KARA ARITHMETICA

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RARA ARITHMETICA
OLA CATALOGVE OF THE ARITHMKTICS
WRITTEN BEFORE THE YEAR MDCT WEFH A
DESCRIPTION OF THOSE IN THE LIBRARY OF
GEORGE ARTHVR PLIMPTON OF NEW YORK
BY DAVID EVGENE SMITH OF TEACHERS
COLLEGE COLVMBIA VNIVERSITY

GINN AND COMPANY PVBLISHERS

BOSTON AND LONDON MDCCCCVIII

COPYRIGHT,

1908,

BY DAVID EUGENE SMITH

ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL

GE)VEH^

GINN & COMPANY

PRO-

PRIETORS

U.S.A.

BOSTON

QAio I
Ai^S'ss

VIRO
DOCTISSIMO ILLVSTRISSIMO

GEORGIO ARTVRO PLIMPTON

ARTIVM MAGISTRO
LIBRORVM VETVSTIORVM AMATORI
AVCTORVM AMICO SOCIO ERVDITORVM
LITTERARVM
FAVTORI FOTORI

195104

PREFACE
One
of

of the first

and most important questions

mathematical history

is

for the student

that relatin^^ to the available sources of

In the fields of higher mathematics scholars have

information.

been more or

less successful in

and

them

in listing

bringing together these sources,

in bibliographies

which primitive mathematics

first

but in that humbler

found

root, only a

few

field in

biblio-

philes have sought to preserve the original material, and no one

has seriously attempted to catalogue

it.

Libri,

it

is

true,

brought

Rara Arithmetica, but he was

together two large libraries of

neither a true book-lover nor a true scholar, for he gathered his

them dispersed, his commercial spirit

random what should have been kept intact for the
scholars. Prince Boncompagni, the most learned of all

treasures purposely to see

scattering at

use of

collectors

this

in

ignore his offer to

at his

death

of Kloss

it

and

domain, lived to see an unappreciative city

make

his magnificent library

De Morgan. The

books which has been made

ton.

permanent, and

was scattered abroad, as had been the

in recent years

is

that of Mr. Plimp-

libraries of arithmetics printed before the

Of the

the seventeenth century his

is

if

another so large

De Morgan was

opening of

the largest that has ever been

brought together, not excepting Boncompagni's, and

be doubted

lesser ones

third great collection of early text-

will

it

may

able to examine, in the British

Museum and

where, less than a hundred arithmetics written before

including

all

editions

else-

1601,

but Mr. Plimpton has more than three

hundred, a number somewhat

compagni.

well

again be collected by one man.

in

excess of that reached by Bon-

Indeed there are few arithmetics of much importance

that are not found, in one edition or another, in his librarv.

KARA ARITHMETICA

The

writers of these early printed books, not

of the centuries

themselves

all

under consideration, were by no means obscure

Among them was Boethius, whom Gibbon called " the last
Romans whom Cato or Tully could have acknowledged

men.
of the

for their

countryman."

and Capella, who

In the

list

are the

at least represented

names

of Cassiodorus

what there was of culture

and Isidorus, the learned Bishop of Seville. There

names of Archimedes, who deemed it a worthy labor
to improve the number system of the Greeks
of Euclid, whose
contributions were by no means confined to geometry of Nicomain their day,

are also the

chus and lamblichus, who represent the declining Hellenic

tion,

and of

Psellus,

names

too, are the

Bradwardin,
land

all

who was

of the

whom

of

a witness of

its final

decay.

civiliza-

There,

Venerable Bede, of Sacrobosco, and of

testify to the culture of mediaeval

of that great Renaissance compiler, Paciuolo

Eng-

of Tartaglia

and Cardan, who helped to make the modern algebra, and of such
scholars as Ramus, Melanchthon, and Bishop Tonstall. Worthy
as such a
of

may

list

be,

Widman, Kobel,

it is

rendered none the less so by the names

Borghi, Riese, and

meticians though they were, for few

Gemma

who

Frisius,

mere

arith-

read their works can

fail

to recognize that they powerfully influenced education, not only

in their

own time but

for generations after they

had passed away.

In view of the fact that the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

constituted the formative period in the history of printed arithmetics,
in

have

felt it

a not unpleasant duty to catalogue the volumes

Mr. Plimpton's library that belong to

including such later editions as

it

may

this period

contain,

and subject,

to give a brief

statement of their contents, and to supplement this work by a

ography
subject.

is

impossible

It is

is

list

60 1 That a complete biblievident to any one who considers the

of other arithmetics published before

a simple matter to consult the few

lists

of early

mathematical works, and to trace the names thus secured through

such catalogues as those of the British

Museum and

the Biblio-

theque nationale (unfortunately only just begun), and through

bibliographies like those of Gra'esse and

Hain and Coppinger.

It

PREFACE
is

xi

an easy matter to examine the masterly work of Riccardi,

list of Murhard, the catalogues of Libri, and

also

the less accurate

numerous other works

impossible to read

all

ably arranged only by authors.

will necessarily
will

But

of a similar nature.

is

it

manifestly

of the published catalogues, almost invari-

many

Therefore

remain undiscovered, and

it is

extant books

probable that some

Such

always elude the eye of the special bibliographer.

is

the work that has been done in preparing this volume, and such
is

There

the feeling of insufficiency of achievement that remains.

is,

however, a satisfaction in knowing that the bibliography

based

in large

measure upon an examination

of the books

is

them-

and that the secondary sources are of

Over five hundred and fifty different

selves in various libraries,

recognized

authority.

works are mentioned,

twelve hundred books

or,

about four hundred and

Of

arithmetics

all

including the various editions, nearly

in all.

Of the

five

hundred and

fifty are, strictly

known

to

fifty

books,

speaking, arithmetics.

have been printed

in the sixteenth

century, and to have been important enough to have two or

editions,

Mr. Plimpton's library lacks

less

more
Of

than twenty-five.

those which were published but once, some are

known only by

name, while the rest are mostly abachetti or Rechenbuchmere primers of a few pages and of no importance.
leins
'

'

'

It

'

must

also be borne in

mind

that

it

was

inevitable that cer-

tain arithmetics of the sixteenth century should have perished

Their
utterly, leaving not even a record of their existence.
very commonness often caused their destruction, a law of which
the unique surviving copy of more than seventy thousand New
England Primers of the Franklin-Hall press is a lonely witness
in our country.
It

is

inevitable

that there should be errors in such a

Titles have been included

when mentioned

in

list.

even one standard

bibliography, although they cannot be found in others,

it

being

one person to verify every item. It is

hoped, however, that a foundation has been laid upon which

practically impossible for

others

may

build, eliminating or otherwise as the case

may

be.

RARA ARITHMETICA

xii

Of other works

in this field, Httle

Arithmetical Books

is

need be

said.

one of our best

still

De Morgan's

single

sources,

although sixty years have elapsed since it first appeared. De

Morgan, however, mentions altogether about one hundred and

twenty editions of works originally appearing before 1601, against

nearly twelve hundred listed here. Unger and Tropffke are
both scholarly writers, but their bibliographies are almost exclusively

German.

Sterner was less of a student, and his

respondently less valuable.

list is

cor-

Historians like Cantor and Zeuthen

have given this particular period only nominal attention, save as

few great arithmeticians, ignoring those contributions which

to a

set forth the real

works

work

of such writers

of the people's schools.

The

titles of

the

have not been given, since any reader of a

bibliography like this will

know

the more general histories.

Mr. Plimpton's library has also a number of valuable manuscripts

on arithmetic.

Since these are not available for students

generally, although of great value in themselves, they have been

placed after the printed works instead of being inserted in chronostudy of our numeral system has justified the
logical sequence.

inclusion of books which,

if

printed,

would hardly have

place.

Manuscripts written before the forms of numerals were fixed are

often valuable in tracing their development, even though the

books themselves are not arithmetical. Only those have been

catalogued which bear with some directness upon arithmetic, and

which were written before the year 1601, although numerous

many respects as valuable, and including several inter-

others, in

esting works on the calendar, the sphere, and astrology, are in

the library.

One difficulty attendant upon a labor of this kind is to determine what printed books to include. The number might easily
have been increased by listing, as De Morgan occasionally did,

Peletier's algebra for

works that are not at all arithmetical
example. It has been thought better to draw the line in general more closely than he did, and to depart from genuine arithmetics only in the case of the works that discuss at least some

PREFACE

xiii

No

questions relating to the science or art of numbers.

made

has been

add to the supplementary

to

are not purely arithmetical, such

measures, although those that are

as
in

lists

treatises

effort

books that

on the ancient

Mr. Plimpton's

library,

and

are of value in the study of the history of arithmetic, have been

included.

The arrangement

is

chronological by

first editions,

allows for alphabetical and geographical reference.

nature of the work

is

but the Index

Although the

usually discussed very briefly, an examina-

tion of the Index will

show

that a fairly complete history of

a
Renaissance arithmetic has been included in the work
tory which I hope to present in other form in the future.

his-

The

uncertainty in the use of such symbols as 4 and 8" has led to

the measuring of the page and text.

the binder's work, and the text
this plan

is

The page

varies

owing

to

not uniform page for page, but

seems the most satisfactory one for giving the size of

The centimeter has been taken as a unit of measure,
English and American readers of a work like this will

the book.
since

all

be familiar with

most others.

it,

unknown to
number of lines to a page,
the same book. The statement
is to be understood to mean that

while our popular units would be

These measures,

like the

of course vary considerably in

There were no other editions

have found no others that were printed before 1601. The
illustrations have, in general, been selected with a view to bibliographical needs, although many have a marked historical interest.
'

In copying the

titles it

has been the intention to follow the

original as closely as possible, without attempting to imitate particular

forms of type or to use capitals except as

initials.

In the

cases of misspelled words, omitted capitals, and peculiar punctuation,

the errors have been copied as faithfully as possible.

the same time mistakes must have been

although

it is

made

At

in transcribing,

hoped that they are not of a serious nature.

DAVID EUGENE SMITH

LIST OF PLATES
PAGE

Plate

Plate

I.

From

II.

Plate

III.

Plate

IV.

manuscript of hof.thhis,
ing figu rate numbers
a

From the marcakita

A. Geometry

c.

1294, showFrontispiece

82

i-hilosoimhca
B. Arithmetic-

122

Title page of lax

From the campanus manuscript of euclid,

c.

1260

Plate V, From

manuscript of euclid,

Plate VI. From

433

manuscript of boethius,

Plate VII. From

c.

1294

c.

....

1300

VIII.

Plate

IX.

From

440

manuscript of giovanni da firenze,

446

1422

Plate

436

manuscript of sacrobosco,

From an anonymous manuscript,

c.

c.

1442

1460

450

462

ABBREVIATIONS

c, circa, about
cm,, centimeters
ed. pr., edito priuceps,
f.,

fol., 4, 8,

1.,

11.,

.,

folio, quarto,

s. 1.,

octavo,

same place

page, pages

page of a

leaf

sine anno, without date of publication

sine loco, without place of publication

s. 1. a.,

v.,

recto, the first

s. a.,

edition

line, lines

p., pp.,
r.,

ibidem, the

ib.,

first

folio, folios

ff.,

without place or date of publication

verso, the second page of a leaf

//, the

end

of a line of print

PART
PRINTED BOOKS
I

PRINTED BOOKS
ANONYMOUS.
Title.

'

Ed.

Treviso, 1478.

1478.

pr.

Incommincia vna practica molto bona

et

vtilc//a

ciafchaduno chi vuole vxare lartc dcla niercha-/Alantia.

mata vulgarmcnte

'A

Colophon.

See

larte

dc labbacho.'

Triuifo

di

.io.

(F.

i,

Deceb:^

See

r.
:

l^lg.

.1478.'

chiai.)

(V. 62,

r.

Fig-. 4.)

Description.

14.6x20.5 cm., the

4,

text being 7.3

12.8

unnumb., 32 11. Treviso, 1478.

Editions. There was no other edition.

cm.

So

62

ff.

far as

known

this

is

the

first

practical arithmetic to api)ear in

Saxony's Tractatus (p. 9) and the Ars Numerandi

earlier, and the Etymologies of Isidorus (p. 8), are not,

print, for Albert of

(p. 23),
strictly

even

if

speaking, of this class.

The author

of the

book

is

unknown, but from the oi)ening

lines

it

seems that he was a teacher of arithmetic in Treviso. The i)rinter is

also unknown, although it was probably one Manzolo, or Manzolino.
The history of the work has been carefully studied by Boncompagni,
his results appearing in the Atti dell'' Accademia Poiiiificia de' Nuoin
Lincei, vol. 16. This particular copy was in the Pinelli collection, and
was sold on February 6, 1790, to a Mr. Wodhull. It afterward found
its way into the library of Brayton Ives, Esq., of New York, and at the

was acquired by Mr. Plimpton.

commercial in character, the fundamental processes
being taken up in the common order, and these being followed by the
sale of that library

The work

rule of three.

is

curious feature not at

all

common

in early

arithmetics

practical applications are chiefly included under

the rule of three and partnership. There is also a brief treatment of the
calendar, for Church puri)Oses. The book is lacking in applications

is

to

the rule of two.

The

exchange, and probably on this account it did not appeal to the

class sufficiently to warrant a second edition.

merchant

RARA ARITHMETICA
In considering these early works

it

is

necessary to understand the

four types of arithmetics which the Renaissance inherited from the

Middle Ages. These types are as follows

I.
The theoretical books. These works were based
:

chiefly

upon

3fncomminda vna p?acti moltobona et utiles

a nafcbaduno cfci ruole t5>;are lai te tdc la nu rcta*
tlamiachiamat a vulsjamif iite lartc xx labbacho*

Rf^ato ptu e'piu

rolte t)a alcTrunf

50U3ni ami molco cilecaflimi :

quaU pjctendeuano a xomx t;oltr
fare la mercbadantia:cbc per \oro
amojc me piaceffe affadigarmc t>
pHOc}36e tjargli in fcrtito qualcbe fnndaiTifto
cerca larte xx anrmetricawrbianiata uulgarmente
1

iabbacbo.Unde
caaditfad

gondola

ptilitacj

non

'oel

m tuto:in parte tanic

fanffjre

ai

Ote

cetute lecofetqucftapjflctica e nrccffaria . ^er

intrarnel^pofitomio:prmio fapi lccto?e-^be qn/
xo fa 9I pjopofito noftrotrflutntro c tna molntu*
dine congregata oiicro nifcmbJada tsa moltc rni^
tade.etal menora xo vnitade^ome e.z. el quale
c lo pjimo e menoje nunierotcbe fe mjona.ia v*
la qiicle Of m cofa fi xim.
Hitffde e quella cofa :
rna.Segodano fapucb* fe truoua numcn xt tre
fnanicre.^1 pjinio fe cbiama numerofimphce.lal

tro numcro aroculo .

41 teno fe cbwma npmcr

51c

G^

msegno mio:bO

quelle core:cbe ra la p:ima o:!i8ine

bano babuto pioducnnf to:per rarone e
nuniero fono fta formade..e coli come fo/
tiotbano -oa fir cognofaidr-pero nc la cognmone

run cbi p:cttndi;no a qella;rc

loJO.aeio cbe I020 virntofi cefideru rale frutto n

ceuere poflfeano.^n nome xh oio adoncba : tosLo
per pjicipio mio el citto tx algojifmo coft ricedo.
t

9^

w conftretto per atnoi u I020: rt

picola mtelligenna

deliberato fe

9^

,[

PRINTKI) BOOKS
such

men

Jordanus
2.

as

Hraawarclin

(p.

6,),

Albert of

Saxony

(p.

9).

and

(p. 62).

a(^oris,ns

77^^

(a/i^onsm,).

These were practical

nio^fj -oe

mtmai che fono aTtri

aoglio perocT^e
qiiali kffaro
fcacbierotli
per
molnphcare

flf

o tuotmettenda !i epempli fot folaniente m

come po2ai vedere qui focto

O2

togti

arithn^-tics,

Itiidi

fbima*

14.
w fareropiedictofcacbiero.joe.^
w per U quatro modi comr

fifl.9 ^ 4.e nota

qai^fotto.

farlo

ir^4
^'4i

i 9

ri/io/

Tp^olzis
5 i' ^ 6

/I

xl/-''/ 9

|o/!oX
9IZ9JX5 /4l<
%

^-9|\5|\4(

oX|oXlo\|i

xXioVliXN
ecwmu
Fig. 2.

various forms
From the treviso arithmetic, showing

OF MULTIPLICATION

RARA ARITHMETICA

360011
3^96-79 5 3 3 565ooo
5^54539^2662540
6^X3i7Xo5t6^4$2^$i60|
I

^yij-titxpjJ^jorjj^j^tjyt/f 1^10003x0
fi^X99^gr0ifo^i p pop p pi 31 16 ^

fi^Xp9'^PJ^S pop
Jft e compita dnat: t vi nuto lo impJonnfro50c
p}r):ionun5onado(i.XbrfelirK 146 1 6 cii5e
fa5i 5 g

'

valiffc

duct90 3

_ji^

gup

it

9
M3453i%
4^io^64

o o*e 5 t^leranno ducana 3 o g . 6*

quad fcno rn quarto ^e rno oucdto]BicIx qlie

c]:^ Iirej o
It

ra5one e qnefle ftano feguramente bene*

^uifando te.cbe qnando bauerai ^a fare qaalcbe

raj:one x>a impojtantia :e cfcc tu wibin : non po2ai
pjuouare piu fcgurametctcbe polc^re la toa rapo^
ne.al inodo cbe bai t?illo nc le trr rapoe piedim',
Unde per quelle e pe r k altre racone pjeditte : fe
i|uale fono in taco nuinero qumd^pettii puo i\mn
Fig. 3.

From the treviso arithmetic, showing multipication

AND the galley FORM OF DIVISION

IJOOKS

PRINTI-:!)
written to supply the malheniatic

knowledge necessary for business

computations, and using the Hindu-Arabic numerals. These numerals
were known in India, without the zero, as early as the third century
K. c.
They were gradually i>erfected, and by the time they reac hed
Bagdad from India, in the eighth century a. d., they included the zero.
An arithmetic employing these numerals was written about 800 a. d.
by an Arab scholar, Mohammed ibn Musa, known by the name of al;il

Khowarazmi (from his birthplace, Khwarazm), and from the Latinized

his name came the word a/i^orism.
3. The abacus arithmetics. 1 hese were also commercial books
but

form of

since they used the

Roman

numerals, which were not suited to com-

putation, the actual calculations were carried

ou.(K..torte.(in.
on by means of calculi (Latin, pebbles) {^v/rv/.v
(French for things thrown or cast, from the
Latin jacere, to throw), or counters, from
which English form we have expressions like
cast an account.' The table on which the
calculi were cast is still called a counter in our
shops, but, like the sand tables used for computing, it was in early times called an abacus.
Just at the opening of the Renaissance the contest was still waging between the algorists and
xb.!uou^i.a^Nn<j:,.(ridK..the abacists. These arithmetics are not found,
however, in Italy, because the merchants of
u^^'^Bi)^^Q-^7f.
that country abandoned the use of the counters
Yh- a
I ast
pacf of
long before this was done in other countries.
-j.^^.
iKp^viso arith,

'

In Germany the arithmetics frequently have

^n.TIC

in their titles the expression *auff der Linien

(Riese, p. 138, 1522), or mit der ziffer unnd niit den

pfenningen (Rudolff, p. 151, 1526),' auff der Linien' referring to
the lines on which the counters (' zal pfenningen ') were cast, and the
Feder referring to the pen with which a figure (' zifTer ') was written.

und Federn

'

'

zal

'

'

'

The computi. The computus or compotus w-as a treatise upon

the Church calendar, containing such simple directions as were tiecessary for computing the dates of Easter and the other movable feasts.
The chapter on the calendar, of which there is still some trace in our
4.

arithmetics, originated in the comjxitus.

The Treviso

(See Anianus, p. 31, 1488.)

good example of an algorism. Fig. 3

shows that multiplication was performed as it is to-day (but see Fig. 2),
and that division was ])erformed by the galley method, so called because
the work resembled in form an ancient galley with its sails set.
arithmetic

is

'

'

KARA ARITHMETICA

ISIDORUS OF SEVILLE.

Ed.

Venice, 1483.

1472.

pr.

Born, probably at or near Cartagena, c. 560 or 570 died at Seville, April 4,

636. One of the most learned men of his time. Bishop of Seville, and writer
on theology, philosophy, and the general learning of the Middle Ages.
;

'Cincipit epiftola Ifidori iunioris hifpalenfis epi-//fcopi

Title.

ad Braulionem cefar auguftanu epifcopu.'

With
Ifidori

this is

'
:

hifpalenfis

incomutabilis

fit

Colophon.

CCap.

(F.

I.'

10 1,

i,

following the

r.,

CFinit

'

sijmo bono // fancti Ifidori hyfpaleniis

Fol., 19.8

105.)

liber tertius

ejji

vltim^ de

Impreffus // Venetijs

(F. 28,

r.)

numb.

i2gfi.

4 unnumb.

133

ff.,

Venice, 1483.

Augsburg, 1472;

Editions.
ib.,

f.

cm., printed in double columns,

X 27.7

each being G.y X 23 cm.

11.

first

de Langenceii.// C.M.cccc.lxxxiij.C,'

lofiein

Description.

58

r.)

v.)

Colophon of the second part.

per Petru

i,

chrifti

<LFinit liber etymologiarum // Clfidori hifpalenfis

'

(F.

epifcopi.'

(F.

nomine incipit Hber primus fancti //

epifcopi de fumo bono.// Qd deus fumus 2

Cin

1485

(.'');

two editions
1476-78

ib.,

1493,

s.

a.

1.

fol.;

Venice, 1483 (here described);

Basel, 1577 (mentioned below).

(Strasburg, 1470

and one

.?),

s.

1.

a.

Also

(Cologne,

?).

This book of etymologies written by Isidorus, Bishop of Seville in the

seventh century, is the standard authority upon the state of learning in

Spain in that period. The subject of arithmetic is treated in book 3,

'Cincipit liber tertius //CDe vocabulo arithmetice
beginning (f. 15)
// difcipline CCap. I.' The work consists entirely of the mediaeval
:

theory.

The treatment

pages on the calendar.

called the
subject.

first

It

is

very brief (5

'

printed arithmetic, since

it

is

followed by a few

1472, this cannot be

touches so briefly upon the
in

Ed. pr. 1472.

Isidori // Hispalensis

viginti/ex antiquitate eruti.//

(F.

and

has therefore been placed after the Treviso arithmetic.

ISIDORUS OF SEVILLE.
Title.

ff.)

Although appearing

Basel, 1577.

// Episcopi // Originum libri

Basileae,//per Petrum Pernam.'

I, r.)

Description.

P'ol.,

20.5

31 cm., printed in double columns,

each being 8.2 X 24.4 cm., 60

Basel, 1577.

11.

With an

edition of Capella.

PRINTI^I) 1U)()KS

ALBERT OF SAXON V.
]>oin

\ieniui

r.

1330.

ill

1365,

wrote several
Title.

'

Colophon.

and was

scientific

9
Venice

1478.

(?), c.

1478.

University of Paris, was Rector at

of Halherstadt from 1366 to 1390.
lie

the

in

l>isii(>i)

works.

(F.

incipit felicitcr.'
'

r.)

i,

Explitiunt pportiones mat^iflri //'alberti de faxonia.'

r.)

Description.

Fol.,

19.7

being 5.6 X 16.7 cm.

c.

lectured

pr. c.

Eccelletiffimi magistri albcrti de // faxonia Iractalus

pportionum
(F. 9,

He

Ed.

X
IT.

cm., in double columns, each

28.1

unnumb., 39

S.

11.

1.

a.

(Venice

.^

1478).

Editions.

1482 (12

S.

1.

a.

ib.,

ff.);

(Venice

c.

.^

1484 (12

1478, here described);

ff.);

ib.,

Venice, M.cccc.xxxlvii for 1487 (10

s.

ff.);

Padua,

a.,

but before

ib.,

1494 (10

1487;

ff.)

ib.

1496 (but no copies extant })

Bologna (with another work), 1502; ib., 1506 (commentary by
An epitome by Padre Isidore Isolani
Vittori); Paris, s. a.
(with another work), 1496;

ib.,

Milanese was published

Pavia in 15 13, and again in 1522.

in

Prince Boncompagni, in an elaborate discussion of the various

editions {Bulletino, IV, 498), mentions this rare first edition, of

which he knew but one other copy, that in the Biblioteca

Ambrosiana at Milan. He was of the opinion that it was
printed in Venice, in a type used before

Although the date

is

uncertain, this Tractatus

1480.

may

contest with the

Treviso arithmetic (p. 3) and the Ars Numerandi (p. 23) the honor of
being the first printed work devoted wholly to some phase of arithmetic.
It treats of ratios according to the cumbersome method of Boethius as
followed during the Middle Ages.

It is

purely theoretical and repre-

sents the university treatment of scientific arithmetic in that period.

Other

7c>orl's

0/14/2-/480. The mathematical

ing this period was very considerable.

activity in Italy dur-

From 1472

to

1480 there were

38 mathematical works printed in the country. In the next decade

there were 62 and in the next 100, with 13 of uncertain date between
1472 and 1500, making a total of 213 appearing in a period of less
than thirty years.
Before the Treviso book there were printed at least three works which

touched

briefly

upon arithmetic.

These were (i)

'

De

re militari libri

KARA ARITHMETICA

lo

by Robertus Valturius of Rimini, printed at Verona, 1472, fob, in

the second book of wliich the author treats de arithmetica & militari
geometria' subsequent editions ib., 1483 (two editions this year); Paris,
1483 (with title changed); ib., 1534, fob ib., 1555 (French translation);
(2) 'Speculum Majus,' by Vincent de Beauvais (Vincentius Bellovacensis),
the greatest mediaeval encyclopaedia, printed at Strasburg by Mentelin,
i469(?)-i473, 10 vols., fol. The second part of this work contains one
book (no. 16) on mathematics, in which is given a brief treatment of
algorism (see p. 5), probably the first wTitten in France (c. 1250),
although M. Henry asserted that a MS. of c. 1275, which he edited,
was entitled to that distinction. Incomplete editions were also pubXII,'

'

Venice in 1484, 1493-4, 1591. The early editions of Priscian,

nominibus numerorum,' are mentioned under the publications of 1565.
(3) The Etvmologies of Isidorus, Augsburg, 1472

hshed
'

De

at

figuris et

(p. 8).

In 1480 an anonymous work was issued from the Caxton press in

London, entitled The Mirrour of the World or Thymage of the same.'
And after of Arsmetrike and whereof it
Chap. I o of this work began
proceedeth,' and this was probably the first English printed matter upon
the subject. There was a second edition, London, 1506, and a third
(See also Boethius, p. 25, and Faber, p.
s. 1. a. (London, 1527 ?), fol.
62.) About 1480 there was published at Padua a folio work by Richard
'

'

Suiseth (Suicetus, Swincetus, Swinshead, Suineshevedus, the

first

name

Roger or Raymund), entitled 'Opus aureum calculationum per

Johanem de Cipro emendatum et explicit.', with subsequent editions at
"Pavia in i488(?), 1497, 1498, fob, at Venice in 1505, 1520, and at
Salamanca in 1520. I have seen an edition of this work, s. a., assigned
to c. 1477. For Nicolaus Cusa, see p. 42.
possibly

GIORGIO CHIARINI.
A
Title.

Qvesto

'

ze de paesi.'

Colophon.

//te
di

Ed.

Florence, 1481.

1481.

pr.

Florentine arithmetician of the fifteenth century.

pesi

(F.

e ellibro

che //tracta

See Fig.

i, r.

di

mercatantie //et vsan-

5.)

'Finite ellibro di tvcti // ichostvmi

misvre

&

vsanze //

di lectere di

cambi

cambi mone
:

&

ter// mini

decte lectere che//nepaesi sicostvmaet in //diverse terre.

Per

me France //fco

Adi

di

Dicembre

di

Dino

di

lacopo Kartolaio Fiore//tino

MCCCCLXXXI.

almusiftero di Fuligno.

'

(F.

102,

r.)

In Firenze Apreffo //

PRINTKI) HOOKS
8,

Dcscriptio)t.
3

blank

ff.

24

+6

3.2

Florence, 14S

11.

The undated

shown

that

While

X 21.2 cni., ihc text bciiij;- 7.1 x 14. iin.

-f c)r) mimh. (Roman mimcials) = 105 It.,
1

Florence, 148

Editions.
8.

unnuml).

it

edition

was printed

1,

8" (here described);

was not the

first

s. a.

(1498),

Coppin^er has

in 1498.

an arithmetic, it is the first printed

book to give the customs relating to exchange in use among the Florentine merchants at the close of the fifteenth century. It is the source from
which several later writers drew their material, and is ]jarticularlv \aluthis

is

not, strictly speaking,

QVESTO EELLIBRO

CHE

TRACT A DI MERCATANTie
ETVSANZEDE PASSU
Fig. 5.

Title of chiarini's work

able in showing the nature of the practical jjroblems of the time.

edition are extremely rare, but the

of this

first

known

for Paciuolo to appropriate

(juestion as to

EUCLID.

its

some

work was

of the contents.

authorship.

Ed.

pr.

1482.

Ba.sel,

Alexandria c. 300 b.c. He was the author of the

the basis of most of the textbooks on geometry.
Flourished

Copies

enough
There is a

well

at

'

1562.

Elements,'

Title.
Die Sechs Erftc Bucher // Euclidis/ // Vom anfang
oder grund //der Geometrj.// In welchen der rechte grund/nitt
'

allain

der

Geometrj // (verfteh

alles

kunftlichen/gwifen/ vnd

vortailigen ge-//brauchs des Zirckels/ Linials oder Richtfcheittes

vnd//andrer werckzeiige/

fo zu allerlaj

fonder auch der fiirnemftcn ftuck

abmeffen dicnftlich) //

\nd vortail//der Rechcn-

khunft/furgcfchriben vnd // dargethon

ift.//

Aufs Griechifcher

fprach in die Teiitfch gebracht/aigene-//tlich erklart/

verftentlichen

Auch

Exempeln/grund-//lichcn Figuren/vnd

mit

allerlaj

den nutz fiirangen ftellen-//den Anhangen geziert/ Derniaffen

vormals //in Teiitfcher fprach nie gefehcn //worden.// Alles zu
lieb

vnd gebrauch den Kimftliebeiulen Teiitfchen/fo fvch der

KARA ARITHMETICA

12

Geo-//metrj vnd Rechenkunit anmaflen/ mit vilfaltiger mlihe

vnd arbait//zum trewlichften erarnet/vnd in Truckh ge-//geben/
Durch // Wilhelm Holtzman/genant Xylander/ //von Aiigfpurg.

//Getruckt zu
Colophon.

'

(P.

Bafel.'

Joanns Sporini koften/im

des//Winmonats.'

(P.

jar

Kiindig/ zu Bafel/ in //
i562.//auff den dreyfzigften tag

199.)

20 X 31.3 cm., the text being 12.5 X 25.7

14 pp. unnumb. + 185 numb. + i blank = 200 pp., 39-52 11.

Description.

cm.

i.)

Vollendet durch Jacob

Basel,

1562.

Editions.
in this

The

editions of Euclid have not been considered

work except
This

arithmetic.
library

Fol.,

in so far

the

is

contains the

first

first

in the

they relate
edition.

particularly to

The Plimpton

edition of Euclid (Venice, 1482), but

since this has no arithmetical

been included

as

German

work except Book

has not

it

Several manuscripts of Euclid are,

list.

however, included in the second part of this bibliography because of their value in tracing the changes in the forms of the
numerals.
mentioned because the editor has thought
II some arithmetical work. In particular
he gives three forms of multiplication, first from left to right, then in the
usual way, and finally for special cases in which the short processes are
involved. He also considers the division of numbers in given ratios,
the extraction of roots, and a few other semi-algebraic calculations.
Euclid's Elements contain much work upon the Greek theory of
numbers, besides what appears in Book V, and several books w^ere published in the sixteenth century, embodying this material. These are
This edition of Euclid

it

necessary to add to

'

is

Book

'

mentioned later.
Otherworks of 1482.

In 1482 appeared the

Numerandi

first

German

arithmetic,

was written by Ulrich

Wagner, a Niirnberg Rechenmeister, and was printed by Heinrich Petzensteiner at Bamberg. Only nine small pieces of parchment proof sheets
1482
remain. They contain the following colophon: 'Anno diii
kri6. lunij p. Henr. peczensteiner Babenberge finit Ulrich wagner
Ludus Arithmomachire,' by John SherRechemeister zu Niirnberg.'
wood (Shirewode), was published at Rome in the same year. (See also
p. 63, and on Albert of Saxony see p. 9, c. 1478.)
if

we except

the 'Ars

'

(p. 23).

It

'

PRINTED BOOKS
PROSDOCIMO DE BELDAMANDI,
Ed.

pr.

13

and LIVKRIUS.

1483.

Padua, 1483.

Prosuocimo dk Hei.damandi was born

at I'adua

i370-t38o, and died

in 1428. He was educated at the University of Tadiia, and also taught there.
He wrote on arithmetic, music, and astronomy.
JuHANNES DE LlVERius (LiVERlls, LiNERiis) was a Sicilian writer on
astronomy who flourished c. 1300- 1350.
Title.

perutilis

'

Profdocimi

de

beldamandis

c.

algo-//i'ifmi

tractatus

ncceffarius // foeliciter incipit. qui de generibus cal-//

culationum fpecic preteri.t nullaj.q

-"gnit65 fuerat.'

Colophon.

(F.

i,

Algorifmus.

'

falte

// neceffaria ad

h"*

art^

Profdocimi de beldamadis // vna

cum

See Fig.

r.

6.)

minuciis. Johanis de liueriis. hie //felicite'finit Impreff'> padue.

Anno

.1.4.8.3

//die

Description.

27

ff.

numb., 32

Editions.

8 (see p.

zz. februarii.'

4, 15

14.7 cm.

(here described); Venice,

fol.

Boncompagni could

of the first edition,

9X

Padua, 1483.

11.

Padua, 1483,

15).

(F. 21, v.)

20.8 cm., the text being

and seven

1540,

learn of only three copies

of the second.

This rare work was written for the Latin schools, and is a good
exainple, the first to appear in print, of the non-commercial algorisms
of the fifteenth century. It follows Bohectius (Boethius) in defining
'

'

number and

in considering unity as not itself a

number, as is seen in
Prosdocimo then treats of the fundamental operations with integers, including mediation (division by 2,
which the author places before duplation or multiplication by 2), progressions, and the roots. The treatment of fractions is left to Liverius
Incipit Algorismvs de mi-//nutijs tarn \'ulgaribus quam phyficis magi//flri loannis de Liuerijs Siculi.' The vulgar minutes were the common fractions, and the physical were the sexagesimal fractions.
Towards the end of the Algorismus de integris in the 1540 edition,
the date of composition appears
per Profdocimum de Beldamandis de Padua anno domini .1410. die .10. lunij compilata fiifficiant.'
(F. D 5, V.) The work of Prosdocimo contains the first reference that
I have seen to a slate.
Indigebat etiam calculator semper alitjuo lapide,
vel sibi conformi super quo scribere atque faciliter delere posset figuras
the facsimile of the

page.

first

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

cum
from

quibus operabatur in calculo suo.'

this statement, that

figures in the galley

form

computers of

(See Fig. 6.)

his

It is

probable,

time actually erased the

of division (see the Treviso arithmetic, p. 3),

RARA ARITHMETICA

14

3p)rofdodmi dc beldamaridie algo^

nl'mi iractdtae pcruiilio x ncccffdnua

focUcitcr inctpicqui

dcgencnbue cal^

colaaoimni fpcde p:etcn.t nnlla^q

iiccdfaria

falic

od b^ art? ^gnuoj fiicral

Tlncm w% plnnlnw librw aIgo:ifmf nuaipa

numcroe ogandi fane uaru e:

tJ0.rao0 circa

atqj ctoiofoe.g licet bom c;rtcTcf,atq3 vcri

crattfi faflidiofi:iu ^pt ipajj rcgulojj mnl''

litodmctu
eap dclcaioce^tu ctia ^ptcr
ipap opcratfono^jbafoeerv^Xbonc fucrint nd nc.it rat t tii
am ifti modi incm fanidioft: q; It in abq? calculo aflroloico enci
oti0yx^\<uhto7C opato^ foam a caplremctpere oponcban da
to q? crro: fuae adbuc fatis ^jpiqans cjiftcrcf. t boc jppi ftgu
rao in faa opatoe ddeta03nd^cbat ctta calcnlato: femp auq^
lapide ud fibi ::>fo:muruj^ qno fcnbere atq^ fadlitcr ddere pct[^
figui ad cu gbuf opabat in calcnio fuo. iLt 9a bee eta fane fa; 1
diofa atq^ latjonofa mibi uifa funtrd^fpofni hbeU6 edere in quo
cia ilia abicercn^:qai etia algonfmne due liber dc nomerie de^
noiari poterit.Sciao tn q^ in boc libdlo poncf nointcdo nift ca
q ad calculu necdfana rontoUa q in aliid Itbrie pracoce anfme

trice tagunT.ad calcnlii nonecdfaria ^jpf b:enit3rejdiinucndo.

CrdoiA ergo Iibd!u0 ifle dc nnmene traaare bj:a difiiiiitone ^^^ A"^^
nueri ipm icboarc odo.CTlijmeros ergo ^"^ ^ncltde.7?.fuc

^^^liUf.

i^eomctrie. t f* 35obcctiij

feo+it*s

pf fne anfmetcc fie ditTfuiuTiiie

ra0. ell maftitDdo floe qoatitae difaeta ex nn ranboe ^iuktk c

tx ttnftattboe oggregattj^t d: nmfae illadrq? unaqneqj rcecJt- Vtm^m^A

<if una. lp)CT blc g* diffinitSj nuert b:cpofc0,quo? unifas no
e naem0, IiQ Ht pncipiu naeri^dato q? nuer^ et :a vocari poUit 15

go? fnmcn'nae^X^) cico qno rcaliqua nuerarc pofTumtig* et

fiiolargo? occqw^ niicr^ in ^cdTa bniufi libdii. in q? itik vnitaf
Fig. 6.

Hindus had done on their sand or dust abacus, instead of cancelthem in the manner explained in the early printed arithmetics.
The best discussion of the lives and works of Beldamandi and Liverius
in the Boncompagni BiiUetino, vol. XII.

as the

ing

is

First page ok prosdoclmo de beldamandi

PRINTED BOOKS

15

Other works of 14SJ. \';illuriiis (j). 10). In this year the second
(rerman arithmetic was jirinted at Bamberg, only one (inc omjjlete) copy
being known. It was possibly written by Ulrich Wagner (p. 12), and,
like the 1482 work, it was printed by Petzensteiner, as appears from
In zale Xpi .1483. kl .17. des Meyen Rechthe following colo]jhon
nung//in mancherley weys in l^abenberg durch henr^ // jietzenfteiner
'

'

begriffen

volendel.'

PROSDOCIMO DE BELDAMANDI,
Ed.

See

p.

and LIVKRIUS.
Venice, 1540.

1483.

pr.

13.

Algorismvs dc In//tet;ris Magistri Prosdoci-//mi

Tith-.
Debeldamandis Pataui iimul cu algorifmo dc do-//minutijs feii
'

fractionibus magiftri loanis de Liuerij //

tium,

&// medicine

ficuli.

me

erroribus comiflis a fcri-//ptoribus, a

Rcinlegratus ab

Federico Delphino

ar-

mathematicarum difci//plinaru

doctore,

in

celeberrimo gymnafio Pata//uino publico profefforc, additis ali//

quibus verbis, in aliquibus locis,// pro maiori claritate.

tiis

impreffioni ad infta-//tiam

meoR

maxime de-//^ideran-//tium. //

//

fcholariii //

Venetijs.

Et da-//

nunc algorifmu

M. D.

XXXX.'

i,r.)

(F.

Colophon.

'

menfis Aprilis.'
Description.
12.5 cm.

44

copy has 8
See

Anno domini

.M. D.

XXXX. //tlie

octauo

(F. 52, v.)

8, 9.6

ff.

ff.

Antonium de Vulpinis de

Venetijs per loannem

Ca-//ftrogiufredo.

14.5 cm., the ])rinted part being

unnumb., 30

11.

more, the sheet

Venice, 1540.

appearing

7.

(This particular

in duplicate.)

p. 13.

RAPHAEL FRANCISCUS.
Ed.

pr.

S.

1484.

Raffaelk Francesco. A

1.

a.

(F"lorence,

c.

1516).

Florentine philosopher of the latter part of

the fifteenth century.

Title.

'Verificatio

motu non
(F.

I,

r.

rece-//clens

See Fig.

7.)

Vniversalis
a

comuni

// regulas Ariftotelis de
Mathema-//tico:p doctrina.'

in

RARA ARITHMETICA

i6

4, 13

Description.
8

ff.

unnumb., 41-42

Editions.

S.

1.

(Florence, B. Zucchetta,

a.

1484, 8; this edition,

Pisa,

9 x 16.7 cm.

text being

X 19.9 cm., the

11.

s.

15 16).

c.

(Florence,

a.

1.

c.

1516).

This is a brief treatment of proportion, hardly worthy of ranking

an arithmetic. The applications relate to problems of Aristotle.

as

VERIFICATIO VNIVERSALIS IN
regulas Aridorelis de

mom noti rece^

dens a comuni Mathema"

tico3doclrina^
Fig.

Title of the verificatio of franciscus

7.

PIETRO BORGHI.
A

PlERO BoRGl.
Title.

'

Ed.

Qui comenza

Venice, 1484.

1484.

pr.

Venetian arithmetician

died after 1494.

nobel opera de // arithmethica ne la

compi-

la

qual fe tracta // tute coffe amercantia pertinente // facta

(F. 2, numbered i,
lata p Piero borgi // da veniefia.'

See

r.

Fig. 8 for the first folio.)

Colophon.

'Nela

de venetia a 9orni .2.//augufto

inclita cita

.1484. fu impofto fine ala pre-//fente opera.' (F.

Description.
2

ff.

unnumb.

4, 14.3

18, v.)

19.3 cm., the text being 8.4

116 numb.

118

ff.,

37-38

X 13.4 cm.

Venice, 1484.

11.

ib., s. a., which

Editions. Venice, 1484, 4 (here described)
Riccardi thought might be earlier than 1484, since Ratdolt, the
;

books

printer, published

4 (see p. 19)

ib.,

1509,4;

ib.,

1534, 4 (see

ib.,

in

Venice as early as 1476;

ib.,

1488,

1501, 4;

ib.,

1505;

1491, 4 (see

ib.,
1

p.

4 (see p. 20);

5 17,

21);

(see p. 22); ib., 1551

p. 20);

ib.,

ib.,

ib.,
ib.,

1540, 4 (see

1560

ib.,

1528, 4 (see
p. 21); ib.,

1561, 4

ib.,

21);

p.

1550, 4

1567

ib.,

was at one time thought on the testimony of Maittaire

that there was an edition of 1482, but it has been shown by sev1577.

eral

It

bibhographers that the

This

is

the very rare

first

first

edition

is

that of 1484.

edition of Borghi's treatise, the second

commercial arithmetic printed in Italy and long thought to be the

Xhis particular copy belonged to Cotmt Paolo Vimercati-Sozzi.

first.

PRINTin) BOOKS
The
p.

text of the

19), except for

first

edition

is

17

closely followed in that of 14S8 (see

the index, 'Tauola de

capitoli

li

;Dtegnudi

qfla

opa' (f. 118, r.). This does not appear in the second edition, at least
in Mr. Plimpton's copy. The letters S H S U which ajjpear twice are
thought to stand for J H S U, Jesus, possibly changed on account of
some conjectured pronunciation. They appear the second time on
f. 118, v., in connection with a set of verses beginning as follows
:

'S

Quanto latua memoria

vaglia

ct alto in<jegno

huitlimetica hai iiioftrato

lie

nel prefente

volume compilato

petro borgo date veneto degno.'

In the verses appears the

'

Ma

name

of the printer

limprelTor de augufta Krrardo experto

ftampatore
mediocre laude

di lopera prefente

degno
This

folio, as

non

di

already stated, does not appear

certo.'

in the

Plimpton copy of

the 1488 edition, and since the later printer was not the same

it

prob-

ably never appeared after 1484.

more elaborate than the Treviso arithmetic, and had

on education. More than any other book it set
a standard for the arithmetics of the succeeding century, and none of
the early textbooks deserves more careful study. Borghi first treats of
notation (see Fig. 9), carrying his numbers as high as numero de million de million de miUion,' and making no mention whatever of the
Roman numerals. In the same spirit he eliminates all of the mediaeval
This work

is

far greater influence

'

theory of numbers, asserting that he does this because he is preparing a

VA nota che fono // niieri de
practical book for the use of merchants.
'

maniere fi cho-//me dichiara Boetio in el fuo //de arithmetiche Ma

volen-//do hora tratar de quelle chof//fe che folo amerchadati apertien
pero tratado folo de quelli//che ale choffe merchadatefche fono necef(F. numb, i v.)
iarij io laffero ogni // altra maniera de numeri.'
piui

The sequence
treated.

('

is

CChe

now
coffa

peculiar, for multiplication

fia

the table, arranged in the

numb.

is

the

first

operation

comes
column form, unlike the Boethian type of
moltiplichar,'

f.

arithmetic, which preferred the square array.

7, r.)

First

In addition to the prod-

ucts through '9 uia 10 fa 90,' the products of 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 36,
by 2 ... 10, are given, these having been necessary on account of the

monetary tables

of the time.

The author then

gives the

method

of

RARA ARITHMETICA

i8

checking by casting out y's and 9's. (' CDela pruoua del .7.', Dela
pruoua del .9.', f. numb. 8.) Then follows multiplication per colonna
CDel multiplicar p
(i. e., by reference to the columns of the table,
cholona,' f. numb. 9, r.), with its checks by 7 and 9, and per crocetta
'

'

'

'

(our

'

cross multiplication,'

13, v.),

^.

'

CDel

multiplicar per chroxeta,'

common methods

showing that these were the

...

sion

is

f.

numb.

in Venice.

Divi-

then explained by the gal-

Cbi aitematcmaticbeba piacere

bCtCfl50n&icmC5aclp:imOSradO
Buanticbc ci quelle tenti el vado
00(1 lo p:erentc opera vedere

^^^^^ ^^^

Perqudtaluipotracertofapcre

known

SeerrozfamnclCQlculonotadO

'a

gcrqucftadTcrpOtracerflflCadO

paciuolo and Calandri (pp. 54

x
^
^i^
not bemg mentioned.
^^^ ^y),

Ufo2mdrcomDttmo manure

. ^^ /<

i^

V?

^o,

^ cnmo

I- ^r
^^^^^

r.),

^^^^^'^

subtraction,

beginning

3-')'

^ion,

^f

num-

fractions

(also

with multiplication),

. ,u
^ ^^'^^

in mukiplication),

denominate

common

bers,

'""^^

First page of the first ediTioN OF BORGHi's ARITHMETIC

FiG. 8.

addition (although

was used

this

prrqucftavederantuttliicrroji

0ap2an fer lerafon i>etutte gente

Perleflgurecbe Ton qni'oepcntC

n
p

"^"^^b-

method of giving,
and described by

^arai'nfar^O.>r:'grat?f<<Cl!rt'^de

^-

our present method, then

danda,'

^^^^

^dCiquatcrmfoilavCritadC
feanariacqu.neranoesrandiboi.o2i
5"lapatriaebefuoei

nartir
die partir

as the

amercbadanritnoftavtilitade
^^aro la prcfenre opera cafatozi

fe

P'"'^^"^'

/.

t^

^^

ji

^^ '"^^g^^^ ^^^

partnership, barter, alhga-

and

three

false position.

had

been

The

rule

developed

many centuries earlier by Orienwas one of the inheritances from the Arabs, and
was not improbably learned by the Venetian traders through their contact with the East. Partnership was to the fifteenth what the corporation
is to the twentieth century, and it is only very recently that " partnership involving time" was thought to be a necessary subject of study.
Barter, a subject until fifty years ago common in American textbooks,
was necessary at a time when currency was not so plentiful as now.
Alligation was a practical topic in connection with the coinage of
money in the days when minting was not the monopoly of great centralized governments. The rule of false position was an Oriental device
which we have now replaced by the equation it was found in schoolbooks in various countries until the second half of the nineteenth century. The problems are generally practical for the time, and they reveal
some interesting facts concerning business customs at the close of the
tal

arithmeticians.

It

fifteenth century.

Of/ier

works 0/1484. Albert

de Beauvais,

p. 10.

of Saxony, p. 9, c.

1478; Vincent

PRINTIH) HOOKS
PIETRO BORGHI
See

Vogli

'

el

Chi de arte malematiche ha piacerc // Che

_^..::-=s

So^M

E^M|

l|||ge^l |

"

^^^

itjilli'ofitm

fi

teiif^on di

vado//

di quelle tenli el

prefente opera vedere // Per

la

'llKwa
B^^^'K
1!

Venice, 148S.

1484.

primo grado // Auanti che

CJComo
fil

19

p. 16.

TttU.

certeza

Ktl. pr.

quefta

lui

certo

])()lra

fo:mflno miUon

million flclod?a fc bi'c foi wor per Mtc figure

"<1"^^'> "^^^^ 'oooooo .pcrtbc hfcpcima
f^S"^^ tic cIlMOfio Dcnitara ocimara;:cpcrcbe
tnillcmiara .fanovnotmllion:ctcfrcijdoii)<iucl

1000609

luogo lafikjura cbcr/pKuijca vuo pcro bene

cditovnonMlicn.^a.fqucftpmodo. 1 100000
lOOOOi

ufna'vnonjili'of) ccctjto miliaijpcrcbeoltrad

hOQO tccentcmr& oc mura'.rouo lahijura cbc ripzc

cccnto nn'(ia.3K)a.fti
qocflo modo. 1 s loooo.oina vrjoinihoncccijtoc dicjccmilia
ocrchcoUuclmilionccmto fm'Iia :m luogo ocic oejcciieoc^
luiarfono lafi'sura cbc rip:e]ccnt9 vno-.A cbc benccdi'to viio
jcctitavfjoficbcbciiccditovno tnt'Kton

ttiidoneccntocdicircttiilia.Z&aiiiqtKdoinodo. I 1 1 looo.Dt'
riavnmiiioti cento cvndocciiu'lfa per cbc oltraclmilion cento

edicicc mili&'in luogo be nuincn'oemfarfonolafigura cbc rip

wnta vno:ft cbc bene cdi to vii tnilion caj to c vndcice milia.^a
in<iucftomodo. 1 1 1 1 loo.biria vnmi'Iion cento evndeceint^
Hi e ccntorpcrcbc oltra elnitlion cento e vndcirc milia: in luogo

0000

000

09

Occffimplicccentenarfono lafiguracbe ri'pzaenta vnoifube

bciic cditovnmilion cento c vndcice nnlia c ccuto.^a inqucfto
tno^o. I i 1 1 1 lo.einavnnnljon, cento c vndcrcnnlla cento

dic]cc:pcrcbc oltra clmilion caitocvndcicc milio e cento

luogo belefimpUceocrene-.fono lafigoracbe n'pzejcentavno.

:^ainciucftomodo. 1 1 1 i.biriavnnu lion cento evndc
(uogo ocle fiinplicc
re mi'Iiacentoc vndcre.pcr cbe ancbe
vnita Xotto lafigura cbcr/p^erenta vno.ficbe bene cditovn'
fnilioncentoe vndcjtemilta cento c vndejce.ctcbori p:occdcdo
perfina.<?^99^^<?.poncndo fcinpjc a ifuoliiogiquefc figure
1

rcpzcjccntante quelinunicri oucrooerenc occncenara .cbe

9^9^09^

fi'

nominaetcetcra.cqucftobafta cercba loamfliftranicntoocl

mimerar.bencbeininfini'tumfipoJin p:cceder.mo cbontvna
jcncral figura mi'fojcero oicbiarirquantopotcfTeacbadcr.cc
fgranoqucflo fottopoftd
Fig. 9.

From

bok(;hi's arithmetic,

fapere // Se error fara nel

potra certificado //

calculo

formar conti

chadanti molta vtilitade // Fara

Dara

la

1488 kuition

notado // Per quefta cffer

tutto maniere/'/A mer-

di

prefente opera e afatori //

gran facilitade // Per quefta vederan tutti li

errori // Ede iquaterni foi la veritade // Danari acquifterano e
in far conti

KARA ARITHMETICA

20

grandi honori//In

la patria e

de fuori // Sapran far

rafon de

le

gente//Per le figure che fon qui depente.' (F. i, r.)

Qui comeza la nobel opera de // arithmeticha ne laqual

tutte
'

tracta//tute coffe amercantia pertinen-//te facta

fe

compilata

per Piero//borgi da Veniefia.' (F. 2, r.)

Stampito in Veniexia per zouane de Hall' 1488.'
Colophon.
'

(F. 95, V.)

95

44

ff.,

This

16.

p.

text

is

the third edition, and

practically verbatim with that of the

is

PIETRO BORGHI.
See
Title.

14.9

nearly

is

Proctor mentions three books from the

first.

press of the printer, John Leoviller, of Hall (Halle

The

Venice, 1488.

11.

See

Editions.

as rare as the

cm., the text being 12.4

X 20.7

4, 14.8

Description.

cm.

Ed.

first

1).

edition (p. 16).

Venice, 1491.

pr. 1484.

p. 16.

The

page is the same as that of 1488, except for

which precede the former.

title

SHSU

the letters

'Nela inclita citade venetia a zorni .22.//ottubero

fine ala pre//fente opera.// Libro dabacho.'

Colophon.

.1491. u impofto
(F. 100, V.)

Description.

cm.

100

See

p.

ff.

4,

15.4

6.

This

is

Title.

20.8 cm., the text being 11.7

11.

16.8

Venice, 149 1.

the fourth edition.

PIETRO BORGHI.
See

unnumb., 40-43

Ed.

pr.

Venice, 1517.

1484.

p. 16.

This

is

substantially the

same

as that

of the

1484

edition already described.

CStampata in Venetia per lacomo pentio da

Colophon.
Lecho ad infta//tia de Marchio Seffa & Piero di Rauani
compagni //anno dfii .15 17. adi .25. de zugno.' (F. 100, v.)
Description. 8, 15.5 X 21.6 cm., the text being 13.3 X 17 cm.
'

ff.

blank

See p. 16.

100 numb.

102

ff.,

41

11.

Venice, 15 17

PRINTED HOOKS
PIETRO BORGHI.
See

p.

pr.

Venice, 1528.

1484.

16.

This

Title.

Ed.

