moves along a line so that its velocity at time t is v(t) = t2 t 6 (measured in
meters per second).
(a) Find the displacement of the particle during the time period 1 t 4.
(b) Find the distance traveled during this time period.

Section 5.3 Evaluating Definite Integrals

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE: A particle moves along a line so that its velocity at time t is v(t) = t2 t 6 (measured in
meters per second).
(a) Find the displacement of the particle during the time period 1 t 4.
(b) Find the distance traveled during this time period.
Solution:
(a) The displacement is
s(4) s(1) =

Z4
1

v(t)dt =

Z4
1

4
t3 t2
9
(t t 6)dt =
6t =
3
2
2
1
2

This means that the particles position at time t = 4 is 4.5 m to the left of its position at the start of the
time period.
(b) Note that
v(t) = t2 t 6 = (t 3)(t + 2)
and so v(t) 0 on the interval [1, 3] and v(t) 0 on [3, 4]. Thus the distance traveled is
Z4
1

|v(t)|dt =

Z3
1

|v(t)|dt +

Z4

|v(t)|dt =

Z3

[v(t)]dt +

Z3

Z4

v(t)dt

(t + t + 6)dt +

Z4

(t2 t 6)dt

3  3
4
t3 t2
t2
61
t
= + + 6t +
6t =
10.17 m
3
2
3
2
6
1
3