21

substantially the

is

same

as

thai of

the

1484

edition already described.

Colophon.

Mapheo

'

CStampato

.XVIII. Del mefe

Description.

cm.

in

Venetia per Fracefco liindoni,

Nel anno

// Pafyni compagni.

100

ff.

di Zenaro.'

8,

15.1

numb., 41

(F.

&

M.D. XXVIII. // Adi

100, v.)

20.5 cm., the

te.xt

being 13.4X 17.1

Venice, 1528.

11.

See p. 16.

PIETRO BORGHI.
See

This

Title.

Ed.

pr.

Venice, 1534.

1484.

p. 16.

substantially the

is

same

as

that of the

1484

edition already described.

Colophon.

Mapheo
.25.

'

Del mefe

Description.

cm.

CStampato

in

Vinegia per Fracefco Bindoni,

// Pafini compagni.

100

ff.

See p. 16.

di Settembre.'
8,

The

100, v.)
te.xt

being 13.5 x 17.1

Venice, 1534.

11.

various editions changed but

PIETRO BORGHI.
See

(F.

15.4X 20.9 cm., the

numb., 41

&

Nel anno .M.D. XXXIIII.// Adi

Ed.

pr.

little.

Venice, 1540.

1484.

p. 16.

Pietro Borgo // Libro de Abacho.// Chi d'arte MatheTitle.

matice ha piacere//Che tengon di certezza il primo grado //
Auanti che di quelle tenti il vado//Vogli la prefente opera
'

vedere.// Per quefta

lui

potra certo fapere // Se error fara nel

calculo notado // Per quefta effer potra certificado //

la

formar

merchadanti molta utilitade // Fara

prefente opera e a fattori // Dara in far conti gran felicitade

conti di tutte maniere.//

// Per quefta uederan tutti gli errori // E delli quaterni fuoi la

ueritade // Danari acquiftaranno, e grandi honori.// In la patria e
di fuori //

Sapran

far le raggion de tutte gente // Per le figure che

fon qui depente.//

Auenga che alquanto

jier

me

fu

promeffo

affai

RARA ARITHMETICA

22

fufficientemente // alia promeffa fatisfaceffe, niente dimancho

per fatisfar

alle pre-//giere di

qualch'uno, e maffime di alcuni

Impreffori, iquali era-//no per ftampar la prefente Opera, ho

qualche gentilezza oltra quello che

uoluto alquanto ampliar

la di

prima pmiffe, benche //

di quello

minima
di

parte, pero

quello che

quello che

cli

che

fe potria dir,

//chi uoleffe metter pur

la

quefto

fia

vna

centifmia parte

potria // poner, el faria molto piu la gionta di

infi.
Et pero pro nunc mi paffo

fi

tutta I'opera //

fia

con alcune cofette aggionte nel // ligar de metalli, lequal principiano a carte .JJ. & anchora in fin//de I'opera con dieci cafi

&

affai piaceuoli

che dice.
.70.

non

&c.

leggiadri comincian//do a carte .98. da quello

Le vno che compra

fe le

mente

a fuo

modo

Et

f uffmo

per ifcufato.'

(F.

tre

pezze//de panno per ducati

quelli, iquali

di

fatisfatte,

prego

me//hanno pregato
quelli // me habbino

i, r.)

Stampato in Venetia per Bernardino de Bindoni.//

Ne I'anno .M.D.XL. Del mefe di Ottober.' (F. 100, v.)
Colophon.

'

Description.

ff.

4, 15.5

unnumb.

20.9 cm., the text being 13.2

98 numb.

100

ff.,

39-40

11.

17 cm.

Venice, 1540.

See p. 16. This is the eleventh edition. The title is considerably

extended and some changes are made in the text, chiefly in the way of

added matter.

PIETRO BORGHI.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

The

title

page

is

substantially identical with that of

the 1540 edition already described.

Domini M. D.
Colophon.

'

CStampato

in

Pafmi. Nell

Anno .MDL.//Adi

Nouembrio.'
Description.

cm.
See

100

ff.

p. 16.

bears the date,

It

'Anno

L.'

&//Mapheo
di

Venice, 1550.

1484.

p. 16.

Vinegia per Francefco

.21.

Bindoni,

Del mefe

(F. 100, v.)

4,

15.6

numb., 41
This

is

x 20.9 cm., the

11.

text being 12.9

17.9

Venice, 1550.

the twelfth edition, and at least five subsequent

editions appeared in the sixteenth century.

PRINTED HOOKS
ANONYMOUS.
Title.

Ed.

1485. S.

j^r. c.

Ars numerandi.

'

a.

1.

23

(Cologne

as follows

1485).

quo docet'//luculet' quo ordiant'

variatur c>ponut'//et abinuicem deriuatur dictones

r.

c.

Incipit copendiofus tractatul^' quin

//tupliciu dclonu numealiu in

(F. 2,

?,

nume//

rales.'

see Fig. 10.) Without abbreviations this would appear

:

compendiosus tractatulus quintuplicium

Incipit

'

tionum numeralium

componuntur

tur variantur

dic-

quo docetur luculenter quomodo ordinan-

in

et

ab invicem derivantur dictioncs

numerales.'
Description.

unnumb.

ff.

Editions.

book

is

4,
(i

14

X 20.6 cm., the

blank), 35

S.

11.

There was no other

The

uncertain.

1.

a.

text being 10.8

(Cologne

.?,

The

edition.

c.

15.2 cm.

1470- 148 5).

date of this rare

style of type has led to the assertion

was printed in Mainz by Fust and Schoeffer, about 1470.

is not mentioned by Hain, nor is any copy known in
the French libraries. Coppinger believes that it was printed
in Cologne by Ulrich Zell in 1485, and in this he is followed by

that

it

The book

Zell's biographer, Merlo.

this date

The

British

Museum

and printer, but questions each.

water-marks

this

in

which are described

copy with those

in

catalogue gives

comparison of the

of the fifteenth century

standard treatises

Primipia Tjpograp/iica, London, 1858,

(e. g.,

Sotheby, E. L.,

vol. Ill) fails to

throw

upon the date. Riccardi attributes it to Zell, c. 147 1,

who had been an apprentice of Guttenberg, but had left Mainz

any

light

at the

sacking of the city

in 1462.

not strictly speaking an arithmetic, but a treatise on

grammatical usage as applied to numbers. A considerable portion of

The book

the text

is

is

occupied with the distinction between ordinals and cardinals,

and the methods of using them.

Other works 0/1485-1487. Albert of Saxony, 1487, p. 9 c. 1478.
In 1485 there was published at Bologna, edited by Pietro Almadiano of
Viterbo, a quarto work by Nicolo de Orbelli (Nicolaus Orbellis) entitled
'Compendium considerationis matematice quo ad aritmeticam et geome;

triam sunt necessaria.'

which appeared
on arithmetic.

in

Orbilli's

1494,

4,

'Cursus librorum philosophic naturalis,'

at Basel in 1503, 4, contained 2 pp.

and

See Isidorus, p. 8, 1483.

RARA ARITHMETICA

24

Ard nummnbi *
Inapit copenbiodis tmdatul^qmn
m quo tocc^
luculct' quo <t)iaii^vatiatur oponii^
ttabmuicQm t)6riuitur bidonca numc
tupitdu t)aonu numcaltu

Jf^ottu numcnod mtpJttSttu qbat>icu

turcarbmatcffqfcop5tdics*qtat)iftrt

butiuc fiuc &i4>tific*qfcBcwt>talc6a qta

muldpticatiuc (tuc at^ubtalcff '(Ht itota
t)n

^ numcti t>iucc(t0 toidJiortib? figiicaf a cjc

varia fi^nt>i manccic cotrabut mtr fc bintia ct

t)iu(ttsi(^ ut patcb^ tPcbisaut^dorrib^poi
t>m$ cf>t)i(t)U'*<t ptio t carbTalifcsq t>tcutur
io cai:t)talc9 cp ficut oOiu -^tif ^ca carbmc-ct
tnnittf <ij ita baonc* aUc ndaUff -f tutwt a ?^
)>ttcatar cca iOas 'Vel Dicuf cattmalcs q(t pn
cipalc^ ' cf tfconce ahc nualc? ab ifh^ bnt oii
^ncVcl t)icu^ qft ptidpaU^ cp pticipafe fig^nt
nii;
t)upHccff flit t)c5cs cardma
<t fcicdu
icffjqt>a'(^c5crct3C ct qucda abftf^ tDc cocrctC
aut cjaromaUbscp ts ipis atic tKtiuan^Pimio c
t)tf
que t>c6ncs dcpcodutnumcmdo '^nue
t>uo^tt3'qtattuc'qncp- (cjC'fcpte* o Ao'ttouc
fcece'VntKd't>uotd'titd'qt4attuattcd qtttsd
fc&ed'f (cfdcd * a nuti^ ft^rtcd p >> tcccfcp tc*
non tebj mfrcrpoi l:cc itu<*io ct it fint feuc tjcocf
txoOx> tKnoucm* Vi 0tnti * vi gwtxun?" vi gi
tit>uoafi<:urqj at>tn0mta(uo m<?do-''2^ugm

(Ttuaw^ma
niimctalcs

car&maU0

^uptidaftf
<:art>matia'

J^

eonarta

tioianuatia
fie

numcta*

ta'tugmtaun^'trigmtatouo' a fie (uo mode t

aljjs^cTXuadtagmta (TluTquagmta'Sc^tragrta
Scptuagmtti'CD<*ogmta::fl7ona0rtnta.crcntu
fie (iio mo ufqj t)U(XtoS'
^u(iti'tC'ta'buctiun?'t>ucvCidito a*^ vltu?

ecntuun?'c5tuduo a
Fig.

FlKSl"

PACE OK THE ANONYMOUS ARS NUMERANDI

PRINTKI) HOOKS

25

ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVKRINUS HOKTIIIUS.

Ed.

Roman
Title.

at

Rome

480; died

'

Arithmetica
'

tliere

boetij.'

(F.

October

25, 524.

eximia iduftria

Jrtcipiunt&iiolibiiOc ^Iritbmctt/
ca anitij manili; fcumiii boetij vi/
clarKfimi x illivftnlTimi c jc cofulis

bene re//uifa ac

Erhardu

ratdolt

mira im-//primedi arte

fere Vila

fie ciiais

abfoliita partib' nui. a fciintui

quoqj ar
abiumenta befiberet. Ili injffi

macbnm.

gianSis Jnarmojcftatuis-alms ej:/

abenb c molis laboz efl.-atia fomta
bf imaginis ratio mceeiutoe artifi'

bnsitarcctcoffu
ciap:ccipuc inter
faciunt cftimant
fiUqui&ooftabit

fis

nccabboc alius
:

bcniuolc
tia coplecteret accepni.'Df c ip fc co
fi&erans atttiU non tgnaiia opiim
:

po&eraquibusa&faamis
ftracriUQ eft; oi

nibil in

baben&i (Ttis mean

toii'ifotcrtia perquificilliinea

opero

elaboiata tejrtrinis -.miiTtiplieeiii

maKnapjcttant.Tlonelbemquo/
que bellop vilitur inftrumctisrDic
fpKuia fa gittiseracuit-illi valibus
tbo:a]c nigragemit incube.^ltta'i/
us XT Ubivmbon is tegmina,ppn) la

boeCotbi infigenbaniercatur.tarn
mulrf arttbus rs yjn pglicit 21(1
.

noltri labons abfoUitio logc

manuj fupzeinoopcriiinpoiicG:in
quo nibil be becerncntiii neeelTc eft

fimi iubicio copzobent . ai&ea igit

vctam magni labozis cffectus niu?

tanm cjcpeact ejtramc: nee in aurea

^irc publicas nifi &oct? fcntctic a
IlipiUatione mtat.3In quo nibil mi
rilvi&eri &cbet:cii iJ)

opus qd fapic

inuentaperfequit: non auaozis

a'ieno inciibit arbitrio.Suis gp/
pc inftrumenris res ratioitis ejrpcn
J)imr:cii iubiciitm cogit fubtrc piu^

tic
f5

t>cntis.Seb buic munufculo.no ea

^e^n que ceteris imminent artibua

mwnimcntacoftxtuo .Tlequc enim

Fic

cilioee'curriteucntuj.lCucmfolus

labo;arcc6feiifu.Quahbeteniboc
iubiciii multis artibus piobef ejrcul
til vno tame cumulat ejraminc.Hp
periare igitur licet quantu nobis in

boc ftubto longis tractua oci;'s la^

boz a&ieccTit.2ln rcrufubtilium fit
gas exercitaic mentis velocitas co^
pbenbat.vipieiunc inacies ozatio
nis ab ea que fimt ealigannbus vn
pebita femenri/s ejrpebienba fuffici

at.Oua in re mibi alieni quoquc

jafa tiy/'n^nf

ab fa'

^lut:a&t^mtunlbllvllillsciica fi'
biviao:anim'calc3tafiibiccit:fc0

ca qii? ZT ga'carii opiilenria littera

re in rotnanc ojationis tb^aunttn
(upta couejcirK' .^ta cni md quocg
opcris mibi ratio coftabit :ft que cc
fapientif Soctrinis elicniifapicntiP

Z\-~ .

maiubus tabulc o5

cos gfofcmagni

iiicitnSiiis

aM'aa
All oM-^'t

manus politi operis nito: ejcpe>

ctat. ^tpiciitrc

milTcTabTonun.ccrerufhca ob'fer/
uaiionebecCTptf :coTomfuc mcrea

libcralius affcrrct iniiciuii ncc

ab iUo vnqi qd

cis

fo-//

qua nup

niillius iifotgafuictaim'iert fcic'cia

tiu

TlOan^isaccipi
enMfquemiineri

ftdeli

viri

nijra pfiSi;s:vt 116 ccterap

o:^inari):patricv :a& patriciiitnfim

qd

He was

i,r.)

Finit arithmetica Boetij

emendata Im//preffa per

lertiffimi

ri

c.

senator, a philosopher, and the last of the great Latin writers.

Colophon.
ftudio

Augsburg, 1488.

pr. 1488.

BoETlus. Horn

iii

bio; lucra qucruut. JCuin turtrarii

quepCTiti(Timus littera?: pon'is gr
icozationiscjrpertibus quantusbc
nobis tubicare aubeaut: fo!a taiitii
pnunciationep:efcriberc..atn6 al^

First page ok the 1488 roetihus

,/

"^ nutuiof
.

-/

X^llMK*

26

PRINTia) BOOKS
nuc // augufte

venctijs

27

.M.cccc. Ixxxviij. Men-//iis maij die vigelima.'

4, 15.1

Description.

Anno

noniinalirfimus.//

excellct

{V. 48,

diii

Fig. 14.)

r.

20.8 cm., printed in double columns,

blank =48 ff.,

5.1 X 14.7 cm.
47 ff. unnuml). +
Augsburg, 1488.
Editions. Augsburg, 1488, 4 (here described)
Cologne,
1489; Leipzig, 1490; Venice, 'Opera,' 1491-92 (see p. 28);

each being

40

11.

Paris, 1496, 4
fol.

1497),
c.

1500)

s.

151

4;

1,

Muris

'

a.

(the

ib.,

Compendium,'

Paris,

1521

1528,

fol.;

ib.,

10 (see

15 14, fol.;

ib.,

(see p.
Paris,

1546, 'Opera,'

fol.

8,

ib.

^^

(the

1522,

De

fol.;

differentiis

Basel, 1536, 8; Basel,

F'^urATE NUMBERS,
,^8 boethils

F'- 13-

and Paris, 1549; Basel,

'CO
T
c u
r
8
J. Scheubelium,

^.
T
1553, 'ajectis exphc. per
,

15 15

ib.,
'

...

/\/\^k^

30), fol.; ib.,

p.

Vienna,

fol.;

31),

'

Muds,

of

1503 (seep. 29)

Tannstetter's works)

in

1530,

topicis Hbri quatuor

1499 (bearing also the date

ib.,

Compendium

Paris, 1501, fol.

1507, 4;

ib.,

Venice, 1497

1.

Paris, 1553; Basel, 1570; Venice, 1570, 'Opera,'

There are undoubtedly various other editions of the ArithEpitome by Faber Stapulensis, these works often

fol.

metic, or the

being bound with such treatises as the Arithmetic of Jordanus

Murhard

Nemorarius

by other bibliographers.

Rogg

160) and

(I,

edition of Faber's 'Compendium,'

s.

(See Hain,

468

I,

1059; Graesse, Tresor, I, 464; Riccardi,

pagni, Bullctino, XII, 148.)

The

text

practically

is

that

137) mention an

(p.

1480, but

1.,

I,

it

is

not given

Brunet,

i,

followed by

J\Ian., I,

159; Boncom-

Friedlein in

standard edition of the 'Opera' of Boethius (Leipzig,

except as to numerals.

Here, as in the later manuscripts, the

Arabic characters have replaced the

text.

The

Roman

of

the original

(See Fig. 12.)

arithmetic of Boethius was based

Nicomachus
the

his

1867).

(fl.

'ApiOfjirfTiKi),

c.

as

upon the Greek work

and related only

distinguishetl from the

100

a.d.),

to the theory of

of

numbers,

])ractical calculations, the

RARA ARITHMETICA

28

and from the later algorismus (p. 5). Boethius gave an elaboand devoted much attention to figurate numbers, such
as the triangular, square, pentagonal, and cubic. (See Fig. 1 3.) The work
was the standard in the Church schools throughout the Middle Ages.
Aoyto-TtKT/,

rate theory of ratios

T^iopoiiionaluae anoonica.

)i!opomonalaaogeomcm<fl.

matOiifcB fmino)!.

5erqiiainTf4po;non<:s.

8 fupcraf .Qiiatuo!

rinnf:euoOcnari) Krcia pe c

f init ariibmcricaBocri) bcncr^

ulfa ac toeli (bibio emenSata 3Jm
pirtTa per
rbar^ura[6oltv^ri fo-

leTtifTimiepmifl t^uftnaT

fniqbm ccionariue a &iioicnano

prtoniiriBmc6iunimpUcee. 144-

mira im'

pamebiane:quanu^venenje nuc

V~^

i li

erceUa nominatilfunua.
annoOra.fD.cca.lmriij.iOciv

augiift^

ri8;naij &ievtgefima.

fut.Qftfifcwtrcmirorcs mltipUcct:
fMfcjct- ii.faaci'iquonumCTO
144-BupUiecft. "^nacnic

a b c a c
muli>ifl:efTCTon ^fonantia, Bej:

&.9.|.8.a.

io

omiicsquaiani.

cnrcmoii meWoycB mttiptoltioea

coporari re^^ut

11

klciaalxaippowoncileb ^rapcncc

r7mpbonia.^^uo6edm^)oa^ fcna/
ri^^S^erari6llpliaJponionc: ftS

6f apafon rrmpbonia camint.Doo

*o t.^ipK oira (e nKbii conRScraa

cp^oumnWgmmulico

bio)u

lamine lonoe vocal .qiij oinj mua/

comronoiumcnfiira coinunis eft,
Omnui cnl eft fonue iflt parmffim'
Un6e noni eft q6 ftiaecffcron zb\
oibnantiarii [onos biifcretia

Sefgtcrda

Scfgtenia

pocSoita
fciaiefUTOn

Isiaicirero

p^u

cft:ncul inter fctquiicrcia z fcfqual^

ceiajtpouiDiufolacepocdous &if
'I

^efaipt^oia fob/

Fig. 14.

Last two pages of the 1488 boethius

BOETHIUS.
Ed.

pr. of

See

See Fig.

7>VA'.

Colophon.

Gregorium
fis

Venice, 1491-92.

the Arithmetic, 1488.

p. 25.

Martij.'

'

15.

Impreffis venetijs

fratres.

Anno

(F. 352,

per Joanne de

Forli-//uio et

falutis .M//(;ccc.lxxxxj. die xxvj,

men-

r.)

On f. 256 (220 as numbered in the book), at the end of the

Venetijs Impreffum Boetij opus p
Geometry is the following
:

Joane5

'

Gre//goriii de gregorijs fratres

pductu //accuratiffimeq5 emedatu

// 1492. die .18. Augufti.

Venetiarum principe

Rem

felici

exitu ad fine vfq5

Anno humane

reftaurationis.

Auguftino Barbadico Sereniffi//mo

pu. tenete.'

FoL, 21.7 x 32 cm., printed in double columns,

each being 6.6 x 24. i cm. 3 ff. unnumb. + 345 numb. + i blank
Description.

349

ff.,

66-70

11.

Venice, 1491-92 (see the colophons).

PRINTr:i)
Editions.

This

HOOKS

29

the i-ditio princcps oi the works of Hoclhius.

is

For other editions see

p. 27.

10{c runt opera octil:qu{iit boc,voIuminc cotitfticntur.

7fntx>rpbyritgrjoscnaCJicto2inotTannatam ^dinoprtma.
llJ^nJljrniillWna JOoctioiprotra.ifUtani cduio feconda
^n cafbcgonaa arlftotclia {ditto vna.
inlllbJumanftottlie-ocintcrprttanoiiccdmoprtma.
fn ?ur.dcm iib:uni t>cintcrprftanoiic{dmorccunda.

f^c f iuilloiilbus libCT vnue.

c w:finitionibuolibcr vnua.

adcatbcsoncoerrlioprmoomtroducno
xCotmnciitariojuminXopicaCiccroiiiaUWlfcj:.

c tmcrciitiio ifoplcialibn iiuatnjor.

#Dc frllofiifiiio catlxsorico libn cuo.
^)c Mtof;iriiio bipoibctico librt tiuo>
ctnnitafclibripuo
cbcbdoniadibiit'lllbcrvnufl:
evniiatc 1 viiolibcr vniw.

Conn-a cutbicbcii;! TRcftortum Dc tmboa naturto: 1 vna pcrfotu

(brtftilibcivima.

Z>e3ritbnicrtcaad Ipatritiam (tmmacbnmblnl cooScilliurialibnqaintB.

,^c -comctrialibn odo.
25c pbiiofopbif confolanonc llbrl quintp.
ipcrcboiariumtirclpUiM liber vnue.

491-92 BOETHIUS

BOETHIUS.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr. of

Paris, 1503.

the Arithmetic, 1488.

p. 25.

'In hoc

Hbro contenta.// Epitome/ compcndiofaq.^

in-

troductio in libros // Arithmeticos diui Seuerini Boetij: adiecto

fa-//miUari commentario dilucidata.// Praxis numerandi certis

quibufdam

regulis //conftricta.// Introductio

in

Geometriam

KARA ARITHMETICA

30

breuiufculis an-//notationibus explanata. fex libris diftincta.//

et earu circuftan-//tiis.// Sc'dus

Primus de magnitudinibus
cofequetibus/ cotiguis/

&

de

c6tinuis.//Tertius de punctis.//Quar-

tus de lineis.//Quintus de fuperficiebus.//Sextus de corporibus.

// Liber de quadratura circuli.// Liber de cubicatione fphere.

// Perfpectiua introductio.// Infuper Aftronomicon.' (F. i, r.)

Abfolutum in almo Parhifiorum ftudio/ //Anno

numero definuit omnia// 1503.' {F. 48, r.)

Colophon.
qui

diii

On

'

84,

f.

V.

the following:

is

fexti /etvltimi libri finis.// Editi

'

Geometrici introductorij://

anno domini //millefimo quin-

//getefimo pri//mo vicefi-//ma quin//ta no-//uem//bris.'

:

on

f.

Ill,

the following:

v.,

'

// hopilius et Henricus ftephanus // ea in arte

pari-//fiorum ftudio

cm.
54

48
11.

ff.

20x26.8

8,

numb,

Chri//fti

Celorum

Die vice//nmafepti-//ma

coditoris.// 1503.
Description.

Anno

And

Id opus imprefferut Volphgangus

Iu-//nij.'

cm., the text being

in the arithmetical part,

Almo

focii in

totiufqj // nature

113 in

15.6X 22.3
blank),

all (i

Paris, 1503.

The editions of Boethius differ more or less in the combinations of

works which they contain. See p. 27. This is the first edition of the
Jacobus Faber Stapulensis and Jodocus CHchtoveus Epitome.'
'

BOETHIUS.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr. of the

Arithmetic, 1488.

Paris, 15 10.

p. 25.

This

is

substantially identical with that of the

1503

edition already described.

Colophon.

'

CAbfolutum

in

almo Parifiorum ftudio/ // Anno

Et emiffum ex offi-

domini qui numero definiuit //omnia 1503.

//cina Henrici
1

ftephani

Anno

// Christi faluatoris //

10 de-//cima quinta//die Mar-/Aij.'

Description.

cm.

48

ff.

Fol., 19.5

numb., 46-56

X
11.

omnium

(F. xlviii, r.)

27.9 cm., the text being 15.4

X 25.6

Paris, 15 10.

This is one of the editions containing the commentary of Jodocus

CHchtoveus on the 'Epitome' of Boethius by Jacobus Faber Stapulensis.
(Seep. 27.)

PRINTED BOOKS
BOETIIIUS.
See
Title.
libris

Ed.

31

the ArithmcUc, 1488.

pr. of

Paris, 1521.

p. 25.
'

Divi Scvcri-//ni l^oetii Arilhmctica,// dvobvs discrcta

adie-/A"to commentario, mysticam nvme-//r')runi

a|)])lica-

tionem pcrftrini^cnle, declarata.//

(Woodcut with

of

initials

the

Voenundatur

printer: S.D.C.).

apud Simonem Coli-Z/nsevm,

Decretorum.'

fchoke

regione
(F. i,r.)

Colophon.

'

ExcLidebat Simon

MDXXI

^
^ .,.
Cohnseus, ranliis, Anno
.

,.

1521

Quinto//Idus

being

x 28.2
13.9x26

136 numb.

FoL, 19.9

Description.

cm., the

text

cm.

unnumb.

ff.

140

ff.,

This

is

40-52

the

(F. 139, \ .)

lulias.'

first

Paris,

11.

52

1.

edition of Boethius

with the commentary of Girardus

Ruffus

'

CCiirardi

Rvfifi,

arithmeticse Boetii libros,

tarivs.'

in

duos

commen-

commentary

(F, 5,r.) This

greatly exceeds the text in extent,

and

as to ponderosity

typography, however,

ANIANUS

AND

Ed.

1488.

pr.

it

little to be desired.
As a piece of
one of the best editions of Boethius.

leaves

this is

JOHANNES SACROBOSCO.
Strasburg, 1488.

Anianus was a fifteenth-century astronomer and poet, of Strasburg.

Johannes de Sacrobosco (Sacrobusto, Sacrobuschus, Hoi.vwood,
HoLYBUSH, HoLYWALDE, HoLYFAX, HALIFAX) was bom at IIalifa.\ (Holy,
wood), Yorkshire
lectured at Paris.

died at Paris in 1244 or 1256.

He

He

studied at O.vford and

wrote on astronomy and algorism.

Title.
Copotus manua//lis magri aniani. // mctricus cfi
;ometo//Et algorifmus.' (F. i, r. Fig. 17.) F. 45 begins,
'

'

Incipit textus algorifmi.'

RARA ARITHMETICA

32
Colophon.

mini .i488

'

Impreffum Argn. per Johamem

Description.

cm.

53

decembris.'

.is. kail.'

4,

pryli.//

Anno

do-

r.)

X 19.5 cm., the text being 8.8 x 14.4

imnumb. = 55 ff., 31-34 11. Strasburg,

13.9

numb.

ff.

(F. 44,

1488.

The

Editions.
follows

1490

.'),

editions of Sacrobosco's Algorisvins were as

s. 1. a. (Venice .\
Strasburg, 1488, 4 (here described)
4 Venice, 1501 (see p. 35); Paris (edited by Clich;

toveus), 1498;

ib.,

1503;

ib.,

15 10;

Vienna, 15 17;

Cracow,

CXopomsmamta

ta!0mifittas
Title, first edition of .anianus

Fig. 17.

1504,
35);

1509,

1521, and

1522; Paris,

The

Antwerp, 1582.

editions of

1522; Venice, 1523

(p.

Anianus were as follows

Lyons, 1489 ib., 1490,

Strasburg, 1488, 4 (here described)
4
Rome, 1493, 4
ib., 1 49 1, 4
ib., 1492 (two editions), 4
;

1494, 4;

33);

Paris,

s.

1.

a.

(Basel,
ib.,

Paris,

c.

1.

ib.,

a. (Paris.?,

1500), 4;

1502, 8;

1508;

s.

Rouen,

1495, 4, see
a. (1502), 8;

c.
s.

Lyons, 1504 (see

151 1;

ib.,

15 15;

ib.,

p.

35);

ib.,

15 19,

4;

Lyons, 1540,4; p-rankfort, 1549;

1568; Antwerp, s. a. (c. 1558); ib.,
There are probably others s. 1. a., and some appear

1529;

ib.,

1530,4;

Wittenberg, 1550;
1559.

1498, 4;

ib.,

501, 4;

1509, 4;
ib.,

Paris,
p.

ib.,

PRINTED HOOKS
under the name
pagni

The

knew only

the

Munich

C(^py.

part of this rare book

first

and the second

Of

of Sacrobosco.

is

33

Honcom-

this first edition

XII, 126

{/htilctino,

n.)

the Coinpoiiis Manitalis of Anianus,

the A/goris/ni/s of Sacrobosco, described later.

is

It is

book on mathematics printed in Strasburg (but see

p. 10), and it is the first edition of each of the two treatises mentioned,
and the first printed work on the computus, the arithmetic of the
Church calendar. In the work of Anianus appears for the first time
in print the original of the rhyme beginning
probably the

'

first

Thirty days hath SeptLMiiber,'

which is said to have been first published in the

1590 edition of Grafton's Chronicles. It also appeared in an arithmetic published anonymously in 1596. The Latin form of Anianus is
the English version of

as follows

'Junius aprils feptember et ipfe nouember

Dant triginta dies rebcjuis fuuadditur vnus,
De quorum numero februarius excipiatur." (F.

8.)

It is found in various forms in other computi, manuscript and printed.

Anianus also gives for the first time in print the astronomical formula
Sunt Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libraque, Scorpio,
Arcitenens, Caper, Amphora, Pices,' which appeared in the works of
Bede under the title Verfus Prifciani, de Astronomia,' as Hinc Aries,
Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpius, Arcitenens, Capricornus, & Vrna, Qui tenet & Pifcis.' (1563 edn., vol, I, 517.)
*

'

ANIANUS.
See
Title.

IT.

S.

Copotus cum //commento.'

'

vna cum

qj in fine

Description.

39

1488.

pr.

(Paris

a.

1.

1495).

c.

.?,

p. 31.

infcribitur
fuis locis

Ed.

'

unnumb.

Editions.

figuris et

See

published about

blank

p. 32.

(F.

19.4 cm., the text being 9.3

= 40 ff.,

35

11.

S.

1.

Compotus

cpii

tam

neceffariis

libri pofitis.// Incipit feliciter.'

4, 13.1

'Liber

ma/ //nibus

a.

(Paris

i,

in

r.)

X 13.1cm.
.?,c.

I495)-

This rare and interesting edition was

1495, possibly

by

Mich,

le

Noir

at

Paris,

no date or place of publication given. It is

one of the best examples of the mediceval computus that

although there

appeared

in

is

print.

Unlike the

first

edition

(jx

31,

14SS)

it

RARA ARITHMETICA

34
contains a

and fingers

number

of illustrations

showing the use

hand

of the

in assisting in calendar reckoning, the title of

'

Com-

Zfberoof ompoms {nfcribtajrrvnaciimfistiris etma/

fine Ubii pofiito.
mbiis nccclfem^ tarn in (m lods ^ in
5iiapftfeUotcr

r^^^

^jcoztaeftiuftollbnjlmmajftaver

nmo pnt
ba poffcnt OiipUdtcr confideran .
Old oe oeo q dl lujc va^. loeo Dicebat oauid*

-"

'

'^^

..y

latotiacjliuJlo.ietoeillaluce oiat 5<^b3.(.

jrat lu]c vera ^ iTlumiat omne borain^ vcnie/
te frtbuitc

mimdii. Sccudo pomi oe fdentia,

Ct tfidi Itlt (liWiT focttte rcddete luddi.qwa fadt bomme fde/

comcndanone fcie ouo bjc

tern eflc loddu.'jii qUibus verbis ad

tangif fd^tiealritudo pzcaofa p boc
ufter tangiimr.primo e;n
boc cp oidt oi/
quodoidtlujc. Scdjndo largimdo gloziofa per

ratioe.aiKtoncate 5ftdoi<
ra ell.lSnmu pzobarar audoiiratc et
oicmris/^aSSae;! fens indcfidens Jjoti'tane via.fai fal/

5 c ^ e?^ fT^a>'
nc
uaton0co^tfo.Ba:{5enc.illudc,^vaUdi ap:edofamquod MY--/;:''^'^
(/
c inoalido i imperftcto fadt validum i pfecrutn.foctia e boiuf
modi.ergo zc. imioz dt mamitlta. minoz occlaramr p pbin rer/
cfo oe aia He oiccnte: Hia in pndpio foe creatt'onis e taiv^ tabu
fderiis z virturt/
la rafa in qua niba oepicta elt.oepmsibilie
bus.*l>zinwm2?pb3|aaao2it3tc boeniiratoe in pzologoariC ^_
mcmcefec?enSa"e coy. que vera funt z t'mcmutabilio eiTeim'e no 2riraq5 compbenfione vcritaris.Barioe ficnllud eH tanop (md

bonii quod babet largirion^ glonofam fcia e bmoi . ergozc.ma,

<02 dl vera.mtnoz ^bamr poilfinitione fcicne q talis c.Sciadt 3
(Jda babitus aic ronalie no innatus fed accifims oim buanair re

'

rnmKndagamjc z totius bumane vite gubcmam']c/cv' r<ia fit ba/

bitos pt5.qz fcia ell aliquod ejcillens in aia.fed omne illud quod
cit in ala aut c bitiis aut potetia aut palTio. tbcc teilat arilto.
tn fcciuJo eibicott.q' fcia no fit paTio pt5 qz palTiones funt in vo

no

luniate fcia no c bmoi.ergo zc .cp

fit

potetia pt5.q: ql;b5

po/

ten -ia fit a natura. flcit irafcibiliG.x cocjpifabilis.t (ic rdinqui

wr no fit potentia. ($ fit bltus ale ronalis pt5 p pdiaa-cp aiiJ

putus manualis

Beginning of anianus, edition

Fig. 18.

'

being thus

justified.

c.

1495

This differs from the 1488

edition in the notes of the commentator.

however, substantially unchanged.

ob^

The

original text

is,

PRINTED BOOKS
ANIANUS.
Seep.

Ed.

35
Lyons, 1504.

1488.

pr.

31.

Compotus cu //commento.' (F. i, r.)

CLibcr compoti cum comcnto finit
Coloplion.
Title.

fclicitcr

'

Lugduni per Claudiu nour//ri. Anno domini

preffus

//die

Octobris.'

.iiij.

32

ff.

(F. 32,

unnumb., 34-40
on

p.

25

13,

&

14.

cm.

Lyons, 1504.

11.

(f.

Junius) aprilis feptembre

is

a curious misprint in the calendar

It

r.).

here begins 'Julius (instead of

nouember.' Like the edition of c. 1495

It differs from the 1488 edition in the

ipfe

33), this is well illustrated.

notes of the commentator, but

"(p.

c.

r.)

cm., the text being 8.9

In this edition there

See p. 32.
verse given

X 20

8, 14.5

Description.

// Im-

.M.ccccc.iiij.

practically identical with

is

that of

1495.

JOHANNES SACROBOSCO.
See

Colophon.

'

1.

Description.
ff.

Cum

Anno Dni .M.CCCCC.L// Die

(F. 8,

Februarij.'

Venice, 150

1488.

Domini Ioa-//nis De Sacro Bufco //

Gratia Et Priuilegic' (F. i, r.)
Impreffum Venetijs per Bernardinum Venetum //

Vitalibus:

cm.

pr.

Algorifmus

'

Title.

Nouiter Impreffuj.//

De

Ed.

p. 31.

4,

Tertio

Mefi.

r.)

14.

unnumb., 39

X
11.

19.6 cm., the text being 10.5

16.8

Venice, 1501.

See p. 32.

JOHANNES SACROBOSCO.
Ed.

pr.

See
Title.

S.

1488.

1.

a.

(Venice, 1523).

p. 31.

'Algorifmus Domini Joannis//de Sacro Bufco noui-

//ter impreffum.'

(F.

i, r.)

Impreffum Venetiis per Melchiorem Seffam &

Petrum//de Rauanis Socios. Anno domini .M.D.XXIII.//
Colophon.

'

die .XXIIII. Octobris.'

Description.

cm.

ff.

4, 14.8

unnumb., 40

(F. 8,

X
11.

r.)

18.6 cm., the text being 10.3

S.

1.

a.

(Venice, 1523).

16.8

KARA ARITHMETICA

36

JOHANN WIDMAN
Bom

at Eger,

Ed.

(?).

Bohemia,

c.

1460.

pr. c.

c.

1488.

a student at Leipzig

in 1480,

Leipzig,

1488.

He was

A.B. in 1482, bachelor of medicine in 1485, A.M. in i486. He evidently

received the doctor's degree about the same time, for he wrote a medical
work in 1497 with the title, Tractatus clarissimi medicina ^ doctoris Johanis
That he gave lectures on algebra, possibly the
de pustulis
widman
first at Leipzig, is proved by a passage found by Wappler in an old Dresden
Quare hodie hora secunda post sermonem atque Baccelaureomanuscript
'

'

'

celebrata disputatione Magister Jo. W. De. Eg. Aporismata at Regulas

Algobre resumpturus pro hora atque loco conuenienti cum audeturis con-

rum

cordabit

Title.

tipli//ces

.'
.

Algorithmus

'

Mercatorum

Description.
I4ff.

4,

14

Linealis.' (F.

Leipzig,

Editions.

bly 1490, 1493;

This rare

s.

.'

(F. 2,

19.5 cm., the text being 7.8

Initials in red,

unmimb., 31-34II.

'Ad euitadum

i, r.)

erro-//res et alteri^

a.

1516; 15

14.5 cm.

by hand. Leipzig,c. 1488.

(c.

1488, here described);

17,

and several others.

treatise, the first

mul-

r.)

ib.,

possi-

printed work on calculation by the aid

('apud noftras appellata eft calculatio '), is of unknown

authorship, but was probably written by Widman. {Abhafidlungen, V,
152.) At the end of the book is the device of Martin of Wurzburg
(Martinus Herbipolis), and the book was printed by him, probably c.
1488. After a brief introduction on the use of counters ('projectiles'
of counters

De
De Mediatione, De MultiDe radicum extractione, De

as they are here called), the author treats of the following topics

Additione,
plicatione,

De
De

Subtractione,
Diuifione,

De

De

Duplatione,

Progreffione,

Et
radicum extractione in Cubicis. The book closes with the words
tantij de Radicum extractione et vltima huius Algorithmi fpecie Et p
confequens de toto Algorithmo.' There are no applied problems, and
the only computations with abstract numbers are performed 'on the
line' (i. e. by the 'projectiles' on a line abacus), whence the name
Algorithmus linealis.' The work is illustrated by woodcuts.
'

'

Other works 0/1488. Suiseth (p. 10,

JOHANN WIDMAN.

Ed.

pr.

c.

1480)

1489.

Borghi (p. 16, 1484).

Pforzheim, 1500.

See above.

Behennd vnd hupfch // Rechnung vff alien // kauff(Woodcut of a schoolroom.) (F. i, r.)
Gedruckt zu Pfortzheim von Thoman //anfzhelm
Colophon.
Im Jubcl Jar als man zalt 1500 //Got fey lob.' (F. 163, v.)
Title.

'

manfchafften.'
'

PRINTED
Description.
II

ff.

blank

37

x 13.2 cm., the text beinj]^ 6.5 X 10.4 cm.

unnumb. + 162 numb. = 174 ff., 26 11. Pforz-

i6,

1K)()KS

lO

heim, 1500.
1489, 8; Pforzheim, 1500, 8 (here
1508, 8 (p. 39); Hagenau, 15 19, 8 (p. 40);

Leipzig,

Editions.

described);

ib.,

tl

^leif^ ale vil in fic^ bcf^Iieffen old bie wffcl

imqu*brAt/Trclcf?e bannbie anbcr ^efc^t ijl
Ab bArifi l?ie ^cr n Ad> ietlt4?e an ix felb(l foitn

fterltc^cn befc^reibert i(t

16liZ|i8^4j5ol5l7
'4p'|z8|55l42|45l8

i6fz4|5z|4o|4a|56|^9_

I9l^jz7i56|4^l54l65|7r| 9i|

errttpolmu:flei0 baa em ma I em

@o twit

^ir alle rec^nung 0emetn

f[^|5

^f75

^14

18

16

|6>

18

|9

iio|iZli4iiig;i-8)

lX irMl'5

l'82i|^4fe7|

-rt3Ti|rgg'clz4|z8|5i|f6i

|33iJ|zo^55g5^
|6lTili8blJ^^42W4i
|7Mzi;z8|55!4-|4 ^5 ^6^1
|3^^544o}4j26ig72|
7ni8'2l^lB5K4'6^f7zi)
Fig. 19.

From the 1500

\vidm..\n

Augsburg, 1526, 8 (p. 40). The title of the first edition was
Behede vnd hubsche // Rechnung auff alien //
as follows
Gcdruckt In
kauffmanschafft,' and the colophon (f. 236, r.),
'

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

38

der Furstlichen Stath // Leipezick durch ConradQ Kacheloffen

//Im 1489

lare.'

^u m A<^ yerfic^d fiir (ic^ felb mit femcm

gelt

rt<i4^berre0elfohimt(ib^ien<xc^ flat

pzoflotet
jToret

305
.5
Z04
ff
f 5

primer A

65

10

ecAnba

40

'reum^ff
f^ft

161

pi

7^

SXfc<i)[d

20.

Exchange,

from the 1500 widman

the second edition, and is even more rare than the

was unknown to Boncompagni when he printed his
Intorno ad un Trattato d'Aritmetica di Giovanni Widmann di
Eger' in the Bidletino, IX, 188, the best discussion of this

This

first.

is

It

'

arithmetic that has appeared.

PRINTED BOOKS

39

the first great German textbook on the

minor works had already appeared before 1489. It
is in the main a practical treatise, with good problems, and it set the
standard for Germany much as Borghi's book did for Italy, Among its
noteworthy features is the use of the plus and minus signs for the first
time in a printed work. (See Fig. 21.) These are not used, however,
as signs of operation, but as symbols of excess or deficiency in warehouse measures. The book is illustrated (see Fig. 20) with pictures
showing mercantile customs, and with geometric diagrams. Widman
acknowledges his indebtedness to men like Sacrobosco, als da lert
Joannes defacrobufto vii ander mer,' although his work shows no depend-

Widman's arithmetic was

subject, although

'

ence upon the

After the

pages to

'

'

Algorismus

'

'

named.

Inhalt difz buchs in einer gemein,'

Numeratio,' 2^ to 'Additio,' 2^ to

'

Widman

Subtrahiren

'

devotes 2^
(including

denominate numbers in these topics), i to Dupliren,' 2 to Medieren

Multipliciren,' 5 to divi(i.e. multiplying and dividing by 2), ii^ to
sion, 2i to progressions, and 14 to roots (4 referring to cube root). He
then takes up fractions in the same order, this work being followed by
compound numbers and proportion. He then gives a large number
of type problems, regiilae as he calls them, although they are not stated
Regula
in the form of rules as we now know them. These include the
detri' (rule of three, treated as distinct from proportion), and the regulae
'

'

'

'

detri conversa, positionis, equalitatis, legis, augmenti, plurima,

sentencianmi, suppositionis, residui, excessus, collectionis, quadrata,
cubica, reciprocationis, lucri, pagamenti, and alligationis.
Other works of I48g. Boethius, p. 27, 1488 ; Anianus, p. 32, 1488.

fusti,

JOHANN WIDMAN.
See

Colophon.
iar als

ff.

blank

Editions.

is

edition.

i,

vff alien // Kauff-

r.)

zalt 1508.'
8, 9.7

See

p. 37.

is

161.)

(F.

13 cm., the text being 6.5

+161 numb. =

arithmetic, and

but

(F.

'CGedruck zu Pfhorzheim von Thoman//Anfzhelm

man

Description.
7

Pforzheim, 1508.

1489.

pr.

'Behend vnd hupfch // Rechnung

Title.

manfchafften.'

Im

Ed.

p. 36.

168

This

ff.,

is

26

11.

10 cm.

Pforzheim, 1508.

the third edition of this famous

by the same publisher as the second (1500),

from different type.

It

is

about as rare as the

first

RARA ARITHMETICA

40

JOHANN VVIDMAN
See
Title.

Behend vnd

'

manfchafften.'

(F.

man

iar als

zalt

unnumb.

f.

as a

See

p. 37.

As an

was presented
'

Rechnung

vff alien

15 19.

// Kauff-

Hagenaw durch Thoman // Anshelm.

(F.

r.)

14.3 cm., the text being 6.8

151 numb.

See

Editions.

Arithmetic.

Kunze

hiipfch //

1 1 \S^9-

8, 9.7

Description.
I

Hagenau,

1489.

pr.

r.)

i,

'Getruckt zu

Colophon.

Im

Ed.

p. 36.

This

152
is

ff.,

20-29

the fourth edition of

cm.

15 19.

Widman's

inscription on the fly leaf says, this copy

Prince Baldasarre Boncompagni by

to

11

Hagenau,

11.

Ludwig

liber rarissimus.'

p. 39.

JOHANN WIDMAN.
See

Ed.

pr.

Augsburg, 1526.

1489.

p. 36.

Title.
Behennde vnnd // hiibfche
Rechnug auff alien // Kauffmanfchafften.'
(Woodcut showing two men
seated at a reckoning table.)
M. D.
XXVI.' (F. I, r.)
Colophon.
Getruckt zu Augfpurg
durch // Haynrich
Stayner// M, D,
XXVI.' (F. 192, r.)
Description. 9.4 X 13.7 cm., the text
being G.y y. 11 cm. 2 ff. unnumb. + 190
'

-j-

30

W!tbtisotvf<
d)ei?/Qorutruct
lMc2crictiiernt>

i)

3-1-44
3

2z

-f-

tfc

S*
16

ttwnt) waeaug

i(l/0et(l

rtit>

nu6&jfG6c(crt<
fcctonn&ttjct&en

4?3

9K,

CQ

4- 44 6u bi'c 2cnl>tner
3 4- *9 56 K> Seni<*e
Ti z ^4(i)^^rt^t)<^a /
3
4- p -}- feae i(i twee
3
fe<jrjii2J5)&icrc(t3'"f>7mmB6. Hurt
3

foltOufat^Mgabfchk^crtaUweegfdc
<ilegel24 t&.TnfeOaetfl

}n&m4d)t J

maU4-

X tt>t>rtrju&feicr&48

trrtt)Kro.HTJ9.Vt.0 61<:vbert4'Ti
tt.nimfpj.d)iooH,&a6.|Iem5entrtec
p!04ff;vtcHiimcit4i7iH''nt>fume

'

'

numb.

= I92 ff.,

c^.VV....
Editions.

a note in
^fflf
Fig. 21.

From the
VVIDMAN

25

C^
See

,.

11.

Augsburg, I 526.
Jhig COpy haS

p. 37.

the handwriting of Prince

Boncompagni, together with

tion of the book.

It is

his colla-

interesting not

526
only for

its

rarity but for the

contem-

porary coloring of the woodcuts.

as

In the other editions described the third line of Fig. 21 reads 3

should.

it

+ 36,

PRINTia) ]U)()KS
PETRUS DE ALLIACO.

Ed.

pr.

41

Augsbur^s 1490.

1490.

Alyaco, Heliaco, n'AiLLY. Horn in Compit-gne in 1350; chancellor of

the University of Paris, Bishop of Cambray, and Cardinal. He died in 1420.
Title.

Cocordatia aftronomic cu theologia // Cocordatia

'

Et clucidariu

tronomie cu hyftorica // narratione.

//cedentium

af-

duol:{^ prc-

dni Petri de Aliaco car//dinalis Camcracenfis.'

i,r.)

(F.

Coloplioti.

tatis

completus
decima.'
logia

E.xplicit

'

tractatus de cocordia aftronomice veri-

dno Petro

narrationis hiftorice//a
in ciuitate Bafilieii.

(P".

33,

r.)

Cameracen.

menfis. Maij die

'Opus concordantie aftronomie cum

necnon hyftorica verita

Joannis angeli

Magiftri

cardinal!

anno xpi // 1414

nar//ratione

peritiffimi

viri

explicit

theo-

feliciter.

diligeti cor//rectione.

Ratdolt mira imprimendi arte: qua nuper Venetijs

Erhardiq5

nOc // Augufte vindelicorum excellit nominatiflimus.

Januarij. 1490.'
Description.

4.

nonas

(F. 55, v.)

4,

15.6

X 20.4

cm., the text being ii.i

14.7

unnumb., 39 11. Augsburg, 1490.

Editions. There was no other edition.

cm.

56

ff.

This work has been included in the

list

because, while chiefly astro-

throws considerable light upon the early Computi. It was

written to show the relation between theology and astronomy, and hence
nomical,

it

it

has an important bearing upon the study of the medineval calendar.

ALONSO DELATORE.
A
Title.

'

pr.

Seville, 1538.

1489.

Vifio delectable de //la philofophia

ar//tes liberales:

(This

y philofo-//phia moral .:.// M.d.xxxviij.'

surrounded by an elaborate woodcut.) (F. i, r.)

meta//phifica
is

Ed.

Spanish savant of the fifteenth century.

Colophon.

Philofophia
leal

'

ciudad//de

.M.d.xxxviij.'

72

ff.

Editio7is.

el

libro

llamado vifion delectable dela

Es impreffo enla

infigne y

muy

Seuilla en cafa de Juan Cr6berger.//Aiio de

(F. Ixxij,

Description.

cm.

CFenefce

ar//tes liberales.

Fol., 19

numb., 42

11.

r.)

26.9 cm., the text being 15.3

24.3

Seville, 1538.

Seville, 1489, fob;

ib.,

1538,

fol.

(here described).

RARA ARITHMETICA

42

This rare treatise

is

an encyclopaedia, with chapters devoted to the

The arithmetic is found in Chapter IV

and sciences.
22), and consists

various arts
(see Fig.

of only

two pages

of theoretical discussion.

CCapituloau!.lE>daanrinctbicar&cfU9&iueMr^fl',v>Dgfuv?tiiidadomodo:pocmugringularc6fecrct08

'HflandopaifltrauciTandoertefendfro: rmieronencima oel

m6tc:3 Dofecome^auarnmarauillolocaminoiel ^lloeguio

cnpnlugarrecafaeipalaaojmujfingulflrfst'zalapucrtflrc
UrillabflllarornamujpragacifTimaimuj^^funda rojcllaD
rciencia.iaqualauiiqlosmicbzoscubzienecoabitofeminilrparcfaaoc
bajro i5 aql afcodcr coza(;6 oc mu^ penetrate 1 mu^ mgeniofo ra rc.r en
laoicftrarcniapngrafioiJbierroijenlarmieftrarnatablacbla'qu^ada:

From the 1538 alonso delatore

Fig. 22.

NICOLAUS CUSA.

Ed.

pr. c.

Strasburg?,

1490.

tions of

made

'

honor

known

The work begins:

as the.' Opuscula.'

[I]n hoc volumine ptinentur certi tractatus

Description.

c.

ff.

Fol., 17.5

unnumb.

1490.

libri

ptemplat6//nis et doctrine: a preclare memorie pre-

ftantiffimo doctiffimoq5 viro // Nicolao de Cufa.'

163

Kues on

in the

Usually

Prohemium.//

altiffime

at

died at Todi, Umbria, August it, 1464. He held posiChurch, including the bishopric of Brescia. He was
a cardinal in 1448. He wrote several other works on mathematics.

the Mosel in 1401

Ttt/t\

1490.

c.

Bom

NicoLAUs CusANus, NicoLAUS Chrypffs OR Krebs.

Some

others assign

it

blank

164

ff.,

45

bibliographers place
to

(F. i, v.)

25.4 cm., the text being

Milan as

late as

it

11.

S.

1.

a.

1.7

as early as

1505.)

18 cm.

(Strasburg

.?,

1480 and

PRINTED BOOKS
burg?,
151

1490 or

c.

and

s.

1.

His 'Opera' appeared

earlier).

(Slras-

a.

at Paris in

14 (see below), and again at Basel in 1565.

43

Cusa's 'Opuscula varia' fkst appeared

Editions.

This contains fifteen of Cusa's tractati, including Reparatio kalendar ,*

theorie' (4 if.), 'De mathematicis complementis,' 'I)e mathe'

'De Apice

Of these mathematical chapters the

matica perfectione.'
of

some

first

two are

interest in the history of arithmetic, the others referring chiefly

to mensuration.

NICOLAUS CUSA.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr. c.

'

Hec

hoc fecudo vo//lumine contcnta.//

in

Dialogus de ignoto.

2.

De

tranfmutationibus

De

Arithmcticis com-

De

mathematicis com-

Dialogus de annunciatione.

geomctricis.

3.

ExcitationQ

libri

Coniectura de

X.

plenientis.

7.

nouiffi-

mis diebus.//

Septem

Paris, 15 14.

1490.

p. 42.

epiftolae.

Reparatio Caledarii.

59.

Complementum
logicum.

22.

De

Correctio Tabularum
Alphonfi.

54.

plementis.

i.

3.

theo-

92.

prefectione mathematica.

29.

33.

iii.'

(Woodcut of printing-press, with the words: 'Prelu Afcefianu.')

Venudantur cum cete//ris eius operibus in Acdibus Afcenfi-

'

(F.

anis.'

I, r.)

Emissvm est hoc librorvm Cvsae opvs // egregivm

ex officina Ascen//siana anno Christi pientissimi om//

Colophon.
Parisiis

'

nivm Redemptoris MDXIIII, octa//va Assvmptionis semper

San//ctae semperqve Virginis //Christi Deiqve Matris//Mariae.
qva patroci//nante apvd Filivm // portvm salv-//tis spcra-//mvs
et//veniae.'

(F.

Description.

cm.

46

114
11.

ff.

Paris,

Editions.

CXVI,

Fol.,

r.)

20x29

5 14.

See above.

12.7x26.8
unnumb. = 16 ff.,

cm., the text being

numb. (Roman numerals)

RARA ARITHMETICA

44

by
This second volume of the Paris edition of Cusa's works, edited
on p. 43.
Faber Stapulensis, contains the tractati already mentioned
'

JOHANN WIDMAN
See

See Fig.

1490.

pr. c.

S.

1.

a.

1490).

(c.

p. 36.

(F. i,r.

23.)
8, 14.9

Description.
ff.

Ed.

'Algorithmus Integro:^//Cum Probis annexis.'

Title.

12

(?)

'

unmimb., 29-31

Editions.

cm., the text being 7.8

X 20.6
S.

11.

1.

a.

(c.

X 14 cm.

1490)-

various bibliographies assign different dates,

The

but I presume there was only this one edition. De Morgan (p.
dates of such early works was
99), whose judgment as to the
unreliable, estimated this as "hardly later than I475." adding,

"I think

this is the oldest

critically investigated the

book

in

my

list."

Wappler, who has

matter {AbJiandlungen, V, 158) believes

that Widman wrote this work, the 'Algorithmus linealis'

and also the 'Algorithmus Minutiarum Phisicarum.'

(p.

36),

a quotation from Boethius, the same indeed

opening sentence of Sacrobosco's Algorismus. After treating
of numeration, addi-

The work opens with

as the

tion, subtraction,

plation,

multiplication,
division,

Fig. 23.

du-

mediation,
the

and

author

takes up progressions,
Title of the .algorithmus integrorum
roots, and the proofs

There are no applications in the book.

Other works of i4go. Anianus, p. 32, 1488 Boethius, p. 27, 1488.
There also appeared c. 1490, at Leipzig, an anonymous work edited by
Norico, entitled Arithmeticae Textus communis.'

of the various processes.

ANONYMOUS.

Ed.

pr. c.

1491-

S.

1.

a.

(c.

1491).

See Fig. 24.

Colophon. 'CFinis trium Algorifmo:^ cum proper //tionum
Title.

vel

Mercatorum

10

ff.

regula.'

(F. 10,

r.)

X 19.4cm., the text being

a. (c. 1490unnumb.. 34-36 11. S.

Description.

4, 13.7

1.

8.6

X 15.6cm.

PRIN'ri':i)
This

Editions.
(p.
'

is

not the edition dcscribctl

99), because the title has

The word

addita regula.'

1U)()KS

'

45
1)\-

Dc Morgan

addita etiam regula,' instead of

'regula' instead of

'

regla

'

at the

jOfUgozifitms nouusoe
^ *-*intcgn8 copcndforcfmcfiGUrarumC mo:c ^fwlo
rum|Dclf nonccompilatU0 grtem numcrandi omncrtKa
vwiticalculandi ciHJcliatim bzcuinlmc cdoccno.vna cu ai
0o:irmi8 DC mmurijsvuIgaKbua videlicet crpbificalibua
Sddiia ctiam rcgula.|po:tionu tarn DcmrcGns qpfracns
qacrutgo mcrcaro2om regulatJiaf Quibtm'babine. <!iuio
niodtca adbibirdDiUgetmaomncmcaUuUndttnodum
dUtme adiptfapoceil

fa

*)

6/
j

Fig. 24.

end shows

'?EN,tift/pIfcl

jtfifOiuifo:rcjfipeP

^"^

it

TiTLK

pa(;k

It is

IZ

ff

ok thk al(;okismus of

to be different

(edition of i860).
nal evidence

/-

c.

1491

from the one described by Brunet

probably no. 827 of Hain, and the

makes 1491 the probable year

inter-

of the c-omi)osition

46

KARA ARITHMETICA

or publication.

De Morgan

says that three editions are known,

and Giinther on the authority of Chasles gives an edition at

Cologne,

c.

1510.

This anonymous work is of the class of the arithmetics of Muris,

Peurbach, Ciruelo, and other mediaeval and early Renaissance writers.
picrngorns aritbmetn'reinrroducfor

Fig. 25.

It

TnLE

page of calandri

contains a brief treatment of the species

duplatio and
'

tions) with integers, omitting

progression and roots.

fractions

('

This

'

is

'

(the fundamental opera-

'

'

mediatio

'

but including

followed by a discussion of

Algorifmus nouus de//minutijs vulgaribus

'),

common

a single page

on sexagesimal fractions ('de minutijs Phificalibus '), and a page on

proportion. It is one of the first books to identify proportion with the
rule of three, or merchants' rule as it was often called. (' De regula
proportionum // Sive aliter Regula Mercatorum dicta.') It is not as
practical as the elaborate title would seem to indicate.

PRINTED BOOKS
PIIILIPPI CALANDRL
A Florentine arithmetician
Title.

'

Pictagoras

Kcl. pr.

1491.

47
Florence, 1491.

of the fifteenth century.

arithmetrice

introductor.'

(Woodcut

^3
parri

8]

of

KARA ARITHMETICA

48

aticoTidoctoempieii

Qnorerpeiriccin

nafontcm'vdtrqu.i
do c picna lion merren
do ilco'.\<*.octo 1 ftur.-i

rottdodiiii

uora

ct

gnidi

falc-^ dibrarno!
crdtpoi lanocre fcmd:

do fripere elTertdo

la fo;ir: -rmccrcn

do i!f3ndpo T

u.ii)'

cl^e el

uofendouTfti-t* J^ioraol

doiluoratotofluorcrc
beladccrafoittcin
di

po>o

fidrciiro r o l>:ai:cid

dibx^do uo faperc
:

in ciuari dt fara

flura

fnora','

dcldecropeNO

doihioraToiotfiqu.iu
di iftva plena la

dcaa

fonte

IM

J
!

Fig. 27.

Colophon.

From

<:?

farafuora

r?>

di

calandri's arithmetic

'Impreffo nella excelfa cipta

di

Firenze per

jj

Lorenzo de Morgiani et Giouanni // Thedefco da Maganza fi//

nito a di primo di // Genaio
1491.'

(F.

104,

Description

F'ig.

V.

8, 9.

30.)

8x13.

cm., printed in double col-

umns, each
1

Fin. 28.

1.5

9-26
From calandris arithmetic

cm.
11.

3.3

104

10.7 cm. to

ff.

unnumb.,

Florence, 149 1.

Editions. Florence, 1491,

8 (here described)

ib.,

18, printed

by Bernardo Zuchetta, 4

PRINTKI) HOOKS
Of
sesses

this rare

book, the

two copies.

It

first

in

De Morgan's

and

beautifully printed,

is

49
Mr. Plimi)ton

list,

presentation of the operations, but traditional in

practical in

is

its

])()S-

problems.

its

It is

IS
Eglicuna torrccbcc

Eglicuiialbcroiiifula

+ obrafdaTdflp

niiadunfuimc clqua

flUa

aire ; o brdccia cl

picmpail'atmofuimc

Ic c

cbcclarglx) Jo bine
da. uo fapcrc qnamo

fimccIargbo)obra

fara htiujba

una

dazpcrfortiinadiiic
tofiruppjiiiMl luogo
cbclacima dcllalbcro

ftinc

cbcfiaaipfncataallnn

ua ddnumc tallad
maslclUtorrc

toccaiui Lariua

dclfm

iDcGorapcicquaiirc
bracaa fcnc nippc t
qnanto ttcrimafc rino

-}o

fo

30

^\-fo '-roo ^jo

900
oo|
I

90(
laradiccdi^^f

faralunja

oo
io brae

riinafcrito

da z

iC brae

4 bracda

fcnc

ruppe
j

Fig. 29.

the

first

lems,

From calandki's arithmetic

printed Italian arithmetic with illustrations accompanying probfirst to give long division in the modern form (Fig. 26)

and the

known

to the Italian writers

by the name

Indeed Calandri gives only the

'a danda' method, omitting the galley
form, and is therefore fully a century ahead
a danda.'

'

^niprcdb iiclla nrcira tipta di ^veayc. per J

ioi CM >o di- BJorgtnni ct tiiout
Xi5i;ddi:o da iDijaiija ft
niton dipnmodi

0cniioi4ji

Colophon of
calandri
he uses a divisor diminished by i is incorrect, as will be seen from Fig. 26. Figs. 27
and 29 show that the problems of the cistern, the snail (serpent) in the
were familiar
well, the length of the hypotenuse, and the broken tree
of his time.

De Morgan's

statement

that

Fu;. 30

in Calandri's time.

0//u-r

uwrks 0/1491. Anianus,

Borghi, p. 16, 1484.

p. 32,

1488

Boethius, p. 27, 1488

KARA ARITHMETICA

50

FRANCESCO PELLOS
Ed.

'

de

abaco.//i

Sen fegue de

'

Complida es

Thaurino

lo

(F.

lo

Fig. 31.)

i, r.

es

et femblat-

Copendio // de

la opera, ordinada.

Citadin

pellos.

nominat5

ho

234567890.'

Frances

de arithme-/Aicha.

la art

dich

ieume-//tria

Colophon.

noble

Turin, 1492.

native of Nice, living in the latter half of the fifteenth century.

Title.

ment

PELLIZZATI.

or

1492.

pr.

de

he condida // Per
Impreffo in

Nifa.

prefent copendio de abaco per mei/ //ftro Nicolo

benedeti he meiftro Jacobino fuigo de fancto ger//mano. Nel

anno .1492.

ad.

Description.

9.2

been

15.2 cm.
in.serted

Editions.

Di

.29.

Sm.
80

de feptembrio.'

ff.

(P\ 80,

X 20.9 cm.,
numb., 39 11. Some of

4,

13.8

r.)

the

text

being

the initials have

by hand, in red. Turin, 1492.

There was no other edition.

This is one of the rarest arithmetics known to exist. (Brunet, IV,

475; Graesse, Tresor, V, 100; Riccardi, I, 2, 256.) The only good
description of the work is that given by Boncompagni in the Atti
deir Accad. Pontif. de" nuovi Lincei, XVI, 161, 332, evidently after
examining this copy, since it bears a note in his handwriting.
Pellos first considers the fundamental operations with integers, following this by a treatment of proportion, square root, and cube root.
He then discusses the subject of fractions in much the same order, the
rule of three, certain rules relating to weights, time, money, and other
measures, and such topics as partnership, barter, interest, alloys, and
the rule of false position, single and double. He closes the work with
a chapter on mensuration, or as he calls it, De la art de ieumentria
(' ieumetria' in the title), and gives a number of interesting woodcuts.
The chief interest of the book attaches, however, to the fact that
Pellos came very near the invention of decimal fractions, and that
he actually used the decimal point as is shown in the illustration
(Fig. 32). It cannot be said, however, that he had any conception
of the real value of the decimal fraction as such, the first book
devoted to this subject being 'La Disme of Stevin (1585), hereafter
'

'

described.

Pellos simply uses the decimal point to indicate division

by some power

of

ten, writing a

common

fraction in the quotient.

Thus, to divide 425 by 70, Pellos would divide 42.5 by

result 6

-';,.

7,

writing the

PRINTHl) HOOKS

Fig. 31.

Title page of pellos

51

52

RARA ARITHMETICA

PRINTED BOOKS

53

GEORG VON PEURBACH.

Ed.

Wittenberg, 1534.

1492.

pr.

PuRBACH, Peuerbach.

Bom

Teuerbach, Upper Austria, May 30, 1423;

died at Vienna, April 8, 1461. He studied under Johann von Omiinden (see
p. 117), Nicolaus Cusa (see p. 42), and other great teachers, and later
he became professor of mathematics at Vienna, where Regiomontanus
(Johannes Miiller, of Kiinigsberg) was his pupil. His interests were almost
entirely in astronomy.
Title.

meris

Elemen//ta

'

at

Arithmetices // Algorithmvs de // nuPeurbachio.// De Nvnieri.s

auctore // Georgio

integris

communibus & // Proporcionibus.//

M. D. XXXIIII.'

Practis,// Regulis

fatione Philippi // Melanchthonis.//

ColopJion.

'

unnumb.

ff.

i, r.)

(F. 39, v.)

10.8

8,

Description.

39

(F.

Impress vm Vitebergae // per losephvm Clvg.//

Anno M. D. XXXIIII.'
cm.

Cum prae-

15.6 cm., the

te.xt

=40

22-25

blank

ff.,

being 6.4 X 11.2

^1-

Wittenberg,

1534Editions.

S.

and probably

4,
lier

than

1,

a., c.

15 10

1500; Leipzig, 1503, 4; ib., 1507,

and ib., 151 1; Vienna, s. a. but ear-

ib.,

1511,4;

ib.,

1520, 4;

1536,

8";

ib.,

1512; Niirnberg, 1513

Wittenberg, 1534, 8 (here
1538; Venice, 1539, 8 (see
ib.,

Frankfort, 1544.

below);

The

ib.,

s.

ib.,

Vienna, 15 15, 4;
described);

Explicitum est hoc opus anno Christi dom.

'

1.,

1492.' 4; Vienna,

arithmetic of Peurbach went by various names, as

'

Opus Algo-

Elementa arithmetices,' and

Introductorium in arithmeticam.' It is a brief treatise on the fundamental operations with integers and fractions, and contains a few simple
applications. Peurbach was too profound a mathematician to have considered it a work of any importance, but it is probable that he wrote it
for the benefit of students who were not yet prepared to take up his
work in astronomy.
rithmi,'

'

Institutiones in arithmeticam,'

'

'

GEORG VON PEURBACH.

Ed.

pr.

1492.

Venice, 1539.

See above.
Title.

'

Elementa // Geometriae ex Evclide // fmgulari pru-

dentia collecta a loane Vo-//gelin profeffore Mathematico

in

RARA ARITHMETICA

54

Georgium //

per

//fchola Viennenil.// Arithmeticas practicae

Mathematicum.// Cum praefacione Philippi //

Dissimilivm. Infida.
Melanchthonis.' (Woodcut with motto
The arithmetic of Peurbach begins on f.
Societas.') (F. i, r.)
Peurbuchium

'

32:

Elementa//Arithmetices.//Algorithmvs de nv-//meris

'

ReguHs // communibus, & de Pro-//portionibus.

//Authore Georgio Peurbachio.// Omnia recens in kicem aedita
fide & //diligentia fmgulari.//Cum praefatione PhiHp. Melanth.'
integris, fractis,

Colophon.

'

Venetijs loan. Anto. de Nicohnis de Sabio.//

Sumptu uero D. Melchioris Seffae. Anno // Domini M D

XXXVIIII.//Menfe lanuario.' (F. 6^ v.)
Description. 8, 10.3 X 15.8 cm., the text being 8 X 12.2 cm.
,

unnumb.

f.

+ 68

numb.

=69

ff.,

29

Venice, 1539.

11.

See p. 53.
Other wo7-ks of I4g2. Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Boethius, p. 27, 1488.
Works of i4gj. Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Anonymous (see Widman),
p. 36, c. 1490; Isidorus, p. 8, 1483; Vincent de Beauvais, p, 10.

LUCA PACIUOLO, DE BORGO SAN SEPOLCRO.

Ed.

pr.

Venice, 1494.

1494.

Paciolus, Patiulus, Pacioli.

1445-1450; died soon after 1509.

Bom

in

Not an

Borgo San Sepolcro, Tuscany,

c.

original mathematician, but the

compiler of several works.

Title.

See Fig.

Colophon to

pncipali Geo", finis

pti: die

dem

part on

arithmetic

decima nouembris

vigefi//maeiufdem Ipofitus

correctorem

numb. 224,
'

33.

the

V.)

There

Mccc.?lxliiii?xx^.

fuit.

imprefforem vt
is

'
:

Et

fequenti

fi

ipofitus fuerit

huic

M'.'cccc.lxliiij.

fine

Geo^

hr.'

also the following date

on

pti

tamen

Per
(F.
f.

eof-

232,
i,

v.,

Nouembris.'

Fol., 21.5 X 30.5 cm., the text being 19 X 24.2

unnumb. + 224 numb. =232 ff. in the part on arith76 ff. numb, in the part on geometry making a total of
56-60 11. Venice, 1494.

Description.

cm.

metic

308

ff.,

ff.

Editions. Venice, 1494,

fol.

(p.

58).

fol.

(here described); Toscolano, 1523,

PRINTED BOOKS

55

@uniar)e2lritl?mctica^co/

metmlC>:opo:tioni^ p:o/
poztionalita,
iConrincntiaOctuttalopcra.

fee

numm'c mifurc in turn" modioccurrcntt.

oeucii
^:opo:rionic^pom63lit3anotin3 ocl.s.

dceoctuttilialmTonto'
- ....,
,
Ic trnta f onti^
bi3ui ouero euidenrie numcro.i ;.D
crtratrc.
iEudide
nuci)po2ri6ali l.6?c.7: oc
ruttclceriocWsojifmotdoerclwarc.Wirjnulrt^^
plicarXumarcx forrarc c6 nittc fuc ^ue i
ri.cradWcp20grclTioJii.

iani c rot'

^
foi fodameit;
belaregola mcrcantefca Oitta cd/,^
t!Concaricrcniplaripcrcrm?S.@^uadafimHM:rdi
,

, .^.^

S"tiWplicar.fummar.cfotraroetcpjcpo;[io
nicoctutKfojriradici.

.,

be k.vrcaolc ocl catayn T>m pofinoc

cfua o^!gie.

nJ66.abfdua^
u SgcncraliouerconclufiomcS(bcfxperrc60lc.o:dinarieno,fi podelTe,
Sfo2KbmomiicrcdficaltrclmceuTan63{iDcC

Scrc^coealgcb:ae(ttctxlacofa do:
dxcfondamcnri.
ompagnic i turn modi.c lo: partirc.
^oddebcftiamf.clo2partirc
._
,

fab2i'

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^^.

^itti:pcfd6i:cotrimi:ttueUi:logagiom:csodfmitT.
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iCambi

tuKimodi fcmplid-.conipolb-.c cd tempo.

Kali.fcccbi.fitritii^ i>f minuri ouer

0sn(i femplici c a capo wnno e altn

comunU

termini.

rccarc
lufti.f3Wi.fc0nti.dc tempo cocnanela

dipiu

partite*

aun

e2t4rcti'.elo20affinarc.ecarattar6 ^
.
luerie 8
flEK)Wcafieragioni ftrao2dinane vane c
tutteoccurcmiccommondlafcquente tauola ap/

pareoidinatamenteoetutte.
.^r^..^
ejdineafapcrtenerogmcotocfcnpmreccclqua

^S

mcrcantcfcbi
oe wttcvfan^C C coftumi

in tut

geometria c t)cli.^co^pi

regii^

^^^an'ca e rixo2ica oc

i^?Ju1fflf",?andri^^^^
appare.
mo oifufamcntepcr la fcqucntc tauola
Fig. 33.

TiTLK

i-agk

of the i494 paciuolo

RARA ARITHMETICA

56

This volume, the

first

great general

includes treatises on arithmetic,

work on mathematics printed,

and geometry, each being

algebra,

considered from a somewhat scientific rather than practical standpoint.

The

arithmetic, for example, gives the various methods in multiplication

(see Fig. 34)

prominent

and

division, instead of

in business circles.

emphasizing the one or two most

In the same way Paciuolo's treatment of

XXX
9

7
Fig. 34.

Gelosia multiplication, 1494 paciuolo

the rule of three, the rule of false ('El cataym'), partnership, pasturage,
barter, exchange,

and

interest, while

rate for the mercantile schools.

nominally practical, was too elabo-

His was the

first

printed work to

illus-

symbolism of number (Fig. 35). Paciuolo copies without

hesitation, practically verbatim, from the work of Chiarini (p. 10), and
doubtless laid under contribution, after the manner of his time, various
other works of his predecessors. In algebra he used the common symbolism of the time for the unknown quantities and for roots, but he made
use of no symbols of operation. This part of the treatise relates chiefly
to surd numbers. In geometry he follows Euclid's Book I very closely,
but departs quite radically from the subsequent books. The work had
a great influence on subsequent writers, including the English Tonstall
Paciuolo's training had fitted him to write a treatise of this
(p. 132).
nature. He had been a tutor in the family of a Venetian merchant,
had traveled extensively, had come in contact with practical mathematicians, and had studied the ancient mathematics in the cloisters and
traces of all these influences are seen in his work. In 1497 Paciuolo
wrote at Milan a work entitled ' Divina proportione,' which was published at Venice in 1509 (p. 87).
He also published an edition of
Euclid at Venice in 1509.
Other works 0/14^4. Albert of Saxony, p. 9, 1478; Anianus, p.
trate the finger

32, 1488.

PRINIEU HOOKS
he ['"'^'"''^'^-f^^ vi-JtVJ'/'

A-W^i..-

j/-*^- If bj^rrt-/

jfry./hc'-

Biflinctio rccunda.Zracfaf ofl quartiie.

35.

UNI

57

P'lNHER SYMBOLISM,

494

T)^^(!-

PACIUOI.'

RARA ARITHMETICA

58

LUCA PACIUOLO, DE BORGO SAN SEPOLCRO.

Ed.

pr.

Toscolano, 1523.

1494.

Summa

de // Arithmetica geo//metria. Proportioni

et proportionalita // Nouamente impresfa In Tofcolano fu la
Title.

'

riua

Sito

de

li

antique

illuftra-//to
:

Amenisfimo
et // vnico carpionifta Laco
// euidenti ruine di la nobil cita Benaco ditta
numerofita de Impatorij epithaphij/Zdi antique

Benacenfe

dil

Cum

perfette littere fculpiti do-//tato:

CU5 finisfimi

mirabil co-//

lone marmorei: inumeri // fragmenti di alaba-//ftro porphidi

Cofe certo //

ferpentini.

digne fot-/Aerra

(The rest

fe

mio

page

(F.

is

substantially identical with that of

i, r.)

Colophon to the part on arithmetic

pali

Geo^

finis

decima nouembris

vigefima//eiusde impofitus

die

Fol., 21.

'

CEt

fi

fequeti pti pnci-

ipofitus fuerit: huic

fuit .MVccccc.xxiij.

correctors impresforem vt in fine

Description.

diletto oculata fi-//de miratu

ritro//uano.// Continentia de tutta lopera:'//

of the title

the 1494 edition.)

letter

X 30.4

Geo^

hetur.'

tamen

pti

Per eosdem

(F. 232, v.).

cm., the text being 18.2

23.5

223 numb. = 232 ff. Toscolano, 1523.

Bound with this is the Tractatus Geometria. Pars fecunda
principalis huius operis 2, primo eius diuifio.' This part of the
cm.

unnumb.

ff.

'

book contains 75
Editions.
See

ff.,

p.

besides the index.

54.

De Morgan

has shown

(p.

2),

that

there are slight differences between the copies printed in 1523,

proving that a second impression was necessary in that year.

See

and

p. 56,

Fig. 36.

PEDRO SAnCHEZ CIRUELO.

Ed.

pr.

Paris, 1505.

1495.

Born at Daroca in Aragon, c. 1470 died at Salamanca in 1 560. One of the

most learned men of his time. He was professor of philosophy at Alcala.
;

Title.

rifmus.'

'

Tractatus Arithmethice // Practice qui dicitur // Algolarge woodcut with the initials D. R. and the

(A

inscription

'

Alaventvre. Tout Vient. Aponit. Qvi. Pevt. Atendre.

Denis. Roce.')

(F.

i, r.)

PRINTED BOOKS

59

adillufhiffimC^iincipcmSm-abalduj Urhini
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tft.lEpr latcrw ptiDonectl (effumrc
Sff d^^>?"<lintirammeft:nnmcra8
ptcre p.-occdcre: t quocuq; numon rjto: can ptril
tf ucUde; U fiu few in inliralD

In

muftca- e

(iia

mji'

^e

dlia noi pisUaremD qucUe parte a noi pui note e aaomo

pamo: e^ qucUo ctx folo Da la ^mta e nu
iro oico con glialtn aldjiino elTcre
spnto to parta. aitro c omo coaltro nnmero: cl?e intcgralmentt

V rnitatcm addcndo

mcratee non Fja

iTifto- et E ontOo dje

CsWvr.
^
1

1 1.

-c-

numero e'mcfuratD: ouiTO numcnato. jcmf<um p;inu

.7-.!wlu feciidi.6mo.4a?el tDi to mrfura c mimon.-.b.
altro

c+lEI' " M- iS.e ftmia.iutti

Fig. 36.

fonno cira nuniai compfti; no fot^ftc

colliiia

First page of text, 1523 paciuoi.o

RARA ARITHMETICA

6o

Arithmetice practice feu Algorifmi tractatus a

Colopiion.
Petro fanchez // Ciruelo nouiter compilatus Explicit Impreffus Parifius In // Bellouifu. Anno dni, 1505. Die .29. Aprilis.'
'

(F. 14,

r.)

Description.

14

ff.

1509, 4;
'

ib.,

Paris, 1505.

13,

X 14 cm.

18.4 cm., the text being 9.7

11.

1495,4;

Paris,

Editions.

13.2

4,

unnumb., 35-39

1505, 4 (here described)

ib.,

Ciruelo

below).

(see

ib.,

wrote a

also

Cursus quattuor mathematicarvm artiu liberahu,' Paris, 15 16;

ib.,

1523;

ib.,

1523,

ib.,
fol.

1528; Alcala, 1516,

1526;

ib.,

ib.,

1526;

wardin's arithmetic, Paris,

He

1528.

ib.,

1495;

ib.,

ib.,

15 18;

edited

Brad-

fol.

also

1502.

Ciruelo treats very briefly of the fundamental operations with integers,

Following the Spanish
fractions, and denominate numbers.

common

custom he uses cuento

for million.

There

is

that

little

is

noteworthy

in

the book, and, like Peurbach, Ciruelo could not have taken his contri-

bution to algorism very seriously.

Other rvorks of 149^. Anianus,

appeared

in

1495 the

treatise

c.

1495,

p. 32,

of Herodianus,

'

1488.

De

notis

There also
Graecorum

Arithmeticis Grsece,' Venice. Of this work there was an edition in

1525, and a Latin edition published at Basel in 1600, but it hardly

deserves to be classed as an arithmetic.

PEDRO SANCHEZ CIRUELO.

See

ntlc.

Ed.

pr.

1495.

Paris, 15 13.

p. 58.
'

Tractatus arithmetice // Practice qui dicitur algorif-

mus.// (A large woodcut with the name Jehanlambert.) Venundantur Parrhifijs a Johaue La//berto eiufdem ciuitatis bibliopola in fte-//mate diui claudij manente iuxta gymna-//fium
coquereti.'

Colophon.

(F.
'

i, r.)

CArithmetice practice feu Algorifmi tractatus a

Petro fan//che Ciruelo nouiter compilatus Explicit Impreffus

Pro Johane Lamberto
Parifius //per Anthonium Auffourt.

eiufdem
iuxta

ci-//uitatis bibliopola in

gymV/nafium

menfis Martij.'

coquereti.
12,

r.)

ftemmata

Anno

drii

diui claudij

.1513.

manente

Dievero

.21.

PRINTED HOOKS
Description.

12

ff.

4, 13.1

unnumb., 43-46

Editions.

This

is

X 19
11.

6i

cm., the text bcin^^ 9.6

cm.

14. H

Paris, 15 13.

the fourth edition (see

60),

j).

and

is

an

exact reprint of the 1505 copy, save as to spelling and pagination.

As

piece of typography

it

much

is

better than

its

predecessors.

THOMAS BRADWARDIN.

Ed.

pr.

Paris,

1495.

c.

5 10.

Bragwardine, Brandnardinus, Breowardyn, Bradwardyn, de

BRAinvARDlNA, DE Bredwardina. Born at Hertfield (Hartfield) in the
c. 1290; died at Lambeth, August 26, 1349.
On
account of his learning he was called 'Doctor profundus.' He was professor of theology at O.xford, and died as Archbishop of Canterbury. He
wrote four works on mathematics.

diocese of Chichester,

Title.

'

Arithmetica

Venum exponuntur

thome brauardini.// Olivier Senant //

ab Oliuiario fenant

si-//gno beate Barbare fedente.'

Colophon.

in vico diui Jacobi fub

i, r.)

Explicit arithmetica fpeculatiua thoe brauardini

'

re-/Aiifa

bri

(F.

et

correcta a Petro fanchez Ciruelo aragonenfi

ma//thematicas legete

Ipressa

Parifius,

Thoma

anguelart.'

(F. 6, V.)

Description.

4,

20.3

X 27.8 cm., printed

each being 6.8 x 19.8 cm.

Editions.
s.

a.

(c.

Paris, 1495, 4;

1500);

ib.,

ff.

in

unnumb., 61

ib.,

1496,

fol.

double columns,
Paris,

11.

c.

15 10.

1498, 4;

ib.,

ib.,

1502, 4; Valencia, 1503, fol.; Paris, 1504;

1505,4; ib., s. a. (c. 15 10, here described) ib., 15 12; ib.,

1530; Wittenberg, 1534, 8; ib., 1536, 8. His Tractatus de
proportionibus appeared in several editions, as follows
Paris,
ib.,

'

'

1495; Venice, 1505, fol.; Vienna, 1515

mentary by Vittori appeared at Bologna in

(p.
i

117); and a com-

506.

Some

of these

editions contained two or three of his works in one volume, and

it is

probable that his arithmetic and his treatise on proportion

appeared

in other editions

than those mentioned.

Bradwardin was one of the earliest English mathematicians after

Baeda and Alcuin. His arithmetic is of the Boethian type, relating to
the theory of numbers. He gives much attention to the ancient theory
of ratios and to figurate numbers.

RARA ARITHMETICA

62

BOETHIUS, JORDANUS NEMORARIUS, and FABER

Paris, 1496.
STAPULENSIS. Ed. pr. 1496.
For the biography of Boethius see p. 25.
JoRDANUS Nemorarius (Jordanus de Saxonia) was born

at Borgent-

Paderborn, and died in 1236. He studied at Paris

and was the greatest mathematician of his time save Leonardo Fibonacci
reich, in the diocese of

of Pisa.

Jacobus Faber Stapulensis (Jacques le Fevre d'Estaples) was born

near Amiens, in 1455, ^^'-^ died at Nerac in 1536. He was a
priest, vicar of the bishop of Meaux, lecturer on philosophy at the College
Lemoine in Paris, and tutor to Charles, son of Franfois I. He wrote on
philosophy, theology, and mathematics.
at Estaples,

See Fig.

Title.

Description.

72

37.

20 X 29 cm., the text being 13.9 X 27.2 cm.

Fol.,

unnumb., 60-63

ff.

Editions.

The

Paris, 1496.

11.

arithmetic of Jordanus went through various

editions as follows: Paris, 1496,

fol.; ib.,

507,

fol. (p.

fol.

(here described);

15 10, fol.;

ib.,

65);

ib.,

15 14

ib.,

(p. 65).

1503,

Rogg

I do not know of it.

Jordanus
Algorithmus demonstratus,' published anony-

speaks of an edition of 1480, but

also

wrote an

mously

'

at Niirnberg in

nerus, attributed

it

that he only revised

it

1534,

De Morgan,

4.

following Scho-

Regiomontanus, but the evidence shows

to

and

may

it

be due to Jordanus.

His 'De

Ponderibus,' edited by Apianus, was published at Niirnberg in

1533, and at Venice in 1565.

edition in that

man's name

is

it

is

the

first

An

interest attaches to the

1496

printed work with which a Scotch-

connected, the printer being David Lauxius of

Edinburgh, then working in Paris.

The greater part of this volume is devoted to the ten books on arithmetic by Jordanus Nemorarius, with the commentary of Jacobus Faber
The work of Jordanus is similar to that of Boethius, and is
concerned only with theory of numbers. In particular, the Greek theory
of ratios, as elaborated during the Middle Ages, is extensively treated.
The second part consists of the work of Jacobus Faber Stapulensis on
Stapulensis.

music, in four books.

The
'

third

part

is

the

Epitome

of the Arithmetic of

Boethius

<LJacobi Fabri Stapulenfis Epitome in duos libros Arithmeticos//diui

Seuerini Boetij ad Magnificum diium

Epifcopum Verfellenfem.'

Joannem Stephanum // Ferrerium

PRINTED BOOKS
The

63

fourth part, consisting of four and a half pages, is a dcsc ription

game of Rithmimachia, possibly by Shirewode (John

of the arithmetical

who died in 1494), but usually ascribed

edition appeared at Erfurt in 1577, 4.

Shirwood, Bishop of Durham,

to

An

Faber Stapulensis.

5nbocopcrccontcnta.
Sritbmcrica occcm libn's ocmonflrdtt
quattuot
^fcufica lib:i0 Dcmonftrata

/epitome I lJb:o0 aritbmcncos Dim

Scucrini :eoctii

lR.tbmimacbicluouff4PW0nn'^''O9appclla5

i6.5ontcrius iCabiloncnfietfrt
lauoe arirbmcriccs z Jihuficco*

Ccmpozc iam muUo Doctc latucrc fo:o:c9:

(gluao rctinct comitca flaua mincrua fuas.

TBuc pbaoc icrrae port icmpon mulia rcuifunt*

i6rm quocp ante alias 5alUca terra placet.

Ibi0

oUm Celebris fuit omnio Scaica tcllus.

fl!>Ttba0oza

patriam Diffugicnie famon.

Ibcllaoa nunc Unquimt: ct ooctas pallaois rrbc0*

>cquaniof(p petunt/parbidofcp lares.

It?cc

venit omnimooa numero:um dncta caterua*

atcp oocct numcris quioquio in o:bc fitum eft.

aitCTaoulcifono cantu/ftoibufcp canozis

^oomuilTe viros traoitur atcp fcras:

nomma muils

lue fua ipicrijs tenet vnica

nicbil

bac murts gratius elTe folcu

Zttmcn artiftcem ftapule mifcre manne:

^ui Icta boc ftuDijs frontc oicaretopus.
Iboc folum ftuDium atcp bee ilU cura:iuuare/
^rritus ct nc fit/oifpercafcp labo:.
Fir;.

37.

Title page of the 1496 hoethius

0/1496. Albert of Saxony, p. 9, c. 1478 Bradwardin,

I)e origine et laudibus scientiarum,' Florence,
Z. Lillius,
1495
4 (one page on arithmetic). There was also published at Pans, s. a.
Of/ier 7i'orks

p. 61,

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

64
(c.

1496), an anonymous

putile

icipit

feliciter.

treatise entitled

numerandi ac breue tractalutu

JForl's 0/1497. Boethius, p.

'

De

(Q)uoniam rogatus a

arte

plurib5

numeradi copediu

compedium

artis

.'
.

27, 1488 (the colophon of the 1497

PRINTED HOOKS
BOETIIIUS,

JORDANUS NEMORARIUS,

STAPULENSIS.
See

Ed.

FAHKR

and

1496.

Paris, 1507.

'In hoc opcrc contcnta.// Arithmctica dec-cm

demonftrata // Mufica

libris

libros arithmeticos diui

libris

demonftrata quattuor // Epitome

Seuerini Boetij // Rithmimachie ludus

pugna nQerop appellat.' (F. i, r.)

Cimprcffum Parifij in ofificina Ilenrici ftejjhani
regione Scheie decretorum rita.//Anno Chrifti fiderum con-

ColopJion.

pr.

p. 62.

Title.

65

'

Decimo

ditoris 1507.

Description.

cm.

78

8,

unnumb.

ff.

Editions.

die Nouembris.'

20x26.6

cm., the

blank

79

ff.,

(F. 78,
te.xt

60

11.

r.)

18.1x21.5

being

Paris, 1507.

See pp. 27, 62, for the editions of Boethius and

Jordanus.
Like most of the works from the press of Stephanus,

this book is
Elementa Arithmetica of Jordanus, with the demonstrations of Faber Stapulensis, the Epitome of BoeRithmimachia,' the commentary on
thius by Faber Stapulensis, the
Sacrobosco's astronomy by Faber Stapulensis, and the first four books

beautifully printed.

It contains the

'

'

'

of Euclid

'

a Boetio in latinum tranflate.'

BOETHIUS, JORDANUS NEMORARIUS, and FABER

Paris, 1514.
STAPULENSIS. Ed. pr. 1496.
See
Title.

p. 62.

In hoc opere contenta //Arithmetica decem libris//

'

demonftrata.// Mufica
in

libros

chie

libris

Arith-//meticos

ludus

qui // et

demoftrata // quatuor.// Epitome

Seuerini // Boetij.// Rithmima-

diui

pugna numerorij ap-//pellatur.'//

(Sur-

rounded by an elaborate woodcut with the following wording

'

'

Haecsecvndariaes//tetcastigat//issimacxofificina//aemissio' //

CHec

fecundaria fuperioru operum seditio // venalis habetur

Parifijs://in olficina Henrici Stephani e regione fchole Decre-

torum.'

(F".

Colophon.

I, r.)
'

CHas

duas Quadriuij partes

et

artium liberalium

precipuas atq5 duces cu quibufdam ammini-//cularijs adiectis:

curauit

e.x

fecunda

recognitione

vna

fornuilis

eniedatiffime

RARA ARITHMETICA

66
ad

mandari

Henricus

ftudiorum // vtilitatem

grauiffimo labore et fumptu Parhifijs

Anno

Stephanus fuo

falutis

domini //
:

omnia in numero atq5 harmonia formauit 15 14. abfolutumqs

reddidit eode anno: die feptima // Septembris/ fuum laborem
vbicunq5 valet femper ftudiofis deuouens.' (F. 71, v.)
qui

Fol., 19.8

Description.

cm.

71

ff.

unnumb., 62
It is

28.4 cm., the text being 17.7

This edition

Editions. See p. 62.

that of 1496.

26.8

11.

is

practically identical with

the second edition of this combination of

works and the fourth of Faber's Epitome.

MARTIANUS MINEUS FELIX CAPELLA.

Ed.

Vincenza, 1499.

pr. 1499.

Flourished

c.

475.

He was

probably born at Carthage, and he lived

Rome.

at

Title.

See Fig.

Colophon.

39.

'Martini Capellae Liber

finit:

Impreffus Vincentiae

Anno Salutis // M.ccccxcix. xvii. Kalendas lanuarias per Henricum de Sancto // Vrfo Cum gratia & priuilegio decem annorum:
ne imprima-//tur neqs cum Commentatiis: neqs fine: & caetera:
Laus Deo & beatae
quai in ipfo pri//uilegio continentur.
Virgini.'

(F. 123, v.)

Description.

cm.

124

ff.

Fol., 20.5

unnumb., 37

X
11.

Editions. Vincenza, 1499,

30.3 cm., the text being 12.

22.3

Vincenza, 1499.
fol.

(here described);

Modena, 1 500,

Leyden, 1539;
67); Vienna, 1516, fol.; Basel, 1532, fol.;
8
Basel, 1 577, fol. (p. 68) Leyden, 1 592, 8 (p. 68) ib., 1 599,
and later. An Italian translation was published at Mantua in

fol. (p.

For bibliography, see Boncompagni's

1578.

Bulletino,

XV,

506.

This work is a medley of prose and verse, and forms a kind of encyclopedia of the arts and sciences as known for about a thousand years.
seventh
It was highly esteemed in the Middle Ages as a textbook. The

on the Greek theory of arithmetic. It treats of the various

numbers, such as plane and solid, and mentions the supposed
mysteries of the smaller numbers, the monad suggesting one God, the
book

is

classes of

dyad good and

evil,

the triad the Trinity, and so on.

PRINTED BOOKS

67

Other 7vorks of I4gg. Boethius, p. 27, [488; Suisclh, p. 10, c.

Anonymous, Enchiridion Algorismi sive tractatus dc numeris
1480
(ieorge of Hungary, Arithmetica
integris,' Deventer, 4 (p. 64, 1498)
summa tripartita,' s. 1., reprinted at Budapesth in 1894.
'

'

Opn9
artianiCapdlede^upttj^

^ Dedukcclca*
x^cgcoin^tri

6-

j DC mafia librifcprcm.
Fig. 39.

TrrLE page of the 1499

^'ai'klla

MARTIANUS MINEUS FELIX CAPELLA.

Ed.

pr.

See

Modcna, 1500.

1499.

p. 66.

'Opvs.// Martiani Capellae //de nvptiis phi//lologi3e et

//mercvrii//liberi//dvo.//De gramatica. Liber. Tertius.//De diTitle.

alectica. Liber.

Quartus.//DeRhetorica. Liber. Quintus.//Dege-

ometria. Liber. Sextus.//De Arithmetica. Liber. Septimus.//De

aftronomia. Liber. Octauus.//De mufica. Liber. Nonus.' (F. i, r.)

Martiani Capellse Liber finit. Impreffus Mutinae.
Colophon.
'

Anno

Salutis.

M.//CCCCC. Die .XV.

Berthocum.'

(F.

Description.

On
100

69,

f.

ff.

v.,

100,

Fol.,

Menfis Maii. Per Dionyfiu.

r.)

20 X 29 cm., the

te.xt

being 13.7 X 24 cm.

the part on arithmetic begins, and occupies

in the entire book,

unnumb., 42

11.

10

Modena, 1500.

ff.

RARA ARITHMETICA

68

MARTIANUS MINEUS FELIX CAPELLA.

Ed.

pr.

See

Basel, 1577.

1499.

p. 66.

Isidori // Hispalensis // Episcopi // Originum libri

// ex antiquitate eruti.// Et // Martiani Capellae // De
nuptijs Philologiae & Mercurij // Libri nouem.// Vterque, praeter
Title.

'

viginti

&

Fulgentium

Veteres Grammaticos, va-/Aijs

lectionibus

&

// Opera atq Industria // Bonaventvrae VvlcaBrvgensis.// Cum gratia & priuilegio Caefareae Maieftatis.

fcholijs illuftratus
nii

//Basilese,//per Petrvm Pernam.'

Fol., 20.5

Description.

(F.

i,

r.)

31 cm., printed in double columns,

each being 8.2 X 24.4 cm., 7 ff. + 240 columns + index +550
columns. The part on arithmetic in the work of Capella begins
in

column 155 and covers 12

umns, 60

pp., or as here

numbered 24

col-

Basel, 1577.

11.

See

Editions.

p. 66.

This edition includes the works of both Isidorus (p. 8) and Capella,

and

an excellent specimen

is

Capella' s

work

is

We

the fifth century.

method

of printing.

the evidence that

are

still

it

One

interesting feature of

gives of the use of the abacus in

quite uncertain as to the history of this

of calculating in the centuries following Capella.

MARTIANUS MINEUS FELIX CAPELLA.

Ed.

pr.

See
Title.

Leyden, 1592.

1499.

p. 66.

'M. Capella.// Martiani //Minei Capella; // CarthagiPhilolo-//giae, & feptem artibus // Libe-

nensis // de Nvptiis
ralibus // Libri

Novem // optime

castigati.// Lvgdvni,//

Bartholomaeum Vincentium.// 1592.' (P. i.)

Lugduni,// Excvdebat // Stephanus
Colophon.
'

1592.'

(P.

Seruain.//

416.)

Description.

cm.

Apud

8,

4 pp. blank
Leyden, 1592.
Editions. See

10

18

j).

66.

x 15.7 cm., the text being

unnumb. + 396 numb. =418

7.1
pp.,

12.8

30

11.

PRINTED BOOKS

69

totuptilrinfergtiitSiF i^toule

Umrffptf firamonfitregrts Cona

!ft^^rtmBtffpIi5itontm i^me
(icntinfcolis ^ornbergen.flntbmcirico2fi

wed.

^nflozenriffimo fltudio aipcjcnfinuecdit^THo

mmnd btrem cruditis ^

vmxxat

^crcatoixhne \tiliB %

incipientibo^.

^urea fuccinctepateattibirfgiila tsetrC

^rartgere quo raleas qaem rmfmta1"vafer
21 fccMQ Dictas quo p^ofTis pjedcrej nczmas
IDuttid viUfcant non tibi oona libn'
fiurnberga nitet uumerat? di mfignie ab arte ^
IDoic artt mulrom contvMx tlla bont

Tr>i|8

Fig. 40.

Title page ok light

RARA ARITHMETICA

70

BALTHASAR
Ed.

A German

4,

(1500).

a.

s.

1500.

c.

(F. I5,v.)

'

Dcscriptioji.
ff.

Leipzig,

Rechenmeister of

See Fig. 40.

I mpreff um Lipczk per Melchiar Letter.'

Title.

Colophon.

15

LIGHT.

1500.

pr.

14 X 19.9 cm., the text being 9.3 X 16.2 cm.

unmmib., 22-37

Leipzig,

11.

(1500).

a.

s.

(1500), here described;

ib., 1509;
which may be the Algorithmus
linealis,' s. a. and 1505, by Letter, referred to by De Morgan
There was also an 'Algorithmus Hnealis, Impressum
(p. loi).

Leipzig,

Editions.

Leipzig,

13;

15

5,

a.

s.

4,

'

Lipzik per melchiorem Lotter

Anno

probably printed in

xc,'

1490, Lotter having printed in Leipzig from

(See contra, Abhandlungen, V, 154,

c.

1490,

On

p. 44.)

f.

I, v.,

1490

152, n., and

n.,

cf.

to

15 12.

Widman,

the dedicatory epistle closes with

academia Lyptzeh Anno 1500,'

which throws much doubt on the conjecture that Licht's work
the words

appeared

ex

'Vale

noftra

earlier.

This is a brief treatise on the line abacus, one of the earliest of the
type represented also by Huswirt (see p. 73).

LEONARDUS FORTIUS.
Ed.

A
Title.

'

S.

1500.

pr. c.

Leonardi // de

Portis

sestertio pe//cvniis ponderibvs

(F.

dvo.'

I,

37

ff.

4,

14.4

unnumb., 30

Editions.

S.

Florence, 15 14

a.

(Venice

.?,

c.

1500).

ivrisconsvlti

et //

Vi//centini

mensvris antiqvis //

de
libri

See Fig. 41.)

r.

Description.

1.

jurist of the fifteenth century.

Venetian

11.

a.

1.

(.?)

19.8 cm., the text being 10

Venice

(Venice

.?,

14.8 cm.

1500.

(?), c.

c.

Basel, 1520, 4;

1500,
ib.,

here

1530,

described);

8.

A work on ancient measures, using the Roman numerals throughout,

except in the index. Such treatises are of value in studying the history
of arithmetic, but are not, in general, included in the bibliographical
lists

of this work.

PRINTED BOOKS

71

Other works of c. i^oo. Anianus, c. 1500. p. 32, 1488; Boelhius,

Bradwardin, c. 1500, p. 61, 1495 Capella, 1500,
c. 1500, p. 27, 1488
Widman, 1500, p. 37,
p. 66, 1499; Peurbach, c. 1500, p. 53, 1492.
1489. There also appeared about this time, s. 1. a., an anonymous
Algorithmus minutiarum vulgarium,' blackletter, 4 (Libri, 1861 cat.,
483), and an anonymous Ars numerandi,' 5 ff., 4, a title given to
several books of this ])eriod (see p. 23), including De arte numerandi
{Abhandlungen^ 1,
siue arismetice (perfectionis) summa (luadripartita
;

'

'

'

'

24

Brunet, Man., 6(1), 45^)-

LEONARDI
DE PORTISIVRISCONSVLTI VI
CENTINI DE SESTERTIO PE
CVNIIS PONDERIBVS ET

MENSVRIS

ANTlCi^VIS

LIBRI OVO,
Fig. 41.

Title

GEORGIUS VALLA.
Born at Piacenza
and philologian.
Title.

'

in

pa(;e

Ed.

pr.

Georgii Vallae Placentini

libri

De Mufica

.ill.

He was

viri cla-//riss.

a physician

de expetendis,

qvo haec // continentvr.//

De

arith-

ubi quaedam a Boetio praetermiffa tractantur.//

libri .v.

fed

eius.//De Geometria
difficultates

Venice, 1501.

1501.

1430; died at Venice in 1499.

et fvgiendis // rebvs opvs, in

metica

of leonardus fortius

omnes

primo de inuentione, & commodiatate

quibus elementorum Eiiclidis

libri .vi. in

fere

//exponuntm", ubi etifi de Mechanicis

// quadrato circuli habe-

fpiritalibus, Catoptricis, ac Opticis, deq;

tur tractatus.//De tota Aftrologia libri

aftrolabi

minibus

exaratur,
fit

&

quae

.iiii.

in

qua fabrica.ufusq;

fi-Z/gnorum in exhibendis medica-

habenda obferuatio.// De Phyfiologia

libri

.iiii.

ubi

&

RARA ARITHMETICA

72

Metaphyfices qda lectu q dignifs. utiliffimaq;.// De Medicina

ubi de fimplicium natura per ordinem litterarum.// Pro-

libri .vii.

blematum

liber

libri .iii.//

De

Morali Philofophia
tione

domus

libri

locus.// Politicon

primum,

De Grammatica libri .iii.// De Dialectica

De Rhethorica libri .ii.// De
liber unus.// De Oeconomia, fiue adminiftra-

unus.//

Poetica liber unus.//

Mox

.iii.

in

quibus de Architectu-//ra, req; ruftica eft

unicum uolumen,

de le//gibus

in

ubi de iure

ciuili,

ac pontificio

uniuerfum, Inde de re militari

agitur.//De Corporis commodis,

&

incommodis

libri

.iii.

quorum

primus totus de ani-//ma, Secudus de corpore, Tertius uero de

urinis ex Hippocrate, ac

bus

in

Paulo Degi-//neta, deq; Galeni quaeftioni-

De Rebus externis liber unus, ac ultimus,

Amplitudine, & caete-//ris huiufmodi.// Haec fum-

Hippocratem.//

ubi de Gloria,

matim, fed infunt,

&

alia

plurima,quae legedo licet cognofcere.'

i,r.)

(F.

Colophon.

'

bri.

(Not

M.D.I.'

Description.

cm.

ff.

blank

Editions.

The

first

Roma-//ni impensa, ac

Venetiis, in aedibus Aldi

studio Ioan-//nis Petri Valise

filii

in this copy.)

FoL, 28.8 X 43.7 cm., the text being 18.8 X 32.7

+ 308 unnumb. = 311 ff., 55 11. Venice, 1501.

There was no other

book

mense Decern-//

pi-//entiss.

edition.

consists of 23 brief chapters

on the general value and

nature of mathematics (18 pp.); the second book, of 18 chapters on

the third, of 20 chapters
the Greek classification of numbers (17 pp.)
;

numbers, proportions, and the fancied properties of each

number of the first decade (27 pp.); and the fourth, of 13 chapters
on the operations (13 pp.). There is nothing that is noteworthy in
the treatment. Works on the value of mathematics were quite common
at this time, while all university treatises on arithmetic were devoted
chiefly to the Greek theory.
The thirteen pages devoted to the operations were a rather generous allowance for the time, especially as each
page has as much matter as six or eight pages of an ordinary octavo

on

figurate

arithmetic of that period.

Valla also wrote a treatise on the astrolabe,
Insignis philosophi
Nicephori Astrolabii expositio (Paris, 1554), and published an edition
of Euclid (Venice, 1492). His collected commentaries, but without the
'

'

arithmetic and other original works, appeared in Venice in 1498.

I^RINIIU)

HOOKS

73

ARNALDO DK VILLA NOVA.

Kd.

pr.

Venice,

501.

501,

Vii.LENEUVE, Arnali) Baciiuone. IJom ill 12^8, at Villa

Nova (Catalonia), or possibly Villeneuve, near Montpellier died in IJ14,
shipwrecked on the Mediterranean. He is known princii)ally for twenty
works on alchemy. He lectured on philosophy and medicine at Barcelona
Arnaui.I)

1)K

and

Paris,

and was

later a celebrated physician.

Computus cclciyfticu6rSftrono^
mictt6-ditU6 a ZI^3giftro

Br*

naldo oe villa *Ploua "^o.*

ttitcr

5mp:eflUm,

jCttm^:ati3

Fif;.

42.

-6t nfynuilegio.

Title page of akn.aluo de

\ii.l.

RARA ARITHMETICA

74

Computus

'

Title.

Ecclefiafticus

Magiftro Ar-//naldo de

Cum

villa

Gratia Et Priuilegio.'

Aftrono-//micus Editus a
No-//uiter Impreffum.//

Noua

(F.

i,

See Fig. 42.)

r.

'Cimpreffum Venetijs per Bernardinu Venetu

Colophon.

deVitalibus.//Anno Dni.M.CCCCC.J.Die .xvij.MeH.Februarij.'

(F. II, V.)

20.9 cm., the text being 10.5

14.4

4,

Description.

16.6

unmimb., 37-39 ff. Venice, 1501.

Editions. There was no other edition.

cm.

II

This

ff.

a good example of the works on the ecclesiastical calendar

Middle Ages. It employs only the Roman numerals and

is

in use in the

of computation.

no treatment

gives

impressum,'

know

of

not infrequently used

no

when

pr.

'

a book was

JOHANN HUSWIRT,
Ed.

nouiter
In spite of the words
and indeed these words were

earlier edition,

first

printed.

Sanensis.

Cologne, 1501.

50 1.

A German

arithmetician of

c.

1500.

birthplace as vSayn in the Westerwald,

that vicinity. Nothing is known of his

The name Sanensis

and the problems

suggests his

relate to places in

life.

See Fig. 43.

Title.

Colophon.

'

Enchiridion

algorifmi

fagaci

cura

ftudioq5

Johane hufwirt sanefez // elaboratus. caracteri p ;3miffus Colonie In officina felicis memorie ho//nefti viri Henrici Quentell.

Anno

repatoris

Description.

20

ff.

humane
4,

unnumb., 25-47

Editions.

feruitut5 Mccccci.'

14.3

X 20.6

11.

(F. 20,

r.)

cm., the text being 9

15.4 cm.

Cologne, 1501.

Cologne, 1501, 4 (here described);

ib.,

1503;

ib.,

1504, 4 (p. 77); 1507; 1554; and a French edition (Chasles).

It was published with historical notes by Professor Wildermuth,
at Tiibingen, in 1865.

of Dr. Kloss

This

is

Mr. Plimpton's copy has the bookplates

and Chasles.

the earliest treatise on algorism printed at Cologne. It is

tractati,' and includes the fundamental operations

divided into four

'

through evolution (' Tractatus Primus'), a brief treatment of abacus or

line reckoning (' Cl'ractatus Secundus de proiectilibus '), common fractions ('Tractatus Tertius'), rule of three, partnership, and over twenty

PRINTKD BOOKS
miscellaneous

rules

75

('Tractatus fjuartus

de regulis mercalo^ eU.).

In the algoristic treatment of integers Huswirt places duplatio
(doubling) after multiplication, and mediatio (halving) after division
;
'

'

'

'

fine figurani (moit^zlo ^) dc/

Unoncecomotk traai^
tusfitmncTum
mcneccf/
fan/

19

tnuiJc ticTatt'esflmgua compcTccRirentenn

Ncc nimiu. rabidis gamilus cfto labris*
Autpctetartareascfupcnsincognittss) vmbras
Et phlsgetonreos labereadulq^ lacus

Atcp illi'cpotiuslitcs* &iurgia mifcc

^cviiuspac^mconcubiorclinc
Fio. 43.

but

vi'hen

he

is

Title pace of the 1501 huswirt

dealing with counters and with fractions he places them

before multiplication, because they are needed there in abacus calculating.

It is interesting to see how these chapters on doubling and halving, of
which we have traces in ancient Egypt, persisted throughout the Middle
Ages and well into the sixteenth century.

RARA ARITHMETICA

76
As

works of

in several other

this period, there

is

evidence of the

a generally acceptable name for the character 0,

a difficulty not yet removed in the English language. Husvvirt gives
Decimo X/o theca. circul? cifra.
four names to this tenth character
difficulty of finding

'

fiue figura nihili appellat'.'

There

also noticeable in this

is

other arithmetics of the time, to

work a tendency which

name

well-known type. For example, Huswirt's sixth rule

ing hare (' Regula Sexta de
lepore fugiente,'

although

f.

f t)e multiplicfltione

do with the hound and hare,

('

traveler

time

who

in

CAmbulat qdam de Coloroma et ambulat

qtidie 9 miliaria, alius

bisimo

etc.)

Elucidarius

carminum

hystoriarum,'

on

4;

Strasburg,

Hagenau,
1510, 4;
1518, 4;

ib.,

fcrfrcrunf8,que
fubcraljc-etrrficfuni
^<:

niuinP"l[

addae.ctpzodurtopwcJcn/
in mtntf.Demde trerumcafdcmadfe
temfiguramfn menre refcruaram adiUnge-er pzoueracf "'"""^f Pli,^
/'*

ria!umnumcrumrm vn,casatc,p,Octet.quam
(?9rum fcTih.fecudamvnitJttapi*
cnr fumma.Siautcmcuab.pnmam
ftcnonto figutre aoipunde addcquae
^''^'^^^^^'^^^l^^^^. ,|,T,plmn
\
7
^ntz8fmec8.s

-j-^

rcnifldoimenre.iDe

Mt aide pjimas fig'uraa ad muitctn >'"^;ten''Jqu3m'ldd^^^^^^

arith-

ib.,

Ciffcrciniaseomaoc
ti3no.fciUc}4i"

o"'"'^'^
bus figurts xA vna fcntmdueSi vna.fcnbatur.et ponponcp:io.^b^^^^^^^^
^f ",f

et

1503,
1505, 4;

1507,

quotliintJnuiripiica

CO

itomaMbuUUicpoftcaponwf

metic), with subsequent editions as follows:

CifTcroiria

Itndu0.rivna.fmbarur.fiouab5.p:itnamljarumfcnh:.rmidamlcruan7

Deventer, 4

(with a chapter

Differcnta

ngiiri*
canoneoiioiumnumcrojum infra 10 quojum quilittt DuJbus
cumpma
fcnprus crt.pjopofitis itaii; Duobue numtnsppmasinfcnoiiB
vdDuabjfxguns icre
fiipcriona muJtiplica^t piocrcabirur numerus vna

H.Torrentini,

ftntr-S^cindetiffercnriam vniueaCigitoalfm'us
Kioii pwducto poftponc.vrparet m figura. ^'S.H rcgnw

1484

48

Other works of i^Oi.

Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488 Boethius, p. 27, 1488; Borghi,
'

ifiifua

aiit

pfequit' ipfum poft 5 dies,'

%xxm\ ponae.quae mrcrfcmuInplifa.etpjoductuminfcnuefcnh-DnnJ

piW
e Oifferenriam vniusaDigitoaltcrius fufafra^eefprwipjoducto
j[cmplum.(criceS
ponc.rtpioucnictfumma.vtparctinfigurj

him.

overtakes

Capl'm quartiiitt

Dct.quia vrraif eft pjopoino mpla.^rcm multiplicacio pjcrcqmnt <r q

hnc mulriplicarioncm Pigitojum mrcr k fciar.Cuius talis oamr rc'Tuli
ScribjnrurMgirifiibalrcme.etcuiiinibttDiffcrcntiaaOenano verfus PC

nia verfus

p. 16,

some

that of the flee-

Uciplicario cd numeri p2ocrcatio.p:opo:tion3bi

from Cologne to Rome, and

followed five days later by

due

is

Uircr fe tjakntis ad multiplicandu fic ut mulnpliMiic ad vni>

mulnphcarc eft mime
Frarcmfeijahrwjctnipli gratia5ad
pjo^
rum |r pjocrcarc. que lie multiplicando videlicet
J
p;ocionanrur qucttiadmodutnmiilnplicansrciliccr } vnirati concCponJ

but relates to a traveler going

another

seen in

i6, r.),

has nothing to

it

is

a group of problems after

Fk;. 44.

Complementary multiplication,
HuswiRT (1501)

ib.,

1512, 4; Strasburg, 1514, 4; 1515, 4; Strasburg,

Cologne, 1536, 8; Paris,

Paris, 1530, 8; ib., 1535, 8;

8.

1550,

Works 0/ IJ02. Anianus,

p. 32, 1488; Albert of Saxony, p. 9, c.

Nicolo Calvino, a work on arithmetic
1478 Bradwardin, p. 6, 1495
and geometry, Milan, of which no extant copy is known (see Riccardi,
;

part

I, col.

213).

PRINTED HOOKS
JOHANN IIUSWIRT,
Ed.

pr.

Cologne, 1504?

501.

77

Sancnsis.

vSee p. 74.

The same as
The last

Title.

ColopJio)!.

in the echtion of
folio,

1501 (see

with the colophon,

p. 74).

is

missing;

from

this copy.

There are a few changes

Description.

which

this edition,

is

but otherwise

in type,

probably that of 1504,

is

line

for line

identical with that of 1501.

ANTON BARTHOLOMEO
Ed.

Pasi.

Title.

(F.

I,

r.)

'

'

DI PAXI.
Venice, 1503.

1503.

pr.

Venetian writer of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Tariff a de pexi e mesvre.//con gratia et privilegio.'

Prohemio del prestantissimo miser Bartho-//lomeo di

(F. i, v.)
Qvi comincia la vtilissima opera

Paxi da Venetia.'

'

chiama-//ta taripha laqval tracta de ogni sorte//de pexi e misvre conrispondenti per tvto //

il

mondo

fata e

composta per

lo

excelen//te et eximio miser Bartholomeo di Paxi da //Venetia.'

(F. 2,

r.

Fig. 45.)

Colophon.
cellefe

Anno

'

Stampado

in uenefia per

Albertin//da

lifona uer-

regnante lin-//clyto principe mifer Leonardo lo//reduno.

domini.

1503.

Description.

4,

A di//26.

15.5

each being 5.3 x 15.9 cm.

21.

del

156

mefe de

luio.

Finis.' (F. k

5.)

cm., printed in double columns,

ff.

unnumb., 33-38

11.

Venice,

ib., c.

15 10, 4

1503Editions.
(p.

79);

ib.,

Venice, 1503, 4 (here described);

1

52

1,

8;

ib.,

1540, 8

(p.

79); ib., 1557, 8 (p. 80).

The book is not a textbook on arithmetic, but a collection of information useful to merchants, relating to the measures of weight, value,
length, etc., of the various cities and countries with which Venice had
trade relations. It is valuable as leading to an understanding of the
contemporary arithmetics of Italy, and historians could find much useful
information as to the prices and the material of trade by examining
this and similar works. An inspection of Fig. 45 will give some idea of
the scope of Paxi's Tariffa.

RARA ARITHMETICA

7^

O'VICOMINCIALA VTILISSIMA OPERA CHIAMA.

TA TARIPHA LACLVAL TRACTA DE OGNl SORTE
DE PEXI E MISVRE CONRlSPONDENTl PER TVTO
IL MONDO FATA E COMPOSTA PER LO EXCELEN
TE ET EXIMIO MISER BARTHOLOMEO Dl PAXl DA
VENETJA.

A VERemo aduqj prima

a dechiarare a

uoftre excelletie tutte lerobe che fe ueda

no 1 Venetia a pexo groflb &. quelle che

uedano a pexo Ibtile e de lordine di pe

fc

XI

de li ar2enri;6i de

Ic

coditionc di pan'

ni de lane francefche fatte in yenetia:8i

etiam dele condirione d^i panni de feda:

e panni doro:&: del ordine del uedere de
Ic lpecie.'& de le iue tare;8{ del ordine di
pcxi dele farine e bifchoti: S^del ordine
de le miliirc di uini:&: del ordine del uen
der del oio:&: in che mode e pexo fe uen
deno iguadi:6C del ordine di frutti che fe ucndeno a nome 6x fter: c
che pexo hano cadaun fter:e come relponde el pexo grofTo con tu
ta la ltalia:6^ tuto el leuanre 6L ponente;8i etiam come ipexi fubti^
li e pcxi groffi refpondeno con molte terre de Italia ; de dalmaria e
de Ieuante:& come refpondeno le mefure di panni de lana con tu^
ta Italia:e con turo el leuante:8i etiam come refpondeno le mefu^
re di panni de feda:e panni doro c darzcnto con tuta ltalia:6^ co tu
ponentcSi come refpondeno le mefure dingilterra
to el leuante
zot la uirga da londra:e de la taripha dalixadL-ia;6: etiam quella de
damafcho 8i la taripha da leppo.e come torna la fporca dalixadria
con moire terre de leuante e de ponete e de la ltalia;6^ come el can
ter forfori dalixandria refponde con alchune altre terre de leuante
de ponente e de ltalia;6d etiam come refponde el canter zeroui con
alchune terre del leuante del ponente e de ltalia:5^ come refpode cl
cento de le mene con alchune terre del leuante e molte de Italia SL
del ponente:8C come refpondeno tuti icantcra de leuante e del po>
nente con el pexo fubtile da Venetia:
come relpode e! canter da
napoli de reame con molte terre del leuante del ponete e con mol"
tc de Italia:^ come refponde el canter de Conftatinopoli con moP
t teirc de leuante fic etiam de ltalia:6^ come refponde el canter de
Fig. 45. The beginning of the 1503 paxi
Z ii

&

&

PRINTED HOOKS
ANTON BARTMOLOMEO
Ed.

'

a.

(Venice

?,

c.

15 10).

mefurc cor-//refpondenti dal Lo

Pefi e

mondo con
:

//per

De

Tariffa

Ponete da // vna terra a

al

1.

p. 77.

Title.

uante

S.

1503.

pr.

See

79

DI PAXI.

Nouamente //co

laltro.

laltra

robe // che

la noticia delle

e a tutte le parte del //

fe

diligentia

trazeno da vno Paefe

Ri-//ftampata ..!*'

(F. i,r.)

'CFiniffe

Colophon.
Pafi

da Venefia.//

c.

1510.)

it

was one

10.2

8,

Descriptio7i.

eachbeing4.

See p. 77. This

prohemio de // Miffer Bartholomio

il

(F. 2

Finis.'

12.5 cm.

is

15.1
2 18

books of

//

cm., printed in double columns,

ff.

numb., 30

11.

S.

the second edition of this popular

of the first

di

8, v.)

its

1.

'

a.

(Venice

Tariffa.'

kind to appear in Venice,

.?,

Since
its

five

editions are easily explained.

ANTON BARTHOLOMEO
Ed.

pr.

See
Title.

uante

al

tutte le
di

DI PAXI.
Venice, 1540.

1503.

p. 77.

Tariffa // de i pesi, e misvre // corrifpondenti dal LePonente // e da una terra, e luogo allaltro, qua fi p //
parti dil Mondo con la dichia-//ratione, e notificatione
'

tutte le robbe

// che

ft

tragono di uno paefe per laltro.//

Composta per M. Bartholomeo di // Paft da Vinetia. Con la fua

//Tauola copiofifftma, e faci-//liffima a trouare ogni cofa//per
ordine, nuouamete // fatta e con fomma // diligeza reuista,//e
M.D. XL.' (F. i, r.)
stapata.// In Vinetia.
:

Colophon.

'

In Vinegia. Nelli cafe di Pietro di

Nicolini da

Sabbio.//Ne glianni dilla falutifera Circoncifione dil no-//ftro

Signore. M. D. XL.// Dil mefe di Genaio." (F. 212, r.)
Description. 8, 10. 3 X 14.7 cm., printed in double columns,
11 ff. unnumb. + i blank + 200
each being 3.5 x 12.3 cm.

numb.
See

212

p. 77.

ff.,

30

11.

Venice, 1540.

RARA ARITHMETICA

8o

ANTON BARTHOLOMEO
Ed.

See

540

title

page

is

practically identical with that of the

edition, except for the date

//M. D. LVII.'
Colophon.
(F.

Venice, 1557.

p. 77.

The

Title.

DI PAXI.

1503.

pr.

In Vinegia per //

'

numbered 200,
8,

Description.

In Vinegia per Paolo Gherardo.

Comin da Trino.// M. D. LVII.'

r.)

10.6

each being 3.7 X 12.3 cm.

30 11. Venice, 1557
See

'

(F. I, r.)

15
1 1

cm., printed in double columns,

ff.

unnumb.

200numb. =21

ff.,

p. 77.

BOETHIUS, JODOCUS CLICHTOVEUS, and FABER

Paris, 1503.
STAPULENSIS. Ed. pr. 1503.
For the biographies of Boethius and Faber Stapulensis see pp. 25, 62.
JoDOCUS CLICHTOVEUS was bom at Nieuport, Flanders; died at Chartres,
September 22, 1543. He was educated at the Sorbonne, and was canon
of Saint-Jean, at Chartres. Like Faber Stapulensis, he was known chiefly
as a commentator.

Title.

'

contenta // Epitome/ copendiofaq5 //

In hoc libro

introductio in libros // Arithmeticos diui Seuerini Boetij adie//

cto familiari cometario dilucidata.// Praxis numerandi certis
:

ex
quibufdam re-//gulis coftricta.// Introductio Tgeometria
// Prim9 de magnitudinib9 & earu // circuftantiis.//
:

libris diftlcta

Secudus de cofequentibus/ conti-//guis/ & cotinuis.// (Surrounded by an elaborate woodcut.) CTertius de puctis. CQuartus de lineis. CQuItus de fuperficieb9.// cSextus de corporibus.
CLiber de quadratura circuli. CLiber de cubica//tione fphere.
Clnfuper aftronomicon.' (F. i, r.)
Volphgangus // hopilius et

CPerfpectiua introductio.
Colophon.

'

Id opus imprefferut

Henricus ftephanus // ea
ftudio

Anno

Chri//fti

in

arte

Celorum

focii

in

Almo

totiufqs //nature

pari-Z/fiorum
cdditoris.//

Die vice//rimafepti-//ma luV/nij.' (F. cxi, v.)

Description. FoL, 19x26.6 cm., the text being 16x22.6

1503.

cm.

112

ff.

numb., 47-54

H-

Paris, 1503.

PRINTIU) IUX)KS
Editions.

This

the

is

first

edition

of

8i
combination

tliis

works, the second (somewhat changed) ai)pearing at Paris

1

507 (see below), and the third

a

as

'Compendium

ib.,

of
c.

The epitome appeared

5 10.

arithmetices Boethii,'

with the arithmetic of Jordanus, at Paris,

s.

in

in

1480, and,

1496.

There was

1.,

an edition of Faber Stapulensis, Clichtoveus, and others, at

Cologne,

c.

Scheubel published an edition

15 15, 4.

at Basel

and a work entitled Arithmetica Boethi epitome acced.

Christian! Morisani Arithmetica' also appeared at Basel in 1553

in 1553,

'

which

15 10,

The

182, 260).

(pp. 27,

of

'Praxis numerandi

this is the first edition,

'

of Clichtoveus,

appeared separately

at Paris in

fol.

The copy here described

Bovillus

(see

Stapulensis,

It

p. 89).

bound with the 1509-10

is

consists of a

and the arithmetic

brief

of Boethius with the

Clichtoveus on Faber's epitome.

This

is

edition of

introduction by Faber

commentary

of

followed by the geometry and

perspective of Faber Stapulensis.

BOETHIUS, JODOCUS CLICHTOVEUS, and FABER

Paris, c. 1507.
STAPULENSIS. Ed. pr. 1503.
See
Title.

p. 80.

'Introductio/Zjacobi fabri Stapulefis in Arithme//cam

Jordani//Ars fupputadi tarn per

fuis quidem regulis elegater
expreffa // Judoci Clichtouei Neoportuenlis.// Queftio baud
indigna de numeroru//et p digitos : particulos finita pgref'fione
ex Aurelio Auguftino // CEpitome rerum geometricaru5 ex
Diui Seuerini Boetij pariter

calcu-//los q3 notas arithmeticas

Geometrico introductorio // Caroli

Campano.'

Circuli Demonftratio ex

Description.

4,

12.6

Bouilli.//
(F.

X 17.4 cm., the

i,

CDe

quadratura

r.)

text being 10. 6

14.5

unnumb., 45-46 11. Paris, c. 1507. The dedicatory

epistle is dated
Data ano falutis //noftre Millefimo qngetefmio
feptimo tercio caledas lunij,' that is, 1507. It was evidently
cm.

32

ff.

'

printed at Paris, but

Editions.

it is

See above.

without date or place.

RARA ARITHMETICA

82

The introduction by Faber Stapulensis to the arithmetic of Boethius

and Jordanus was very popular in the university of Paris at the opening
of the sixteenth century.

It

is,

The

like Boethius, purely theoretical.

author begins with a dissertation 'de vtilitate arithmetice difcipline,'

and then gives an epitome of the two works. This is followed by the
'

compendium

Books of

of Clichtoveus, merely a set of rules for the operations.

'

this character, evidently

intended as the bases of lectures to

show in what a hopeless state the Boethian

at the end of the Middle Ages.

university students,

metic found

itself

GREGORIUS REISCH.

Ed.

Strasburg,

1503.

pr.

arith-

504.

Wiirttemberg died at Freiburg, 1523. He was a student at Freiburg in 1487, and took his bachelor's and master's degrees there.
He then entered the Carthusian order and became prior of the cloister at

Bom

at Balingen,

Freiburg, and confessor of Maximilian

I.

Aepitoma omnis phylosophiae. ali-//as Margarita phyTitle.

losophica tractans // de omni genere fcibili Cum additionibus
Que in alijs non habentur.' (Large woodcut representing the
'

liberal arts.

Colophon.

F.
'

2, r.

Plate

II.)

Explicit phylofophica Margarita.

Caftigatione acri

// In nobili Heluecioru ciuitate Argentina Chalchogra-//phatu

Per loanne Gruninger Ciue Argetinii I vigilia // Mathie
:

Anno

incarnationis Saluatoris M.ccccc.iiij.// Valete

&

Plaudite.'

(F. 289, V.)

Description.

cm.

4,

blank

ff.

15.1 X 20 cm., the text being 1 1.5 X 15.6

289 unnumb. = 291 ff., 45 11. The illustra-

tions are hand-colored.

Editiojts.

described)

(Freiburg),
ib.,

Freiburg,

Strasburg,

1503, 4;

Strasburg,

504.

1504, 4

Freiburg, 1504, 4; another edition,

s.

1.,

(here

by Schott

1504; Strasburg, 1508; Basel, 1508, 4 (p. 83);

ib., 1515,4; Basel, 1517,

1512, 4; Strasburg, 1512,4;

4; Paris, 1523

(first

Finaeus edition); Basel, 1535, 4

(p.

84);

1583,4; Venice, 1594; ib., 1599; ib., 1600. The three

Venetian editions (1594, 1599, 1600) are Italian translations by
Giovanni Paolo Gullucci, and contain the additions by Orontius

ib.,

Finaeus, and also the introduction by Faber Stapulensis to the

arithmetics of Boethius and Jordanus (see

p.

62), Clichtoveus

A. Gf.()Mp:try

B.

Pi.ATK

II.

From

AkI TUMI lie

iiik

.m.\ki;\kii\

i'iiii.usoi'iiica

PRINTED BOOKS
on arithmetic (sec

and

p. 80),

progressione dei numeri per

'

li

Questione

di

per

digiti, et

83
A<;nstina dclla

S.
li

arlicoli.'

lart-

felder {Zeitscli. f. Gcsch. des Obcrr/icitis, II, 170) has sliown that
the assertion of Hain, Poggendorff, and others, that it appeared
in 1496, is incorrect.

This was the

first

modern encyclopedia

to appear in

i)rint.

It

contains

and the natural and moral

sciences. It is made up of twelve books, of which the fourth, consisting
of fifteen folios in the present edition, is on arithmetic. The author
first considers the definition of arithmetic, and then gives the medi?eval
classification of number, including the system of ratios as set forth by
Boethius and his followers. The second part of the work contains a
short treatment of algorism, including the fundamental operations and
roots. The third tractartus relates to common fractions and the fourth

compendium

of the trivium, the quadrivium,

or sexagesimal fractions. The arithmetic closes with a

treatment of line reckoning, giving the four fundamental operations

to physical

and the

The

rule of three.

illustrations

are particularly interesting.

(See Plate II.)

Other works of I^OJ. Boethius, p. 27, 1488; Bradwardin, p. 61,

Jor1495; Faber Stapulensis, p. 62, 1496; Huswirt, p. 74, 1501
danus, p. 62, 1496; Orbellis, p. 23, 1485; Peurbach, p. 53, 1492;
Anonymous,
Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488; Torrentinl, p. 76, 1501
'Textus arithmetic3e comunis, cum Conradi Norici commentatione,'
;

Leipzig,

fol.

p. 35, 1488; Bradwardin, p. 61, 1495

Johannes Carolus (see Landshut, below) Huswirt, p. 74, 1501 Reisch,
Johann Karl von Landshut
p. 82, 1503; Sacrobosco, p. 32, T488

Works 0/1504. Anianus,

Algorithmus integrorum,' Leipzig (see also p. 97, 1513Henricus Stromer, Algorithmus linealis cum Regula de Tri,'

(Lanzut),

1515)

'

'

Leipzig, 4, with other editions in 15 10;

1516, 4;

ib.,

1517, 4;

GREGORIUS REISCH.
See
Title.

auctore

15 12, 4;

I-^eipzig,

Ed.

pr.

Basel, 1508.

1503.

p. 82.
'

Margarita philofophica // cu additionibus nouis ab

reuifioe tertio fup additis.// Jo.
:

fuo // ftudiofiffima

Schottus Argen.

lectori.

S.//

Hanc emo/ non preffam mendaci

ftigmate/ Lector ://Pluribus aft auctam pcrlcge

Bafilce.

15 14;

1520.

1508

'

(P\

i, r.)

doctus eris.//

RARA ARITHMETICA

84
Colophon.

'

CTertio induftria complicu Micha//elis Furterij/

Ba-/Ailee.i4.Kar.Mar//

Joanis ScotiZ/ftudiofiiffime preffa.

et

Anno

tias.

Chrifti.// 1508.'

Description.

(F. 308,

X 21.9

15.2

4,

r.)

cm., the text being 12.7

16.7

unnumb., 42 11. In this edition the leading initials

Basel,
are inserted by hand and the illustrations are colored.
cm.

309

ff.

1508.
See

p. 83.

GREGORIUS REISCH.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

Basel, 1535.

1503.

p. 82.

Marga-//rita philosophica, rati-//onalis, Moralis phi-

'

doudecim

lofophiae princi-//pia,

Delphi//nate caftigata

&

libris

dialogice c6ple-//ctens,

// nuper aut ab Orontio Fineo

aucta, una cum ap-//pendicibus itidem

olim ab ipfo autore recognita

qua // plurimis additionibus & figuris, ab//eodem

Quoru omni-//um copiofus index, uerfa //continetur
infignitis.
pagella.//Virefcit uulnere uirtus.//Basileae 1535.' (Surrounded
emedatis,

&

by an elaborate woodcut.) (P. i.)

Basileae excvdebat Henricvs // Petrus, ac ConColophon.
radi Refchij impenfis. An//M. D. XXXV.' (P. 1577.)
'

Description.

X 20.8

4, 15

78 pp. unnumb.

cm., the text being 9.6

1498 numb.

blank

13.8 cm.

1577 pp., 26-30

11.

Basel, 1535.

Editions.
'

Parifijs

See

p.

82.

Finaeus dates the dedicatory epistle

ex regali collegio Nauarrae. 1523,' and his

appeared in that year.

first

edition

This edition gives only part of the elabo-

rate engravings found in the earlier ones.

better printed, being set in clear

Roman

It is,

however,

much

type and having a more

open page.
See p. 83.

THEODOR TZWIVEL.
A German

arithmetician of

Westphalia.
Title.

See Fig. 46.

Ed.
c.

pr.

1500,

1505.

Cologne, 1507.

from Monte Gaudio (Mongavensis),

PRINTIH) lUJOKS

S5

Colophon. 'CAli^orilhnii. qui ars dicilur mimerancli. dc intct^iis

// per figurarum (more Alemanorum) deletionej. Nec//no dc

pportionib? ingcniofi Pythagorifte Theodo//rici Tzwyucl. pofl

plurima praxin iam tande in hoc // opendiu5 reducti

quod

et puplica

ob vti//litatem

finis adcl'l

in magiftrali artis imprcffori e

taberna inge-//nuorum liberorum Quentell iterato diffeminari pro

WSmmt
opufmlatiuo ftieotiortri timi
a

benumcroppjaiciCqiK algo:itl?mi fticutif )vnu

mtegns per
figuraru(mo:e aUindnoy)&detion&BlCfl-uOe p:opomonibii8 01
mndcl (^armontca Soicrini :6oatj
tu8 vfas frcQUcns

ud

De vrilitatc hums libdli

Tetraftichort

ioannisMurmcIIi] RuremundenCs
Si quisarithmcdc^optatcognolcerc praxin
Pythagorenumejfosdifcerefi quis amat
Sdrc mathcriiaacch fi vult^fi denic^ quic^

Oefophia*huncinodfcunicomparetere libru
FlC 46.
//curauit.

Anno

feptimo.'

(F. 9, v.

Description.

'lYrLK PAGF. OK

TZWIN

a natali dominico Millefimo quin//genctefuno-

4,

See Fig. 47.)

X 20 cm., the text being 8.8 X 14.5 cm.

13.9

46 11. Cologne, 1507.

Gunther mentions a Miinster edition
have not seen it there was a Cologne edition

10

ff.

(i

blank),

Editions.

Kl,

of
in

1505, but
the

same

year; Cologne, 1507, 4 (here described).

The work
'

is

divided into two parts, the

<LAlgorithmiis de integris

figuranl

first

beginning as follows

(more alemano^) cIeleti-//one

KARA ARITHMETICA

86
arte

numeradi enucleatim ^pendiofeqj edocens.'

(F. 2, v.)

This part

contains a brief explanation of the writing of numbers and the funda-

mental operations.

The second

part begins as follows

<I.Algorithm9

'

de pportioib? cuius vfus freques in muficam har//monicam Seuerini

two pages treat of the operations with the
(f. 8, v.), and
Boetij
mediaeval proportiones or ratios, A comparison of the title pages
'

'

'

represented on pp. 45, 75, 85, and of the works to which they belong, at
least two of which were printed in Cologne, leads to the belief that the
expression

'

per figuraru (more alemanor^) deletione

of figures in the

German way)

refers to a

custom of not actually canceling the

'

(by the deletion

contemporary North German

figures in the galley division, as

the Italians did.

Other works 0/1^05. Anonymous (see Licht), p. 70, 1500 Borghi,

16,1484; Bradwardin, p. 61, 1495 Ciruelo, p. 60, 1495 Licht, p. 70,
1500; Suiseth,p. 10, c. 1480; Tor;

p.

faiao:itl?mrquiarebictturntimerandi.KmwgTi8

Anonymous,
^
anthmeParis- Hprman
raris,
Merman-

'

nciiiwyucl.podplurimapuiciiiumtatidcitiboc
ppEnd.uutducnfiniafldcft.Quodctpuplicaobvti

cnprnlativa
^^^^ specuiativa,

'

Algorismi, Cologne,

aftnoanataUDominiwZTPaUfimoqmii

fioitcrimofcpumoi

in

'Enchiridion novus

nus Buschius,

liHwminm3fii(lraliarn8itnp;elTo:ictalxriiaingc/

Fig. 47.

^
^ 76, Moi
Tractatus perutihs

rentini, p.

p:rfiaurarum(tno2caicm3nozum)a:ictioiicj. flee
n5ppo:tionibDingcniofi-pytI?3go2i(]Z:i?codo

curau.t.

a. (i

s.

(see also p. 106, 15 14);

Horem,

Colophon of tzwivel

'Tractatus

504), 4
Nicolaus

proportionu,'

Venice, in a volume with Bradwar-

din and Suiseth (see also p. 1 16, 15 15)

Wolfgangum Monacenseni,' Leipzig, 4

'
;

Algorithmus

linealis Baccalariii

Georg Leunbach, an arithmetic.

Works of 1506. Albert of Saxony, p. 9, c. 1478 Anonymous, p.
10, 1480; Vittori, p. 9, Albert of Saxony, c. 1478, and p. 61, Brad;

wardin, 1495; Pietro Borriglione, Arismetices praxis,' Turin, 22 fif.,

with a second edition, ib., 1523 Raphael Maffei, Commentarii Urbani,'
'

'

an encyclopedia containing a book (no. 35) De scientiis

mathematicis,' which includes a little arithmetic
Maffei's work was

Rome,

fob,

'

also printed in 1527,

and

at Paris in 1511, 1515, 1526,

Ed.

pr.

and 1530, and

at Basel in 1559.

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

Leipzig, 1507.

1507.

See Fig. 48.

Cimpreffum Liptzck per Baccalariu Vuolfgangu

Colophon.
Monacenfem Anno noftre redemptionis 1507.' (F. 27, r.)
Description. 4, 14.5 X 19.5 cm., the text being 9.5 x 15.3
cm. 28 ff. unnumb. + blank = 29 ff., 28-34 11. Leipzig, 507.
'

//

PRINTED BOOKS
Leipzig, 1507 (here described)

Editions.

(Nurnberg

87
ib.,

1509,4;

s.

This resembles several of the works on algorism appearing about

time, such as

Widman's

brief treatment of the

12.

(?), Licht's,

and Huswirt's.

a.

It

this

contains a very

fundamental operations, including duplation and

In division, only a single example

mediation.

1.

15 10).

c.

?,

is

given, that of 1456

-=-

After a similarly brief treatment of fractions, the Kuethian jjropor-

Fig. 48.

Title of the 1507 Ah^orithmus

Sequitur Algorithmus proportionii.' Then

up
Three and several other rules now entirely forgotten,
such as Regula legis,' Regula augmenti,' Regula plurima,' Regula
pulchra,' and Regula falfi.' Such regulae were not stated like modern
tions (ratios) are taken

'

follow the Rule of

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

rules but consisted of groups of similar problems.

Other xvorks of 1^07. Boethius, p. 27, 1488 Faber Stapulensis, c.

Huswirt, p. 74, 1501
Peurbach, p. 53, 1492 Tor1507, p. 81, 1503
rentini, p. 76, 1501.
;

Widman,
p. 32, 1488; Reisch, p. 82, 1503
Hieronimus de Hangest, Liber proportionum,' Paris, 4.

Works of 1^08. Anianus,

p. 39,

1489

Title.
I, r.,

'

LUCA PACIUOLO.
See

Ed.

pr.

1509.

Venice, 1509.

p. 54.

After a vocabulary and index the work begins on

as follows

'

f.

Excellentiffimo principi Ludouico mariae Sfor.

Anglo Mediolanen/Zfium duci: pacis et belli ornamento fratris

Lticae pacioli ex Burgo fancti // Sepulchri ordinis Minorum: Sacras theologiae pfefforis.

Ue

diuina pro//portione epiftola.'

RARA ARITHMETICA

Fig. 49.

From the 1507 A/go rifJi nuts

PRINTED BOOKS

89

Colophon. 'CVcnetiis Impreffum per probvini viruni Paganinum

de paganinis de // Brixia. Decrcto lamcii i)uhlic() vt nullus ibidem

totiqj dominio annorum // XV. curicult) imprimat vel Tprimcre
facial. Et alibi impreffum fub quouis // colore in publicum ducat

Anno Re//demptionis

fub penis in dicto priuilegio contentis.

noftre.M.D. Villi. Klen.Iunii. Leonardo LauretanoVe.//Rem.?u.

Gubernante. Pontificatus

lulii.II.

Description.

8,

20.5

ff.,

52-57

11.

f.

blank

35,

r.,

v.,

of Part

unnumb.

3.

of Part i.)

21.5

90 numb.

Venice, 1509.

There was no other

Editions.

(F. 27,
f.

28.3 cm., the text being 9.1

(with marginal drawings),

93

Anno.VI.'

similar colophon appears at the foot of

With some hesitancy

edition.

book has been included,

this

the only justifica-

tion being the fact that there are several pages devoted to the discussion
of proportion in general, including the arithmetical, geometric, and

Paciuolo excludes the other forms of ancient proportion

Platone e Arifto. e yfidoro i le fue ethimologie. El feuerin
Boetio in fua arithmetica.' (F. 5, r.) Most of the treatise is, however,

astronomic.
given by

'

devoted to geometry.

CAROLUS BOVILLUS.
c.

Ed.

pr.

1509-10.

Paris,

1509-10.

BouvELLES, BoiJELLES, BouiLLES, BouvF.i,. Born at Saucourt, Picardy,

1470 died at Noyon, c. 553. Canon and professor of theology at Noyon.
1

See Fig.

Title.

50.

Libelli De Mathematicis Svpple-//mentis Finis

ColopJion.
Anno Salutis Humane// 1509 lanuarij Die Deci//maoctaua //
CEditum est vniversvm hoc volvmen Ambianis in edibvs Re//
uerendi in Christo Patris Francifci De Hallevvin Eiufdem Loci
'

Pontificis

.-.

// Et emiffum ex officina Henrici ftephani. Impenfis

in chalcotypa //arte fociorum Anno

eiufdem et loannis parui

Christi Saluatoris
(F. 198,

omnium

10.

Primo Cal. Februarij.//

Parisiis.'

V.)

FoL, 19.7 X 27.4 cm., the text being 15.1 X 25.8

numb., 53-54 11- Paris, 1509-10.
Editions. Fontes has described (Toulouse ]\Iem. (9) VI, 155of
167, for 1894) a quarto of 15 10, published by Stephanus
Description.

cm.

198

ff.

([InrupmatliematfcuopiisquadripartitudCDcNumensPerfeaisll^Dc
Geometricis Gorporibus
Mathcmaticis Rofis
(XDc Geometrids Supplemcntis

^Ot

Fig. 50.

Title page of bovillus

PRINTED BOOKS
Paris, enlilled,

book

is,

however, without

172-180
The
on

148,

f.

of this work.

and ends on

v.,

nvmerorvm

finis

editi

Ambi//anenfis.

tificis

know

Mai] decimafexta.'

171,

f.

//

'

This

sinij)!)- ff.

de duodecim numeris,' begins

with the colophon

r.,

Anno ab

of course

is

no other editions.

of

Lil)cr

dome-

in

and

title pa^^e,

part on numbers, the

first

91

Caroli Bovilli lihcr do numeris pcrfcclis.'

'

I.ibri

dvodecim

R. P. Francifci de Hallevvin/ Pon-

numerorum Incarnate.//

autore

It relates solely to

15 10

the mystery of numbers and to

the Greek theory. The part on perfect numbers, numbers which equal
one plus the sum of their factors, begins on f. 172, r., and ends on f.
180, r., with the following colophon
CLiber perfectorvm nvmerorvm
finis.// Perfecto/ trinoqj deo laudes in gentes. Anno domi-//ni/ 1509
lanuarij 4.' The dates of the several parts vary from October 25, 1509,
to January 18, 1509 (1510 N. S.).
Other works 0/ ijog. Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Anonymous, p. 87,
'

Borghi, p. 16, 1484

1507
Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488.
;

Anonymous,

Other works of ijio.

15 10, p. 46, 1491

wardin,

c. 15 10, p.

Ciruelo, p. 60, 1495

Boethius, p. 30, 1488

61, 1495

Licht, p. 70,

1507

87,

\).

Anonymous,

Bovillus, p. 89,

Clichtoveus, p. 81, 1503

1500;

c.

1509 BradFaber Stapu;

Jordanus, p. 62, 1496; Peurbach, p. 53, 1492

Stromer, p. 83, 1504
Paxi, c. 15 10, p. 79,
Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488
lensis, p. 62,

1496

1503

Torrentini, p. 76, 1501.

Works of i^Ji. Anianus,

p.

Maffei (Maphjeus), p. 86, 1506

mann, 'Enchiridion arithmetica,'

JUAN DE ORTEGA.
John de Lortze. A

He was

Aragon.
Title.

'

still

Ed.

1488;

32,

Peurbach,

Boethius,

p. 53,

1492

p.

1488;

27,

Simon Eisen-

J>eipzig, fol.

Rome, 1515.

15 12.

pr.

Spanish priest of the Dominican order, from

living in

1567.

Svma // de Arithmetica Geometria // Pratica

:

vtiliffi-

ma: ()rdina//ta per Johane de Or//tega Spagnolo//Palentino.//

Cum

Priuilegio.'

Colophon.

'

(Surrounded by an elaborate v^oodcut. F.

Impreffo in

Roma

i, r.)

per Maftro Stephano Guillen

de Lorena//anno del noftro Signore 15 15 adi 10 de Nouebre

Regnante Leo//ne Papadecimo in fuo Annotertio.' (F. 1 16, r.)
Description.

cm.
1515.

ff.

Fol., 20.6

unnumb.

30.2 cm., the text being 13.1

114 numb.

116

ff.,

32-38

11.

X 22.7
Rome,

RARA ARITHMETICA

From the

15 15

ortega, introduction to barter

PRINTED liOOKS
Barcelona, 15 12;

Editions.

Rome,

1536;

Seville,

1537;

ib.,

Lyons, 1512, 4"; ih., 1515,4;

Messina, 1522; 1534;

described);

(here

fol.

15 15,

93

Paris,

540

(?)

Seville,

1542, 4

1563,
1552 (p. 94);
(?), 1552; Granada,
(see below);
4.
The Lyons edition of 15 12 was the first book on commerIt differs somewhat from
cial arithmetic printed in France.
s.

ib.,

the

Rome

from the

1.

15 15, but the latter differs only

edition of

(Barcelona) edition.

first

Mr. Plimpton's copy of

lillle
i

belonged to Prince Boncompagni and has his collation on the

It is beautifully printed and is one of the best examples
cover.
of the early Italian

mathematical typography.

one of the most celebrated arithmetics written in Spain in

the sixteenth century. It is a purely commercial book, beginning with
This

is

up the four processes with integers, the progressions,

and the checks on operations, and the same operations in
the same order with fractions, and then discussing the business rules.
These last include exchange, rule of three, profit and loss, partnership,
testament problems, barter, alloys, false position, and a little mensuration.

notation, taking
the roots,

Bradwardin,

Other works 0/1512.

1492
150 1

Reisch, p. 82, 1503

I.

Furst,

'

Novus

JUAN DE ORTEGA.
See

Stromer,

p. 61,
p.

1495

83, 1504

Peurbach, p. 53,
Torrentini, p. 76,

algorithmus.'

Ed.

pr.

15 12.

Seville, 1542.

p. 91.

Tratado // fubtiliffimo de Arifmeti-//ca y dc Geomeco-//puefto y ordenado // por el reuerendo // padre fray Jua
// de Ortega d' //la orden d' // los pre//dicadores.// 1542 //
1234567890.' (The whole is surrounded by an elaborate woodTitle.

tria

'

cut border.)

(F.

i,

r.)

'Sue impreffo el prefente libro // re Arifmetica y

Geometria (agora nueuamete // corregido y emendado) en cafa
Colophon.

d'Jacom//cr6berger: enla muy noble y muy leal//ciudad de

Seuilla:a cinco dias//de deziembre de. M.d. y //quareta y dos
ahoz.'

(F. 232, V.)

14.5

numb., 34

11.

Description.

cm.

232

ff.

See above.

4,

20.5 cm., the text being 11.3

Seville, 1542.

17.2

RARA ARITHMETICA

94

JUAN DE ORTEGA.
See
Title.

pr.

1512.

Seville, 1552.

'

Tractado // Subtiliffimo d Arifmetica y de Geome//

el reueredo padre // irdij Juan de Hortega,

Compuefto por

tria.

d'la

Ed.

p. 91.

orden // de

con mucha //

los

predicadores.// Elhora de nueuo emendado

Gon^alo Bufto d'muchos //errores

que aula en algunas im//preffiones paffadas.// CVan anadidas
en efta impreffion las // prueuas defde reduzir hafta partir que-

//brados.
uas,

con

//ctado

en

las

mas de

las figuras

ciert os aui-//fos fubjetos al

de //geometria fus prue-

Algebra.

al fin

defte tra

exemplos de arte mayor.// 1552.' (Title page

red, and is surrounded by an elaborate woodcut

13.

printed in
black.)

diligetia por

{F.

is

in

I, r.)

ColopJion.

'

Hizo

fin el

tractado de Arifmetica

Y// Geome-

que compufo y ordeno el reuerendo padre //fray Juan de

Hortega, de la orden de los predica-//dores. Fue impreffo ela

tria,

muy

noble

muy

leal

// ciudad de Seuilla por Jua canalla, enla //

Acabofe a diez//y feys dias del mes de

collacion de fant Jua.

Abril del // ano de nueftro criador y rede//ptor Jefu Christo de

mill// 2 quinientos 2 cin-//quenta y dos//aiios.' (F. 223, r.)
Description. 8, 14.6 X 20 cm., the text being 1 1.9 x 17.4 cm.

232

ff.

numb,

See p. 93.

-f

unnumb.

The

'arte

239

JODOCUS CLICHTOVEUS.
See
Title.

33

ff.,

mayor' mentioned

Ed.

11.

Seville, 1552.

in the title

pr.

1513.

is

algebra.

Paris, 1513.

p. 80.

See Fig.

52.

eft hoc opufculum & ex ofificina emif//fum/ in alma Parifiorum academia ano domi-//ni (qui omnia
numero definiuit) decimoter//tio fupra millefimu & quingente-

Colophon.

'

CExpletum

fimu/ //decimafexta die Decembris. Per // Henricu ftephanu/

artis excu//forie libroru fedulu

&

indu//ftriu opifice/ e regione

//fchole Decretoru //habitan-//tem.'

Description.

41

ff.

numb.

(F. 43, v.)

14 X 19.5 cm., the text being 12 x 15.7 cm.

unnumb. -f- 2 blank = 46 ff., 42 11. Paris, 15 13.

4,

PRINTED HOOKS
Editio)is.

to
in

There was no other

95

edition.

This is, I believe, the first separate treatise on the mystery of numbers
appear in print. Paciuolo had incUided a good deal of such material
his Siniima of 1494, and about a century later Bungus published a

monumental
in the

upon the

treatise

subject, but Clichtoveus

The

publication of a separate work.

was a pioneer

result of his labors

is

properly

ltDc myflica numcrorumfignifi'cationc opu^

fculumteorum pr^fertim qui in facris lit*
teris vfitati habentur/rpirituale ipfoi

rum

defignationem (uccin
{Xz elucidanst

Fig. 52.

included in a

list

TrrLE page of the 15 13 clichtoveus

of arithmetics, for, while there

tation in the work,

it

nothing of compu-

is

not unrelated to the number theories of the

is

mediaeval writers and even of the Pythagoreans.

Clichtoveus discusses, as

usual

is

among such

writers, the religious

Quid vnitas/ numerorum fons et origio defignat.

Cap. I.') and the numbers of the first decade. He also mentions several
larger numbers which were supposed to have some scriptural significance,
not forgetting, of course, 666, the number of the beast.'
There is also in this work a chapter, generally unrecognized by writers
significance of one

('

'

on the history of the subject, on finger-reckoning

Quomodo antiqui:
numeros omnes per certas digitorii & manuum figurationes/ fignificare
iunt foliti.'
Cap. XXVIII.
:

JOANNES MARTINUS BLASIUS,

Ed.

pr.

'

Villagarciensis.
Paris, 15 13.

15 13.

Spanish astrologer and arithmetician of c. 1500. In this edition the

author's name appears as loannes Martinus Rlafius diocefis Pacefis,' and
in the 1519 edition as 'loannes Martinus Silecevs (and Sciliceus) Diocesis
'

Pacefis.'

Title.

See Fig.

Colophon.

53.

'Explicit liber Arithme//tices practice magri Joan-

nis Martini Blafij Vil-Z/lagarciefis

Belua-//coru paleftra
pertiffimo

Thoma Kees

Parifijs edit9 in honeftilTima

impreffus vero a calcographorum ex-//

:

Vvefalienfe expenfis pro//birrimorimi

KARA ARITHMETICA

Fig. 53.

Title page of the 15 13 blasius

PRINTr:i) IKJOKS
vironim

97

Anno

Joannis Parui cl Joannis // Lambert.

15 13. in vigilia diui Jo-//annis baptifte.'

(F. 26,

doiiiini.

r.)

Fol, 19.5 X 28. i cm., printed in double columns,

each being 6.5 X 21.3 cm. 26 ff. unnumb., 64-66 11. Paris, 1513.
Description.

Paris, 15 13, fol. (here described);

Editions.
8;

1514, large

ib.,

15 19 (see below); ib., 1526, fol.

ib.,

Although an algorism, the work is mediaeval in character. The author

discusses the fundamental operations with integers, including series
and roots as was the custom, but not considering duplation and mediation as distinct topics. He is one of the earliest writers to adopt the
spelling substractio, for subtraction, a custom more or less followed by
first

the

Dutch and English arithmeticians

closes his
'

'

primus tractatus

Tractatus secundus

The

supputatorii.'
'

the

'

Blasius

compound numbers.
computations with counters, or nummi
'

tertius tractatus
'

for several generations.

with a discussion of

considers

'

'

fractiones vulgares

'

'

is

devoted to

quartus tractatus

'

common

fractions,

to sexagesimal fractions,

and the quintus tractatus to the rule of three

(' Prima regula 1 fudametalis qua detri dicunt.')
There are no practical
applications of any value.
This first edition differs greatly from the third (15 19) described
*

fractiones ])hisicae

below.
parts,

'

'

'

includes only the algorism, while the latter consists of two

It

the

l)eing

first

on Boethian arithmetic, and the second being

substantially identical with the 15 13 edition.

Other 7uorks of 15 13.

Albert of Saxony, p. 9, c. 1478; Ciruelo,

1495 (ryraldus, p. 254, 1553 Licht, p. 70, 1500 Peurbach, p.
53, 1492 ; Johann Karl von Landshut (Lanzut), 'Algorithmus linealis,'
Cracow, with editions, ib., 15 15, 15 19, 4 (see p. 83, 1504).
p. 60,

JOANNES MARTINUS BLASIUS,

Ed.

pr.

See

Paris, 15 19.

'

FiNARtrs, editor.

p. i6o.

Scili-//cei, in the-

nuper ab Orontio Fine, Del//phinate,

diligcntia caftigata, lon-//geq3 caftigatius

q prius, ipfo
omni hominij // conditioni perq // vtilis,//
neceffaria.// Virefcit vulnere virtus.' Surrounded by an elab-

cura-//te impreffa

&

See

Arithmetica // loannis // Martini,

oricen, et praxim // fciffa,

fumma

Villagarciensis.

13.

p. 95.

Orontius
Title.

orate woodcut, with the following on four sides

'

Emissa ex

RARA ARITHMETICA

98

officina Ilenrici Stephani, e regione

//scholae Decretorvm Com-

morantis,// vbi et vaenalis reperitvr.// Parisiis anno Christi.

(F.

1519.')

I, r.)

Large

Description.

20 cm.

64

Editions.

8,

20.3

numb., 52
See p. 97.

ff.

28.1 cm., the text being 13.3

Paris, 15 19.

11.

The

first half of this rare work, not found in the 15 13 edition, is

one of the best exponents of the Boethian arithmetic of the time.
Finaeus, the editor, refers to the author's work in these words
Hanc
:

'

loanes Martinus, Sciliceus, Hifpanus, vir Mathematicarii peritus, noftra

The author shows

tepeftate Parifijs edidit.'

a good knowledge of the

ancient writers, mentioning particularly Pythagoras, Nicomachus, Euclid,

Apuleius, and Boethius, together with Jordanus, Faber Stapulensis, and
Clichtoveus.

The

the clearness

and arrangement

of

distinctive superiority of this part of the

numbers defined.

tical part

work

of this half of the

all

The theory

beginning on

products to 50

f.

25, v.

is

'

of

lies in

numbers ends on f. 24, v., the practhe most noteworthy features

Among

Tabvla mvltiplicationis

et divisionis

with

'

50.

RAGGIUS FLORENTINUS.
A

work

of the illustrations of the various classes

Ed.

Florence, 1520.

pr. 15 14.

Florentine mathematician of the fifteenth century.

See Fig.

Title.

UJ Inhocopufculoheccontinentur,

54-

Colophon.

CQaidGtproportib&quoteiusffedcs

preffum

^ Quo

'Cim-

Floretiae

Bernardum
intelle<fhi

acclpiatur

compolitio S: diuilio proport/onum

& niale opinantium confutationes

chetta

M.D.XX.
"J-

|i;Qucmatorniinoruct>roportiodlccndant

^^'

Zuc-

// Anno.

(F-

lanua1 1

Description.

CTQuidptopinquftas

&

13.4

rcmotio

20.1

v.)
,

4,

cm.,

the text being 9.2

CConfutationesaigumentorum calculator^
T.

Fig. 54.

cm.

1 1

unnumb., -^^
34-37
^'

rr.

Title pace of raggius

'

ff
11.

Florence, 1520.
Editions.

Florence,

1514,4;

ib.,

520, 4 (here described).

PRINTED BOOKS

99

This work consists of a theoretical treatment of proportion. While

partly arithmetical, this treatment relates to the fundamental theory,
and is equally applicable to geometry. The book is dedicated to the
illustrious Ciiovanni Salviati, uncle of Cosimo I, Cirand Duke of Tuscany.

GUILLIELMUS BUDAEUS.

Ed.

Florence, 1562.

pr. 15 14.

Guii-i-AUME BuDic. Born at Paris in 1467 died at I'aris, August 23, 1540.
Son of lean Bude, grand audiencer of France. He became secretary to
Louis XII, master of requests to Francois I, royal librarian, and ambassador to Leo X. He was a man of great erudition, and was instrumental in
founding the College de France.
;

Title.

dal

Trattato // delle Monete // e Valvta loro,// Ridotte

all'vfo mo-//derno, Di M. Guglielmo//Bvdeo.

'

coftume antico,

//Tradotto per M. Giouan Bernardo // Gualandi Fiorentino.//

In Fiorenza // Apresso I Givnti // MDLXII.// Con licenza, &
;

(P.

Priuilegio.'

ColopJion.

'

i.)

Giunti//i562.'
Description.

cm.
28

apreffo

gli

heredi

d'Agofto.

8,

10.5

17.2 cm., the text being 6.8

blank

309 numb.

The dedicatory

MDLXI,'

epistle is dated

so that this

is

the

320

pp.,

'

it

with the

'

13.1

uncut,

il

xxx.

the only)

have not com-

Libri de asse et partibus ejus,' Paris, 15 14;

second edition, Venice, Aldus,

it is

Da. Viterbo

first (as it is

edition of Gualandi's translation of Budaeus.

page

// Bernardo

Florence, 1562.

Editions.

pared

di

(P. 318.)

unnumb.

8 pp.
11.

Fiorenza

In

1522.

Although on the title

number,

called a translation, the various books, six in

begin 'Trattato delle //Monete//

di

M.

Gio.

Bernardo// Gvalandi
it may have

Cittadino // Fiorentino,' leading to the belief that

been rewritten by Gualandi.

This treatise is purely historical, describing in a prolix manner the
ancient measures, a subject of interest to arithmeticians in the sixteenth
century on account of the great number of tables of denominate numbers
in use in Italy, France, and Germany.
There was also a work by Budaeus entitled Minervoe Aragonise Assis
'

Budeani supputatio compendiaia ad monetam j^onderaque

8Hispanic nostre,' etc., published at Saragossa in 1536,

et

mensuras

KARA ARITHMETICA

loo

JOHANN BOSCHENSTEYN.
Ed.

pr.

Augsburg, 15

5 14.

14.

Beschenstein, Boeschenstain, Bossenstein, Boechsentein, BuchSENSTEIN, Poschenstein, Besentinus, etc. Born at Esslingen, Swabia, in

He

1472; died in 1532.

Hebrew

taught

at the universities of Ingolstadt

and Heidelberg, and also at Antwerp and Nurnberg.

thon were among his pupils.

See Fig.

Title.

Colophon.

//Erhart

55.

Getruckt

'

oglin

Anno

in

der

15 14

unnumb., 30 11.
Editions. Augsburg, 15
24

cm.

ib.,

(F. 24,

ftat

Augfpurg durch

r.)

Augsburg, 15

ff.

Boschensteyn

18.

Kay ferlichen

Jar.'

19.2 cm., the text being 8.9

14.4

4,

Description.

Luther and Melanch-

14, 4 (here described); ib.,

also

is

said

14-8

14.

to

have

15 16;

published

at

Auo"sburg in 15 14 Ein New geordnet Rechenbuchlein auf den

hnien mit Rechenpfennigen,' 4, but this is doubtless Kobel's
*

work
It

102).

(p.

This is one of the more interesting of the early German arithmetics.

form the essenis mercantile in character, and presents in condensed

tials of

Among

business arithmetic.

the pecuUarities of the

book

is

the

Boschensteyn gives seven of these fundaDas scind nun die Siben figuren,' Die Erft figur
mental operations
Numeratio,' Die Ander figur Additio,' etc. He includes Duplatio and
Mediatio, and he checks all of his work by casting out nines. His appliRegula de Try,' partnership, and Regula
cations are chiefly in the

use of

'

figures

for 'species.'

'

'

'

'

'

'

Fufti

(where he gives

'

JAKOB KOBEL.

his rule in verse).

Ed.

pr.

Augsburg,

15 14.

15 14.

Kobel, Kobelrjs, Kobilinus. Born at Heidelberg in 1470; died at

Oppenheim, January 31, 1533. He studied at Cracow, where Copernicus
was his fellow-student. He was a man of varied attainments, meeting with
success as a Rechenmeister, printer, engraver, woodcarver, poet, and public
official.

Title.

See Fig. 56.

Getruckt

Colophon.

'

M.D.XIIII.'

(F.

Description.

ff.

unnumb.

burg,

14.

4,

tzii

XXIIII,
13.7

24 numb,

Augfpurg durch Erhart

oglin.//

Anno

r.)

18.9 cm., the text being

(in

Roman)

30

ff.,

9x15

30-35

11.

cm.

Augs-

PRINTED BOOKS

lOI

Min H^ax Qcoimct iRecb

eribiecbUn mit

^mnffcm

ocnangcnodifcbttlern ^tinm^n
baliw: ote Qiben fpcde^pigoritb^
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prfKb/t>n ^er re^el 5o|ii mit til artbcm guten
gett

ben hinbern ^nm

30(trtrt B^fct)ei(le^rt vcirt

tleftl^f<^4^l^04tlgert

Fig. 55.

fr4tf

anfmQ m!i3bwrlid? t)orc^

&(flmgeft prieflcr

x>rt(>

geoiC>rict*

Title page ok the 15 14 boschenstevn

RARA ARITHMETICA

I02

Kobel's Rechenbuch appeared under such varied

Editions.
titles

that

and
it is

such different combinations with his other books

in

difficult to

say whether a given edition

or merely a revision.
in the first place that
'

Rechenbiichlein,'

Kobel wrote three

(2)

(15

'

he recognizes

(3)

the 'Vysierbuch.'

appeared at Augsburg

first

new work

is

if

distinct books, (i) the

'Mit der Kryden,'

The 'Rechenbiichlein'
the

the student

It will aid

in 15 14, 4;

Vysierbuch,' a treatise on gauging, at Oppenheim,

and 'Mit der Kryden'

5);

When the

Oppenheim

at

8 edition of the Rechenbiichlein

a.

s.

in 1520.

108) appeared

(p.

was changed, and a few pages were slightly altered.

The 1 53 1 edition (p. 108), however, shows many changes, certain chapters being entirely rewritten, and others considerably
expanded. Although bearing a similar title, this might with
the

title

some

justice be called a different treatise

festly a revision of the

15 14

and yet

work that

it

it is

so mani-

may more

properly

be classed as a new edition.

The

three books were sometimes published as one and some-

times separately.

The

following

probably incomplete, and

it

list

of editions

is,

therefore,

should be understood that any book

mentioned may have been published with some other one.

Editions of the Rechenbuchlein Augsburg, 1 5 14, 4 (p. 100)
Oppenheim, 1514, 4 (P- 106); ib., s. a. (c. 1515); Augsburg,
:

zum Dritte
1516,4; 1 5 17, 4 Oppenheim, 1 5 18, 4 (p. 108
male gebeffert,' and hence the third revision, although at least
the sixth edition); two other editions before 1520 (Unger)
'

Oppenheim, 1522, 8;
ib.,

1531, 8

(p.

108);

Frankfort, 1537, 8

(p.

ib.,

1525,

no);

Frankfort,

12;

Oppenheim, 1531

1544, 8;

ib.,

ib.,

ib.,

1532

1527,
;

1549;

ib.,

ib.,

1535

1564

1573; 1575; Frankfort, 1584, 8.

Editions of Mit der Kryde od' Schreibfedern/ durch die zeiferzal zu reche // Ein neiiw Rechepiichlein/ den angenden Schu(p.

Ill);

ib.,

'

lern d' rechnug zu ere getruckt

'

Oppenheim, 1520; Frankfort,

1537, 8 (p. no); probably included in various other editions of

the Rechenbiichlein.

PRINTED BOOKS

mbiecblmauf Dcn litiieii

mit TRccbcit pfeningcn : ocii
3ungen3nsenocii5bcir
ticbem c^cbtmcb vno bcno

clnlmbtlicb5itkmcn

Fio. 56.

Title page of kobel's Rechcnhicchlin (15 14)

103

KARA ARITHMETICA

I04

55

LV

PRINTi:!)
tetJcut til? pcfur bet fctben

i^icfje ficjwr i(i

HOOKS

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dm

105

betjc^t ain

f\

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mb

bm

twr4?

bm felbcn bruc^) vno gcfd)i4)t bae auj5 b vrfacl)

b^cwc^ylalweg b'fccrp rnnb

gelcii^ fciit follw/viirtb fo b^o
Fig. 58.

Ictfltjale

bcC>ei7ttiJ5

alfo gcfct)ic^t/eo

page from kobel's Rcchenbicchlin (15 14)

foU

KARA ARITHMETICA

io6

Editions of the
(p.

Vysierbuch

'

113); Frankfort, 1527;

1531

ib.,

1532

s. 1.,

'

ib.,

Oppenheim,

1531, 8

(p.

1584; probably included

editions of the Rechenbiichlein (p.

a.

s.

(151

5).

108); Oppenheim,
in various other

iii, 1564).

edition of this well-known arithmetic. As already

was occasionally changed, but the work was essentially
but little altered. It is a purely commercial book, with all of the operations performed by counters as was still the custom of the time in most
parts of Germany. Kobel treats of the rule of three ('die Gulden Kegel,

This

is

the

first

stated, the title

dem Walen de Try

die von

genant wirt'), partnership, reduction, inher-

and exchange. The fundamental operations include progressions, and Roman numerals are used except in the section on notation
(Fig. 57). Kobel makes a curious use of the Arabic method of writing
itances,

fractions, the terms being written in

Roman,

"'
for

Illic .LX

460

as in the case of

(see Fig. 58).

Altogether, Kobel was a vigorous writer, and his Gothic style shows him
to have been no more a follower of the Italian arithmeticians than Diirer

and Holbein were of the Italian artists.

Other works 0/1514. Boethius, p. 27, 1488 Grammateus, p. 123
Jordanus, p. 65, 1496 Stromer, p. 83, 1504 Torrentini, p. 76, 1501
Hermannus Buschius, Algorithmus linealis Proiectiliu de Ttegris perpul;

'

Vienna,

4,

ff.

chris Arithmetice artis regulis

natus,'

earundemque probationibus claris exoranonymous, and as written

(also catalogued as

by Johannes Cusanus see p. 43, c. 1490, for Nicolaus Cusa; see also
There was also pubhshed c. 15 14 an anonymous work
p. 86, 1505).
Arithmetics practicae Tractatus qui dicitur Algorismus, cum
entitled
;

'

additionibus utiliter adjunctis,' Paris, 4.

JAKOB KOBEL.
See

Ed.

pr.

Oppenheim, 15

15 14.

14.

p. 100.

Dem
Pol. A ij begins
Title. The title page is missing.
Ernueften Dietherichen//Remerer von Wormbs:genant von Dalburgk // meinen befundern gunftigen lieben Junck-//herzen/
'

Eubeutich Jacob Kobel/ //dielTer zeit Statfchreiber zu Op-//

penheim/mein willig dinft // allerzeyt bereydt//zu vor.'
Colophon.

XIIIL'

'

Getriickt

(F. no.

zii

XXIIII.

Oppenheym.// Anno.
See Fig.

59.)

M.CCCCC.

PRINTED BOOKS

Mam oelett/t)Ji6

tt)5

107

rm ttbcr ^: <v iAbcttff bUjbf / 5ad

Hoc^
^cm l>et^ yn ^a^ fclb fcui gcU noc^ tin m.ol gcwtglup
nmfUnfen ^elm/ofi woe fin al^^att abcr moU tiba
^^cfg bit fasm/vnb

ftinff iibcc

f^tcib C6 o^gtnf lu^ auff/

blobr/^a^ 6ir auc^ fagcn/^ j fd? Jeib aba

miff/ ?>^mel?m/l>clg^u^^affclbl^gtlf wUycrumb

mtr lyboi ^dcn/mb wa6 ym ale 6aiT abomiale iibca

blabffc^jctbaud)vff/ eo^)alfo jcwrgvolbjac^t

n)trf/foUMrw>uw<l5ttmtr(lwiiba btcy Obcrf^lyboi
flf/i^nfht^anJ.ab<^/foU0t^)ff>teU^lUltLXX
JHfi6e(mabar.n,foleg^airfttrT>ff6ieUnimcxL
ym^c(hl 0ra6 tif.iibmff/fo leg vffM^lifUcnccx*
JDarllac^%tt>a6tloc^^c5alt^em ^de mit fanfftit
iibcc bltcbcn t(? i>rib ale inanicl?

mal ale bu one ftri>

bcf?/aleoffrle^xxi.t>ffbtclmim.?Trum6:wtoi^b
act)f/ptcT)wlcintffer9aletioc^ fybm (ibcrblybm i(l/
fo^ubaewct^folmalweg'roj one XV. pfbtcUJuen
legvm/So boe alfo DOliib jacl^t fo t^u btc bwy ^alc jw
faniincn/m an Siim/t>nb wae baraug notrt/ bouon
folni ale bi^ b w fan|? tymbat vnb funfv>d}cn bouon
^ vt>cn/it)ae ale

bm atii lc(?e ubabUA)r/ fo md

t\l

bet

feumbceffclregttt)c(fcnb5bcrui fcynefccfcl ffc-^abr

\^at/vnb tjt rector fliiiacl?r.

Sllfo

wil icb 5ieffem ^ecbm^

biicl7Uui/ineincmi[)crbci^noct^/^cn%gctt^Ort/t)nb

cm (Bnbt gcben/wi fo td? anpfinb mid) bo mit tc^r

mo, gcfcl)a(fc l^abcii/ ixhI u^ funftigf licl? niir (jortce
f

T)nb bcr Docl)ffclcrte t^ilff b5

mcrm t)nb bcflbrn /ancb

Don v>vfirat/^clb 511 nicflcn/ic/wnb anbctcnomirf^

ri^c bmgbclcvcti^ii bcttJ|Ucl>ci)i gcb:aiic^'CoImct;j
f^cn /x>nb aiig bcc ^Infincmct* t>iib (Dconjcr raoffcit

barcn.

(Setiiickt 511 0ppenbcvm.

Unito^iclliXCCCCXrai.
Fig. 59.

Last page of kobel's KcchoibifihUn (ofpenheim,

15 14)

RARA ARITHMETICA

io8

cm.
i X 19.6 cm., the text being 9.2 X 15.8
Oppenheim,
14.
=
11.
15
ff.,
28-34
mimb.
29
24

Description. 4, 14.
5

ff.

mimmib.

editions
See p. 106. It is a curious fact that the first and second
should have appeared in the same year at two different places.

JAKOB KOBEL.
See

Ed.

pr.

Oppenheim,

15 14.

15 18.

p. 100.

See Fig. 60.

'Alfo Endet

Title.

Colophon.

fich

Seliglich d'

Drit// Truck

Rechenbuchleins/ Zu Oppenheym zufam-//men

dif3

gefegt/ vnd

volendt vff Dinftag des Hey-//ligen Criig Erhohungs tag.//

Annodni

.1518.'

Description.

(F.

4,

4 ff. unnumb.
Oppenheim, 15 18.

cm.

See

XLVI, r.)
X 18.4 cm.,

13.7

+46

mmib.

to

(I

the text being 9.2

XLVI) =

50

ff.,

14.8

32-33

11.

p. 106.

JAKOB KOBEL.
See

Ed.

pr.

Frankfort, 1531.

15 14.

p. 100.

Ein new geor-//denet Kunftlich Rechenbuchlin/

Kobels/ Stattfchreiber zii Oppen-//heim/ Auff den
Den angehnLinien vnd Spacien/ mit Rech-//enpfeiiingen.
Vnd zu
lernen.
zu
leichtlich
gantz
Rech//nens
Schulern
den
Kellerei//en Ampten/ Kauffmanfchafften/ vnd Krame-//reien
Title.

'

Ja-//cob

vnd brauchlich. Mit vilen erkla-//rungen/ Leren/

Regeln vnd Exempln.// Ji@^ Mehr dafi vormals ie getruckt/
//gebeffert/ vnd ziigefetzt.// Im Jare M. D. XXXL//Vifir
Buchlin/ //Den Jungen/ angehnden/ // Leijfchen Vifirern gantz
Wie mari ein //
leichtlich zu lernen/ //verftehn vnd Rechnen.

dienlich

Vifirrut

machen/vnnd damit ein//iedes

//ende

difes Rechenbi!ich//lins angehenckt.'

vafz vifirenn/ folle Zii

(F.

i, r.)

Franckenfurt/am Mein. In Ver//

lag vnnd Gemeynfchafft des Ernhaffetnn // vnd Fiirnemen Herrn
Jacoben K6-//bels/ Stattfchreiber zu Oppen-//heim. Bei ChrifColophon.

'CGetruckt

tian Ege-//nolffen.

//M.D.XXXI.

Jar.'

zii

Im Mertzen/ // Nach der geburt

(F.

CXII,

r.)

// Chrifti.

PRINTED BOOKS

"^^^ new ^ec^je

WiCinim mn^ pacteit / nut
Ii2\ccl)t'pfcnnmgc/ ^au|fmanfci?a|f
j

W^ ^cffltc^c ^^n^elunge/lctc^rlic^

^rec^elctucmacre/jumlDn'ctcmalc/
!

Igcbeflcct vit ju

CppcnlKm^cmr"

g;

Bib

iWtc mart ^ccl)m fol/t)it n)ii(? gem/

|jft

faiiffmarct?afft/g'm)yn/pcrt51?/

iD46 er rttf arbdt r^cr t>mb fflfl

pclftampr/t>n^ :^cllcrK/t?0nc^r/

mm

jiDae cf ntt tt^iirb/pcrad) t );>a;rticl^ t/

Dec ^au(f Mg>5ucb vii leg mit petgj

v^n^ nurcf / wae tcl} yn

^)n^ectt)ct(5/

IDcm fonv cr iiocb n)tr firdcm mfit

*25c^urpn6ffot/Sccl/Cnb/t>tt gwr*

Fig. 60,

Title pauk of kobel's Rcchi-puchlcin (15 18).

109

RARA ARITHMETICA

no
Description.

8,

9.7

14.9 cm., the text being 6.9

numb, in Roman, 28-29

Editions. See p. 102.

112

1.5

cm.

Frankfort, 1531.

11.

ff.

Jacob's staff' used by surveyors was first

It is often stated that the
described by Kobel in this year (1531) and that it received its name in
his honor. The name was old before this time, however, as applied to
'

of surveying instrument, for in the Margarita Philosophica

some form

(1503, Bk. VI, tract. II)

disciple, in

Dis. Qualis

which
is eft

it

it is

JAKOB KOBEL.
Title.

a conversation between a master and his

'

Mag. baculo que lacob dicunt.

The master thereupon

baculus?'

ment, and a picture of

See

is

mentioned

is

Ed.

describes the instru-

given.

pr.

Frankfort, 1537.

1514.

p. 100.
'

rech-//enbuchlin: vff der // Linien vnd Zipher/

Zwey

Mit eym angehenck-//ten Vifirbuch/fo verftendtlich fijr//geben/

das iedem hieraufz on//eih lerer wol zulernen.// CDurch den

Achtbarn vnd wol erfarnen//H. Jacoben Kobel Statfchreiber

//zu Oppenheym.// Franc. Chrift. Egen.' (F. i, r.)
Ende/Im lar M.D.XXXVIL' (F. numb. 144, r.)
Colophon.
'

Description.
8

ff.

unnumb.

Editions.

8, 9.5

+ 9-144
See

p.

15 cm., the text being 7.1

numb.

144

ff.,

30

11.

11.9 cm.

Frankfort, 1537.

102.

the earliest of Mr. Plimpton's copies containing the three

Rechenbiichlein,' (2) 'Mit der Kryde,'
books written by Kobel, (i)

This

is

'

(3) the

'

Vysierbuch.'

formed one

of the three in a single volume

books of the time, giving the operations both

The combination

of the best

with counters and according to algorism. The latter is given in the part
entitled 'Mit der kreiden // odder fchreibfederen/durch //die zifferzal zu rechen/ Ein new Rechen-//buchlin/ den angehnden fchulern
der //rechnung zu eren getruckt.' (F. 106.) In this work Kobel also
includes the usual business problems of the period and the chapter on

the calendar required by the

Church

schools.

An

unusually complete

Eyn new Vifir //

Leyen/ zu // leichtem vnd begreiflichem verftandt //
verordnet/ Durch H. Jacob //Kobel Stattfchreiber zu //Oppenheym.'
(F. 95, r.) It is much more complete than the 15 14 edition of the
(see p. 106), and is substantially the same as the
Rechenbiichlein
treatment of gauging

Buchlin/ den

'

'

is

given in the part entitled

'

PRINTED BOOKS

iii

1531 edition (see p. 108) exce])t that it contains the thinl part, Mit
der Kreiden,' which the latter does not.
The Hindu-Arabic numerals were still considered difficult (' den die
'

Zifer zal

am

erften zulernen fchwere,'

die felb Teutfche zal

JAKOB KOBEL.
See

f.

common Roman

better to begin with the

9, v.),

and teachers

characters

hie anzeygen vii erkleren

Ed.

pr.

('

still felt

it

wil ich ziim erften

').

Frankfort, 1564.

5 14.

p. 100.

Vot7Vccfi-t<Mfrflgcrt.

Title.

Rechenbiich/

'

//Auff Linien vnd Ziffern.

cdjt fjftfl/ vtino jl;m

(lit

rtlfo

57

nad?Hompfl/n)tt

tad;tl!Vt) (eriteit tcdjitjct/

aWm Ccs X>\x\ti

//MiteinemVifirbuchlin/
Klar // vnd verftendtlich
furgeben. // Gerechnet

met m (Jrtnfjctt jclen.

Buchlin/auffalle//Wahr

vnd Kauffmanfchafft /
Muntz/ // Gewicht/ Elen/
vnd Mafz/ viler Land //
vnd Stett verglichen.//
Durch H. Jacob Kobel. //
(Woodcut.)

Cum

Gratia

&

Priuilegio.// Franckfurt/
^iit^ct:n>oDcc

Bei Chr. Egen. Erben //

M. D. LXIIIL'
Colop]io7i.

'

(F. 1,1.)

Getruckt zu

bunOa-t vn& <id;t5igbyrn/:3(tt)te

fcg/wtevtlbyunfievmbe(npfennfngb<J'

bcf Cbit/ftfflob^dcrt/ fo foHiptortjcbctt/

emcn pfeti*
2(lfo xnl byi'cn bn t fie vmb

nms /

(F. 194, V.)

8,

9.

gebct onff

Eorblitt

Franckfurt // am Mayn
bey Chriftian E-//genolffs
Erben.// M. D. LXIIIL'
Description.

-f^juiiffmitttet

mard't/ fcuffr vbetbftupt em !R,<!rbl(it

ttittKcbnctbym/Ortrnmb cjibt fie ocl?^cbcil
pfmninj;/ fofichcun tempt /fmOct fie itn

XiiXi

ViJt)

ijl

ttjolfcyl

t)tinb.

15.2 cm., the text being

6.3

12.2

cm.

12

iEtn2^6cl;cittJ:cy(Tcf 0el;trtrt ctneiii Stii*

ff.

unnumb. + 194 numb. =

206 ff., 28-29 11. Frankfort,

which

1564.

(There were

this is the sixth.)

Fig. 61.

at

From

kobf.l's Rcc)icnbuch(\^(i^

least eight Frankfort editions,

of

RARA ARITHMETICA

112
Editions.

See

p.

102.

same as in the 1537 edition (see p. 1 10). The

not found in the 1537 edition, or in any other
edition in the Plimpton hbrary. It consists of a description of foreign
and domestic money, with numerous iUustrations of coins. This begins

The

first

rest of the

165

ff.

book

are the

is

nY0m^ic5ct

m^ (l>ppcnbeym/(6tce

^6it Scynd)/& ArtOcc ConQ v5 ^tcbctgcttftnt/woltcttmi't

crtt4nt)ei:

gen Kom

ctttcnMgnid?t mcl?^ t)cnrt?cbttmetkgc^

|jcn/2tbec CtJtt^ vofi Crcbcr voas, mttg vi>

J^crdf/cnttdd?tdtten

wg iMnctlcrtgcljctt/

5Dtf^b<JlbCttgtcngoit -^cyjincl? ncun teg

fCJitt (Tontj von Ctc^cynnd? on9Ctt9o.

cbc rttti? (Dppciibcytit

l>e:/2iirottJrti:eo

tJtctIertf&ig(tgci/d;cConeau3cI?<?b6b<^
tt^3rttgebe

nuttiftDfefrfig

/M

tt?ie

vil t<tgcti

Cdti^

ijdtfCrcbctSon-^cytiticl^cttvbergangcii/

nO l>ic Jwett juftmcn fotnmcn femt)?

9DiCli>nt> t)crglctd?cn ffftgnjjtjlu alfo Cnfc

fc^ct^ctt.3^um crftctt leg Die tictlcn/Dic

6ott

^eynticb ontjcnfurgrtngcttt|l/Drts ftmiJ

9o.meilcrt/vffDcm^c<1)ci5bi^n<f/'X''nMf

rit

&<?ttn;>icmc(lcn/ficcnitucincwgiiKb;

Fig. 62.

From

K()bel's

Rechcnbuch (1564)

(f. 165, r.): 'Von Frembden vnd Hie//landifchen Mflntzen/ So difer zeit
in//Teutfch vnnd Welfchen landen/inn aller // Kauffmanfchafift vnd
Gewerb/ Handehi/ //viler Land art im branch/ geng/ gibig oder // ver.'
ruffen Muntzen/
The book closes (f. 184, v.) with a set of tables
and (f. 192, V.) a Regifter.'
.

'

PRINTED HOOKS
JAKOB KOBEL.
See
Title.

vff eins

p.
'

Ed.

pr.

1515.

H3

Opponheim,

s.

a. (i 5

5).

100.

Eyn New geordet //

yden Lands Eych //

Y\o. 63.

//vn do mit

vii

Vyfirbiich. licit

yn.//Wie man

Mafz/ein gcrecht Vyfirut machc

Last page of kobkl's \'ysirhuch (15 15)

ein ygklich

inhalt crlernen // folle.

onbekant Vafz // vyfieren/ auch feynen

Den anhebenden

Schvilern ViZ/fircns

RARA ARITHMETICA

114

Leichtlich/ mit Figuren vnnd//Exempeln/zu lernen/angezeigt.

//Angehengt Tafeln.//Die Erften Fyer halten yn gerechet/
zu XXVI. Od'
11 io eyn Fuder weins kaufft wirt/ vmb // Guide
XXIIII. ATb. ;c.// Was die Ome/das Fyrtel/ vnnd die Mafz
gelten.//Die Andern Tafeln/Zeyge an/ Ver//anderug vii wechfelug einer Muntz//durch die ander/als ^9. in lb. jc. //Ge-

druckt zu Oppenheym.'

(F.

i, r.)

Colophon. 'Gedruckt zu Oppenheym.'

Description.

cm.
s.

a.

See Fig.

(F. 32, v.

19.7 cm., the text being 9.4

14.4

63.)

i4-5

unnumb. + 28 numb. = 32 ff., 30-32 11. Oppenheim,

There is no date on the title page nor in the colo-

ff.

(151

4,

5).

phon, but the prefatory statement closes with the words,

Anno &

nendet vff dornftag noch Letare.

See

Editions.

The work

'

Vol-

15 15.'

p. 106.

semiarithmetical, quite as

is

c.

so as the chapters on

much

mensuration in our textbooks chapters, indeed, which owe their origin

in no small degree to these treatises on gauging so often appended to
the old arithmetics. This work is illustrated with quaint woodcuts showing the use of the Vylirftab or gauging measure. (See Fig. 63.)
;

'

'

GIROLAMO
Ed.

pr.

AND

GIANNANTONIO TAGLIENTE.
s.

15 15.

Venetian arithmeticians of
Title.

'

c.

Opera che // insegna // A

catia // et a pertegare le Terre //

fare ogni

Con

Componimeto // di arithmetica // Con

M. D. XXV.' (F. I, r.)
Description.

91

8,

28-33

ff.,

10.3
11-

S.

Ragione // de Mer-

grati"

&

preuilegio //

cm., the text being 7.5

15.1
1.

(Venice), 1525.

arte giometrical // Intito-

lata

cm.

1.

500.

12.5

(Venice), 1525.

Venice, 15 15, 8 (De Morgan having erred in sayib., 1520; ib., 1523,8; ib. (s. 1.),

Editions.

ing 'apparently before 1500');

1525, 8 (here described);

s. a.

1526;

ib.,

(1530.?), 8; Venice, 1541

ib.,

1527;

Milan, 1541, 8

ib.,

(p.

1528,

115);

s.

4;
1.,

1547, 8; Milan, 1548; Venice, 1548 (with probably a second

Venetian edition, i 548, under the title Thesoro universale de
'

abacho,' by

'

lucha atonio de Uberti,' 8);ib., 1550;

ib.,

1554;

ib.,

PRINTED BOOKS

115
Milan, 1570;

ib., 1564;
1570;
1567;
1579; ib., 1586. Riccardi also mentions eleven
other editions, s.a., and four such appeared in the Boncompagni

1557;

ib.,

1561;

ib.,

1576;

sale,

ib.,

ib.,

ib.,

and four

peared, and

in the

Fisher sale of 1906.

The work

also ap-

frequently catalogued, without the authors' names.

is

These various editions have been the object of critical study

by E. A. Cicogna and Prince Boncompagni. The former set
forth his results in his Saggio di bibliogmfia I \ncziana, Venice,
1847, p. 218, ascribing the work to Girolamo Tagliente 'con
consanguineo Giannantonio Tagliente.'

In the

name

appears,

I'ajuto del suo

edition of 1525, here described, only the former

the text beginning,

'CAl benigno lettore//Hieronymo

Tagliente.'

Boncompagni's investigations, setting forth the differences in the

various editions, appeared in the Atti dell Accadcinia Pontif. de
Nuovi Lificei, XVI, 139, 147, 155, 304. See also Riccardi, I,
2,

'

484, and Boncompagni's Bulletino, XIII, 247.

There was also a treatise published by the Taglientes entitled

Regole

mercatura intitolato componimento

di

Venice, 1524,

8,

also the treatise

di arithmetica,'

See

probably another edition of this work.

on bookkeeping mentioned on

p.

141, 1525.

The book opens with a brief treatment of notation and finger symbols.
Then follow in order the multiplication table, the proof of sevens, various
methods of multiplication, division by the galley method, addition chiefly
of denominate numbers, subtraction, the operations with fractions in the
same order, exchange, rule of three, and applied problems. There are
numerous interesting woodcuts, and such familiar problems as those of
the couriers, the testament, and the sale of eggs are given with illustrations.

In spite of the arrangement of topics, there were few textbooks

so influential as this in shaping the subsequent teaching of arithmetic.

GIROLAMO
Ed.

pr.

See
Title.

15

.'^ND
1

5.

GIANNANTONIO TAGLIENTE.
Milan, 1541.

p. 114.
'

Libro // dabaco che in//segna a fare // ogni ragione

& // pertegare le terre co I'arte di //la Geometria,

mercadantile,

e altre no//bilifsime raginoe ftra-//ordinarie c5 la Ta-//riffa

come

RARA ARITHMETICA

ii6
refpon//deno

li

la inclita citta di

vniuerfale.'

& // Monede de moltc terre del mon-/7do con

Vene-//gia. Elquel Libro fe chiama //Thefauro

pefi

(F.

Colophon.

'

i, r.)

Stampato

in

Milano per

lo.

Antonio da Borgho.//

M. D. XLL' (F. 80, v.)

Description. 8, 10 X 14.6 cm., the text being j .J X 12.3 cm.
80 ff. unnumb. + 7 blank = 87 ff., 23-30 11. Milan, 1541.
Editions. Seep. 114.

Nell'

anno

del.

Fig. 64.

This

differs

but

little

From the 1541 tagliente

from the 1525 edition, the Opera che insegna'

'

(see p. 114), except in having a set of tariff tables at the end:

comenza

el

terzo Libro di la fruttifera opera

// chiamata

'

CQui

la Tariffa

There is some slight change in the phraseology, particubeginning of the various sections. For two curious forms of
multiplication see Fig. 64. Such arrangements of the work in multiplication were quite common, particularly in the early Spanish and Italian
arithmetics of the first half of the sixteenth century. That they should
(f.

iiii,

v.).

larly at the

have found place in a popular mercantile treatise

surprising.

is,

however, rather

PRINTED BOOKS
VARIOUS AUTHORS.

Ed.

pr.

117
Vienna,

1515.

15 15.

Joannes de Mukis (Jean de Metirs, Murs, Mi;ria) was born

Normandy,
and music.

c.

He

1310; died after 1360.

Thomas Bradwardin. See

in

wrote on arithmetic, a.stronomy,

p. 61.

NicoLAUs IIorem (Nicolas Oresme) was born

at Caen (.') c. 1323;

taught in the College de Navarre at
He wrote also an AlgorisParis, and in 1377 became Bishop of Lisieux.
mus Proportionum,' in which the idea of fractional exponents first appears.

died at Lisieux, July

He

11, 13S2.

'

Georg von Peurbach. See

p. 53.

Joannes de Gmunden (Johann von Gmunden, Johann Wissbier?

NvDEN ? ScHiNDEi-.' JoHANNES DE Gamundia) was born c. 13S0, at
Gmunden on the Traunsee, or Gemiind in Lower Austria, or Gemiind in
Swabia; died at Vienna, February 23, 1442. He was educated at Vienna,
and taught

there, being the first professor of

mathematics alone

in Austria.

See Fig. 65.

Impreffum Vienne per Joannem Singrenium //
Colophon.
Expenfis vero Leonardi Luce Alantfe //fratrum Anno domini
Title.

'

.M.ccccc.xv.// Decimono die Maij.'

Description.

4,

14.3

(F".

cm. (without the marginal references).

Vienna, 15

54

15.5

ff.

unnumb., 26

11.

this

combination

of

15.

Editions.

works.

r.)

54,

18.4 cm., the text being 9.7

There

See pp.

is

no other edition of

53, 61, 118, for the individual treatises.

This interesting work consists of

five parts.

The

first

is

the arith-

While it is called an extract from the

arithmetic of Boethius, it is merely suggested by that treatise and is
really the work of Muris.
This part of the work begins on f. 2 with
the following title:
Incipit Arithmetica comunis ex//diui Seuerini
Boetij Arithmetica per M. Joannem // de muris compendiofe excerpta.
// Prohemium.' De Morgan (p. 3) mentions a possibly earlier edition,
metic of Joannes de Muris.

'

s. 1. a., 4.

(See also p. 86, 1505.)

part of the volume begins on

The second

on proportion by Thomas Bradwardin.

the subject, and has the following title

It is
:

'

f.

17, v.,

and

is

the

work

a theoretical treatment of

Tractatus breuis proportionu

Thome // Braguardini
:

ab-//breuiatus ex libro de Proportionibus. D.

Anglici.'

The third part begins on f. 27, v., and is a treatise by Nicolaus

Horem, with the following title 'Tractatus de Latitudinibus forma-//
rum fcdm doctrina magiftri Nicolai Horem.' This subject attracted
:

considerable attention in the latter part of the Middle .Ages.

RARA ARITHMETICA

ii8

is the algorism of Peurbach, and has the following

Opufculu Magiftri Georgij //Peurbachij doctifs.' As
already stated (p. 53), this work takes up the four fundamental operations and progressions, giving merely a theoretical discussion of the

The

title

on

fourth part
37,

f.

V.

'

subject.

The

(f.

44, v.) begins

'

Incipit

tractatus de Minucijs

compofitus Vienne Auftrie per magiftrum

Gmunden.'
or, as

part

fifth

phi-//ficis

This

is

the treatise of

Gmunden on

//Joannem de

sexagesimal fractions,

they were called in the Middle Ages, physical fractions.

These

used by us in our degrees (or hours), minutes, and seconds,

served the purposes of the later decimal fractions. They were carried

fractions,

much

still

farther than

is

now

+^+

the case, a

g + ^3 + ^.

meaning merely

symbolism

") is relatively

(,

The book
volume

five

',

number
'

like 3 15'

or 3

^^

40"

15'" 45 'V

The present

modern.

is particularly interesting because it combines in one

well-known books by mediaeval writers. In no other

iContmutnhocliMlo.
^ritbmctia commuin'o*
pzopojtioiiee b:cnc0,

fbchtimmibm

foztmrmn.

3lgo:itbmu0.0>.0co:gij "^curbacby in iimme.

aiGo^itbniu00>a^ifln'3oaiini0Oci5munocii

Dcmiimcgo
Fig. 65.

pbtficio.

Title page of the Vienna work of 15 15

volume could the inadequacy of the mediaeval treatment of

mathematics be better seen. Indeed, a manuscript of 15 15, found by
Gerhardt in the Wolfenbiittler Bibliothek, expressly states that the
lectures on arithmetic given in the universities of that period were
based on the above works of Muris, Bradwardin, Peurbach, and Joannes
de Gmunden. i^Monatsherichte der K. P. Akad. d. Wisscnsch. zu Berlin,
single

1867, p. 43.)

PRINTED BOOKS
JOANNES DE MURIS.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

119

Mam/,

1515.

153.S.

p. 117.
'

Arilhnic//ticac specvlativae // Libri duo loannis de

Muris ab in-//numeris erroribus quibus hactc-//nus corrupti, &

uetuftate fer//me perierant diligen-//ter emendati,// Pvlcherrimis qvoqve exemplis, Formisq; nouis declarati & in // ufum
ftudiofae iuuentutis

Mogun-//tinae iam reccens ex-Z/cufi.// Mo-

gvntiae cxcvdebat // Ivo

(F.

Scoffer

anno.// M.

D.

XXXVIII.'

I, r.)

Colophoji.

'

Description.

8,

4 pp. unnumb.
pp.

Mogvntiae

XXlCVm.'

M. D.

cxcvdebat // Ivo

9.6

14.5 cm., the text being d.G

3-88 numb.

blank

1.9

with woodcut

cm.

96

Mainz, 1538.

Editions.

This

is

the second dated edition of the arithmetic

of this popular mediaeval teacher.

(See

plete than the one of 1515, but

does not, like the

it

p.

(See also Boethius,

See

latter, give

so largely

it is

p. 27.)

p. 117.

JOANNES FCENISECA.
An Augsburg

teacher of

c.

Ed.

pr.

Augsburg, 1515.

1515.

1500.

See Fig. 66.

Title.

Colophon.

'

Impreffa Augufte Vindelicorum/communibus im-

penfis lo/ //annis Miller atq5 loannis foenifece.

//te domini.
Description.
ff.

more com-

It is

17.)

the marginal references to Boethius, upon which

based.

20

anno.//

Schcffcr

(F. 90, V.)

M.D. XV.
4,

15.1

Anno

ad. IIII. Cal.' Maias.'

a natiuita

(F. 20,

21 cm., the text being 11

r.)

13.8 cm.

unnumb., 7-39 11. Augsburg, 15 15.

There was no other edition.

Editions.
This

is

an extract from a larger volume, for the

folios

have been

numbered by hand 40-59, and the register begins with aa i.' Only
two pages (aa ii, v., and aa iii, r.) are devoted to Arithmetica,' and these
'

'

relate only to the Boethian system.

chiefly to

The

rest of the

book

is

devoted

geometric figures, the mediaeval astronomy, and music.

Such

RARA ARITHMETICA

20

a book shows the superficiality and general emptiness of the work of

the schools that were supposed to stand for culture in the period of the
early Renaissance.

^
Opera Toannfs Fanifccae Augn*
hcc in lehabenc.

Quadratum

(apienri?:continens in fefcptem

artcslibcraks veterum.
Circulos biblj^ iiii.inquibus mccaphyfica

moiaica.

Commentaria honim.

Ad Hcc/libri rubricainftrius
fignati ncccflarii fu nc
:

P^Grammadca

don.alcx.gua.lafca.rocrf

Logjca

fmno
f

Rhctorica

Monaftica
Oeconomica
fOo5
.i.mosr^Politica
Alcajithmus fubaltcrnxis

j^

nouus
boerius
boccius

Arichmecica

Gcomctria
Pcripcaiua fiibalrana

mathcacica

pcTUsiacobi
bocruis
boccius

Mulica
Aftronomia
^^^Gcographia

philofbplua

tlicologia

phcmo'i^
Hiftond

pcolcm^us

Phylica
Mcdici'na fubaltcrna

diofcorides

Metaphyfica

biblium tripTcx
aai.

Fig. 66.

Title page of

ANONYMOUS.
Tzt/e.

(Line

'

i.)

Ed.

pr. c.

F(t:niseca's

15 15.

Opera (15 15)

Leipzig,

s.

a. (c.

15 15).

Melchiar Lotthervs Ivnior candido lectori salutem.'

Articularis Bedae prefbyteri numerorii computatio.'
'

(Line 24.)
Description.

26.7 cm.

42

One
11.

sheet, 28

X 36.4

cm., the text being 21.6

Printed on one side of a single sheet.

PRINTED 1U)UKS
There was no other

Editions.

known

121

edition, antl only this co])y

is

of this one.

This broadside was published by Lotter c. 15 15, and is a brief stateof the numerical finger-symbolism of the ancients, particularly
as described by the \'enerable Bede. The syml)olism is practically the
same as that described by such writers as Paciuolo and Aventinus (see

ment

pp. 57

and 136.)

CASPAR LAX.

Ed.

pr.

Paris, 15 15.

15 15.

1487 died at Saragossa, February 23, 1560. He

taught at Paris and Saragossa. Ilis only works are the two here described.

Born

Title.

at Sarinena, Spain,

c.

See Plate IIP

de

aragonenfis

Proportiones magiftri Gafparis // lax

'

farinyena

.'

(F.

loi,

Separately

r.

cata-

logued, see below.)

Colophon.

'

Explicit Arithmetica fpeculatiua Magiftri Gafparis

Lax Aragonenfis de Sarinyena duode-//cim

demonftrata.

libris

Impreffa Parifius opera ac characteribus Magiftri Nicolai de

barre-Z/Expenfis honefti
fius in vico diui

Hemundi

viri

le

la

feure Bibliopole Pari-

Jacobi fub figno Crefce//tis albi vitam degentis.

.1515. Die vero.i3.MenfisDecembris.' (F. 100, v.)

Description. Fob, 19.8 X 26.5 cm., the text being 1 4.1 X 21.8

Anno Domini
100

cm.

ff.

Editions.

unnumb., 59-61

11.

There was no other

Paris, 15 15.

edition.

very prolix treatment of theoretical arithmetic, based on Boethius

As the title shows. Lax was a Spanish
teacher, one of several from the southern peninsula who taught in the

and

his mediaeval successors.

University of Paris in the fifteenth century. Among the others were

Rollandus (originally from Lisbon, mentioned later in connection with
the manuscripts) and Ciruelo (p. 58). All of the contributions of these
scholars were of this general theoretical character. De Morgan facetiously remarks, 'For anything that appears the author (Lax) could not

count as far as 100.'

GASPAR LAX.

Ed.

pr.

1515.

Paris, 1515-

See above.
Title.

'

Proportiones magiftri Gafparis //lax aragonenfis de

rinyena.// Venundatur Parifius In vico diui //Jacobi ab

le

feure fub fi-//gno crefcentis albi vitam degente.'

(F.

fa-

Emundo
10

1,

r.)

RARA ARITHMETICA

122
CoIopJion.

Expliciunt proportiones Ma//giftri Gafparis

'

Lax

Aragonen//ris de Sarinyena impreffe Pa-//rifius opera Magiftri

Emundo

Nicolai // de la barre pro

die vo

vi.

me/Zfis Octobris.'
Fol., 19.5

Dcscriptio7i.

feure //

le

(F. 26,

Anno

M.

d. xv.
r.)

26.6 cm., printed in double columns,

26 ff. unnumb., 66
There was no other edition.

each being 7 x 21.5 cm.

Editions.

dni

126 of the whole book,

11.

Paris, 15 15.

Bound with the Arithmetica Speculativa' (p. 121). This is a prolix

treatment of mediaeval ratios after the Boethian manner, and as such it
ranks with works like those of Bradwardin (p. 61), Jordanus (p. 62),
'

and Faber Stapulensis (p. 82).

Other works of 15 15. Boethius, p. 27, 1488 Bradwardin, p. 61,
1495; Kobel, p. 102, 1514; Lanzut, pp.83, 97, 1504, 1513; Licht,
Ortega, p. 93, 1512; Peurbach, p. 53, 1492; Torrentini,
p. 70, 1500
Juan Andres, Sumario breve de la practica de la arithmep. 76, 1 501
tica,' Valencia (from the book it appears that it was written in Saragossa
V. Rodulphus Spoletanus,
it was reprinted at Seville in 1537)
in 15 14
De proportione proportionvm dispvtatio,' Rome, 4.
Works of 1^16. Johann Boschensteyn, p. 100, 15 14; Capella, p. 66,
1499; Ciruelo, p. 60, 1495; Kobel, p. 102, 1514; Stromer, p. 83,
1504 Widman, p. 36, c. 1488.
;

'

'

PIETRO MARIA BONINI.

A

Florentine writer of the

Title.

'

Lvcidario

Ed.

pr.

Florence, 1517.

1517.

half of the sixteenth century.

first

darithmetica.'

(Large woodcut.

F. 3,

r.

Fig. 6t.)

Colophon.

'

Gianftephano
Description.

Cimpreffo
di

nella excelfa cipta di Firenze

Carlo da Pauia//adi 7 di Gennaio.'

8,

10. 9

15.9 cm., the text being 8

per//

(F. 18,

r.)

12.7 cm.

unnumb., 24 11. Florence, 15 17.

There was no other edition. This interesting
volume was known to De Morgan only by hearsay when he
19

ff.

Editions.

wrote his Arithmetical Books.

It

came

into

however, after that work was published, as

autograph on the title page (see Fig. ^J). It
tioned by bibliographers, and

century.

is

is
is

possession,

his

shown by his
not often men-

one of the rare books of the

In the Boncompagni sale (no. 144 1) there

is

mentioned

gwrt(I5a6)ai:iB ^a]C -grpmro

Pi ATE III.

TriLK

i'.\(;k

ok lax

PRINTED nuOKS
an edition of 1547; but
Riccardi, vol.

known

col.

I,

him or

to

this is a misprint for

5 17,

as appears from

Riccardi mentions only three copies

153-4-

Boncompagni,

to

123

([LVCIDARIO DARITHMETICA.

but there was one in the Fisher sale

(London, 1906).

The book

is

small octavo, the

first

two-thirds being given to mercantile problems on exchange and the reduction of

The

money.

mensuration
piu

di

sorte

part treats exclusively of

last
'

geometriche

Speculation!

&

jirima

del

lacpiadratura

triangolo.'

Other

works

'Algorithmus
c.

Anonymous,
Widman), p. 36,

of 1517.

linealis' (see

1488; Borghi, p. 16, 1484; Feliciano,

1526; Kobel, p. 102, 1514 Reisch,
82, 1503; Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488;

p. 146,
p.

Widman,

p. 36, c.

Fig. 67.

TriLK pack

BONiNi's Lvcidario

1488.

HENRICUS GRAMMATEUS.
Ed.

pr.

Frankfort, 1535.

15 18.

Latinized Greek, GramMATEUS. Born at Erfurt, at least as early as 1496. lie describes himself as' HenrichGrammateuS// von Erffurt/der fiben freien kiinften Meyfter.'

Heinrich ScHREiiiER; Henricus Scriptor

He was a student at Cracow and at the University of Vienna {1507). The

dates of his birth and death are unknown, but a record at Vienna reads
Anno domini millesimo quingentesimo septimo in festo sanctorum Tibureii
'

et

Valeriani

martirum

Henricus Scriptoris

de Erfordia.'

He

also

1.3

cm.

taught at Vienna.
Title.

See Fig. 68.

Description.

96

ff.

8,

unnumb., 31

9.2
11.

15.2 cm., the text being

G.-j

Frankfort, 1535.

Editions. Vienna, 1518,8; Frankfort, 1535 (here described)

s.

1.

(Frankfort), 1544; Frankfort, 1572.

Grammateus

also published

una cum monochordi

generis

an

'

Algorithmus proportionum

Dyatonici

compositione

.
.

',

Libellus de compositione regularum pro

Cracow, 15 14, 4;
vasorum mensuratione,' Vienna, 15 18; Behend unnd khunstlich Rechnung nach der Regel und welhisch practic,' Niirnberg,
'

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

124
1

52

1,

an extract from the work here described

8,

de integris Regula de

tri

cum

exemplis,'

'
;

Algorismus

Erfurt, 1523;

'

Eyn

^
C (DemeyncnKegfln^f tre.
\cC'Cird3cnp:rtic.

^f0clnfalfr

<^**vs.p:opo:tionbe60errtn06/inwtoi

0elpfciffcn/vnbanb:e3n|trijm2t/
^ur4^crfm^urt0Plt{)^0o:e.
IIBu4^^Alun ^urc&^a^ ioinal/'Bape vn5
I.

ilTifterrSten 5U

mx^en

Dui'd)

^cn (Dtto^

&ir/ vtit> ^rin0c!/niit anOcrn lofligm

(lurfen ^er(0comctrei.

Fk;. 68.

Title page of the 1535 grammateus

newe Rechenn unnd Visyrbuechleynn gemacht durch

Heinricum Schreyber,' Erfurt, 1523.

kurtz

That the book was written at Vienna in 15 18 appears by the dediDem Edlen furfichtigen weifen Johan//fen Tfchertte einer

cation to

'

PRINTED BOOKS

125

des Senats zu Wien,' which ends: '(iebe//zu Wi//en in O-Z/ricrrcich

im jar//nach der geburt vn-//fers Seligmachers. M. I). XViij.' In the
chapter on bookkeeping is the date 1535, so that probably the work

was revised

for this edition.

Zl})it fern

$u abbiren bieqUMtitet tinte uafi

mcne/aleJ^.mitn.pnmarmitpnma/Tccunbd
mitffcub/tfrtiamittertia:c.Tnbmatib:au^
^et fold^ejctdjen ale -j- ifi mt^t/vnb ^/fnirt
l)kv/in roclc^cr {ein $0 tmvchn b:ei

K(0eK

|reicjJ:rf!Kf0cI.

TOann cin quantitct ^at an beyben citen ~(ber

fo fol

man n folc^e quanttret abbirn ^irt

$0 gcfa^t bae^cf^cn-^-obet

old

-7^.

9 P"

<yp:i. 4t^.

6 pzu

i4pn. 141^.
C^teanber^egd.

iiti5pji.-f:'it^

3fl in b 6bcrn quantitet j- vnb in bev vn

betn / vnb )- tibcrtrifft
/ fo fol bie rnbcr
quantitet r on ber 6bcrn fubtral) rt weibcn/m

$ubcmub:ictenfc^~|-@oabcrbtc rnber qua

titet if?

grSjfcr/fo fubtra^ir l^ie Eldncrn r

grSffern/rn 5U

ds

bee

bem bae bo bleitenb i(l/fcRC

(?p:i.-l-6'N:

4p:r.-|-2N.

i2p;L-~4N
i8p2U|-2N.

lop2I

gp?r

gN.
4N.

Cie&:itt Kegel.

60 mberobgcfanrcnqufintttet rrtirrfunbe

i>nb in ^cr

rM&ern

-{-/icrib

ubertri jf1 4-/

ro|iibri'flbir<^"'^^'Ctnbcmanbern/v;nb$iimuj

3(?c6abcr/ba6bicrnbcrqua
b0cnfd3:cib
titet(ibcirn|fcb!c6bcrn/fo5fe|)cctn6vci)bem
flnbcrn/pnb 3U bf crHen fe^e -|- l6

Fic. 69.

From the 1535 grammateus

most part a mercantile arithmetic, the operaand

the algorists (by the Hindu-Arabic numerals), and a chapter on bookkeeping being appended. Grammateus gives, however, some consideration to the theory of numbers, the rules of the Coss (algebra), music.

The work

is

for the

tions being given according to both the abacists (with counters)

RARA ARITHMETICA

126

bookkeeping, and gauging.

In the treatment of the

rule of false position, the signs

and

are

first

'

Regula

found

falsi,'

or

connec-

in this

(See Widman, p. 40, 1489, who uses them for another

(f. Eiij).
purpose, and Vander Hoecke, p. 183, 1537.) Grammateus also uses
these signs in writing algebraic binomials, as shown in Fig. 69. It is

tion

know that Rudolff (p. 150) learned algebra from GramIch hab von meister
mateus, as he states in the following words
Heinrichen so Grammateus genennt / der Cofs anfengklichen bericht

interesting to

emphangen. Sag im darumb danck.'

Other works 0/1518. Boschensteyn,
1491; Fehciano, p. 145, 1526; Kobel,
1522

Torrentini, p. 76, 1501

'

1514 Calandri, p. 48,

1514; Riese, p. 139,
P^rez de Oliva, Dialogus in laudem
p, 100,

p. 102,

'

Arithmeticse,' Paris.

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

See Fig.

Description.

12

ff.

pr.

Venice, 15

15 19.

'Venetijs in Edibus Petri Liechtenftein //

Colophon.

virginei partus

cm.

Ed.

(I

15 19.'
4,

19.

70.

15.6

blank),

Anno

12, v.)

X 20.4

33-38

11.

cm., the text being 10.

16.3

Venice, 15 19.

CopfttU0 nonu67ecdefia(!iCU8:tou0
fo-cSiftrononijefundamcntumpulcbemmunicoii^
tincfis. /Clerico non minus vtilis $ neccf/
farms: cum additionibus quibuf/
dainnouitcrapzelfis*

SSnno. 1519 ^cnett)6tn iSdibus

pcrri
Fig. 70.

Editions.

jUiccbtcnftcin*

Title page of the

There was no other

Copiitiis notius

edition,

so far as

know,

although there are several anonymous computi, and some

be the same as

may

this.

This is one of the rare works setting forth the computus as

taught in the Church schools of the Middle Ages. (See p. 7.)

it

was

PRINTED HOOKS
The

on the calendar mentioned on

verses

here appear as follows

127
^^ (Anianns, 1488)

p.

'Aprilis: Junius:

September

Nouember

atq^

Hij trij^enta habent vnum reliqui fuperaddunt

Februarius vigint infuper octoqj dies.' (F. 9.)
0//ier luorks of i^^ig.

Widman,

Feliciano, p. 146, 1526

Blasius,

j).

97, 15 14

1489.

p. 37,

JOHANNES FRANCISCUS PICUS MIRANDULA.

Ed.

murdered
Title.

'

in

1.,

Mirandola, and biographer of his uncle.

Like his uncle he was a savant of reputation.

533.

1520.
lie

of Pico da

was

loannis Francisci Pici Mirandvlae domini, et // Con-

cordiae comitis,
tatis

S.

1520.

pr.

A nephew

examen

vanitatis do//ctrinae gentivm, et veri-

Chri-//stianae disciplinae,//distinctvm in libros sex,

qvorvm

omnem

philosophorvm sectam vni-//versim, reliqvi Aristoteleam //et Aristoteleis armis //particvlatim im-//pvgnant.//
tres //

vbicvnqve avtem Christiana et // asseritvr

ciplina.'

(F.

et celebratvr

//

dis-

i, r.)

Description.

Fol, 20.6 X 30.6 cm., the text being 16.9 X 24 cm.

208 numb. + i blank = 215 ff., 44 11. S. 1., 1520.

There was no other edition. The dedication (f. 2, v.)
bears date M. D. XX, and the privilege M. D. XIX.
6ff.

unnumb.

Editiojis.

place in a list of this kind. It has, howbeen included because of the following brief chapters on the
Quod fuper mathematicis artibus arithmetica
nature of arithmetic
& geometria, fuperq^ mediis Aftrologia & mufica, gentium philofophi
De opinione pythagoricoru, & de ratione
non conueniunt. Cap. vii

The book hardly deserves

ever,

'

'

et

philolai

&

poftidonii

'

Cap. ix
Cap.

'

facultate pyrrhonii difputauerint.

Quid aduerfus arithmetica

'
;

vii

'

(of liber III).

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

'Von dem

S.

Rachnen

atiff

den

1.

et a.

Linien.'

(c.

1520).

(Running

headline.)

Thirteen fragments of proof sheets of an unknown Cierman arithThe date is purely conjectural. The work was

metic, three duplicates.

of at least

46 pages, since the

folios

were numbered and part of

f.

23

RARA ARITHMETICA

128

The title of the book probably appears in the

running headline above given, although this may be the title of only
part of the work. There was at least one illustration of line reckoning
in the book. The lines are 6.4 cm. in length, but there is no complete
page among the fragments. Several anonymous works have already

is

among

the fragments.

been mentioned, with some such title as 'Algorismus linealis,' and

possibly this is one of them. It would probably be possible to identify
it if one should examine the types and compare the fragments with
possible originals.

ESTIENNE DE LA ROCHE,
Ed.

pr.

Born

at Lyons,

Lyons, 1520.
c.

See Fig.

Title.

Villefranche.

1520.

Colophon.

'

CCy

1480.

71.
finift

larifmetique de maiftre Eftienne de la

Lyon // fus le rofne. Imprimee

par Maiftre guillaume huyon. Pour Conftantin f radin mar-//chant
roche diet

du

libraire

(F. 234,

ville

diet

Lyon. Et fut acheuee Ian

520.

le 2^.

de Juing.'

r.).

FoL, 17.3x25.5 cm., the text being

Description.
I f.

franche natif de

blank

+4

ff.

unnumb.

230 numb.

235

ff.,

13x21 cm.

49

II.

Lyons,

1520.
Editions.

Lyons, 1520,

fol.

(here described);

ib.,

1538,

fol.

(see p. 130).

This

is

the best of the early French arithmetics.

mercial center of

Since

it

is

semi-

was naturally printed at Lyons, then the comFrance, the theoretical books being usually printed at

mercantile in character,

it

Paris under the influence of the Sorbonne. De la Roche gives a very

complete treatment of the operations with integers, fractions, and compound numbers, and a large number of business applications. Perhaps
no arithmetic published in France in the sixteenth century gives a more

comprehensive view of the science and art of arithmetic and of the

applications of the subject. Unfortunately, however, de la Roche took
much of his work bodily from a manuscript of his master, Chuquet,
which he had in his possession, and which has since been published.
Other ivorks 0/1320. Kobel, p. 102, 1514 Peurbach, p. 53, 1492
;

Raggius, p. 98, 15 14; Stromer, p. 83, 1504; Suiseth, p. 10, tc. 1480;
Anonymous (Tagliente ?), Libro de Abaco,'
Tagliente, p. 114, 1515
'

PRINTED HOOKS

129

irtanfiTJcft^u^ noueUancnt ccmpofcc

par i

Ke^oS^^er.unfcecnoeu^ pamtsDont 14 pnuae

ractc

Cfiafccddc tracteoda

-_

,,

pjacnqueDiccllc.Tppl>cqi' "'/^'t

vtn.

Smenc

aultreemarcbad.f.^ qu.fc
et mtoutce
donamefurcaupoisouaunobxtcucopaigmesetaHTo^

r julj:

^Ti

allvagcs ct elTa.s.Unt dc Ioj

que oc largct.^t ai fico^

nScappUcquccauFare mccb3iquc5mcaucmaffou0

1 dSSftiergctatougaultrcgbtfongnaggiartPcmefurc.

iieom

J.^^^^^^-^'
Fu;.

'I'lTLE

PAGE OF THE FIRST ElHllON UF UE LA ROCHE

KARA ARITHMETICA

I30
Venice, 8

Anonymous,

Libretto de Abaco,'

'

s.

1.,

Anonymous,

de minutiis vulgaribus, de minutiis

To an edition of Sacrobosco's Sphere the comphysicis,' Augsburg.
mentator, Johannes Guyion, prefixed a treatise on arithmetic, 'De
quantitate discreta,' Avignon, s. a., c. 1520. There was pubHshed,
possibly at Lyons in this year, Le liure des gectz grandes. 1. a.,
ment profitable pour messeigneurs les marchans et aultres,' 4, a work
on counter reckoning (see p. 7).
'

Algorismus novus de

integris,

'

ESTIENNE DE LA ROCHE,
Ed.

See

Lyons, 1538.

p. 128.

Title.

la

Villefranche.

1520.

pr.

&

Larifmetique

'

Roche

Geometrie de maiftre // Eftienne de

Nouuellement Imprimee & des

diet Ville Fran//che,

faultes corrigee,//a la qvelle font adiouftees les Tables de diuers

comptes, auec leurs Ca-//nons, calculees par Gilles Huguetan

natif de Lyon, Par lefquelles on pourra facil-//lement trouuer les
comptes tons faictz, tant des achatz que uentes de toutes mar-//
chandifes. Et principalement des marchandifes que fe uendent,

ou achetent a

la

// mefure, come a Laulne, a

a la Palme, au Pied,

&

Canne, a

la

aultres fem-//blables.

Au

&

Liure, au Quintal, au Millier, a la Charge, au Marc,//

a la Piece, au Nobre, a
Millier.//

&

la

fin)

les

combien

on defpend tous

uend

Huguetan

il

le

les

lenfeigne de

'

les

Marc de

uauldra de poix de

freres.// 1538.'

ColopJion.

CCy

au cent,

finift

la

&

moys,

le iour,

&

&

la

&

au

fin

dor

fin or,

Moys,

& dargent,

billon tiendre//daloy,

ou de

ou dargent fin.//

Sphaere,// cheulx Gilles

(F.

le

a tant pour

a combien reuient

Tables du

&

On

Jacques

i, r.)

Larifmetique

Geometrie de maiftre

Roche diet Villefranche //Imprime

maiftre Jacques myt Lan. 1538.' (F. 160, r.)
Eftienne de

&

combien on defped Lan //

pour chafcun iour.// Davantaige,

pour fcauoir (fcelon que

a la

a Lonce,

feruantz aulx Librayres uendeurs

a tant le moys, combien reuient lan

an, co-//bien

la Groffe,

Toyfe,

En-//femble une Table de defpence, a

acheteurs de papier.

fcauoir a tant pour iour,

&

Douzaine, a

Auec deux Tables

la

come

poix,

Lyon par

PRINTED BOOKS
Description.

cm.

ff.

Fol., 21.

x 33

unnumb. + 158 numb.

See p. 128.

131

x 30.6

cm., the text beinj; 16.3

160

ff.,

59-60

Lyons,

11.

538.

Editions.

The Huguetan

B^DA.
'

Ed.

referred to

is

the one mentioned on p. i88,

1521.

pr.

Basel, 1563.

The Venerable Bede was born

in

'

Durham,

c.

his time,

and

Title.

'

673,
his

England, probably near Wearmouth,

and died in 735. He was the most distinguished scholar of

works cover all the branches of learning then known.

Opera // Bedae // Venerabi-//lis Presbyte-//ri, Anglo-

saxonis: vi-//ri in divinis atqve hv-//manis litcris exercitatifsimi:

omnia in octo to-//mos diftincta,prout ftatim poft Praefa-//tionem

fuo Elencho enu-//merantur.//Addit()Rerum & Verborum Indice
//copiorifsimo.//

Cum

&

Ca^fareae Maieftatis gratia

priuile-//gio,

Regisque Galliarum ad //decennium.//Basileae, per loannem //

Heruagium, Anno M. D. LXIII.' (Surrounded by an elaborate

woodcut with

inscriptions.)

Description.

(F.

X 38

Fol., 24.2

i, r.)

cm., the text being 17.7

cm., printed in double columns, each 8.5 cm. wide, 61

pp.

unnumb.

page)

=423

Only the

first

Editions.

published in

271 numbered by columns

pp. in vol.

His

'

bound

Some
i

of his arithmetical
fol.

fol.

work

in 4.

volume, containingthe arithmetic,

seep. 159); Paris, 1544-45

Basel, 1563,

8 vols,

i.

(i.e.,

is

is

152

numbers
Basel,

to a

1563.

described here.

said to have

2 5 (in part, see p. 140)

(first

x 28.6

11.

11529

been

(in part,

edition of the Opera); ib.,1554;

(here described).

See also

c.

15 15,

anonymous.

Historia Ecclesiastica' appeared as early as 1473.

The first volume contains the De Arithmeticis nvmeris liber (cols.

98-1 16), with little save an elaborate multiplication table and a dialogue
De Arithmeticis proportionibvs' (cols.
on number, names, and symbols
133-146), with the Propofitiones ad acuendos iuuenes' often attributed
De ratione calcvli (cols. 147to Alcuin, but certainly not Bffida's ;
'

'

'

'

'

158), chiefly multiplication tables of Roman money; ' De nvmerorvm

De loqvela per gestvm digitorvm, et temdivisione (cols. 159-163)
'

'

64-1 81), or, as the headline states it, 'De indigitatione,' giving us almost our only knowledge of the finger reckoning or
symbolism of the Middle Ages in western Europe, and possibly spurious

porvm

ratione' (cols.

RARA ARITHMETICA

132

De ratione vnciarvm (cols. 182-184), a treatise on Roman fractions

an extensive treatment of the calendar and the computus, with a descrip'

'

tion of the astrolabe.

FRANCESCO GHALIGAI.
A

Ed.

Florentine arithmetician of the

died February

first

Florence, 1552.

1521.

pr.

part of the sixteenth century.

He

10, 1536.

Practica // d' Arithmetica. // di // Francesco Ghaligai

Title.
//Fiorentino.//Nuouamente Riuifta, & con fomma // Diligenza
Riftampata.// In Firenze // Appreffo i Givnti // M. D. LII.'
'

i,r.)

(F.

ColopJion.
(F.

114,

'

In

Firenze // Appreffo

Description. 4, 15.2
2

ff.

Givnti // M. D. LII.'

r.)

unnumb.

20.3 cm., the text being 12

112 numb.

Florence, 1521,

Editions.

14

ff.,

4 (see

17.3 cm.

37-38 11. Florence, 1552.

Boncompagni's Bidletino,

VII, 486; XIII, 249) ib.,i548,4; ib.,1552, 4 (here described).

The 1 521 edition is entitled Summa De Arithmetica,' but it
;

'

is

the

same

as the 1552 edition here described.

Some

bibli-

ographers mention other editions, as of 1540, 1551, 1562, 1572,

1582, I 591, but Boncompagni's careful investigation, supported

by Riccardi's, throws doubt upon

The book

is

all

these.

written in the general style of the Italian works of the

sixteenth century,

more or

less

resembling Borghi (p. 16).

It

was

intended for the use of merchants, and contains a large number of

practical problems showing the conditions of trade at the time of its
publication.

Books 10

to

13 relate to algebra,

and

their chief interest

attaches to the symbolism employed.

Other works 0/1521.

15 18

Paxi, p. 77,

1503

Boethius, p. 31, 1488

Grammateus,

p. 124,

Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488.

CUTHBERT TONSTALL.

Ed.

pr.

1522.

London, 1522.

Hackforth, Yorkshire, in 1474; died November iS,

He was educated at Oxford, Cambridge, and Padua, was a man of
1559.
great learning and energy, and held important positions in the Church and
State. He was bishop of London, and later of Durham.

TuNST.\LL.

Title.

Tonstalli.'

'

De

Born

at

arte svppvtandi // libri qvattvor // Cvtheberti //

(Surrounded by a woodcut.

F.

i, r.

See Fig.

72.)

PRINIKI) UOOKS

133

kS^XSx
Fig. 72.

ld.iion of ionstall
Title page of the first

RARA ARITHMETICA

134
Colophon.

Anno

Cvm

'

Impress. Londini in aedibvs Ri-//chardi Pynsoni.

.M.D.XXIIV/Pridie

ver-//bi incarnati

pri-//vilegio a // rege in-//dvl-//to.'

Description.

4,

157 X 20.9

idvs octo-//bris.

(F. 202,

unnumb., 29 11. London, 1522.

Editions. London, 1522, 4 (here described);
202

cm.
4

(p.

ib.,

ib.,

1535;

(p.

136);

1544, 8
is

16.4

ff.

135);

This

r.)

cm., the text being 10.5

the

was printed

in

first

ib.,

ib.,

1538, 4

1548;

edition of the

England.

(p.

ib.,

first

Paris,

1529,

135); Strasburg, 1543;

1551.

book wholly on arithmetic that

In the dedicatory

(But see p. 10, 1480.)

epistle Tonstall states that in his dealing with certain goldsmiths

he

suspected that their accounts were incorrect, and he therefore renewed

On his appointhis study of arithmetic so as to check their figures.
ment to the See of London he bade farewell to the sciences by printing
this

book

in order that others

he had prepared for his

own

might have the benefit of a work which

use.

The

treatise is in Latin, and,

although

was written for the purpose of supplying a practical handbook, is

very prolix and was not suited to the needs of the mercantile class.
It is confessedly based upon Italian models, and it is apparent that
Tonstall must have known, from his residence in Padua and his various visits to Italy, the works of the leading Italian writers. The book
it

includes

many

business applications of the day, such as partnership,

and loss, and exchange. It also includes the rule of false, the rule
of three, and numerous applications of these and other rules. It is, however, the work of a scholar and a classicist rather than a business man.
The word supputandi,' in the title, was not uncommon at that time.
Indeed there was some tendency to use the name supputation for
arithmetic and to speak of calculations as supputations.'
Tonstall dedicates the work to his friend Sir Thomas More, whose
talented daughter Erasmus addressed as Margareta Ropera Britanniae
profit

'

'

'

'

'

tuse

decus,' ornament

of thine England.

More speaks

of Tonstall

I was colleague and companion

opening lines of his Utopia
to that incomparable man Cuthbert Tonstal, whom the king with such
universal applause lately made Master of the Rolls but of whom I will
not because I fear that the testimony of a friend will be
say nothing
suspected, but rather because his learning and virtues are too great
for me to do them justice, and so well known, that they need not my
commendation unless I would, according to the proverb, " Show the sun

in the

'

The Utopia was first printed in 15 16, so this sonorous praise was written some years before Tonstall's arithmetic appeared.

with a lanthorn.'"

PRINTED BOOKS

135

Some idea of the prolixity of the treatise may be obtained from the
number of closely-printed quarto pages assigned to certain topics. The

De Numeratione
'De Svbdvctione 15 pages,

chapter

'

'

'

tione

on

'

'

pages,

11

fills

De

De Additione

'

mvltiplicatione

'

'

14 pages,

'

14 pages,
De, parti-

27 pages (the old galley method being used exclusively), and so

Some 66 pages, for example, are given to the

for the other subjects.

theory of ratio and proportion.

The

page was engraved by Hol1)ein, and was evidently printed

book was completed, because in this copy the errata appear
on the reverse of the first folio. The work was printed by Richard
title

after the

Pynson, the successor to Caxton.

Following the arithmetic is an appendix

Appendix ex Bvdaei libro
de as-//fe excerpta in qua prifca Latinorum et (irecoru // fupputatio,
ad ?eftimationem pecunie, tum Gallicae,// tum Angli-//cae reuocatur.'
Tonstall also published a work in 15 18:
In Lavdem matrimonii
oratio,' second edition in 15 19, now very rare.
:

'

CUTHBERT TONSTALL.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

1522.

Paris, 1529.

p. 132.

'De arte svppvtandi

libri

(Picture of a tree from which

is

qvatvor//Cvthberti Tonstalli.

falling a

broken branch, and the

words: Noli altum fa//pere, fed time.) Parisiis ex ol^cina Roberti

Stephani//M.D.XXIX.'
Colophon.

Parisiis

'

M.D.XXIX.

Prid.id.ivn.'

Dcscriptioi.

271 pp. numb.

4,

+8

(P.

i.)

//excvdebat Robertvs Stepha-//nvs. Ann.

13

(P. 279.)

18.8 cm., the text being 9.4

unnumb.

2 blank

= 281

pp.,

36-38

15.9 cm.
11.

Paris,

1529.

See

Editions.

The

p.

134.

same

as in the first edition of 1522.

There has
been added, however, a second appendix with the following title
Gvlielmi Bvdaei Parisiensis,// secretarii regii, breviari-//vm de asse.'
text

is

the

'

CUTHBERT TONSTALL.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

1522.

Paris, 1538.

p. 132.
'

De

arte svp-//putandi libri qua-//tuor, Cutheberti //

Tonftalli.// (Large woodcut.) Parisiis.//

phani.//M.D.XXXVin.'

(P.

i.)

Ex

officina

Roberti Ste-

RARA ARITHMETICA

136
Colophon.

Excvdebat Robertvs Stephanvs

'

M. D. XXXVIII. //xvi.
Description.

4,

See

11.

novemb.'

Parisiis,

// aim.

(P. 259.)

x 20.1 cm., the

14.4

259 pp. mmib., 39

cal.

text being 9.5

x 16 cm.

Paris, 1538.

p. 134.

CUTHBERT TONSTALL.
See

Ed.

'De arte //svppvtan//di,

Title.

Strasburg, 1544.

1522.

pr.

p. 132.

libri

qvatvor//Cvthberti Ton-

Germania nus-//quam ita impreffi.// loan.

Stvrmivs.// Arithmeticam Cvthbertvs // Tonftallus prae cseteris
stalli,//hactenus in

dilucide

&

pure tradidit: atq5//ita tradidit, ut ars ipfa

dum

hie

author extat, con-//tenta fcriptore, doctorem non maximopere

ahquem // requirat. Non nego,

alijs quoque difci // fed

quod non fa//ciunt caeteri:

poffe ex

hie docet erudite, perfpicue latine, id

nee abest longe a perfectione, qui eius // praecepta intelligit.//

Argentorati, ex offi.// Knobloch. per Georg. Machaerop.' (P. i.)
Colophon.
Argentorati, ex officina//Knoblochiana, per Gq-/ /
orgivm Machaero-//poevm, mense // febrvario // anno,// M. D.
'

XLIIIL'

(P.

478.)

Description.

8,

9.5

15 cm., the text being 6.8

11.4 cm.

25 pp. blank + 453 numb. = 478 pp., 26 11. Strasburg, 1544.

This copy is bound with the arithmetic of Victorius Strigelius.
Editions.

See

This

p. 134.

is

the

same

as the edition of 1529,

having the second appendix there mentioned.

Strasburg edition.

It

It is

the second

interesting to see that the classical

is

influence on the Continent

was such that seven out

of the eight

editions appeared in Paris or Strasburg.

JOHANNES AVENTINUS.
Ed.

Regensburg, 1532.

pr. 1522.

Thurnmayer. Born
burg, January

Title.

9,

1534.

See Fig.

Colophon.

'

Abensberg, Bavaria, July

He wrote on history.
at

4,

1477

died at Regens-

73.

Ratifpon^

apud

XXXII.' (Large woodcut and

loannem Khol // Anno.

Kol 1532.') (F.

date, 'lo.

MD12, r.)

PRINTED HOOKS
Description.

12

ff.

4,

14.2

Rcgensburg, 1532.
Niirnberg, 1522; Regensburg,

unnumb., 26

Editions.

137

19.5 cm., the Icxt bcin^^ 9.9

x 14 cm.

11.

1532,

(here

described).

The book

is

primarily a treatise on numerical finger symbolism, and

contains the most complete explanation of that subject extant.

It

gives

'^ABACVSAT'-?*'
QVE VETVSTISSIMA, VETERVM
larinorum per digitos manufcp numc^
randi(quinetiam loqucndi) cofuc^
tudo^Exbcdacupiduris
ima^
ginibus, inucta rcgmoburgrj

&

fiue rsctobonaPjin biblio^

thcca diui hacmtrani,

Atcp hoc conuc^

tu auguftali

Rcucrcndi
Lucac bonfrj dc<^

Atcp docfliflimi Domini

cani patauini fccrctarrj Rcucrcndiili^

miCardinalis Laurcnti] Campcgf]

zc Aufpicijs

A Io Aucn/

tino Edica*

Gcrmania
Fig. 73.

lllufiranda.

Title page of the 1532 .aventints

showing the representation of the numbers up to one million

by means of the fingers and arms (see Fig. 74). This finger symbolism
is found in the works of Baeda, it was practical in both the East and
illustrations

RARA ARITHMETICA

138

and
(Compare

the Middle Ages,

West during

century arithmeticians.

mentioned by several sixteenth-

Fig. 74 with Fig. 35, p. 57.)

Finger symbolism from aventinus

Fig. 74.

ADAM

it is

RIESE.

Ed.

pr.

Leipzig, 1538.

1522.

Ryse, Ris, Ries. Born at Staffelstein, near Bamberg, c. 1489; died at

Annaberg, March 30, 1559. One of the most celebrated Rechenmeistero
of the sixteenth century, and the most influential of all the Germans in
replacing the coimter reckoning (' auff der Linien ') by the written computations (' auff Federn ').
Title.

'

Rechnung

ley handtirung

auff

//der Linien vnd Federn //Auff allerAdam Rifen.// (Woodcut of

ge-//macht/ durch

counting house, with reckoning on the line abacus.)

new vberfehen vnd //an

(E i,r.)
ColopJion.

Schumann.

'

ff.

33

11.

orten gebeffert.//

Item auffs

M.DXXXVIIL'

Gedruckt zu Leiptzigk // durch Valentinum //

1538.'

Description.

63

viel

unnumb.

8,

(F. 63, v.)

9.7

15.1 cm., the text being 7.2

2 blank (with

manuscript notes)

=65

1.5

cm.

ff.,

28-

Leipzig, 1538.

Editions.

In order to

Riese's work,

it

is

make

clear the different editions of

necessary to distinguish between the four

arithmetics which he published.

These were as follows

PRINTED BOOKS
1.

'

Rcchnung

aiiff

vonn Staffelsteyn //

139

der linihen gemacht durch

massen man cs

in

rechenschulen gruntlich begriffen anno

Adam

Riesen

pflegt tzu Icrn in alien

5

8.'

(Graessc, followed

by Unger, p. 50, who knew of no extant copy.) A second edition appeared in 1525 (' Getruckt tzu Erffordt durch Mathes
Maler M. CCCCCxxv Jar,' 8, 43 ff.), and a third in 1527. This
was embodied in his second arithmetic which is here described.

The work is rare.

Rechnung auff//der Linien vnd Federn,' Riese's best2.
known work. The title of the first (i 522) edition was as follows:
Rechenung auff der linihen vnd federn in zal/mafs/vnd gewicht
'

'

auff allerley handierung/

Adam

Jar. Itzt vff sant

1522

vnd

gemacht vnd zusamen gelesen durch

Riesen von Staffelstein Rechenmeister zu Erffurdt im

Annabergk durch

The

eine hiibsche vnderrichtung angehengt.'

work are known

of this

1533, 8

to

me:

vbersehen/

(first

following editions

Erfurt, 1522;

1528, 8; Erfurt, 1529, 8;

Niirnberg, 1527;
zig,

in fleyssig

gebrechen eygentlich gerechtfertigt/ vnd zum letzten

alle

1525, 8;

ib.,

1530; Leipsee p.
edition containing Helm's Visirbuch
ib.,

142); Frankfort, 1535, 12; Annaberg, 1535, 8 (p. 141); 1536,

12; Leipzig, 1538, 8 (here described); 1541; Frankfort, 1544,
8; Leipzig,

1544;

s. 1.,

1548, 8; Leipzig, 1548,8;

ib.,

1550;

Breslau, 1550; Frankfort, 1552, 8; Leipzig, 1554; ISS^, 12;

Frankfort, 1558, 8 (p. 141); Leipzig, 1562, 12; Frankfort,

1564, 8; Frankfort, 1565, 8 (p. 142); Frankfort (a. Oder .?),

1568, 8; Stettin (Frankfort.?), 1570, 8; Leipzig, 1571, 8
142);

(p.
1

58

Frankfort, 1574; Magdeburg, 1579, 8; Frankfort,

ib.,
1585, 8; Leipzig, 1586; Frankfort, 1586;

12;

1,

Wittenberg, 1587; Niirnberg, 1592, 8; Frankfort, 1592, 8

There were several editions after
(p. 143); Leipzig, 1598, 12.
It is possible that

1600.

may be

printers varying
3.

some

them from time

Ein Gerechent Biichlein,'

1533; second edition

in 1536.

mentioned

of the editions here

of Riese's fourth book, the titles being

much

alike

and

to time.
first

See

p.

published at Leipzig in
171.

KARA ARITHMETICA

I40
4.
first

Rechnung nach der lenge/auff den Linihen vnd

'

published in 1550,

4.

See

Feder,'

250.

p.

of Riese's

Kuckuck's remark, that over twenty-six editions

More

arithmetics appeared, greatly underestimates the number.

than forty appeared in the sixteenth century alone, and several

were published in the seventeenth century.
This was probably the most popular commercial arithmetic of the
So firmly did it impress itself upon the schools that
nach Adam Riese is a common expression in Germany to-day, nearly
four hundred years after the first of his books appeared. It was to
Germany what Borghi's book was to Italy and Recorde's to England.
sixteenth century.

'

'

It differed from Riese's first book in that it emphasized computation

by the aid of the Hindu-Arabic numerals instead of the counters.
There is no other book that gives as good a picture of the sixteenthcentury mercantile problems of Germany, and of the methods of
solving them.
Other works 0/1522. Albert of Saxony, p. 9, c. 1478 Boethius,
p. 27, 1488; Budaeus, p. 99, 15 14; Kobel, p. 102, 15 14; Ortega, p.
Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488; Francisco Pelacani, Arithmetica
93, 15 12
;

'

prattica,'

operina

Florence; Ludovico Vincento (Vincentino) degl' Arrighi, 'La

bellissima Ragione di Abbacho,' Rome, 4, with
da

editions at Venice in 1532, 1533, chiefly

on chirography.

Works 0/1323. Borriglione, p. 86, 1506; Ciruelo, p. 60, 1495;

Grammateus, p. 124, 1518; Paciuolo, p. 54, 1494; Reisch, p. 82,
1503; Sacrobosco, p. 35, 1488; Tagliente, p. 114, 15 15. Rodrigo Fernandez de Santaella (or Valencia, see p. 269, 1555), Ars coputandi,'
Saragossa, fol. There was also written in this year, but published s. 1. a.,
a work by Vincenzo Barziza entitled Operetta nouamente composta,'
8, 39 ff., containing a few mercantile rules and tables.
Works 0/1524. Feliciano, p. 145, 1526 Tagliente, p. 115, 15 15.
Kobel, p. 102, 15 14;
Works 0/1525. Herodianus, p. 60, 1495
Rudolff, p. 151, 1526; Tagliente, p. 114, 15 15
Riese, p. 139, 1522
Bede et al., Valetius Probus et Petrus Diaconus de notis Romanorum,
Demettius Alabaldus de minutiis, ponderibus et mensuris, Ven. Beda de
computo per gestum digitorum,' etc., Venice, 4; Angelus Mutinens
(i.e. of Modena), 'Thesavro de Scrittori opera artificiosa le quale con
'

'

'

grandissima arte,

M.D.XXxv, has
note

'

.,' s. 1.,
si per pratica come per geometria insegna
four folios at the end relating to arithmetic, with the
.

Angelus Mutinens composuit,' and there seems to have been

in 1525, and another s. a. pubHshed at Rome; Giovanni

an edition

HOOKS

PRINTl-:!)

iagliente published two editions of a work

141

on Ijookkecping, 4,
24 ff., Venice, beginning, Considerando io loanni Taiente ciuanlo e
necessaria cosa ali nostri raagnifici gelilhomeni & ad altri mercatanti.'
hicfly

<

'

ADAM

RIESE.

See

p.

The

Title.

Ed.

Annabcrg, 1535.

1522.

pr.

j;S.

missing.

title pai;e is

'CNach difer vnderrichtung kanftu auffs be//hendeft alle Exempel in der Ealii machen W61//left folch Biichlin vnnd kurtze erklerung ietzt/ //welches ich zum andern mal
laffe aufzge-//hen/ zu danck an nemen/ wil ich ver-//dienen/
Coloplioji.

vnd

// mag die Practica nach al-//lcm fleifz

Datum //auff fanct // Annaberg/ // Dinftag
Im Iar//M. D. XXV.' (F. 55, r.) On f. 69,

dir auffs eheft ich

heraufzftrei//chen.

nach // Martini.
v., is

the following colophon:

Alfo

'

ift

kiirtzlich

// befchriben

vnd // begriffen // die Confection // der Vifier riitcn mit // Irer

ubung vnd gebrauch.// CEnd:// An. M. D. XXXV.// Im ChristThis latter

monat.'

is

evidently the date of printing of the entire

book.
8.8

8,

Description.

69

This contains the

edition, but

ADAM

13.2 cm., the text being 6.8

1.6

cm.

The
'

page

title

1558.'

numb.

pr.

Helm,

as in the

See the 1565 edition

1533

(p. 142).

Frankfort, 1558.

1522.

Editions.

is

missing.

Page numbered

2 begins as

numb.

(F.

in diO

See

87,

r.)

9.4

15 cm., the text being 6.5

blank

88

8,

31

ff.,

11.

12.2 cm.

Frankfort, 1558.

139.

p.

This contains the

ei lit ion.

of Erhart

'

Rechen-//buch/ Adam Rifen.'

'CEnd.//Zu Franckfurt bei Chr. Egeb. erben///

Description.
ff.

Vifirbflchlin

Ed.

Vorrede

Colophon.

Anno

'

does not give his name.

p. 13S.

Title.

follows

it

RIESE.

See

87

unnumb., 31 11. Annaberg, 1535.

Editions. See p. 139.
ff.

'

Vifirbiichlin

'

of Erhart

Helm,

as in

the

1533

RARA ARITHMETICA

142

ADAM

RIESE.

See

p.

Ed.

Frankfort, 1565.

1522.

pr.

38.

Rechenbuch/ Vff Lini//en vnnd Ziphren/ In

allerley

// Handtierung/ Gefchefften vnd Kauff-//mannfchafft.

Durch

Title.

'

Mit new en kunftlichen Regeln vnd Ex-//

emplen gemehrt/ Innhalt furge-//ftelten RegiftersV/Vifier vnd

Adam // Rifen.//

Wechfelruten kunftlich vnd // gerecht zumachen/ aul? dem Quadrat/ // Durch die Arithmetic vnd Geometri. // Von Erhart
Helm/ Mathema//tico zu Franckfurt/ be // fchriben.// Alles von

newem jetzund widerumb

erfe-//hen vnd corrigirt.// (Woodcut of

counting house) Franck, Bei Chr. Egen. Erben. 1565.'

Description.

105

Editions.

See

(F.

113,

{F.i,r.)

r.)

9.3 X i 5.5 cm., the text being 6.5 X 1 1.9 cm.

unnumb. = 113 ff., 28 11. Frankfort, 1565.

8,

numb.

ff.

D.LXV;

'M.

Colophon.

p.

139.

Helm begins, with no separate title

// Hernach folget der ware // Procefz/
vnnd kurtzeft weg/ wie mann Vifir riilhen machen fol/ aufz dem //
Quadraten/ Auff alle Eich.' The name of the author, 'Erhart Helmen,'
appears in the headlines of each folio recto. This part of the book is
strictly speaking not an arithmetic, but it includes a few explanations of
The Visirbuch

See p. 140.

page, on

f.

7 7, V.

'

of

Vifirbi^chlin

those processes that are necessary in gauging.

It also includes

of square roots to the equivalent of three decimal places,

was published

explanation of roots.

It

ADAM

Ed.

RIESE.

See

pr.

in separate

form

a table

and a

brief

in 1529.

Leipzig, 1571.

1522.

p. 138.

Rechnung auff // der Linien vnd Federn/ // auff

Handtierung/ //Gemacht durch //Adam Rifen.// (WoodAnno 1550 Adam Ries Seins
cut of Adam Riese, with motto
Alters Im LVIII.') Auffs newe durchelefen/ vnd //zu recht
Title.

'

allerley

bracht.// 1571.'
Colophon.
1

571.'

ff.

i, r.)

'Zu Leipzig druckts //

Hans Rhambaw/ //Im Jar//

(F. 94, V.)

Description.

94

(F.

'

8,

unnumb., 24

9.7
11.

5.6 cm., the text being 6.9

Leipzig, 1571.

1.8

cm.

PRINTED BOOKS
Sec

Editions.

p.

143

39.

This is substantially identical with

See p. 140.
except as to the title page.

ADAM

RIESE.

See

p.

Frankfort, 1592

1522.

pr.

edition

iS.^S

138.

See Fig. 75.

Title.

Description.
1

Ed.

the

8, 9.5

15.5 cm., the text being 6.7

cm.

1.8

79 numb. =80 ff., 26-27 11. Frankfort, 1592.

Editions. See p. 39. Bound with this is Helm's work of 1 592

f.

unnumb.

(described later).

FRANCESCO DAL SOLE.

A

French arithmetician, born

c.

Ed.

pr.

and

1490,

1526.

Ferrara, 1546.

living in Kerrara at the time of

writing his books.

See Fig. ^6.

Title.

Colophon.

'

In Ferrara Nella Stampa di .M. Giouanni de bugl-

hat &. M. Antonio //

Ad

Hucher Compagni,

Inftantia de .M.

Rinaldo, cuoco dello Illuftriffi-//mo fignor Duca, nel mefe di

zenaro 1546.'

(F. 42, v.)

Description.
2

ff.

unnumb.

Editions.

1526,

8,

4,

+40

14

X 19

numb.

cm., the text being 12.

=42

Sole published a

and

this is

edition appeared in

'

ff.,

31

16.5

Libretto di

Abaco

'

in

Venice

merely a revision of that work.

1564

cm.

F"errara, 1546.

11.

in

third

(see p. 146).

more than a primer of arithmetic. It contains the fundamental operations, a few of the more important applications, eight pages
of products and roots, and several pages on astrology. The part on astrology includes some theory of the calendar, as may be seen by the title
This

is little

'

Incominciano

le

regoline daftrologia,

ritrouare

ha quati di et minute

fa la luna, la Ira diiicale, et infinite getileffe, Delli circuli, elementi, et

The most distinctive feature of the arithmetic is

number and space concepts. For example, in addiauthor considers not only abstract but compound numbers as

natura, del monde.'

the combination of
tion the

well as geometric magnitudes.

('

Regola

tanto geometrica, quanto arithmetica. Ca.

out in the other fundamental operations.

dellne additioni in generalita,

6.')

The same

idea

is

carried

144

RARA ARITHMETICA

2{uff

tiWr^l^^i ill S^M/@^^^i^1

Fig. 75.

Title page of the 1592 riese

PRINTED BOOKS
.

;/i. ;.'v

M5

!\{jr- j^UjIJL^UK.^^-^^^^

CISZaiZiZZEIE

LIBRETTI NVOVI

CON LE

l^obehyUercaclimti,Artefri,hbh<ichiih,

A^rh

ArchitMori, Arithnn^d,

mvforiy Georretricij

RE

^mi

dttAie^urre^yiU
'<icwfiati, Scmori,et ludidjde

Ajmcfdarxej d. arte Hbt^

Con adiitim Aflrcmmcej della forma.

iujh-iA, irfmtKtrfi

r^kj

mondojaelijtr%-puirjettejkllejVnti, <rcq,

circonjercrrz^}a^e7^ci}on^ez,x,^^ tarmii'
ri^cofinij

^ilmmero ddler^iom/aph

UificUci ttmr^tj^ delfuo fine^Reook

^a ritroucre U conoiontme^ay offofi*

tontjMa Imajefijle vr^ohile et im^
tr.ohlejettare dommicalej
et

inMidi,

s^

che (^etSxTX^yd^ ^^^*?" ^^*

Jo^et de

amo in anm in ^pefKO,

^uouttmente calcuUti etpo>

fii

in hce/ott gratia et

uilsgojo

Vm

JDucahy Per an

diece^et ptvt ducati

if

coe'i cjjacrdfi cotjene

M D

XL

vr
vdixSSSZZ^

gS" Zi.:k.:kA|
Fig. 76.

Title page of the 1546 Francesco dal sole

RARA ARITHMETICA

146

FRANCESCO DAL SOLE.

See

Ed.

pr.

Ferrara, 1564.

1526.

p. 143.

Title.
Instrvtioni // et Regvle // di Francesco // dal Sole,//
Francese.//Cittadino di Ferrara, Sopra il fon-//damento delle
'

alme fcientie d'Abbac-//co, Arithmetica, Geometria, Cof-//nio& Mathematica, No-//uamente riftampate, & con//par-

grafia,

ticolare addittioni

Aprefso Francefco
Description.

4,

// effo Authore,// aggionte.// In Ferrara,

di

Rossi //da Valenza.//M. D.

di

14.8

X 20

4 pp. unnumb. + 71 numb.

Editions. See p. 143.
Although the
first,

shown

as

entitled

'

appeared

II

in

title

cm., the text being

75 pp., 38

of this edition

in Fig. 76, the

work

is

Title.

quite different from that of the

essentially the same.

set of verses

'

at Lazisa,

See Fig.

da Lazesio.
Venice, 1526.

near Verona

he was living

in

563.

'j'j

CStampato
Moyfe nelle cafe

Colophon.

// fanto

Ferrara, 1564.

11.

1526.

pr.

Born

(The Sun), a play upon the author's name, which

the first edition, gives place to some Latin lines in this one.
Sole

FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.

is

LXIIL' (F. r.)

i.i x 15.5 cm.

nella inclita Citta di Vinegia, apreffo

'

nuoiie luftiniane: Per // Fracefco di

& Ma-//pheo

Aleffandro Bindoni,

Pafmi, compagni. Nelli anni

Del mefe // di Zenaro. Regnante il // Sereniffimo Princi-//pe meffer An-//drea Gritti.// A B C D E F G

// del fignore, 1527.

HIKLMNOPQRST V.//Tutti
Description.

cm.

80

ff.

entitled

'

and

11.

is

ib.,

1536, 4

r.)

17.

Venice, 1526.

7 (the colophon date

(p.

8.

1532,

first

is

15 18), 8;

ib.,

1519,

His second work was a revision of

the one here described, and this appeared in the

followingeditions: Venice,
ib.,

(F. 80,

text being 13.4

Libro de Abaco,' and appeared in the following

1524, 8;

his first,

fono duerni.'

X 20.8 cm., the

Feliciano published two works, of which the

editions: Venice,
8; ib.,

15.1

unnumb., 41

Editions.

was

4,

148);

ib.,

526,4 (here described);

1545, 4

(p.

149);

ib.,

ib.,

1550, 4

1527, 4;
(p.

149);

]lib:o&iaiitbmcnca'r ^comctria
fpccuUrtua 1 pjaticale : Coinporto per macftro

frmceko fdicimo oa %^!,ifio Ucronck

^titulato

Ocala

grainalddli

B^ouamcnte ITampato*
w>nmuJi >Ml '^'n>i'>'ff'>i'^.'StP>iJl
^

JT"-'"-'-'''

Chi vol aprif vna fcrragli a forte

Jncima dVna Torre ouer Caftello
Blfogna haucr la Scala accio di quello

Giongcr fi pofla alleferrate porte

Aprcilo fa meftier Phuom feco portc

CNon hauendo la Chiaue del fugello}

Vnferro chcapellatoe grimaldello
Sinon d'aprir I'imprefe fue ficn carte,
Tal quefto mio libretto moftra come
SagUr ^ pofla allalte (erraturc
Et quelle aprirfcnza faticagraue,
Infinite ragion,ponti,& mifure

Quefto chiarilce con modo fuaue

Cui fcala e grimaldello e il proprio nome.
Ma non lodar mie come
Co'l tuolieto biafmarjchel biafmo nafce
Sol dc cui nel mal dir s^alegra e pafcc*

M. D,

XXVh

Con gratia 'rpmiilcgio.

Fig. 77.

TiiLK

i-age

ok ikliciam

[^

RARA ARITHMETICA

148
1560, 4

ib.,

149);

(p.

1560, 4 (another edition);

ib.,

1561

ib.,

one 1560 edition); Verona, 1563, 8 (p. 150);

1563, 4; Venice, 1570. There were also seven-

(the colophon of
s.

(Venice

1.

?),

For the 1602,

edition was

teenth-century editions extending as late as 1692.

1629, and 1669 editions see pp. 150, 151. This
evidently begun in
the colophon shows.
Feliciano's second
schools.

1526, but completed in January

It is

1527, as

often assigned to the latter year.

work was highly esteemed

the lines laid

It follows

first

as

down by Borghi

(p.

textbook for
16),

author acknowledges his indebtedness to him and to Paciuolo

The

first

part of the

book

is

commercial

in character,

and

and the
(p. 54).

in the

second

part the author treats of roots, rule of false, and algebra, the third part

devoted to geometry from the practical side. More complete

than the Treviso book, more modern than Borghi, more condensed and

iDcing

had greater influence on the subsequent teaching of elementary mathematics. The fanciful name, Scala
grimaldelli,' is explained in the verses on the title page. Just as it is
necessary in attacking a castle to have a ladder (scala) and a skeleton
key (grimaldello) to open locks, so in attacking mathematics it is necpractical than Paciuolo, few books

'

essary to have a

book

that answers the

FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.

Title.

da Lazesio.
Venice, 1536.

1526.

pr.

See

same purposes.

p. 145.
'

Libro

di

Arithmetica

Geometria // fpeculatiua

pra-

Compofto per maeftro // Francefco feliciano da Lazifio

Veronefe//Intitulato Scala Grimaldelli ://Nouamente ftampato.'
ticale

(F.

r,

I.

The

rest

is

substantially as in the

first edition,

Fig.

j-]

.)

CStampato nella inclita Citta di Vinegia, apreffo

Moyfe nelle cafe nuoue luftiniane Per // Fracefco di

Colophon.

'

// fanto
Aleffandro Bindoni,
del fignore.

& Ma-//pheo Pafmi, compagni.

536. Del mefe //di Zenaro.

Regnante

Nelli anni //
il//Serenifri-

mo Princi-//pe meffer An-//drea Grittti.// ABCDEFGHIKLM

NOPQRSTV.//Tutti fono duerni.' (F. 80, r.)
Description.

cm.

80

ff.

4,

15.6

unnumb., 41

See above.

X 20.8 cm., the

11.

text being 13.4

Venice, 1536.

17.

PRINTED BOOKS
FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.

pr.

See

da Lazesio.
Venice, 1545.

1526.

p. 146.

This

Title.

substantially the

is

same

as in the 1526 edition

147)-

(P-

ColopJton.

With the exception

stantially as in the

1536

of the date (1545), this

See

pr.

See

536 edition. Venice, 1 545.

da Lazesio.
Venice, 1550.

1526.

This

Title.

'

is

substantially the

Stampato

Francefco Bindoni,

nella

& Mapheo

N O // P O R
Description.

4,

same

inclita

as in the

unnumb., 41
Editions. See p. 146.
ff.

Title.

This

Colophon.

Venice, 1560-61.

is

substantially the

same

as in the 1526 edition

M.D LX.

'Stampato nella Inclita Citta

//cefco de Leno.
(F. 79,

17.2

146.

147), but bears the date

(p.

da Lazesio.

Ed. pr. 1526.

p.

r.)

Venice, 15 50.

FRANCESCO FELICIANO
See

(F. 80,

20.8 cm., the text being 13.4

11.

edition.

BCDEFGHIKLM

V.//Tutti fonno duerni.'

15.6

1526

Citta di Vinegia, per //

Pafmi,// Nelli anni del noftro

Signore.// M. D. L.// Registro.//

80

p. 146.

Colophon.

cm.

sub-

146.

p.

FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.

is

edition.

Description. Substantially as in the

Editions.

Nell'

di Vinegia,

Per Fran-

anno del N. Signore.// M. D.

LXL'

r.)

Description.

4,

15.9

21.

cm., the text being 14.3

17.4

unnumb., 41 11. Venice, 1560 (colophon 1561).

Editions. See p. 146. Riccardi mentions two identical editions
this year, one of them, here described, with the colophon date

cm.
of

149

1561.

79

ff.

RARA ARITHMETICA

I50

FRANCISCO FELICIANO
Ed.

pr.

See

Verona, 1563.

p. 146.

This

Title.

Description.

is

substantially the

4,

14.9

64 ff. imnumb.
Editions. See p. 146.

cm., 41

The

da Lazesio.

1526.

11.,

See

'

Verona, 1602.

p. 146.

This

Title.

except

17.1

da Lazesio.

1526.

pr.

Verona, 1563.

missing in this copy.

is

FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.

as in the 1561 edition.

(part III missing).

on geometry,

third part,

same

19.4 cm., the text being 13.6

is

substantially the

De nuouo

riftampato,

crefciuto di molte cofe da

&

M.//

same

as in the

1526 edition

da molti errori corretto,

Fillipo

&

ac-

Marcario Veronefe Rafo-

nato publico della Magnifica Citta.//Con

le

gionta della Regola

del Catain del medefimo.// In Verona, Apreffo Dionigi Filiberi.

CI3 13 C

II.'

ColopJion.

1602.'

I.)

(P. 284.)

Description.

cm.

(P.

'In Verona,// Nella Stamparia di Angelo Tamo.

4,

pp. blank

X 19.2 cm., the text being 11.5 X 15.7

unnumb. + 276 numb. = 288 pp., 32 11.

14.7

Verona, 1602.

FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.

pr.

See
Title.

da Lazesio.
Padua, 1629.

1526.

p. 146.
'

Scalla // Grimaldelli // Libro di // Aritmetica, et Geo& Pratticale // Di M. Francefco Feliciano

metria // Speculatiua,

Veronefe. //Diviso in tre libri.//

...

In Padoua, Per Donato Paf-

&

compagni. i629.//Conlicenza de' Superiori.' (F. i, r.)

Description. 4, 15 X 20.5 cm., the text being 11.4 X 16 cm.

quardi,

4 pp. unnumb. + 276 numb.

Editions. See p. 146.

280

pp.,

32-34

11.

Padua, 1629.

PRINTKI) BOOKS

FRANCESCO FELICIANO
Ed.

Venice, 1669.

p. 146.
'

Title.

da Lazesio.

1526.

pr.

See

151

Scala //Grimaldelli // libro di // aritmctica, e

<;e()-

metria // Spcculatiua, e Pratticale // Di M. l^Vancesco Feliciano

//Veronese.// Diviso inTre Libri.

Di nuouo riftampato, e da

...

& accrcfciuto

molte cofe da // M. Filippo

Macario Veronefe Rafonato publico della Magnifica // Citta. Con
I'aggionta della Regola del Catain del mcdefimo.// Al Molt' lUufmolti errori corretto,

Padron Colendifs.

tre Signor, e

MDCLXIX.//

Venetia,

Description.

6 pp. blank

Signor Gio: Battista Sorer.//

il

Giacomo Hertz.' (F. i, r.)

X 22 cm., the text being 1.8 X 16 cm.
6 unnumb. + 240 = 252 pj)., 41 11. Venice, 1669.
4,

See

Editions.

di

16.

Preffo Gio:

'^'

146.

p.

See p. 148. It speaks well for this work

should have appeared one hundred and forty-three years after the book
of Feliciano's that this edition

was

published.

first

CHRISTOFF RUDOLFF.
Born

at

Jauer

c.

1526.

Niirnberg, 1534.

1500, but the dates of his birth

and death are unknown.

Ed.

pr.

Kunftliche rech//nung mit der ziffer vnnd mit // den

pfenninge // fampt-// der Wellifchen Practica // vnd allerley
vorteil // auff die Regel de Tri.// Item vergleichug mancher-//
Title.

'

zal

Land

ley

vii

Elnmas//Muntz ec. AUes durch //

Wein verfertiger.// 1534.' (F. i, r.)
Getrukt zu Nurmberg bey//Johan Petreio//im

Stet // gewicht/

Chriftoffen Rudolff zu/

Colophon.

'

nach // der geburt Chrifti //

iar

Description.

cm.

19

8,

10. 2

unnumb.

ff.

Editions.

M.D..\.\.\

1 1 1

.'

(F,

14.9 cm., the text being

blank

120

ff.,

31

11.

20,

p.

258 for the

11.8

Niirnberg, 1534.

Rudolff published three books as follows

Coss, an algebra, in 1525 (see

r.)

6.-] Y.

the

Stifel edition of

1553); (2) the Kiinstliche Rechnung, here described; (3) a col1530 (see p. 159). Of the Kunstliche

lection of problems in

Rechnung
tury

the following editions appeared in the sixteenth cen-

Vienna (Niirnberg

?),

1526, 8; Niirnberg, 1532, 8;

ib..

RARA ARITHMETICA

152

1534 (here described); ib., 1537,8; ib., 1540 (below); ib., 1546;
Niirnberg, 1553, 8 (below); ib., 1557 (p. 153); Vienna, 1561
;

Vienna (Augsburg
This work

?),

1574; Augsburg, 1588,

an extension of the

is

first

8.

part of the Coss,

and

is

divided

fundamental operations with

abstract and concrete numbers, integers, and fractions, with and without
the abacus ; (2) Regelbiichlein, the rule of three (' Regel de Tri ') and
Welsch practice ('VVellisch rechnung') (3) Exempelblichlein, problems
into three parts:

(i) Grundbiichlein, the

best-known of the practical arithmetics

of that period. The rule of three is esteemed highly by Rudolff, for he
says
sie befchleufzt in fich die aller niitzlichfte Regel, dadurch unzeli-

and

was one

It

results.

of the

'

che rechnung in kauffen und verkauffen aufzgericht werde.' Of the Italian method of solving applied problems, the Welsch practice,' he says
Dieweil die WeUifch rechnung nichts anderes ift, daii ein gefchwinder
aufzug in der Regel de Tri gegriindet, wirt fie auch derhalben practica
'

'

gefproche.'

Other luorks 0/1^26.

Ciruelo, p. 60, 1495

1513;

Blasius, p. 97,

1489. Sterner mentions an

anonymous Rechenbiichlein as printed this year at Niirnberg.

Widman,

Tagliente, p. 114, 1515;

p. 37,

CHRISTOFF RUDOLFF.
Ed.

pr.

See
Title.

Nurnberg, 1540.

1526.

p. 151.

This

is

Colophon.

M. D. XL.'

'

same

substantially the

but bears the date 1540.

(F.

as in the

1534

edition,

i, r.)

CGetruckt zu Niirmberg bey Johaii // Petreo/ Anno

(F. 117,

Description.

8,

8.8

r.)

13.9 cm., the text being 6.8

12 cm.

unnumb., 30 11. Nurnberg, 1540.

Editions. See above.

117

ff.

CHRISTOFF RUDOLFF.
Seep.
Title.

zal

'

Ed.

pr.

1526.

Nurnberg, 1553.

151.

Kunftlich rech-//nung mit der

ziffer

vnd mit//den

pfenningen/ fampt der // Wellifchen Practica/ vnd allerley//

fortheyl auff die Regel //

erley

De

Tri.// Item vergleichung manch-//

Gewicht/ Elnmas/ Mfintz

;c.

auff //etlich

Landt vnd

Stett.

//Gemehrt mit 293 Exempeln/von man-//cherleyKauffhendeln/

PRINTED BOOKS

153

machen vnd in die // Rcgel

zu fetzcn fcin.//Auff.s new widerumb fleiffig vberfehen/ //vnd
an vil orten gebeffert.// AUes durch Chriftoffen Rudolff zu //
mit crklcrung/\vic//clic Iclbcn zu

Wien

i,

r.)

Gedruckt zu Nurmberg/ durch // Gabriel Hayn.//

'

(F. 206, V.)

1553.'

unnumb.

ff.

Editions.

10 X

8,

Description.

206

(F.

verfertiget.// 1553.'

Colophon.

See

cm., the text being 6.8

157

2 blank

208

ff.,

24-26

11.

1.8

cm.

Nurnberg, 1553.

p. 152.

As the title states, this is a revision of the 1526 book, with some
added matter and a considerable number of new examples. I'he new
matter begins on f. T 8. The book closes with a list of gauger's characters, 'die vifier ziffer,' not found in the 1534 edition, the integers
being represented by what are pracdcally the medieval numerals, and
the fractions being generally unit fractions.

CHRISTOFF RUDOLFF.
See

Ed.

pr.

1526.

Nurnberg, 1557.

p. 151.

Description.

This edition of Rudolff' s arithmetic

is

substan-

verbatim with that of 1553 (p. 152). 8, 9.5 X 15 cm., the

text being /x 1 1.8 cm. 206 ff. unnumb., 26 11. Nurnberg, 1557.
tially

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

'

Ed.

Cologne, 1527.

pr. 1527.

Compendia-//ria

artis

nvmerandi

fima practicandi uia, figuris Arithme//ticis

ratio, et

// expeditif-

omnes numeroru

mulas c6prehen//dens, additis quibufdam, ut

raris,

for-

ita//utilibus

regulis.// Radicis Cvbicae Extractio.//

Cubus

13886 151
653534 29952

28

40

Radix

o.

96480

38862144-'

Colophon.

.M. .D.

'

(F-

I' !)

Coloniae apvd Melchiorem // Nouefienfem

XXVII. //Menfe

maio.'

(F. 29,

r.)

Anno

KARA ARITHMETICA

154
Description.

29

cm.

is

dated

'

text being 8.9

13.4X 19.4 cm., the

other

Anno

Coloniae.

14.3

Cologne, 1527.

11.

There was no

Editions.
epistle

4,

unniimb., 32

ff.

The dedicatory

edition.

1527. Calendis Maijs.'

This extremely rare little work, almost unknown to bibliographers,

begins with a theoretical discussion of the nature of number and arithmetic.

This

is

followed by a

in tres tractatus digesta.'

Of

the rule of three in integers

The work
on commercial arithmetic.
business problems.

'

compendiaria

these the

Title.

is

artis

numerandi
species

'

ratio

and

'

too theoretical to have had any influence

mathematician, born

Ed.
c.

pr.

Frankfort, 1534.

1527.

500.

Arithmetices // Authore

Rvdi//menta

'

treats of the

the second of fractions, and the third of

JOHANNES WOLPHIUS.
A German

first

lohanne

Vuolphio // Herfbrugienfe.// Elemen//tale Geometricvm, ex //

Euclidis Geometria, a loanne Voegelin,// Haylpronnenfi, ad
omnium Mathe//matices studioforum utili-//tatem decerptum.
page

surrounded by an elaborate woodcut.

is

Colophon.

At

Description.

56

ff.

the end
8,

9.7

unnumb., 24-29

(The

Ege-//nolphus excudebat.'

Chriftianus

// Franc.

is

X
11.

the date 'M.D.

F.

title

i, r.)

XXXIIII.' (F. 56, r.)

X 11. 7 cm.

15 cm., the text being 6.8

(The arithmetic occupies only 27

ff.)

Frankfort, 1534.
Editions. Ntirnberg, 1527; Frankfort, 1534,8 (here described);
ib.,

1537; Strasburg, 1539, 8;

(below)

ib.,

ib.,

1540; Frankfort, 1548, 8

1561.

This brief treatise on arithmetic covers the work required in some

of the Latin schools of the sixteenth century.

It

contains

little

besides

numeration and the fundamental operations, including duplation, mediation, the rule of three, and fractions. There are only a few applications,
coinage and partnership being the most prominent.

JOHANNES WOLPHIUS.

Ed.

pr.

1527.

Frankfort, 1548.

See above.
Title.

phio

'

Rvdi-//menta Arithmeti-//ces, Autore loanne Vuol-//

Geometricvm,// Ex

Herfbru-//gienfe.// Elementa-//le

PRINTED HOOKS
Geomctria, a loanne // VtKfjelin,

Pluclidis

Mathematiccs

niniuni

Franc. Chri. Ego.'

At

Colophon.

60

ff.

the end
8,

Description.

i,

r.)

is

the date

9.9

unnumb., 22-27

'

155

laylpronncnfi, ad o-//

utililatcm (.\c-//vcvpium.//

ltudi()-/,'l"f>''^>'i^

(F.

M. D. XLVIIL'

15.3 cm., the text being 8.2

(F. 60,

1.8

(The arithmetic occupies only 28

^'-

r.)

cm.
ff.)

Frankfort, 1548.

FETRUS APIANUS.

Ed.

Pf.tkr Bien'EWItz, or
Ingolstadt, April

Cosmographia (1524) he

his time

at Ingolstadt,

who gave

at

Lei.snig, in

1495; ^^^^

'^'^

wrote chiefly on astronomy, and in his

showed how to determine longitude by observ-

He

He was professor of
certain fixed stars.
and was one of the few university professors of

moon from

ing the distance of the

astronomy

first

Ingolstadt, 1527.

1527.

Benxewitz. Bom

1552.

21,

pr.

instruction in arithmetic in the

German

language.

See Fig. 78.

'Gedruckt vnd volendt zu Ingolftadt //durch Georgium Apianum von Leyi3-//nick/ jm Jar nach der geburt Chrifti
Title.

Colophon.

// 1527.

am

9.

299

ff.

8,

unnumb.

blank

300

ff.,

27

11. 7

cm.

Ingolstadt, 1527.

11.

Ingoldstadt, 1527, 8 (here described); Frankfort,

Editions.

1537, 8

(F. 299, v.)

10 X 14.8 cm., the text being 7

tag Augufti.'

Description.

157);

(p.

mentions an

'

ib.,

1544,

8; ib.,

1564,8;

Arithmetica,' Leipzig, 1543,

and Romstock does not give

it

ib.,

8,

in his article

Graesse

1580.

but questions

it,

on Apianus in the

Astronomen, Matheniatikcr, iind Physikcr der Diocese Eichstdtt.

Apianus follows Rudolff so closely as to give ground for comment.
His arithmetic differs from the latter's chiefly in the arrangement of the
matter. The work is largely commercial, and includes the fundamental
operations and the ordinary rules and applications of the period. There
Indeed, Apianus advises
is a chapter on counters at the end of the book.
die Sumering der Regifter durch die rechenpfening
their use, saying
:

'

The
ift dan durch die federn oder kreide.'
on account of its quaint illustrations. The
engraved 'Pascal
title page (p. 156) is noteworthy on account of the
and
triangle' a century before Pascal studied this numerical form,
brauchfamer

auff der lini

work

is

interesting

also

some years before

reckoning.

Stifel

know

of

mentioned it, and because of the picture of line

in print
Pascal triangle
no example of the
'

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

56
before

one, although the arrangement had doubtless long been

this

more or

less familiar

to mathematicians.

nuitor in x>it^m

0achcnt/mic fchoncrt

^c

gelrfvn fragfliicFcit Gectnffcii

lid)

vcas fcttl vnnty

^tfit^c/

Sc$>enX)i^i^Ait in t)cr

tjesglcvdxrt

^eif^fd)cv

furitirtlf?

witjer in

Wclfd^tr fpi<id)nk
^iirch J3ctrum Zpiai

rtctf)

get>iiicPc.

t^urtOcr^

in

"nicF/^2t|lrortomci
joljlrtt <2)rt)iit4'

riu/vcrfcmgcc.

T*

ns? fT

Fig. 78.

0///er

the

first

W.

Peer,

Title page of the first edition of apianus

works 0/1527. FeHciano,

Niirnberg edition so far as

'

p. 146,
I

1526

know;

Riese, p. 139, 1522,

Tagliente, p. 114, 1515

Ain new guet Rechenbuchlein,' Niirnberg,

8.

PRINTED HOOKS
PETRUS APIANUS.
See

p.

Ed.

pr.

157
Frankfort, 1537.

1527.

155.

Title.
Ein ncvve vnd wolgcV/griindte vndcrweifung aller //
Kauffmans Rcchnung in dreien Bu//chern/ mit fchonen Regeln
vnd fragftucken bc-//griffcn. Sunderlich was fortel vnnd bchendigV/keit in der Welfchcn Practica vnnd Tolle-//ten gebraucht
wurt/des gleichen vor//mals wcdcr inn Tcutfcher noch in//
'

Welifchcr Spraach

getruckt.//

nic

CDurch Petrum Apianum

von Leyfznick der // Aftronomei zu Ingolftatt Ordinarium.//

(Woodcut of merchants using counters.) Franc. Chri. Egen.'
(F. I, r.)

Colophon.

'

Zu Franckfurt/ bei

Chriftian

Domini. M. D. x.xxvij.//Im Herbftmon.'

Description.

183

unnumb.

ff.

8,

9.8
i

Egenolff/

15.3 cm., the text being 7

blank

184

ff.,

//Anno

(F. 183, v.)

25-28

11.

11.5 cm.

Frankfort, 1537.

See p. 155.

JOHANNES FERNELIUS.
Jean Kernel. Born

Ed.

Clermont

pr.

1528.

Paris, 1528.

1497; died at Paris, April 26, 1558.

He was a physician, with a taste for mathematics and astronomy. He
wrote numerous works on medicine and mathematics.
Title.

'

at

loannis Fer//nelii

in

Ambianatis // de proportionibus

Libri duo. //Prior, qui de fimplici proportio-//ne eft,&magnitudi-

num &

nu-//nierorum turn fimplicium tum // fractorum rationes

edocet.//Pofterior, ipfas proportiones co-//parat

ones colligit.// Parisiis //

Ex

Colophon.

Description.

(F. 28, v.)

finis.'

Fol., 22.2

31.5 cm., the text being 15.6

unnumb. + 24 numb. = 28 ff., 44-45

Editions. There was no other edition.
ff.

H.

X 24.4

Paris, 1528.

one of the best of the sixteenth-century treatises on the

It follows the Boethian treatment, as seen also
the work of Bradwardin.
This

is

mediaeval proportion.
in

rati-

'CLibellorvm de proportionibvs, loanne // Fernelio

Ambianate authore,
4

earumq3

Fig. 78.)

(F. i,r.

cm.

aedibus Simonis Colinaei // 1528.'

158

RARA ARITHMETICA

Fig. 79.

Title page of fernelius

PRINTED BOOKS

159

Othenvorks 0/ /j28. Borghi, p. i6, 1484; Cassiodorus, p. j i, 1540;

Riese, p. 139, 1522; TaglieiUe, p. 114, 1515
Ciruelo, p. 60, 1495
i

Christiernus Torchillus Morsianus, 'Arithmetica brcvis et dilucida in

quinque partes digesta,' Cologne, 8 (but see p. 182, 1536).

Works of i^2g. Anianus,

p. 135,

1522

Basel, cap.

being

'

p. 32,

1488; Riese,

p. 139,

1522

Tonstall,

De natura rerum et temporum ratione libri duo,'

De cominitu vel loquela digitorum'; there was an

B?eda,

'

edition by Noviomagus, Cologne, 1537 (see also

pj).

131, 140,263, 1521,

1525, 1554)-

CHRISTOFF RUDOLFF.

1530-

RARA ARITHMETICA

i6o

'Getruckt

ColopJion.

in

der loblichen Reychftat Aiig-//fpurg/

durch Heynrichen Stayner/ // Volendet

XXX.'

Description.

75

am

May im jar/7M. D.

(F. 75, V.)

8,

9.9

15.1 cm., the text being 7.4

unnumb. + 2 blank = yj
Editions. Augsburg, 1530,
ff.

1538;

ib.,

28

ff.,

12.2 cm.

Augsburg, 1530.

11.

8 (here described);

Niirnberg,

1540.

is the third of Rudolff's works (see p. 15 1). As the name imphes,

merely a collection of problems, two hundred and ninety-two in
number. Most of these problems are of a genuine business nature, and

This

it

is

they furnish a good idea of the ordinary commercial needs of the

ORONTIUS FINAEUS.
Oronce Fin6. Bom

first

Germany.

half of the sixteenth century in

Ed.

pr.

1530-32.

1530-32.

Paris,

Brian9on in 1494 died at Paris, October 6, 1555.

He was made professor of mathematics in the (later called) College de
France in 1532. He wrote extensively on astronomy and geometry, but
was not a genuine scholar.
Title.

at

See Fig. 81.

Colophon.

Excvsvm

'

avtem ipsvm opvs

est

Sorbonico, impenfis Gerardi Morrhij,

M,D.XXXII.'

&

PaZ/rifijs in uico

loannis Petri.

Anno

//

(F. 216, r.)

X 37 cm., the text being 18.4 x 27.7

numb. = 217 ff., 48 11. Paris, 1530-32.
The title page of the geometry appears on f. 49, r., with the
date M. D. XXX; the cosmography on f. lOi, r., with the date
M. D. XXX the horography on f. 157, r., with the date M. D.
Description.

cm.

ff.

Fol., 24.1

unnumb.

+ 208

XXXI.
Editions. Paris, 1530-32,

fol.

1544, 8

1542,

fol. (p.

163); Venice, 1587, 4

(p.

the

163);

work appeared

ib.,

in

1525

mathematicis,' 1556, see

p.

(p.

is

(here described)
(p.

164).

1535;

ib.,

ib.,

1554; ib., 1555^

Leslie's statement that

163);

unfounded.

ib.,

For the

'

De

rebus

279.

the first edition of the works of Finaeus, perhaps the most preFrench mathematician of his time, and was published during
the years 1530-32. The dedicatory epistle is dated Lutetije Parifiorum
Calendis lanuarij 1531,' or 1532 new style. The part on arithmetic is

This

is

tentious

'

PRINTED HOOKS

Fig. 8i.

I'itle

page of the first edition of finaeus

i6r

RARA ARITHMETICA

l62

divided into four books dealing respectively with integers, common fractions, sexagesimal fractions, and proportion. There are no applications

FINEI

ORONTII

DELPH.

manifeftatur Sc angujus A B M , an*

JO primi elemeinorum Euclidis facile
utercp rehis) igitur per 4 fexti aufdcm Eudidis,
oulo A C F eft ajqualis ( nam
B A longiV
A, ica F C putei laacudoad G A tompoCtam ex G B
fit ficut H B ad B
.

&

tuHinem.fiue profunditatrm.

H 2o partium.qualium latus quadrati eft 6o;b E aute nie<=

tiatur,8i fit in exemplum 6 cubicorum.tot etiam cubirorum erit G F:funt enim la
tcra perallclogrammi B E F C oppofita.quje per J4 eiufdem primi funt inuicera
sequalia.Duc igitur 6 in 6ofiem j6o:qus diuidepcr 10, &.habd>is pro quodee
Sit

exempli

gra"tia B

iS.Tot igitur cubitore erit A c:

a quafi dempferis A B trium uer^
bi gratia cubiiorum, relinquptur

te

B C dcfyderata

& in profundum

depfla putei logiiudoiycubicoFii,

IDEM
tinebis.

Q_V O Q.V E SIC O B

Metire H e: fitcp exempli

caufa y cubicoru. Deinde multi*

plica y per 6o.fient joo:hapc diui

per iO.produccntur ly.uelut an

tca.Bina nancj) triaiigula A BH et

HE

F funt rurfum a?quiangula.

quoniam angulus A h B angulo

(jc

E H F ad uertjcem pofito , per 15

primi Euclidis eft aequalis.ite re<
<fVus qui ad B, recto qui ad E pari

bah

ter aequat. reliquus igitur

reliquoH F E per ^2 eiufdem pnV

micftsqoalis. Vnde per fupee
rius allegata quarta propofitione
fexti.ticut

HE ad B

A.ica

H E ad E F,eidcm B G per hypothelTm sequalem.

Cum autem acciderit putcum rotundam habere figuram.habenda erit cofydts

ratio diametri putealis orificn,& reL'qua

<j^ RELIQ.VVMETS, VT
eandem rerum in profunditdes

omnia uelutiprius abfoluenda,

'

preflfarum, per uulgatu quadras

tern metiri

doceamus

altirudine.

Sit itacp putcus circularis

H.cuius diamcrer

lit

E FG

E F.aut

illi

aequaiisG H.Adplica igitur quadratem ipfi putei orificio: in hijc

modu.ut

finis lateris

D ad

puncflum E conftituatur

datii

Leua

poftmodu,autdeprime quadra^
tem(libero femper dcmiflb perpendiculo)donec radius uifuaiis
per ambo foramina
pinnacidioRt

&

ad inferiorem
e diametrofis.m.u term
.crminu
H perducat.Quo
inSijperducat.
Quo
:

fafto&immoto quadrate, uide

in

Fig. 82.

qua

From the

^^^

^^-^
-^-"

^^

first edition of finaeus

worthy the name, and the work has little to commend it. Some interesting illustrations showing the use of the mediaeval Quadrans are shown
in Fig. 82.

PRINTia) BOOKS
ORONTIUS FINAEUS.
See

Ed.

pr.

163

530-32.

Paris. 1542.

p. 160.

Title.

'

Orontii // Finci Dclphin. Re-//gii Matheniaticarvm //

Professoris: //arithmetica // practica, libris qva-//tu()r abfoluta,

omnibus qui Ma-//thematicas

ipfas tractare volunt // perutilis,

admodumqueneceffa-//ria: Ex nouiffima authoris reco-//gnitione,

amplior, ac emenda-//tior facta.// yEdito tertia.// Parisiis.//

Ex

officinaSimonisColinaei.// 1542. //Cum gratia&priuilcgioChri-//

P>ancorum

ftianifiimi

Description.

cm.

See

+ 66

unnumb.

ff.

Regis.'

Fol., 20.9

(V

30.

numb.

i,

r.)

cm., the

=68

ff.,

te.xt

40

11.

being 16 X 28.2
Paris, 1542.

p. 160.

ORONTIUS FINAEUS.
See

Ed.

pr.

1530-32.

Paris, 1544.

p. 160.

Title.

'

Orontii // Finaei Delphi-//natis, Regij Mathe-//niati-

caru Lutetise // Profefforis,// Arithmetica // Practica, in com-

pendiu per Authorem // ipfum redacta, multifqj acceffionibus

//locupletata:

qui ad liberam quauis,// nedu Mathematica

Ijs

adfpirant philofo-//phia perutilis, admodiimqj neceffaria.// Lvtetiae

Parisiorvm //

vulnere virtus.'
Description.

95

ff.

numb.

Apud Simonem

(F.

Colinaeum.// 1544.// Virefcit

i, r.)

11 X 17 cm., the text being 8.6 x 12.8 cm.

unnumb. =96 ff., 31 11. Paris, 1544.

8,
I

See p. 160.

ORONTIUS FINAEUS.
See

Ed.

pr.

1530-32.

Paris, 1555.

p. 160.

Mathematicarum
//de arithmetica practi-//ca libri quator:

'Orontii Finaei //Delphinatis, Regii//

Title.

Lutetiae //profefforis,

Ab ipfo authore uigi-//l^nter

recogniti, multifque//accefsionibus

recens // locupletati.// Lvtetiae Parisiorvm, //apud Michaelem

Vafcofanum,// 1555.// Ex
uirtus.'

(F.

Description.

cm.

ff.

privilegio regis.// Virefcit uulnere

I, r.)

4,

unnumb.

15.4

X 20.7 cm., the

72 numb.

76

ff.,

text being

34-35

11.

1.6

17.2

Paris. 1555.

RARA ARITHMETICA

i64

ORONTIUS FINAEUS.
See

Ed.

pr.

1530-32.

Venice, 1587.

p. 160.

'Opere//di//Orontio Fineo//del Delfinato://Diuife

Title.

cinque Parti ;//Arimetica, Geometria, Cofmografia, & Oriuoli,

Academico
// Tradotte // Da Cofimo Bartoli, Gentilhuome, &

in

Fiorentino

// Et

Specchi,// Tradotti dal Caualier Ercole

gli

Bottrigaro, Gentilhuomo Bolognefe.//Nuouamente pofte in luce:

Senefe, 1587.'

(F.

Description.

4,

cm.

Preffo Francefco Francefchi

privilegio. // In Venetia,

//con

unnumb.

ff.

35-39

arithmetic),

See

Editions.

i, r.)

81 numb.

89

ff.

16.8

the part devoted to

(in

Venice, 1587.

11-

That

160.

p.

cm., the text being 10.

X 20.9

14.9

this is the

first

Itahan edition

appears in the printer's dedicatory epistle to Guidubaldo de'

Marchesi del Monte, in which he mentions in quefta occafione
'

deir hauere ftampato I'opera d'Orontio nella noftra Tofcana

Di Venetia, il di 7. di Luglio, 1587.'
lingua,' with the date
'

See p. 160.

ANDREAS ALCIATUS.
Bom
was an
Title.

at

Alzano, near Milan,

Ed.

May

1530.

pr.

8,

Hagenau, 1530.

1492; died there June

12,

1550.

He

Italian jurist.

See Fig. 83.

Description.

8,

10.3

15.4 cm., the text being 7.8

ii.i

and 2 plates unnumb., 28 11. Hagenau, 1530.

Editions. There was no other separate edition, but the works

cm.

50

ff.

of Alciatus

appeared at Basel

in 1571, 3 vol., fol.

The 'Oratio de legibus'

f. D i.
Melanchthon then extends to f. F5. This is followed by Budsei
qvEedam de moneta Graeca,' etc. The work of Alciatus is not an arithmetic, but a history of weights and measures. As such it is of value for
the historical development of commercial mathematics.
Other works 0/1530. Boethius, p. 27, 1488; Bradwardin, p. 61,
1495; Clatovenus, p. 292, 1558; Maffei, p. 86, 1506; Riese, p. 139,
Johann
1522; Tagliente, p. 114, 1515; Torrentini, p. 76, 1501
The work

of Alciatus extends only to

'

of

Kolross, a primer entitled

'

Enchiridion

das

ist

Handbiichlin tiitscher

PRINTED BOOKS
Orthographi
sol,'

Basel,

Auch wie mann

die Cifer

vnd

165
tiidtsche zaal verston

There was also an

ib., 1534,8.
La vraye maniere pour apprendre a chiffrer

with another edition,

anonymous work

entitle<l

et compter,' published at

'

Lyons,

12, c. 1530.

s. a.,

AND^ AL
CIATI LIBELLVS,
DE PONDERlBVrS ET
menfuris

ITEM
Budxt ft(itm de eadem re,4dhuc non mfi *

ITEM
Phtlippi

h\eUnchthomu de ijfdemM

Garmnorum

ufum,fcntenU4-

AkUtt quoc^.O" Mippi Mehnchthontf,

in laitdm luru Cirnlts ,

oratmcs du

lfg4nupm<e*

Hagano apud loUtt' Sec^

Anno M. D.
Fk;. 83.

XXX

Title page of alciatus

JOACHIM FORTIUS RINGELBERGIUS.

Ed.

pr.

53

1536.

He

Lcydcn, 1531.

1.

Joachim Sterck Ringelbergh.

Born

at

Antweq?,

taught philosophy and mathematics in various

c.

1499;

cities of

^^^^^ ^

Germany

and France.
Ttt/e. Toachimi // Fortii Ringel-//bergij Andouerpiani opera,
//quae proxima pagina//enumerantur.// Virtvte dvce //comite
Fortvna.//Apvd Gryphivm // Lvgdvni, //anno//M. D. XXXI.'
(P.

I.)

RARA ARITHMETICA

i66
Colophon.

XXXI.'

'

(P.

Lvgdvni apvd // Seb. Grypivm,// anno // M. D.

687.)

Description.

cm.

8,

10. 3

687 pp. numb.

16

O.

30

15.7 cm., the text being 8.4

717

O R T

pp.,

I I

22-29

11.

12.2

Leyden, 1531.

RING.

V-^YAmiim tiwnm hoc pd^o digmmtur,

'^

Omnii
Fig. 84.

From thk

first edition ok ringelberoius

Editions. Leyden, 1531, 8 (here described); ib. (at least the

arithmetic part), 1539,8; Basel, 1541, 8 (see p. 167); Leyden,

PRINIKI) HOOKS
1556, 8 (see

The

168).

p.

'Louanij Idib. Augusti,

'

167

Epistola ad Lcclorem

Anno M.

'

dated

is

XXIX.'

D.

This work of Ringelhergius is somewhat encyclopedic in characThe 'Liber de Ratione ftiidij,' with Annotationes' thereon and a
ter.
'

'Horoscopus Hbri ratione ftuchj to show that it was written in an aiis]>icious time, is followed by six other books. These relate to (Grammar,
Dialectics, Rhetoric, Mathematics, and Divination, closing with a book
entitled Commvnis cvivsdam Naturaj funt.' The book on mathematics
'

'

includes a chapter

on arithmetic

in which, in 17 ])ages (about

10 pages

excluding the illustrations), the author treats of the Boethian ratios,

numbers (see Fig. 84), and the fundamental operations with

and upon the line abacus. The part relating to astronomy had
already been published at Basel in 1528, and the cosmography in Paris
figurate
figures

in 1529.

Other 7V07'ks of ijjT. Kobel, p. 10 1 15 14 Juan (}uti<^rrez de (iualda,

Arte breue y muy prouechos de cuenta castellana y arismetica,' Toledo,
4; ib., 1539; Saragossa, 1557, 1564; Alcala, 1570 H. C. Agrippa, De
,

'

'

with later editions, Cologne, 1533,

fob; 1541
Lugduni, 1550, 8; s. 1., 1565; Basel, 1567, 8; s. 1. a.
(Paris, 1567 ?), included by De Morgan without much reason.
occulta philosophia

libri

tres,' s.

1.,

JOACHIM FORTIUS RINGELBERGIUS.

Ed.

pr.

See
Title.

53

Basel, 1541.

1.

p. 165.
'

Ioachimi//Fortii Ringelber//gii Andoverpiani Ivcvbra-

//tiones, uel potius abfolutifsima /cu/cXoTrai'StS^

de Ratione
torice,

ftudij, utriusq; linguae,

Mathematice,

&

nem-//pe

fublimioris // Philofophiae multa.

eXeyxo^i fub fecjuenti pa//gina enumeratur. Atq; haec

iudicio

&

//ordine funt tradita, ut uel

rarum ftudiofo //

fatis

ad

fummum

fola cuiq;

inge-//nij

sint.//Basileae.//Anno M. D. XLI.'
Colophcm.

anno M. D. XLI.'
Description.

cm.

796

pp.

See p. 166.
the same.

(P.

8,

numb.

Quoru

omnia eo

//mcliorum

lite-

cultum effe//pof-

i.)

Basileae apvd Bartholo-//mevm

liber

Gramatice,// Dialectice, Rhe-

Vvesthemervm //

(P. 797.)

15.7 cm., the text being 8.2

10.3

unnumb.

Although the

title differs

798

pp., 25

11.

11.

Basel, 1541.

from that of 1531, the work

is

RARA ARITHMETICA

i68

JOACHIM FORTIUS RINGELBERGIUS.

Ed.
See
Title.

pr.

53

'

loachimi // Fortii // Rin-//gelbergii // Andoverpiani

// Opera,// Quae

Apud loannem
torn

Leyden, 1556.

1.

p. 165.

proxima pagina enumerantur.// Lvgdvni,//

The rest of the page is
(P. i.

Frellonium.'

off.)

Colophon.

'

Lvgdvni,// ex

LVL'

Sylvii,//M. D.
Description.

8,

4 pp. unnumb.
Leyden, 1556.
See p. 166.

officina typogra-//phica Michaelis

//

(P. 663.)

10. 5

4 blank

Although the

9X

15.2 cm., the text being

660 numb.

title differs

668

13 cm.

26-31

pp.,

11.

from that of 153 1, the work

is

the same.

MICHAEL PSELLUS.

Ed.

pr.

1532.

Venice, 1532.

Called the Younger, to distinguish him from a philosopher of the same

name who lived about 870 a.d. Born at Constantinople in 1020; died in a
cloister in mo.
He studied at Athens and taught philosophy at Constantinople.

See Fig. 85.

Title.

Description.

8,

9.9

blank+ 104 unnumb.

14.9 cm., the text being 7.4

1.4

cm.

24-25 11. Greek, Venice, 1532.

Editions. Venice, 15 32, 8, Greek (here described); Paris, 1538,
Greek, 4; Paris, 1545, Greek and Latin; Augsburg, 1554, 8,
Greek and Latin; Wittenberg, 1556, Latin; Basel, 1554 and
I f.

105

ff.,

1556, 8, Greek and Latin; Paris, 1557, 8, Latin (p. 170);

Wittenberg, 1560, Latin; Paris, 1585, Latin; Leipzig, 1590,
8, Greek and Latin (p. 170); Heidelberg, 1591, Latin; Tours,
1592, Latin.

Greek writers on arithmetic. This

theory of numbers, and it
represents the arithmetical inheritance derived from the older Hellenic
arithmetic,
civihzation. The treatise covers the mediaeval Quadrivium
and is the only late Greek work on
music, geometry, and astronomy
Psellus

was one of the last

work is devoted

part of his

of the

solely to the

arithmetic that attracted attention in the Renaissance period.

metic

is

merely a primer

for the

study of Nicomachus.

The

arith-

PRINTED HOOKS

169

Other works of 1532. Aventinus, p. 136, 1522; Capella, p. 66, 1499

Feliciano, p. 146, 1526; Kobd, p. 102, 1514; Riulolff, p. 151, 1526;
Johann Brandt, 'KunstStifel, p. 223, 1544; Vincenlo, p. 140, 1522
;

Ad^omg

^'(7i;Vo7rf 0? As^ovo/u/ocj

SAPIENTISSIMI PSEL
opus dilucidum m quattuor Ma/
li

thematicas difciplinas, Arith/

mcticam ,Mu ficam ,Geome

triam,K Aftronomiam.
Kutncrornm hie contraftior

explication

Elaboratum Mufices Compendium*

Copendiu rurfiis Geometric rationiU
Aftronomij coaftio perfpicua*

VENETIJS.

MDXXXIL

CCumgratia^
Fic. 85.

Title page ok the first edition of psellus

Rechnung mit der Zyffern \Tid Pfennigen, Auff allerlcy handtGeorg Reichelstain, Kauffmans handCologne, 8, 39 ff.
Ziffern,'
biichlin. Aller Rechennschafft behendigkeyt, auff Linien vnd

liche

tierung,'

'

Frankfort, sm. 8, with another edition in 1534.

RARA ARITHMETICA

I70

MICHAEL PSELLUS.
See
Title.

Ed.

Paris, 1557.

1532.

pr.

p. 168.
'

Michael // Psellvs de // Arithmetica,// Mvsica, Geo-

metria://& Proclus de // Sphaera,// Elia Vineto Santone interprete.// (Woodcut with motto
Inpingvi Galhna.) Parisiis,//
:

Apud Guhelmum Cauellat, in pingui ganina,//ex

Came racenfis./V 1557.' (F. i, r.)
Description.

cm.

arithmetic), 22

16.2 cm., the text being 6.6

76 numb.

blank

81

ff.

y.

(18

13.3

on

ff.

Paris, 1557.

11.

See

Editions.
See

10.6

8,

unnumb.

ff.

aduerfo collegij

p.

This

168.

one of the Latin editions.

is

p. 168.

MICHAEL PSELLUS.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

Leipzig, 1590.

1532.

p. 168.

&

PselU // Philofophi

'

Mathemati-//ci clarifsimi //

Arithmetica// Editaftudio//M. Chriftophori Meureri,//Mathe-

matum

Academia //

Prof eff oris publici//in

Plato interrogatus, cur

homo

fit

apiB-l lix.dv iiriqaTai, refpondit.// Lipsiae.'

Colophon.

Lipfiae,

'

Anno M. D.

XC

Description.

24

Lipfienfi.// 1590.//

a-//nimal fapientifsimum
(F.

o-n

i, r.)

imprimebat Michael // Lantzenberger.//

(F. 24, v.)

8, 9.5

15.8 cm., the text being 6.6

unnumb., 30 11. Leipzig, 1590.

Editions. See p. 168. The Latin dedicatory

12.3 cm.

ff.

XV.

'Lipfiae

The

text

is

Cal.

in

Nouemb. Anno

epistle

poft Chriftum

is

natum

dated
1590.'

Greek and Latin.

See p. 168.

MICHAEL PSELLUS.
See
Title.

prete //

matum

Ed.

pr.

1532.

Leipzig, 1616.

p. 16S.
'

Pselli

Cum

// arithmetica // Guilhelmo Xylandro // inter-

Praefatione // Christophori Meureri D.// Mathe-

Profefforis //in

Academia

Typis Abrahami Lambergi.'

(F.

Lipfienfi.// 1616.// Lipsiae//

i, r.)

PRINTKH HOOKS
8,

Description.

9 x

171

14.4 cm., the text bcin^' 6.6 x 12.1 cm.

39 pp., 1-8 unnumb., then numb. 1-31; 24-25

Leipzig, 1616.

11.

See p. 168.

ADAM

RIESE.

See

Ed.

pr.

4,

14.6

X 19

536.

ff.

unnumb.

ff.),

blank

15.1 cm.,

80

ff.,

the rest of the book con-

Leipzig, 1536.

sisting of tables.

Editions.

cm., the text being 9.6

and the tables 9.5 X 12 cm. 79

17-24 11. in the Introduction (3

of

See Fig. 86.

Title.

Descnption.

This

Leipzig,

1533.

p. ijcS.

Leipzig, 1533;

1536, 4 (here described).

ib.,

a set of mercantile tables for the multi])licalion and division

is

denominate numbers.

GEORGE AGRICOLA.
Bom

March

Ed.

pr.

Paris, 1533.

1533.

Glauchau, Saxony; died November 21, 1555, at

Chemnitz. He was rector of a school at Zwickau (i 518-1522), and in later
He wrote a number of scientific works.
life a physician.

See Fig. 87.

Title.

Descnption.
7 pp.
pp.,

unnumb.
28

24, 1490, at

8,

10. 2

15 cm., the text being 6.8

3-261 numb.

+6

blank

X 12.4 cm.

with woodcut

273

Paris, 1533.

11.

Editions.

Paris, 1533, 8 (here described);

Venice, 1533, 8;

There was also

an 'Epitome omnium GeorgiiAgricolae de mensuris et ponderibus
per G. Philandrum' published at Lyons in 1552, 8.
ib.,

1535,

Basel, 1549, 8;

fol.;

The work can hardly be

included in this

list, it is

ancient measures.

'

1550,

fol.

called an arithmetic, but, like a few others

a valuable book of reference on the history of

It consists of five

de menfuris Romanis

ib.,

(p. 9)

'
;

books as follows

'

Liber i)rimus,

Liber secundus de Mensuris

Cirajcis

de Pondere rerum quas metimur (p. 144);

'Liber quartus, de Ponderibus Romanis' (p. 188); 'Liber quintus,
de Ponderibus Grsecis' (p. 219). The book is also valuable to the
student of Roman and (ireek numerals, and of the various symbols
of measures.
Such works explain the origin of certain systems of
(P- 75)

'Liber

tertius,

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

172

>"

iatt/attfft>ctt@c6ffd/tmer/
^nt> $5funbcc5ett)t(?t/^tt

ten

mm

^xb<ixn/W>^ifcn

If 55

tMelc^tot;

S,m<t.

if56
Fig. 86.

cl)**

Title page of the 1536 riese

PRINTED

I73

lUJCJKS

and of
measures employed before the metric system was developed,
such symbols as are still used by apothecaries.

GEORGII
AQRi CO LAB MEDICI LlBRl
am({ucde Menfuris CT Vondefibusjnqm
bui plxra(iue4

P OB.T O
J

D AE O

B V

CT

parum amnMiucrf4

diligftrttrexfummur*

Oj^m nunc primum in

p A

kcm ^iditunu

I S>

uicoUcOs
nxcudeUl ChrjjlwwJ Wfck(HJ,wi
bt/eoJubfcuto B^ilecnft,

Anno

W,D. XXXIU.
Fig. 87.

Title page of the first edition of agricola

Apiamis, p. 62 Jorda0/her works 0/1533. Agrippa, p. 167, 153 1

1 534.:
nus,p.62, 1496; Riese,p. 139, 1522 Schonerus (editor), p. 178,
Abaco,' Vemce
Vincento, p. 140, 1522; Anonymous, 'Libretto de
i534Anonymous (sometimes attributed to Regiomontanus), p. 178.
;

RARA ARITHMETICA

174

GIOVANNI MANENTI.
ZuAN Manenti. a

Ed.

pr.

Venice, 1534.

1534.

Venetian mathematician of the sixteenth century.

See Fig. 88.

In Vinegia per Giouan' Antonio

Title.

Colophon.

'

da

di Ni-//colini

A Inftantia de.

M.// Zuan Manenti. Nelli Anni del // fignoMDXXXIIII.//del Mefe di Genaro.// Neffuno ardifca Stam-

Sabio
re.

par quefte Tariffe// de cambii

excommunicatione

MD

tiene.//

402

7.5

de diuerfe cofe fotto pe//na de

indicates, this

title

woodcut.)

fe con-

(F. 400, v.)

13.9 cm., the text being 5.4

unnumb., 21-26

There was no other

Editions.

As the

12,

(2 blank)

ff.

&

// fententie come nel Priui-//legio

XXXIIIL' (Large

Description.

cm.

late

11.

edition.

a set of tables of exchange, and

is

10.6

Venice, 1534.

was

it

intended for the use of Venetian bankers and merchants.

GIOVANNI SFORTUNATI.
Johannes Infortunatus. An

See Fig. 89.

Stampata
Colophon.

Ed.

pr.

Venice, 1534.

1534.

Italian arithmetician,

bom at

Siena

c.

500.

Title.

'

detto Zoppino.//M.D.
Description. 4, 15.4

129

ff.,

40-41

11.

in

Vinegia per Nicolo

XXXIIIL'
X

(F. 129,

di Ariftotile

21 cm., the text being 13.2

X 16.9 cm.

Venice, 1534.

Venice, 1534, 4 (here described);

Editions.

//

r.)

ib.,

1543, 4;

1544 (colophon 1545, see p. I77), 4; ib., 1545, 4 (p. 177);

Venice, c. 1550; ib., 1561, 4 (p. 177); ib., 1568. The
1.,

ib.,
s.

privilege

is

dated 1532.

Sfortunati wrote his treatise along the lines followed by Borghi

and

he acknowledges his indebtedness to them

and to Maeftro Luca dal Borgo dell' ordine di fanto P'rancefco (p. 54)
and to the 'operetta di Fihppo Caladri Cittadino Fiorentino (p. 47).
Like these authors, he was a popular writer, as the seven editions of
Feliciano,

and

in his preface

'

'

'

his

book go

to prove.

tions with integers

illustrating the

Italian

treatise closes with

cantile tables.

and

His work

is

fairly

fractions,

and

is

business

life

of

some work

complete as to the operaexamples

satisfactory as to the

in practical

the sixteenth

century.

The

mensuration and some mer-

PRINTED BOOKS

{^r

DE CAMBI

F
E

A^V

ALTRO

Copofia per ZuaMcfncnti.

TlluH.Senatovcnero
th'altrichcZ.Manoti infra anni X ftl
par nc fcr ftapar no la polfj, foTo Ic pc
ne cotenute in quellcM D X X XIIII,

Ccn rriuilc^io del

Fig. 88.

Title page of manenti

175

RARA ARITHMETICA

176

;^ INVOVO

hVlAE^

,lBRO Dl ARITHMETICAL
rntimbto: NuouoLiimc impoche moltc ^pofitfo
ni chcperaltn autori:fono falfajuete coclufe; in
quefto fi emedano:& caftiganorcon chiare; la
dde:& aperte dimofl:rationi:molto bene di
fcnfle j& ventillate.Co vno breac trattato
di Geometria:per quato d vnopratico

Agrimenfore fi conucga,con ta/

uole da r cmporre Ic corde:da mi
furarcla lenuta di ciafchuHd

botte.& eriam liftaggfuox

lidamifurareglifce

mi di quelle*
per lo acutiffimo prcfcrotato're.dene
Archimedfanc&EacIidiane dottrine

Compofto

GIOVANNI SFORTVNATI
DA SIENA.

CVM GRATIA ETPRIVILEGIO*

M*

D.

XXXIIII-

:t
yyify

Fig. 89.

Title page of the first edition of sfortunati

PRINTED BOOKS

177

GIOVANNI SFORTUNATI.
Ed.

pr.

See

p.

The

Title.

Venice, 1544-45.

1534.
174.

title

page

practically identical with that of 1534,

is

M. D. XLIIII.
Stampata in Vinegia per Bernardino de Bindoni
Colophon.
//Milanefe Anno domini. M. D. XLV.' (F. 129, r.)
Description. 4, 14.8 X 20 cm., the te.xt being 12.2 x 16.7 cm.
2 ff. unnumb. + 127 numb. = 129 ff., 40 11. Venice, 1544-45.
except for the date

'

Editions.

See

See

p.

It will

174.

p.

colophon and on the

title

be noticed that the dates in the

page do not agree.

174.

GIOVANNI SFORTUNATI.
See

Ed.

pr.

Venice, 1545.

1534.

p. 174.

The

Title.

title

page

is

practically identical with that of the

edition.

1534

Colophon.

Tn

Vinegia per Giouan' Antonio

Ad

&

Pietro fratel-//li

di//Giacomo da Coneano
libraro a fan//Fantin. M: D. XLV.' (F. 129, r.)
Description. 4, 15.4 X 21.2 cm., the te.xt being 12.9 X 16.8
cm. The text is practically identical with that of the 1534
de Nicolini da Sabio.

inftantia

edition.

See

p. 174.

GIOVANNI SFORTUNATI.
See

Ed.

pr.

1534.

Venice, 1561.

p. 174.

The

Title.

title

page

is

practically identical with that of the

1534 edition.
Colophon.
(F. 129,

'

In Venetia per Francefco del Leno,//

Description.

cm.

See

ff.

p.

MD

LXI.'

r.)

blank

174.

4,

15.4

X 21.6

129 numb.

cm., the text being 12.9

134

ff.,

41-43

11.

17.3

Venice, 156 1.

RARA ARITHMETICA

178

ANONYMOUS.
Ed.

pr.

(Schonerus editor.)

Nurnberg, 1534.

1534.

born at Karlstadt, near Wlirzburg,

Johannes Schonerus (Schoner) was

January i6, 1477, and died at Nurnberg January 16, 1547. He was a
preacher at Bamberg, and later (i 526-1 546) a teacher of mathematics in the
Aegidiengymnasium at Nurnberg, in which Melanchthon took such interest.

See Fig. 90.

Norimbergae apud

Title.

ColopJion.

XXXIIIL'

'

lo.

Petreium,//

Anno M. D.

(F. 32, r.)

Description. 4, 15

X 20.9

cm., the text being

1.6

15.6 cm.

Nurnberg, 1534.
Editions. This is merely an edition of the anonymous medieval 'Algorithmus Demonstratus,' with notes by Schonerus. As
32

ff.

unnumb., 29-43

11.

might be expected, therefore, it is purely theoretical, being a

In the preface Schonerus
late variation of the Boethian works.
speaks of it as the 'Algorithmus Demonftratus incerti autoris.'

De Morgan thought that it might have been written by Regiomontanus, but he was wrong in asserting that Schonerus attributed it unquestionably to him. As a matter of fact the authorship
goes back at least to the fourteenth century.

have been an edition pubhshed at Nurnberg

to Regiomontanus, but I have not seen it.

JOHANN ALBERT.
A

Ed.

pr.

Wittenberg Rechenmeister of

Title.

'

c.

1534.
1

There

is

said to

in 1533, attributed

Wittenberg, 156 1.

500-1 565.

Rechenbuchlin // Auff der Federn/ Gantz // leicht/

aus rechtem Grund/ In // Gantzen vnd Gebrochen/ Neben // angehefftem vnlangft ausgelaffnem Buch-//lin/ Avff den Linien/

Dem einfel-//tigen gemeinem Man/ vnd anhe-//benden der Arithmetica//zu gut.//Durch Johann. Albert/// Rechenmeifter zu
Wittembergk/zufamen//bracht. Auffsnew/mit allemvleis vber//fehen/ gemehrt vnd gebeffert/ //zum dritten mal.//Wittemberg.//

561.'

Colophon.

'

(F.

i,

r.)

Gedruckt zu // Witteniberg/ // durch Geor-//gen

Lawen//Erben.//

1561.'

(F.

ii8, v.)

PRINTED BOOKS

179

l^^m^'^^^^^^^^^^'^^^^^^^-^^^^^'^^
[?2^^^^
rtggraraifi^Pl

GO'
Ah
RITHMVS
DE.

2A0NSTRATVS.
Habcs

in hocljbcIIo4udiofeleaor,Ma

themau'cas dcmonftraa'ones,in earn calcu

landi artem,quam uulgus Algorithmum
uocat, quibus fons 8c origo,irem caufUf 8c
certjtudo eius,darifrimeCutin Matliematii
CIS omnibus fieri folet ) tibi ob oculos
nuntiir.Ecquamuisetiairjcitrahanccogni
tionc,&dilci(Siexerceriponit,tamen,giian
turn tntcreil inter caecum, alicnarrepiae Sc
cundanter ueib'giafequcntem, 6i inter ocu
latum,fccurcAj expedite incedentem,tant5
intercft jnterharum demonftrarionum ru?

pc

dcm &peritu cakulatorcm

Quarc

Ieg<5& iuuaberis.

M. D. XXXIIII.

erne,

-^-^

p.^.:;^,^^,^,^^

Fr;. 90.

'I'lTLE

PAGK

(JF

TiiL:

1534 Algorlthrnvs Dcmonstrat7s

RARA ARITHMETICA

i8o
Description.

120

ff.

8,

9.4

unnumb. (two

Editions.
(the colophon

15.1 cm., the text being 6.^

7-24

blank),

10.8 cm.

Wittenberg, 1561.

11.

Wittenberg, 1534; ib., 1541, 12; Frankfort, 1541

is dated 1542), 8; Wittenberg, 1553,8; ib., 1554;

Frankfort, 1558, 8; Magdeburg, 1559, 8; Wittenberg, 1561,

8 (here described); ib., 1564, 8;

Magdeburg, 1579, 8; WittenThat this edition was revised in 1541 appears

from the dedication, which is dated 'im taufent/ f Unff-//hundert/
ein vnd vier-//tzigften Jar.' Murhard also mentions an Introberg, 1586,

8.

'

ductio Arithmetices,' Cologne, 1542,

8.

Although from the title it would seem that algorism (' Auff der
Federn ') is emphasized, counter reckoning (' die Species auff den
Linien ') is first described (ff. A 3-F 2). This is followed by the second
Das Ander Rechenbfichlein/ auff der // Feder/
part, the algorism
(f. F 3).
In each part
auffs aller kiirtzeft // vnd leichteft ver-//faffet
there are many commercial problems, and the book ranks as one of
the most practical of its day. It is a valuable source of information as
to the commercial activities of its time.
Other works of 1^34. Borghi, p. 16, 1484; Bradwardin, p. 61,
:

'

'

1495; Jordanus, p. 62, 1496; Kolross, p. 164, 1530; Ortega, p. 93,

1512; Peurbach, p. 53, 1492; Reichelstain, p. 169, 1532; Rudolff,
Rabbi Elias Misrachi, rrN'7D
Wolphius, p. 154, 1527
p. 151, 1526
;

"iCDQn or "iCDan "ICD (perhaps 1533? 1532?), Constantinople, 4

(another edition, with a Latin translation by Schreckfuchs, and a commentary entitled "ICDDH PrN'pD *lV:4p by Mlinster, Basel, 1546, 4).

GIOVANNI MARIANI.

Ed.

ZuANE Mariani. a Venetian

Title.

'

Tariffa perpetva //

pr.

Venice, 1580.

1535.

arithmetician of the sixteenth century.

Con

le

ragion fatte per fcontro di

// qualunque Mercadante fi voglia,// che dimoftra quanto monta

ogni //quantita de cadauna mercantia ad //ogni pretio, si a pefo

come
altri

a nume//ro.

Buona per ogniuno

luoghi; nelli quali //

tiana.

fi

ragiona,

&

in Venetia,// Dalmatia,

fi

&

fpende a moneda//Vene-

Et e buona per Verona,// Breffa, Bergamo, Milan, Cre& altri luoghi done fi // ragiona, & fi fpende

mona,// Mantoua,
a

moneda

Venetiana

Im-//periale,
in

&

Breffana

Con

mone-//da Imperiale,

&

la

reduti6//di moneda

della

imperiale

in

//

PRINTED BOOKS

kSi

Vcnctiana.

Et e buona a ridurrc // ogni forte do

cor-//rente,

si

ogni precio.'

Vcnctiana come Im-//pcriale

(.

in

each being 2.6 X 13.3 cm.

32

Vcnctia per

gli

Hcredi

// l^Vanccfco
// Mariani.//

di

15.2 cm., printed in double columns,

279

ff.

numb.

+ 20 unnumb. =

299

ff.,

Venice, 1580.

11.

Editions. This

is

apparently the

first of

the various editions appearing as follows

ib.,

Brcffana ad //

Ad inftantia de lAutore Zuane

LXXX.' (F. 299, r.)
12, 8.5

Description.

&

r.)

i,

'Stampata

Coloplioii.

Rampazetto. //
L'Anno .M. D.

moncda

ori in

1559;

1564, 8;

it).,

ib.,

1567;

two books by Mariani,

Venice, 1535; ib.,1553;

ib.,

1569, 16;

ib.,

1572;

1575; ib., 1579; ib., 1580, 12 (this edition); ib., 1591, 16.
The second book, also a Tariffa, appeared three times at Venice,
ib.,

That these were

1538, 1555, and 1558.

viz. in

know

different

works

only from such bibliographers as Riccardi and Libri.

Like other books with the same

for the use of merchants.

this

title,

It includes

is

simply a set of tables

both interest and exchange tables,

and

is adapted to the needs of Northern Italy.

Other works 0/1535. Agricola, p. 171, 1533; Angelus Mutinens,

Finaeus, p. 160, 1530-32

Grammateus, p. 123, 1518;
1525
Kobel, p. 102, 15 14
Reisch, p. 82, 1503; Riese, p. 141, 1522
Tonstall, p. 134, 1522
Torrentini, p. 76, 1501
Pedro Melero, 'Compendio
p. 140,

de

los

numeros y proporciones,' Saragossa,

HUDALRICH REGIUS.
A German

teacher of the

Ed.

first

pr.

4.

Freiburg, 1550.

1536.

half of the sixteenth century.

Title.
Vtrivs-//qve arithme-//tices epitome, ex variis //
authoribus concinnata, per // Hvdalrichvm // Regium.// Nvnc
Tertio omnia // diligenter reuifa 8z emendata.// Friburgi Brif'

goiae,// Stephanas
(F.

I,

Grauius excu-//clebat.

Colophon.

'

Description.
f.

// M. D.

L.'

Fribvrgi Brisgoiae, // Stephanus Grauius //excu-

debat,//Anno M. D.
I

Anno

r.)

unnumb.

8,

10

L.'

(F. 104, v.)

15.3 cm., the text being 7

103 numb.

104

ff.,

17-22

11.

ii.i

cm.

Freiburg, 1550.

RARA ARITHMETICA

i82
Editions.

Strasburg, 1536, 8; Freiburg, 1543,8;

ib.,

1550,

8 (here described).

This work was intended for the Latin schools. It is only slightly
and as compared with a book like that of Gemma Frisius it

practical,
is

The

reactionary.

part (to

first

f.

48) treats only of Boethian arithHactenus de

metic, the theory of numbers, closing with the words

eorundem //

Theo-//rijs, nunc de

numerorum

'

The

Praxi.'

practical

part gives the operations in the usual style of the Latin writers of the

and closes with several pages on the use of counters.

Other tvorks 0/1536. Boethius, p. 27, 1488 Bradwardin, p. 61 1495
Budaeus, p. 99, 1514; Feliciano, p. 148, 1526; Ortega, p. 93, 1512;
Riese, p. 139, 1522; Torrentini, p. 76, 1501
Peurbach, p. 53, 1492
time,

Christiernus Torchillus Morsianus,

Walckl,

'

'

Arithmetica practica,' Basel,

8,

with

Georg
1538, 1553, 8 (but see p. 159, 1528)
Die Walfch practica/ gezoge auf5 der kunft der Proportion,'

subsequent editions,

ib.,

?), 8; Rycharde Benese, 'This boke sheweth the

measurynge of all maner of lande, as well of woodlande, as
of lande in the felde, and comptynge the true nom^re of acres of the
same,' London, 4. (De Morgan includes this book because of its computations and early mathematical tables. Subsequent editions appeared
L. Culman, Wie iunge und
in 1537, 1540, c. 1558, 1562, and 1564.)
alte Leut recht petten sollen,' Niirnberg, 8; ib., 1537.

Strasburg (Niirnberg

maner

of

'

ABRAHAM BOSCHENSTEYN.
The son
Title.

'

of

Ein

Johann Boschensteyn

mag

fein

anfeng//klich

Bofchenfteyn/

Vnnd

S.

1,1536.

// Rechenbilch-//lin der Zyffer/ darauC

niitzlich

ein//yeder/ durch

Ed. pr 1536.

(see p. 99).

aygen

mit//kleyner

f^eyfz

hliff/ lernen

rechenen/ Aufzgange durch // Abraham

// yetzo ziim dritten mal mit fleyfz // vber-

fehen vnnd Corrigiert/ mit // erlichen zugethanen Exem//plen/

Durch Johann // Bofchenfteyn/ den

(F.

I,

Description.

40

ff.

8, 9.5

unnumb., 20-23

Gebe am

x
11.

M. D. XXXVI.'

14.5 cm., the text being 6.8

S.

1.,

There was no other

Editions.

have been written

'

alte.//

r.)

edition, but the

in 1530, for the

The work

is

11.9 cm.

book seems

dedicatory epistle

19.// tag Aprilis/ An-//no

derenn //zal.'

1536.

very rare.

h".

im 30 //jar

is

d'

to

dated

min//

PRIiNTED BOOKS

183

In the epistle the author mentions his father's work (p. 99)
Wiewol meyn Herr vatter/ herr Johan Bollhenfteyn vor i 7. jaren auch tier
'

gleych zu Aiigfpurg inn den Truck mitgetheylt hat/

\ nnd ziim drittenn

mal getruckt worden.' Seventeen years before 1530 was 15 13, when
Johann's book was probably written, since it was published in 15 14.
Abraham's work is not much of an improvement on his father's,
and resembles it in many respects. It gives seven Species,' including
Duplicatio and Mediatio,' as Johann's work had done. The ])rin'

'

'

'

cipal additions are in the applied problems.

GIEL

VANDER
A

IIOECKE.

Dutch arithmetician

Title.

of the

Ed.

first

pr.

Antwerp, 1537.

1537.

half of the sixteenth century.

See Fig. 91.

Gheprent Thantwcrpcn op die Lombaerden vcflc

Coloplioti.

'

// teghen die gulden hant ouer by mi Symon Cock.// Int Jaer

ons Heeren M.CCCCC. ende // XXXVII. den. ix. dach Febrii;

arij.'

(F.

180, v.)

Description.

cm.
as

5 ff.

shown

8,

unnumb.

9.4

in Figs. 91, 92.

So

Editions.

14.7 cm.,

far as

printer in

544.

the

181

ff.,

26-32

this edition of

Museum

11.

1537

is

The book was again published by

p.

The author begins with

.6

y^

12.8

the

first,

the

same

548. (SQcBil'/iot/ieca

211.)
the fundamental processes with integers, con-

sidering the subject in a practical way.

He

processes with counters on the line abacus.

then considers the same

This preliminary work

followed by chapters on denominate numbers, fractions, the

roots,

"j

Blackletter,

catalogue being evidently

544, and there was an edition in

Mathematica, 1906,

being

te.xt

Antwerp, 1537.

know

the date 15 14 in the British

an error for

176 numb.

and the mediaeval proportion.

The second

nde

is

of three,

part of the treatise

is

devoted to algebra and the applications of arithmetic. The w'ork closes

with a brief treatment of mensuration. It is especially noteworthy on
account of the early use of the plus and minus signs, not heretofore
noticed by writers on the history of the subject. There is no other Dutch
book of this period that makes as much use of these signs (see Fig. 92),
and Vander Hoecke should be recognized as among the pioneers in appreciating their value in connection with algebraic quantities.

mateus, p. 125, 1518,

who used them

in a similar way.)

(See

Gram-

RARA ARITHMETICA

i84

pttfeatt^ukn/ al0 4Dicnumeraae oani)m0^(tale

iC^(( rc0uleoan 2);pm mt0l)c^(cle en uit gbthjuhu

tOtdt^ulc uan cmoalfc^e t>ofitte Im met oalfcepo^
fttienoan dmcerfrt^en 0^crotctite/matc/cR0^cli)c,

C^oc Ijebiip Die etiel rc0ul ^^O0/ t)ie Ian0^ octto^t:

0^01 ]^(ejf^ 0t)ctt)(cf7/ todchc re0ulc 10 die Dojtcoati al(c
quefhat^efc rc0ul(^d)&p mct^aer fp((im/a!0f^tus
meratto/aDbitto/fubtractio/multlpKcatio/enDaiiao/
(It
le

met ^cr eoaiiacie oft qWmxghmfi met Die xe^ue

Der quantitept/annejc Der re0U(en<ro0.

Zteuanal(ecoopmaffappe/al0oanla6ett/rp^me/(n
inercerie/i)temcoer(ooptt)t0cn){c^ee/mate/dtnomer/

en Oatfelue 00c te merchf 2)oertteit0uleoanp;ta(tihe

QE^ter(0u!(t)dn0^cfclfrap/mett)iiieerf(^enmie00e#

<^oci}tefehieit0utcmetDiueetfceh(nle00e/metdmet^

n^terc0u1eDanrmaelt)eelm0eofitom
(fcetide
fieum0en UitictranfpoonttnDanDenlaniutVjp^ofitel^
t^oeralleontfang^erooa fubuencim,
X)k re0ule oan man0elm0e, oan affapertltatt 0oude/
en oan 6luer/en oanf nannen Dan mapenen^
^)c ^b;iHe oandwi^m'oeDe ofcotfierrotOc/rn fitt t){^

X)tp%Qtmtnm (cnenf?tcHelant0teme< (tetjaHie

ten alfo tod Oat onbe0aTi0e!ijc 10 miOt0 Ocn ty ater/oft
dnticr0/al0 bat be0an0bel^r to.
6!ietalcwleerteltDerfaemtmet0rootertta^Ptcliept/
bi<itelt0oanbboccHe. ftt0bep;tent<pnttoerpctt

op bte tomba6rbci)r/?e.^pmi^fmon^Tcdu
Fig. 91.

Title page of vander hoecke

PRINIKI) BOOKS

C/tcmwtlt)i aftrcchm Ix ly uanl^

fcftrtfjcptjcticquntjiatmcccti
plicccrt

Hjt icn ouaUiacc

trtttmu

/^^

foat)

tflcrnamuiti

\mm\ AuHcrc ncocmt i hit

-rl^^^fl I'li

notcl^tJacrafio^i

^'(rratioitalc.
itacr
C^Oif <^Taliotia!cicbt tact oft mct +

cpfc!juant3(nU)a:l{c/uIfitclU0c

refill:

_iv;^

fE:(tfmit>iIDiaftrcchml^

CttcmailOiaftrccltciU^

CI tern + an ^tft
uan

off

re dt0

fi

.uan

o^"l^

14

mxlk |

^ anl^)

Orn

\
1

rc/ilV:

-^-

y^"^^

-i-

fubtratjccrt ciitjc +
ua
aOiDcm intjcfubtractic fo ucr*

atiDfcrlKftui eft fiibtraiicrrltr.

rl^ultiplifaac mOrii iV: oanraficitalcit.

(jTriDilOimultipliffTcn intiruikfccnjcft tt\thp

^-AtnnctfMlcnaUcOcnomincrouaii miOti iiatu

realotx tt multiplicmtt mrt fTmpclcit nomimrfcc
mott oln Den nommcr muUiplucrcn mtttt nualir f vt
Df 1%: ,Hlo ruiltJi multipltfctcr iv o met 4 fo ftt 4 in
iv. nuiltipliccert4 inbacr fducn cotmt l<c 10 ro
inu'.tipliccatomctio cofti44l?ieriut rrcft l\:foc(
IX foe pcc! 10 tx 9 flhcmultiplif cert met 4/ want In 9
io^Dttniu!tipliccertmet4 eoemtii alooojai.

tincn

WUt)unu!tjplifcrHV*8mct5
Fig. 92.

fo mwltipUcccrtfcu

From vander hoecke's Arithmetica

RARA ARITHMETICA

i86

Other -works 0/1337. Apianus, p. 155, 1527 Baeda, p. 159, 1529

Benese, p. 182, 1536; Kobel, p. no, 15 14; Rudolff, p. 152, 1526;
Wolphius, p. 154, 1527 Andres, p. 122,1515; B. C. Symphorien ChamCulman,
Libri VII,' Basel, 8 (one chapter De Arithmetica ')
pier,
Anonymous, An Introduction for to lerne to reckon with
182, 1536
;

'

'

p.

'

after the true cast of

the Pen and with the Counters

Awgrym,' St. Albans.

NICOMACHUS.

Ed.

pr.

Arsmetyke, or

Paris, 1538.

1538.

Gerasa; flourished c. 100 a.d. He was a neo-Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician, and attempted, unsuccessfully, to do for the
Greek theory of numbers what Euclid had done for geometry. Two works
of his are extant, this treatise and a Harmonices Manuale.'

Born

at

'

Title.

See Fig. 93.

4,

Description.

157 X

cm., the text being 9.4

23.1

17.7

77 pp. numb., 32 11., Greek. Paris, 1538.

Editions. This is the first edition of the arithmetic of Nicomachus in Greek. A second edition appeared, Explicata per Joach.

cm.

'

Camerarium,'

at

Augsburg in

54

(p.

263).

For the commentary

of lamblichus, see p. 188.

The arithmetic of Nicomachus is the most celebrated of the few

Greek treatises upon the subject. It was written during the decline of
Greek learning, and is not a work of great merit, being chiefly a compilation of the general number theory of the Pythagoreans. There are
several commentaries upon the 'Introductio,' that of lambhchus (c. 325
that of
A.D., see p. 188) being the best known of the ancient ones, and
Camerarius (see p. 262) being the most important one of the Renaissance.
After a philosophical introduction, Nicomachus classifies numbers as
even and odd, and the odd as prime and composite. Perfect, excessive,
and defective numbers are also considered, and the elaborate system of
ratios which later characterized the work of Boethius and the medieval
Polygonal and solid numbers and proportions are
is given.
treated in the second part, a ratio being loosely defined as the relation
between two terms,' and proportion as the composition of ratios.' The

writers

'

'

work

differs essentially

from Euclid

in its presentation, being inductive

matter of interest that the

of medireval writers,
to be found in any treatise appears here, although Hilprecht found them
on the Babylonian cylinders of about 2000 b.c. The best edition of the
works of Nicomachus is that of Hoche (Leipzig, 1866).
instead of deductive in treatment.
first

multiplication table, the

'

It is also a

mensa Pythagorica

'

PRINTED BOOKS

NIKOMAXOY
2 IN or

187

TEPA:

a'pigmhtikhz' bibai'a

Ar'o.

NICOMACHI GERA:
ARITHMETI-

SINI

cae libri

J^'^fJr

P A

duo.

^^ /iCP

trat^

1 1

S.

In ofFicina ChriRiani Wechcli.

M. D. XXXVIIL
Fig. 93.

Title page of nicomachus

RARA ARITHMETICA

i88

GILLES HUGUETAN.
A

Ed.

bom

Lyons arithmetician,

c.

1500.

See Fig. 94.

Title.

Colophon.

Icy finiffent les tables des comptes compofees et

'

calculees // par Gilles huguetan

Jacques huguetan //

Gilles et

Description.

F'ol.,

Et imprimees cheux //

Lan//i538.'

freres.

X 32.9

21.3

25 pp. unnumb.

cm.

Lyons, 1538.

1538.

pr.

(P.

cm., the text being 18.

90 numb.

115 pp., 59-^4

l^-

ledict

115.)

X 27.3
Lyons,

1538.
Editions.

Because

and

There was no other

composed

it is

edition.

of other tables of use to stationers

often included

among

and division tables,

and merchants, this work is not

largely of multiplication

the arithmetics of the century.

classed, however, since the

first

It

should be so

eleven folios are devoted to the expla-

nation of the fundamental operations both with written numbers and

with counters. The illustrations of counter reckoning are striking, the
'gectz' (counters) being represented full size. The book is one of the
earliest

Lyons arithmetics

lAMBLICHUS.

Ed.

which the

in

line

is

mentioned.

Arnheim-Deventer, 1668.

1538.

pr.

abacus

Bom at Chalcis, in Ccele-Syria, c. 283 died at Alexandria, c. 330. He was

a neo-Platonic philosopher and a voluminous writer. P'our of his works are
extant, this introduction to the arithmetic of Nicomachus being one.
;

Title.

See Fig. 95.

Description.

Greek on the

4,

left

15

19.8 cm., printed in double columns,

and Latin on the

right,

each column being

12 pp. unnumb. + 181 numb. = 193 pp., 34 H5 X 14.8 cm.

Bound with the Camerarius edition of Nicomachus (p. 262,
1554).

Arnheim-Deventer, 1668.

Editions.

There was no other edition

in the sixteenth

century

than that of 1538.

See Nicomachus, p. 186. This commentary by lamblichus forms
the fourth part of his treatise on the Pythagorean philosophy, the greater
part of which

is still

extant.

Other works of 1538. De la Torre, p. 41, 1489 Glareanus, p. 191,

1539; Mariani,p. 181, 1535 Morsianus, p. 182, 1536 Peurbach, p. 53,
;

PRlNlM';i)

HOOKS

iSg

?^LESTABLESDEDI<i
AVEC
VERS COMPTES,
calculccs

parGlLLES

LEVRS CANONS,
HVGVETAN, natif dc Lyon,

Par Icfqucllcs on pourra facilcmcnt trouucr

Ics

Comptcs tous faictz, tant dcs achats

que ucntcs dc routes marchandifes.foic en gros.oucn detail, alaMcfurc, ouau Poix,

a la Charge, ou au Nombre.
Lcs Tables aulFi du fin Dor Sc Dargcnt, pour fcauoir, fcclon que Ic Marc de billon
ticndra dc fin.ou daloy,combien il uauldradepoixdc fiiiOr.ou Dargcnt fin.

Deux Tables feruantz aux Librafrcs.Et unc Table dc Dcfpcncc, a fcauoir a tant pour
lour.combienondefpcndlan S^leMoys.&TaraylbnduMoyscombicnrcuicntpour
an 8C pour chafcunIour,S(:a taiit pour An comb ien ondcfpend leMoys,SC chafcun
lour.

La

manierc dc AuaIucr,ouRcduyrc par

icelles Tables toutes

Monnoyca,cn

liurcs,

{o\z,&C denicrs.

J L

ART

8:fcicnce

&:Partir,par

le

dcNombrcr,Adioufter,Soufb-airc,MuIupIier,

comptc dcsGectz,

On Ics ucnd aLyon, a Icnfcigne de la Sphacrc,chcux

Gillc$,8C laqucs Huguetan,frcrcs,

iy3S
Ficj.

94.

Title page of huguetan

RARA ARITHMETICA

I90
1492

Psellus, p. 168,

Rudolff, p. 160, 1530

1532

Riese, p. 138, 1522

Tonstall, p. 135, 1522

Roche,

Tomas

Klos,

p. 130,
'

1520;

Algoritmus

JAMBLICHUS
CHALCIDENSIS
Ex Coele- Syria
N

NICOMACHI

ERA SEN

Arithmeticam introdudioncm,
DE

E T

O.

O^ncprimum editusy in Latimm fermonem

converfm,

notis ferpetuU iUuftratus

SAMUELE TENNULIO.
Accedic

joachimi camerarii
Explicatio in duos Libros Nicomachi,

cum Indice rerum & verborum locuplcudimo.

N H

yE,

FRIDERICUM HAGIUM,

Proftantapud juh.
Davenmz typisdefcripfir

do
Fig. 95.
to iesth

Klosa,'

WiLHEtMUS WiSR,

Id c lx vii.

Title page of the 1668 iamblichus

nauka Liczby, Polska rzecza wydana

Cracow (reprinted at Cracow in 1889)

Rechenbuch,' Augsburg,

8.

Przez Ksiedza Tomasza

Eysenhut, 'Ein kiinstlich

PRINTIH) lUJOKS

191

HENRICUS LORITUS GLAREANUS.

Ed.

pr.

Paris, 1543.

1539.

LoKiTi, LoRKTi. 15orn at Mollis, canton of (llarus, Switzerland, in June,

14SS; died at PVeiburg, Kieisgau, May 2S. $(y^. He was professor of mathematics and philosophy at Basel (1515-1521), and professor in the College
de France, Paris (1521-1524), and later taught at Basel and Freiburg. He
wrote on arithmetic, music, and geometry.
i

T/t/c.

See Fig. 96.

Dc Vi. Arith
METICAE PRACTICAE SPECIEBVS,HENRICI GLAREANI
Epitome.

Ex officma

ARISIIS

lacohi

GaxcUhfuh in-

figni \ntiidi<, regione gymnafii

Cameracenfis.

M
Fig. 96,

Title page of the 1543 gl.-^reanus

RARA ARITHMETICA

192

10.6

8,

Description.

17 cm., the text being

21 numb.

67 X

12.9 cm,

29 11. Paris, 1543.

Editions. Glareanus is sometimes mentioned as the author
of two works on arithmetic, the Isagoge Arithmetica and the
work here described. Under the former title the following edi2

uiinumb.

ff.

23

ff.,

'

tions are

Tropfke

'

mentioned by various writers Freiburg, 1 539, 8 (unless

is correct in saying there was an edition of 1538); Paris,
:

1554, 8; Lyons, 1554,

Under

8.

the above

the following

title

The

editions appeared: Paris, 1543, 8 (here described.

tion

is

dated 'Friburgi Brisgoiae

may have been an

dedica-

M. D. XXXVIII,' so there

edition as early as 1538); Freiburg, 1543, 8";

Cracow, 1549; Freiburg, 1550, 8 (below); Paris, iS5i,8(p.

193); Freiburg, 1555; ib., 1558, 8; Paris, 1558,8. The biographer of Glareanus, Schreiber (Freiburg, 1837), gives these as

the

same work.

Besides this book, Glareanus also published an

'

Arithmetica

musica operum Boethii demonstrationibus et figuris auctior,'

Commentarius in Arithmeticam et
Basel, 1546, fol., and a

et

'

Boethii,' Basel, 1546, fol.; ib., 1570, 4.

Musicam

handbook

for

In

the Latin schools.

notation, including the Greek,

it

Glareanus

first

treats of

Roman, and Arabic systems; then

the elementary operations with integers

and proportion. There is nothing in the

of

then, briefly, of progressions

little

book

to

commend

it.

HENRICUS LORITUS GLAREANUS.

Ed.

pr.

See

Freiburg, 1550.

1539.

p. 191.

Title.
De. VI Ari//thmeticae // Practicae Speciebvs // Henrici
Glareani//P. L. Epitome.// Fribvrgi Brisgoiae.// Cum gratia ac
Priuilegio Regio,//ad annos fex.' (P.)
Colophon. 'Apud Friburgum Brifgoicum // Anno M. D. L.//
'

Stephanus Grauius //excudebat.'

Description.

8,

unnumb.

+2

2 pp.

1550.

10

(P. T^.)

15.8 cm., the text being 6.4

blank

74 numb.

78 pp., 22

11.

11.7 cm.

Freiburg,

PRINTED BOOKS

193

HENRICUS LORITUS GLAREANUS.

Ed.

pr.

See

'Dc

Title.

Paris,

1539.

55

Apud Guliclmum

Caucl-

pingui Gallina,//c rcgione collcij Camcraccnfis.// 155

lat,

ill

(F.

i.r.)

i.

fex Arith-//mcticae Practi-//cae Speciebvs,//Hen-

Glarcani // Epitome.// Parisiis,//

rici

p. 191.

i.'

Excudebat Lutetiie Parifiorum Benedictu.s //PreTypographus in vico Fre-//mentcll(), fub Stella Aurea://
{F. 23, r.)
III. Non. lanuarij,// 1551.'
cm., the text being 6.4 x 11.9
Description. 8, 10. 4 X 16.
blank = 24 ff., 29 11. Pari.s,
cm. 2 ff. unnumb. + 21 numb. +
Colophon.

'

uotius

1551See

192.

p.

HIERONYMUS CARDANUS.
Ed.

pr.

Milan, 1539.

1539.

Geron'Imo or Girolamo Cardano, Jerome Cardan. Born at Pavia,

September 24, 1501 died at Rome, September 21, 1576. He was a physician and professor of mathematics at Milan (i 534-1 559) and professor of
medicine at Pavia and (i 562-1 570) Bologna. Later he was a papal pensioner at Rome. He was one of the most acute mathematicians of his
century, and wrote numerous treatises on mathematics and natural science.
;

See Fig. 97.

Title.

'Anno a Virgineo partu.// M. D. XXXIX. //

Antonins Caftellioneus Me//diolani Imprimebat ImV/penfis

Colophon.
lo.

(Printer's mark, with

Bernardini // Calufci.'
Description.

304

ff.

1542.

Villicus,

but

9.9

unnumb., 33

11.

'

B.C.') (F. 304, v.)

15.3 cm., the text being 8.2

12.7 cm.

Milan, 1539.

Milan, 1539, 8 (here described); Nurnberg, 1541;

Editions.
ib.,

8,

See also

and

p.

338, 1570.

have seen

it

mentioned

think the date a misprint, or that

1537 edition
in a dealer's

is

given by

catalogue

some one has taken the

date of the preface instead of looking at the colophon.

is one of the most pretentious arithmetics of the sixteenth cenand it did much to influence the advanced teaching of the subject.
in no sense a practical book, having been written by a mathematician

This
tury,
It is

94

KARA ARITHMETICA

for the use of scholars.

It

opens with a discussion of the kinds of num-

bers considered in arithmetic, such as integers, fractions, surds, and

denominate numbers. This is followed by the fundamental operations

E R ON IMI
HI
C.CARDANI MEDICI MEDIOLA
NENSrS,PRACTICA ARITH>
necice,5C

Menfurandi fingularis.Inqaa

q\iz prctcr a!iasc6tinentur,vctfa

pagina Oemondcabit*

Fig. 97. Title page of

cardan

with these numbers and a treatment of proportion. The properties of

numbers occupies a considerable space and includes much of the ancient
theory. The work then runs into algebra, combining this with arithmetic.

PRINTED IKJOKS

195

numerous business applications in the treatise, such as partnership, exchange, profit and loss, anil mensuration, but these are treated
from the theoretical standpoint rather than from that of the practical
needs of the merchant class. The great prominence of the author and
the scholarly nature of the work account for the various editions of the
'rhcre arc

His well-known

book.

'

Magna'

Ars

JOHANN NOVIOMAGUS.

(algebra) appeared in 1545.

Ed.

pr.

Neomagus, Jan Bronckhorst. Horn

Nimwegen

in

1494;

died at

He was

for a time professor of mathematics at Rostoctc.

not only wrote on numbers, but edited works of Bxda and Ptolemy.

Cologne

He

Paris, 1539.

1539

at

in 1570.

See

Title.

Fii;.

98.

8,

9.7

Description.

117 pp. numb.

Editions.
8 (below)

15.4 cm., the text bein<;

2 unntmib.

Paris,

119

26-28

pp.,

6."]

11.

12.3 cm.

Paris, 1539.

1539, 8 (here described); Cologne, 1544,

Deventer, 1551

The book was intended

Roman and Greek

=
(p.

197).

for the classical schools.

It sets forth

the

notations, the fundamental operations both with the

the line abacus, the finger notation as found

works of Bteda, the astrological numerals of the Middle Ages, and
the Boethian theory of numbers.
Other xvorks of i^jg. Capella, p. 66, 1499 Peurbach, p. 53, 1492
Vogelin (see Peurbach, p. 53, 1492); WolRingelbergius, p. 166, 1531
phius, p. 154, 1527 Anonymous, Abacho novo con il quale ogni persona
puol imparar Abacho senza che alcuno li insegni,' Venice Anonymous,
An introduction to algorisme, to learne to reckon with the penne,' Lon-

Hindu numerals and upon

in the

'

'

don,

8,

p. 167,

with another edition

ib.,

1581, 8; Juan Gutierrez de Gualda,

1531-

JOHANN NOVIOMAGUS.

Ed.

pr.

1539.

Cologne, 1544-

See above.

De Nvme//ris Libri II. Qvo-//rimi prior Logifticen,

Title.
ueterum nu//merandi confuetudinem pofterior//Theoremata
numerorum complecti-//tur, aiitore loan. Nouiomago.// Nunc
'

&

recens ab ipfo autore recogniti.// (Woodcut with motto: 'Discite

Ivsticiam moniti.')

Coloniae loan.

M.D.XLIIII.'

I,

(F.

r.)

Gymnicus excudebat,// Anno

196

RARA ARITHMETICA

DeNumcrisIiBRI DVO,
Logifticen

&

CLVORVM PRIOR

vecerum numerandi confuecudi-

nem , polkrior Theoremata numerorum compleditur,ad dodifsimum'vfrum

Aadrc-

am Eggerdem profefTorem
Roftochienfem.

Nunc recens in lucem

emifsi autliore

loanne Nouiomago.

PARISIIS
EroflRcfna Chriftianf Wecheli/ub fcuts
Bafilicnfijin vico Iacobaeo:& lub
PegafOjin vico Belloiiacendi

M. D. XXXIX.
Fig. 98.

Title page oe noviomagus

PRINTED
59

25

ff.,

11.

Editions.
This

is

Title.

197

bcin|^-

G.j

cm.

1.5

Cologne, 1544.

See

p. 195.

merely a reprint of the

first

JOHANN NOVIOMAGUS.
See

IK)C)KS

10 X 14.8 cm., ihc text

8,

Description.

edition (p. 195, 1539).

Ed.

pr.

1539.

Deventcr,

55

i.

p. 195.

De nvme//ns

'

libri

qvo-/Avm

II.

prior logisticen, ct

// ueterum numerandi confuetudinem pofte-//nor Theoremata

numerorum com//plectitur, Autore loan.// Nouiomago.// Nvnc
:

recens ab ipso //autore recogniti.// (Woodcut, and

M. D.

LI.'

(F.

Description.

50

'

T. B. Pons

Daventriae,// Theodoricus Bornius excudebat.//

lovis.')

I,

r.)

8,

9.8

14.9 cm., the text being 6.8

Anno

10. 7

cm.

unnumb., 25 11. Deventcr, 1551.

Editions. See p. 195.
ff.

Like the 1544 edition, this

a reprint of that of 1539.

is

JODOCUS WILLICHIUS.

Ed.

pr.

1540.

Strasburg, 1540.

WiLKE, WiixKE, Wn,D. Bom at Resel, East Prussia; died at Lebus,

November 12, 1552. He was professor of Greek (1540), and then of medicine,
in the university of

Title.

Colophon.

Sept.// anno

'Argentorati ex officina // Cratonis Mylii,// mense

//M. D. XL.' (P. 125.)

8, 10.2 X
5.4 cm., the

Description.
2 pp.

Frankfort an der Oder.

See Fig. 99.

unnumb.

Editions.

123 numb.

text being 8.2

125 pp., 26

11.

.4

cm.

Strasburg, 1540.

Strasburg, 1540, 8 (here described)

ib.,

1545.

book intended for the classical schools. It is written chiefly

It is based
in Latin, but contains numerous extracts from the (ireek.
upon Greek models, and contains several quotations from Nicomachus.
The plan of treatment is catechetical (see Fig. 100), and it is interesting
to note that this work appeared in the same year in which Recorde may
have published his Ground of Artes in England (see p. 213), a book
This

is

'

'

which the author also adopted the catechism form. It is manifestly

inspired by Roethius, and is hair-splitting in theory and useless in prac-

in

tice.

Willichius begins in a grandilocpient style,

'

I)e Arithmeticre, quae

RARA ARITHMETICA

198
Mathefeos mater

The

eft, finitione.'

curious examples than the

first

history of arithmetic has few

chapter of

this

work, with

references to Pythagoras, Augustine, the Platonists,

losopher

named

Algebras.'

x^rabe Philofopho, cui

('

nomen

Eadem Autem

erat Algebras,

and

'

its

more

learned

an Arab phi-

hodie ab authore

quodam

nomine regularum Algebrae

lODOCI
VVILLICHII
RESELLIANI,
Atitbmcticx

libri

ARGENTORATI
M, D. XL.

Cm Gr<iti4 V vmilcgio,
Fig. 99.

explicatur.'

P. 19.)

Title page of willichius

Willichius follows the ancient

ing arithmetic into two parts, the

vna

first

Greek plan

of divid-

being the practical, the logistica

second being theoretical,

qua fupputatio dorneftica

eft,' p. 19), and the
the ancient arithmetica. (' Eft OewprjTLKr), qua

velut

continentur,

of the classical civilization

fit

apud ueteres

('

wpaKTiKr],

a ratiocinando Aoyt^tK^ dicta

fanctiora myfteria

&

haec

fola

intelligentia

animi

PRINTED BOOKS
conftat,' p. 20).
ei't

number mysticism

In his

lupiter,' p. 22), saying that others call

others Concordia, and (piotes

calling

'

199
unity Jujiitcr ('X'nitas

lie calls

Cupid, others Amicitia, and

it

Zarathas the teacher of l'ythag(jras' as

(' Proinde apte

one the father and two the mother of numbers.

Zarathas Pythagorae prseceptor dixit, /u-oi/uSueffe

numerorum

jjatrem, SvuBa

ARITHMETICAE

SO

N C O L A V S.
OYiieftalternumemparf I VST.
I

pctriter imp<fr

fr

Ejt

^uelk paribus iwp4r,Gr<fCi

g/ wro?. Ejl uutcitij cum primum diuiditur:,mox

iniiuifibilis

,ut

Quomodo cum

14.

zz.

jinithorum numerorum

mmgifkrEuclideii

VST.

jit

O L.

ex(]uift*

Sic:^rt(CKiS

rus diuidens par ejl,fed diuiforius mox impar exwr

N I C O L.

get,
I

Cur uoeatUY

VST

Cur id nominis iUi inditum

eft ?

\deo,quod quilibet eiiw ordinis numeri

pare$,fiHtfunt perimparm muUipUcationem: ut

pariter impar yi^ ^er, femrium^ bis quin(^ denarium conjiciunt,

Verumfi cui altiui contemplari lAety eundem uo^

cabit imparem infua qnmtitate ^fed parent in deno

minatione.EJbexempligratiaJenarius, cuiut

ds

tera pari eft quinariui,qui quantitate,hoc eft, moif

nadum congregatione eft imparled quia i binario

denominaturypar iudicabitur, QU ratio

ex Boethio colligitur: Alia autem

tur,

N COL. SuntnehuicdeiUoaliquot theo

SymboU ex

remata

parlterimpaei

menu

rL

eft

Fic

100.

nomim

Euclidi cffe uide

V S T.

Quid ni

Wmm ejl

Si mta

dimidium impar habuerit, pariter impdT

quoi
. N<fltt hie dimkxat cmemum ,

mtm

mxh

From the arithmetic of wh.lichius

autem matrem,' p. 22.) The contrast between this work and that of
Gemma, which appeared in the same year, is very marked. It must be
admitted, however, that the book has some value in interpreting the
ideas of such followers of Nicomachus as Boethius, Jordanus, and
Faber Stapulensis, as is shown in Fig. 100. It has at least the merit of
having been written for beginners.

RARA ARITHMETICA

200

GEMMA

FRISIUS.

More properly

Ed.

pr.

Gemma Rainer

Wittenberg, 1542.

1540.

or

Regnier, the

Frisian.

Born

at

Dockum,

East Friesland December 8, 1508; died at Louvain, May 25, 1555. He

received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in I54i,when he abandoned his

in

mathematical studies. He wrote upon astronomy and arithmetic, and his

son Cornells was a contributor to the former science.

See Fig. loi.

Title.

Colophon.

'

Impreffum Vitebergse apud // Georgium Rhau.//

Anno M.D.XLII.'

(F. 80,

Description. 8, 10

80

r.)

15.3 cm., the text being 7.8

15.3 cm.

unnumb., 23 11. Wittenberg, 1542.

Editions. Antwerp, 1540, 8; Wittenberg, 1542,
ff.

described);

ib.,

1543, 12; Paris, 1543

{.?);

(here

Wittenberg, 1544,

8 (p. 202); Paris, 1545 (Peletarius edition); Antwerp, 1547;

Wittenberg, 1548; Paris, 1549, 8 (p. 202); Paris, 1550, 8
(p. 203); Wittenberg, 1550, 12; Antwerp, 1550; Wittenberg,
(p. 203); Paris, 1551; Antwerp, 1552, 8 (p. 203);
1553, 8 (p. 204); Wittenberg, 1553; ib., 1555; Lug-

I55i> 8
Paris,

duni, 1556, 8; Paris, 1557; Leipzig, 1558, 8

but

204);

(p.

s.

a.,

1558; Paris, 1559; Leipzig, 1559; Paris, 1561,8; Wit-

c.

tenberg, 1561, 8

1562; Antwerp, 1562;

205); Wittenberg, 1563, 8 (p. 205);
Cologne, 1565; Leipzig, 1565, 8; Lugduni, 1566, 8; Witten-

Paris, 1562;

ib.,

(p.

1563

204); Leipzig,
(p.

berg, 1567, 4; Paris, 1567; Venice, 1567, 4 (p. 205) Leipzig,

1568; Paris, 1569, 8; Wittenberg, 1570, 12; Cologne, 1571,
;

8 (p. 206)

Paris, 1572
Leipzig, 1572 ib., 1575, 8 (p. 206)
Cologne, 1576, 8; Paris, 1578, 8 (p. 207); Wittenberg, 1579;
Leipzig, 1580; Antwerp, 1581, 8 (p. 207); ib., 1582, 8 (the first
;

with Forcadel's notes.?); Wittenberg, 1583, 8

1585, 8;
1592, 8
fort,

(p.

1597 (the only German

sixteenth century.
the above

translation.?).

There were numerous

Treutlein {Abkandhmgen,

Murhard, says there Avere

208); Paris,

editions after 1600.

many

(p.

1588; Leipzig, 1588, 8 (p. 208) ib., 1591; ib.,

208); Cologne, 1592, 8; Wittenberg, 1593; Frank-

s. 1.,

at

least

I,

18), following

twenty-five editions in the

In reality there were more than twice as

list,

probably incomplete, mentions

fifty-nine.

PRINTED HOOKS
The

editions

of

Gemma

varied

i)ut

little

20I
until

Pe letaruis,

several years before the former's death, added his notes,

amplified the text, but they

'J'his

least

made no changes

These

of import: uice.

was the most jiopular arithmetic of the sixteenth ce ntury, at

those intended ft)r the Latin schools. It combined the older

among

ARITHME
TICAE PRACTI^

^/

CAB METHODVS
per

FACILIS,

Gemma m.Frifium

MediV

cum ac Mathematicutfi*

VITEBERGAE. M, D.XLIf,

Fig. ioi.

TriLR page of the 1542 g.kmma erisius

RARA ARITHMETICA

202

science of numbers with the commercial arithmetic of the Italian writers

such way as to appeal in a remarkable degree to the teachers of the

in

The book opens with

period.

a discussion of the various fundamental

much

explanation and with numbers of

These operations include the subjects of duplation and mediation as was customary in the Latin books of that time.
The author closes the first part of his work with a treatment of progressions and the rule of three. The second part is devoted to fractions,
the sequence being the same as with integers. The third part includes
such common rules of business as partnership, alligation, and rule of
false, together with roots and a little algebra. The fourth part treats
of proportion, and has a few pages on arithmetical recreations.
operations, presented without
relatively small size.

GEMMA

FRISIUS.

See

Ed.

pr.

This edition

Title.

is

substantially the

with the following exceptions: F.

i,

Anno M,D,XLIIII.'
Colophon.
Anno M,D,XLIIII.'
'

Description.

88

ff.

Wittenberg, 1544.

1540.

p. 200.

8, 9.5

imnimib., 23

11.

r.,

same

(F. 88,

as that of

page:

title

'

542

Vitebergae

r.)

15 cm., the text being 7.9

11.3 cm.

Wittenberg, 1544.

See p. 201.

GEMMA
See
Title.

mam

FRISIUS.

Ed.

pr.

Paris, 1549.

1540.

p. 200.
'

Arithmeticas practicae // Methodvs

Frisivm,

//authore emendata

&

per //

facilis

Medicvm //ac Mathematicum, lam

item de Fractio-//nibus Aftronomicis compendium

&

memoriam

loco // Solis

&

pingvi. gallina.')
gallina, ex

f.

unnumb.

Eiufdem

Et de cogno-

Calendis, Idib. Nonis, Feftis mobilibus,

Lunae in zodiaco.// (Woodcut with motto

Parisiis.//

Apud

8, 10. 5

+95

numb.

16.6 cm., the text being 7

=96

ff.,

'

In

Gulielmtim Cauellat, in pingtii

// aduerfo collegij Cameracenfis.// 1549.'

Description.

Hvc

multis in lo-//cis infigniter aucta.//

accesservnt lacobi Pe-//Ietarii Cenomani annotationes

fcedis per //

Gem-

recens ab ipfo

26

11.

(F.

Paris, 1549.

i,

r.)

12.7 cm.

PRINTED BOOKS
Editions. This

which

is

the ninth edition (see

p.

203
200), and the

first

have seen with the notes of Peletarius, although these

notes bear the date 1545 (f. yy, r.) They are here given in an
I

appendix (Tacobvs Peletarius Lectori,'

the

571 edition (see

f.

'j'j, r.),

but

later, as in

206), they are introduced in the

p.

body

of the text.

See p. 201.

GEMMA
See

FRISIUS.

1549 edition

Dcscriptio7i.
f.

unnumb.

See

p.

pr.

Paris, 1550.

1540.

Except for the date (1550) the

Title.

as that of the

Ed.

p. 200.

8,

10.3

95 numb.

(p.

16.

=96

See
Title.

cm., the text being 7.3

ff.,

26

11.

FRISIUS.

Ed.

pr.

the

same

13 cm.

Paris, 1550.

Wittenberg, 1551.

1540.

'

Arithme//ticae practicae // methodvs facilis, per //

Frifium Medi-//cum ac Mathe-//maticum.// (Wood-

cut showing computing with counters.)

LI.'

(F.

Description.
ff.

is

p. 200.

Gemmam

87

page

201.

GEMMA

M. D.

title

202).

unnumb.

Vvitebergae.//

Anno

I, r.)

8,

9 x 14.2 cm., the text being 6.4 x i r.2 cm.

blank = 88 ff., 23 11. Wittenberg, 1551.

See p, 201.

GEMMA
See
Title.

FRISIUS.

Ed.

pr.

Antwerp, 1552.

1540.

p. 200.
'

Arithme-//ticae practicae metho-//dus

facilis,

per

Gem-

mam Frifium Me-//dicum ac Mathematicum,iam re-//cens ab ipfo

auctore emen-//data, & multis in locis // infigniter aucta.//Cor.
Graphevs.//Si numerandi artem, cunctis ex artibus illam //Vel
primam, exacts difcere lector amas,// Hanc gemma, ingenio fum-

mus quam Gemma

eris.//

Sunt conati

libello
alij

//

Hoc paruo

includit, carpito, doctus

prolixis traderc chartis //

Hanc artem,

at

RARA ARITHMETICA

204

multis non placet

labor.// Porro hie

ille

Gemma

fuam

gemmam

placeat cunctis commoditate breui.//

Vt

temperat, ipfa //

fic

CAntuerpiae, apud Gregorium Bontium // a Csei. Maieft.

&

rium admiffum.//Cum gratia

Description.

ff.

8, 9.5

unnumb.

priuilegio.// 15 52.'

(F.

libra-

i, r.)

X 1 1.8 cm.
Antwerp, 1552.

13.9 cm., the text being 7.4

^6 mimb.

80

ff.,

28

11.

See p. 201.

GEMMA
See

FRISIUS.
Except

Title.

Description.
f.

Paris, 1553.

1540.

pr.

unnumb.

for the date (1553) the title

1549 edition

as that of the

Ed.

p. 200.

8,

9.8

page

14.8 cm., the text being 6.8

95 numb.

is

the

same

202).

(p.

=96

ff.,

26

11.

12.7 cm.

Paris, 1553.

See p. 201.

GEMMA
See

FRISIUS.

Title.

'

Gemmam
in

Ed.

1540.

pr.

S.

1.

(Leipzig), 1558.

p. 200.

Arithme-//tica2 practicae // method vs

facilis,

per //

Medicum ac // Mathematicum // (Woodcut as

the 1542 edition.) Anno M. D. LVIII.' (F. i,r.)
Description. 8, 10. i x 15.4 cm., the text being 7.8 X 1 cm.
Frifium

87

ff.

unnumb., 22-23

Editions.

See

p.

11-

S.

(Leipzig), 1558.

1.

200.

manuscript notes in the back, in a sixteenthcentury hand, gives an interesting synopsis of arithmetic as taught in
See

p.

201.

set of

the universities of that time.

GEMMA
See
Title.

FRISIUS.

Ed.

pr.

1540.

Wittenberg, 156 1.

p. 200.
'

Arithme-//ticae practicae me-//thodvs

facilis,

per

Gem-

//mam

Frisivm Medi-//cum ac Mathematicum.// (Woodcut as

in the

1542 edition.)

Georgii

Vvitebergae // ex

Rhavv//M.D.LXI.'

Colophon.

'

(F.

Vvitebergae // ex

Rhavv//M.D.LXI.'

(F. 88, v.)

ofificina

Haeredvm //

i, r.)

officina

Haeredvm // Georgii

PRINTED BOOKS
Description.

88

8,

9.8

unnumb., 23

ff.

See

p.

See

"j ."]

1.2

cm.

Wittenberg, 1561.

11.

FRISIUS.

Ed.

pr.

Paris, 1563.

1540.

p. 200.

The

Title.

page

title

is

substantially the

202), with the following addition:

(p.

demum

205

14.9 cm., the text being

201.

GEMMA
1549

same
lOth

as

that of

line,

Quibus

'

ab eodem Peletario addita; funt Radicis // vtriufque

demonftrationes.'
8,

Description.

cm.

See

10.4

unnumb.

ff.

FRISIUS. Ed.

See

104

ff.,

26

12.5

Paris, 1563.

11.

Title.

'

Wittenberg, 1563.

1540.

pr.

200.

p.

Gemmam

Arithme-//tic3e practicae me-//thodvs

Frifium

//M.D.LXIII.'
Colophon.

Medicum

(F.

ac //

per //

I, r.)

8, 10. 5

Description.

facilis,

Mathematicum.// VVitcbergae

VVitebergae // ex

'

Rhavv.// M.D.LXIII.'

(F. 88,

ofificina

Haeredvm.//Georgii

r.)

5.6 cm., the text being 8.

11.2 cm.

unnumb., 23 11. Wittenberg, 1563.

Editions. See p. 200.
ff.

GEMMA
See
Title.

ma

FRISIUS.

Ed.

pr.

Venice, 1567.

1540.

p. 200.
'

Aritmetica/Zprattica facilissima,//composta da

Frisio Medico,// et

Matematico // Con I'aggiunta

Gem-

dell'

Ab-

Rotti Aftronomici di // Giacomo Pelletario;

del conofcere a mente le Calende,//gr Idi, le None, le Fefte

breuiamento de

&

p. 201.

GEMMA

88

16.3 cm., the text being 7.1

102 numb.

Mobili,

il

luoco del Sole,

ftratione della

&

della

Radice Cubica

Luna

nel // Zodiaco;

lequali tutte

&

//cofe dal

la

dimo-

latino,

ha

in quefta lingua ridotte Oratio Tosca-//nella della famiglia di

Maeftro Luca Fiorentino

&

halle

de-//dicate // alio illvstre

RARA ARITHMETICA

2o6
fignore,

InVenetia,

fignor/ZEttore Podocataro.// (Woodcut.)

il

Apreffo Giouanni Bariletto.//

Colophon.

'

MDLXVII.'

i,

r.)

*ABCDEFGHIKL M.// Tutti

Registro.//

e Quinterno

M,//che

fono Quaderni; eccetto

(F.

//In Venetia,//

Apreffo Giouanni Bariletto.//MDLXVII.'

4,

Description.

cm.

See

Editions.

x 20.7 cm., the text being 10.6 X 17.4

numb. = 56 ff., 40-42 11. Venice, 1567.

14.9

unnumb.

5 ff.

This

200.

p.

is

the only Italian edition of the

sixteenth century.
See p. 201. The Maeftro Luca Fiorentino mentioned in the title
page was a well-known arithmetician of Florence. A manuscript of his
of c. 1425 is described in the second part of this work.
'

GEMMA

FRISIUS.

See
Title.

mam //

'

Ed.

Cologne, 1571.

1540.

pr.

p. 200.
'

Arithme-//ticae practicae//methodvs

Frifium,

Medicum

ipfo authore emendata,

&

facilis,

per

Gem-

Mathematicum, iam re-//cens ab

ac

multis // in locis infigniter aucta.//

Cenomani annotationes
Eiufdem item de // Fractionibus Aftronomicis compendium: Et

Hvc

accesservnt lacobi Pe-//letarij

// de cognofcendis per
Feftis mobilibus, //

&

memoriam Calendis,//

&

loco Solis

&

vero a loanne Stein recognita,

Idibus, Nonis,

Lunae in// Zodiaco.// Nunc

no-//uis aucta additionibus.//

(Woodcut with motto: Benedices // Coronae Anni//Benignitatis

//Tvae. Psal. 64//) Colonise,// Apud Maternum Cholinum.//

M. D. LXXI.//Cum
Description.
3 pp.

unnumb.

8,

9.5

gratia

&

priuilegio Caef. Maieft.'

15.8 cm., the text being 6.5

281 numb.

284

pp.,

28-30

11.

(P.

12.

i.)

cm.

Cologne, 1571.

See p. 201.

GEMMA
See
Title.

FRISIUS.

Ed.

pr.

Leipzig, 1575.

1540.

p. 200.

'Arithme-//ticae practicae // methodvs facilis,// per //

Gemmam

Frisivm // Medicum ac Mathematicum.// (Woodcut

representing a counting house, with line reckoning.) Lipsiae //

lohannes

Rhamba

excudebat.// M. D.

LXXV.'

(F.

i,

r.)

PRINTia) 1K)()KS
8, 9.5

Description.

87

ff.

unnumb., 23-24

X
11.

15.3 cm., the text

Leipzig",

207
bcini;-

7.8

cm.

11

1575.

See p. 201. The book has been rebound with added pages which
have been used for manuscript. These notes are in Latin, in a (ierman sixteenth-century hand, and include both work on the fundamental
operations and numerous commercial problems.

GEMMA
See

FRISIUS.

Ed.

pr.

Paris, 1578.

1540.

p. 200.

The

Title.

page

title

substantially the

is

same

as that iA

1542 (p. 201), except for the following: In me Mors,// In me

Vita.//Parisiis,//Apud Hieronymum de Marnef, & viduam //
'

monte D. Hilarij.// 578.'

X 17.3 cm., the text being 7.4 X
93 numb. =96 ff., 29 11. Paris, 1578.

Guliel. Cauellat, fub Pelicano

8,

Description.
3

unnumb.

ff.

10.9

(F.
14.

r.)

cm.

See p. 201.

GEMMA
See
Title.

mam

FRISIUS.

Ed.

pr.

p. 200.

'Arithmeticae//practicae methodvs fa-//cilis, per

Frisivm, Medi-//cum, ac Mathematicum confcripta

recens ab Auctore //pluribus locis aucta

dem

Antwerp, 1581.

1540.

loannis Steinii

&

&

Gem:

iam

recognita.// In ean-

Iacobi//Peletarii Annotationes.//Eiufdem

de Fractionibus Aftronomicis Compendium,//

&

de cognofcendis

per memoria Kalendis, Idibus, No-//nis, Feftis mobilibus, loco'qj

Solis

& Lun^

verpiae.//

Anno

in

Zodiaco. // (Woodcut of astronomer.) // Antad infigne Aquilae //aureae.

Apud loannem Bellerum

1581.'

(P.

I.)

9.7 X 15.7 cm., the text being 6.5 X 13 cm.

unnumb. -f 178 numb.+ i blank = 184 pp., 3i 11- Antwerp,
With this copy is bound: 'Ivl. Pacii//a Beriga // Insti1 58 1.
tvtiones//Logicae,//in vsvm scholarvm//Bcrnensivm //editae.
Description.

8,

pp.

//Bernse.

M.D.C

See p. 201.

KARA ARITHMETICA

2o8

GEMMA
See

FRISIUS.

Gemmam Frisivm // Medicum

1542

in the

Description.

8,

9.5

unnumb., 23

ff.

ac Mathematicum.// (Woodcut as

Vvitebergae//Ex

edition.)

//M. D. LXXXIII.'
87

Wittenberg, 1583.

1540.

pr.

Arithme-//ticae Practicae // Methodus facilis,// per //

'

Title.

Ed.

p. 200.

(F.

15 cm., the text being 7.9

11.

officina MatthseiVVelacij.

I, r.)

11. 2

cm.

Wittenberg, 1583.

See p. 201.

GEMMA
See

FRISIUS.
'

Title.

Ed.

pr.

Leipzig, 1588.

1540.

p. 200.

Arithme-Z/ticae practicae // methodvs facilis,// per //

Frisivm // Medicum ac Mathematicum.//

Anno M. D. LXXXVIII.' (F. i, r.)

Gemmam

Lipsiae,//

Lipsiae,// ex officina typo-//graphica Abrahami //

Coloplwn.
Lambergi.//Anno//M. D. LXXXVIII.' (F. 87, r.)
1.5 cm.
Description. 8, 9.4 X 15 cm., the text being 7.8 X
'

87

ff.

unnumb., 24

Leipzig, 1588.

11.

See p. 201.

GEMMA
See

FRISIUS.
'

Title.

pr.

Leipzig, 1592.

1540.

Arithme//ticae Practicae // Methodvs faciHs,//per //

Gemmam Frifium
in the

Ed.

p. 200.

Medi-//cum ac Mathematicum.// (Woodcut as

Lipsiae,// Anno // M. D. XCIL' (F. i r.)

542 edition.)

(Woodcut of Pegasus.) Lipsiae, //ex officina typo-//

graphiaAbrahami//Lambergi.//Anno//M.D.XCII.' (F.88,r.)
Description. 8, 9.2 X 15.5 cm., the text being 8.1 X 1 1.4 cm.
'

Colophon.

88

ff.

See

unnumb., 24
p.

11.

Leipzig, 1592.

201.

HENRICUS URANIUS.
A German
rich)

Title.

Ed.

pr.

1540.

born at Reesz, Prussia.

when he wrote this work.
classicist,

See Fig. 102.

He

Solingen, 1540.
lived at

Emmerich (Em-

PRINTED BOOKS
Description.

20

8,

lOX

15 cm., the text being 7.9

209
X

11.7 cm.

unnumb., 28 11. Solingcn, 1540.

Editions. There was no other edition.
ff.

This

is

a semi-historical discussion of the various measures which the

sixteenth century received from the

Roman

civilization, or

which were

NVMARIA, MENSVRIS ET PONdcribus Epitome ex Budaeo.Portio.Alciato

CT-Georgio Agricolaconcinnata

pcrHcnricum Vranium
RcITcnfcm.

IN Z

L V

M.

OmnUfunt dodis ante probaU wriV.

Ocyui h'mcfugito.fi ncfcis quo fit emdum:
EnmonlirAho, malm Zoile adito crnccm*

^ALINGIACI,

loannes Sorer

cxcudebac.

AN.M.D.XL.

Fig. 102.

Title page ok ukanius

in the most commonly read classics of the Renaissance jieriod.

arithmetical operations are given in the book. It begins with the
fractional parts of the as, the twelfth being called the uncia (the Troy

mentioned

No

ounce), the sixth the sextans, the fourth the quadrans, and so on.

RARA ARITHMETICA

2IO

PHILIP

MELANCHTHON.

Ed.

pr.

1540.

Leyden, 1540.

Born at Bretten, Baden, February 6, 1497 died April 19, 1560. Ilis family
name was Schwarzerd; he assumed the Greek equivalent, Melanchthon, when
he entered the university of Heidelberg (1509). He was one of the most
famous classicists of the Renaissance, and a leader in the Reformation.
;

Title.

See Fig. 103.

A T H E M AMTICARVM
DISCI'
PLI N AR VM, T VM
ETIAM ASTROLOC

A E E N C O-

A,

PER PHI I. MELANCHT.

ITEM
Phasnomcnaloachimi Camcrarn>
clcgantifsimo carininc

defaipta.

APVD

SEB.

GRYPHIVM

LVGDV N

I,

1540Fig.

103.

Title page of melanchthon

PRINTKI) IU)()KS
Description.

8,

9.9

15.2 cm.,

llic

211

Icxl bcinj; 7.2

12.2 cm.

30 11. Lcydcn, 1540.

There was no other separate edition.

pp. numb.,

40

Editions.

The work

of

Melanchthon

consists of three letters

Reiffenstein,

M. D. XXXI
dated Menfe Augusto. Anno M. D. XXXVI'

(^rynaeus, dated 'Mtebergte, mefe Augnfto.

'

(2

'

to
to

(3) to

Simon
Johann
Johann

Schonerus (see p. 178), dated Vuittebergce, Mefe Augusto, Anno M. I).

XXXVI.' These epistles are all upon the value and the nature of mathematical thought, and are replete with classical and religious references.
'

As mathematics they have no

value.

loachimi Camerarii Phaenomena ad

clarissimum ivvenem Danielum Stibarum,' relate chiefly to astronomy.

The

verses of Camerarius,

'

MAGNUS AURELIUS CASSIODORUS.

Ed.

pr.

Title.

1550.

I'aris,

1540.

("AssioDoRirs. I'.orn at Scylaceum,

Roman statesman and historian.

c.

470

died, probably at

'Aurelij Cafsiodori Se-//natoris Cos.qve

Rome,

c.

564.

R(>mani//de

quatuor Mathematicis difciplinis // Compendium. // Parisiis // Apud

Vafcofanum, uia lacobaea ad infigne Fontis.// M. D. L.' (F. i, r.)
Description. 4, 15.9
I

f.

unnumb.

X 20.8

numb.

Editions. Paris, 1540;

The 'Opera' appeared

dium

is

embodied

sentio et

ib.,

cm., the text being 9.7

25-29

ff.,

11.

17.2 cm.

Paris, 1550.

1550, 4 (here described); ib., 1580.

The Compen1 598 (and 1 584 ?).

in Paris in

in the 'Disciplinarum liberalium orbis,exP.

Magno Aurelio

Con-

Cassiodoro,' published at Basel in 1528.

This brief treatise on the nature of arithmetic, music, geometry, and

astronomy, the four mathematical disciplines, was held in high esteem
in the

Middle Ages.

Othertvorks 0/1540. Anianus, p. 32, 1488 Beldamandi, p. 15, 1483

Paxi,
Benese, p. 182,1536; Borghi, p. 21, 1484; Ortega, p. 93, 15 12
Rudolfif, p. 152, 1526
p. 160, 1530; Scheubel, p. 233,
p. 79, 1503
;

1545; Wolphius, p. 154, 1527; Anonymous (Ortega?, p. 91, 1512),

CEuvre tres subtile y profitable de I'art y science de arismeticque y
8.
geometric translate nouvellement d'Espaignol en Francoys,' Paris,
Works of 154J. Agrippa, p. 167, 1531 Albert, p. 180, 1534 Cardan,
Ringelbergius, p. 167, 1531 TaP- 193. 1539; Riese, p. 139, 1522
'

gliente, p. 115, 15 15

Georg Rheticus, Arithmetic, Strasburg.

RARA ARITHMETICA

212

ANONYMOUS.
Ed.
Title.

pr.

Various authors.
Cologne, 1542.

1542.

See Fig. 104.

ARITHME
TICES INTRODV-T^'^
^

Slio

ex uarijs authoribus con^

cinnata^

,^it^*^*"f

MfCCaa^i^JO

ColonicetxcudehatToannesGymnicui

K^nm M. D.
^'w
FiG. 104.

Description.

20

ff.

^(U^v>t~

i'Uwp

XLIL
'Stx^

Cu<U'

wc/yl-

Title page of the 1542 anonymous work

8,

9.7

unnumb., 25-29

X
11.

15.1 cm., the text being 6.9

Cologne, 1542.

12.3 cm.

PRINTED HOOKS
Cologne,

Editions.

mund, 1549,
This

is

one

8 (see below).

anonymous compilations made

of several

century for use in the Latin schools.

It

It

in

the sixteenth

has no merit, save that of brevity.

contains a brief treatment of the fundamental operations, followed by

a chapter
7

213

542, 8 (here described); il).,i546; Dort-

pages

'

Regvla mercatorvm feu de tribus,' and

B 6, v., is an exact copy of
B i, v. This is the same as the work next

I)e Progrefione,' the

'

De

minutijs.'

'

notice that folio

Wolphius (see j). 154) folio

mentioned, published at Dortmund

ANONYMOUS.

Ed

in 1549.

Dortmund, 1549.

1542.

pr.

Brevis // Arithme//ticcs Intro-//dvctio ex Variis //

Authoribus con-//cinnata. Tremoniae excud. Melch. Soter./
Title.

'

Anno M.D.LXIX.'
Description.

48 pp. unnumb.

8,
(i

(P.

9.8

i.)

14.9 cm., the text being 6.1

blank), 25

11.

12.3 cm.

Dortmund, 1549.

See above.

ROBERT RECORDE.
Born

Ed.

pr. c.

London, 1558.

1542.

Tenby, Pembroke, c. 1510; died in .Southwark prison, prolmbly

.soon after June 28, 155S (the date of his will). He was educated at Oxford
and Cambridge, and taught mathematics at the former and probably at the
latter university. He became royal physician and wrote on medicine as well
as mathematics.
Title.

at

See Fig. 105.

'Imprinted

ColopJion.

at

London in Paules churchyard /Vat

//by Reginalde Wolfe.// Anno

the figne of the Brafen Serpent

Domini M. D. LVIIL'
Description.

8,

8.9

(F. 205, v.)

13.

cm., the text being 8

11.8 cm.

unnumb., 31 11. London, 1558.

Editions. There is considerable uncertainty as to the date of
the first edition of this work of Recorde's. It appeared, however,
205

ff.

between 1540 and 1542.

For a discussion

the Dictionary of National Biography, and

The former

of the question see

De Morgan,

p.

22.

says there were twenty-seven editions of the book,

but there were at least twenty-eight (see

p.

214).

On

account of

the influence of the work on English education, the bibliography

RARA ARITHMETICA

214

has been extended through the seventeenth century.

London,

1542; ib., 1543,8; ib., 1549,8; ib., 1551, 8; ib., 1556;

1552; London, 1558, 8 (here described); ib., 1561, 8 (the earliest

c.

seen by

1577;

De Morgan);

ib.

1579, 8

1570; London, 1571, 8;

(p.

217);

ib.,

ib.,

1573;

ib.,

1582, 8 (the Mellis edition);

THE GROVND OF
A R T H

S:

5r!riTci)(nfftt)Ctt)oojl5Cfinb pjacfifc of
^ii'tfjinetilie, botf)uiUiJ)olctmmliC5
flitD

irflctions

anD

eftcca moie eafpcc

anyc

crflctcc fozte, tfieii

uev8 ueib
iSIJcDebp

Ip1\c

fiOi

f^.ROBERTB

R E C

O R D

2)otfoj of

^'^tjpftiie.

Swiss

E PACE OE

THE

58 RECOKDE

1586, 8; ib., 1590, 8 (the Dee and MelHs edition); ib.,

1594, 8 (p. 207); ib., 1596,8 (p. 219); ib., 1618, 8; ib., 1623,

ib.,

1636 London, 1646, 8 (p. 219); ib., c. 1646 (p. 220); 1652;
1654; London, 1662, 8 (p. 220); ib., 1668, 8 (p. 221); 1673;
1699. Presumably all of these were published at London.

8;

PRINTED BOOKS

215

ADDITION.
none otbcr cramplcs

f o?

to Icnrne t^e

numc

tDisfoimc.
tljie OjaU vcu mat!ic,tljat as pou tJfO

ration cf

But
tn

tl3c otljcc

hrnT) of aritljinctift ict a p:ic!sc

intDcplftCCs oJ tUDufauBcs, mtOisttiooiKc

vou iaU Cct a ttarrcas p ou fee bcfo2c*
S.II^cn If, pcrccauc ]^umrrattcn but J
bo in tins act to dDte
piapc rou, bott) fl?cU
:

tteoo

dimmc?

031

mo;c togit^er ?

ADDITION.
Maftcr*
toap lu tbis arte,9 to arte
but ttoo fummc9 at ones togrtbcc:
t)oto be it, pou mafc abbe mc?e,as J U)?l tc\
l-ouanone* tbcccfojc tobcnnc pou torllc
abbe tttio fummcs,poufl)Ml fpitte Ctt botime
one of tbem,it fouctb not ti)t)icbf onri tt)cn
bp it biflto a li^ne ccoflie tt)e otbcr IptrtgAlnb
aftccttjacbe icttcbounetbeotbcr fuinmc > fo

tf^

^^

l)C eaficCt

t)attbat

Ipncmapc

l)CbcttbcnetDcm;a0

pou tboulbe atJbt

*^5P to 834* pou

If

Wrion
ttooo

mnned

muafctpoucCumcd
a0pourceberc
t^cu <f pou
pou mapc abDr

anb
Ipft,
tt)c

one

totl)C otber

m tljc iV.mr place. 0: els

poumapatbf tDmDottjrroDitDccin amXo

place tobici) ^ar,bpcaurc ins mod: plpiica
:

Fig. 106.

Counter reckoning

eroim

the 1558 kecokue

RARA ARITHMETICA

2i6
The

arithmetic to be published in England was that of Tonstall

There must have been several other books published between
that date and the first appearance of Recorde's, because in the preface
to the latter the author says
And if any man obiect, that other books
haue bene written of Arithmetike alreadie fo fi.ifiiciently, that I needed
not now to put penne to the booke, except I wil codemne other mens
writings
to them I anfwere. That as I codeme no mans diligence, fo
I know that no man can fatisfie euery man, and therefore like as many
do efteeme greatly other bookes, fo I doubt not but fome will like this
my booke aboue any other Englifh Arithmetike hitherto written, & namely
fuch as fhal lacke inftructers, for whofe fake I haue plain-ly fet forth the
exaples, as no book (that I haue feene) hath hitherto which thing fhall
be great cafe to the rude readers.' (From the 1594 edition.)
This is, however, the first commercial arithmetic of any note used in
the English schools. It is written in the form of a dialogue between
the master and his pupil, and the language is so formal that it seems
strange that the book should have been so successful. The first part
is devoted to integers, the fundamental operations being followed by a
section on denominate numbers. This is followed by proportion and
the 'golden rule of three, the backer rule of three (inverse proportion),
the double rule of three (compound proportion), the rule of three composed of five numbers, and the rule of fellowship (partnership). The
second part relates to fractions, and includes the same general topics
as the first, together with alligation and the rule of false. Counter reckoning is given (Fig. 106) as well as computation with Arabic numerals.
Among other works, Recorde wrote The Castle of Knowledge (p.
253) and 'The Whetstone of Witte (p. 286), the latter being chiefly
on algebra. His geometry, The Pathway to Knowledge,' appeared in
first

(p. 132).

'

'

'

'

'

'

London

155 1, 4; ib., 1574, 4.

Recorde's works were the most influential English mathematical pubin

Thomas Willsford, in his 1662 edition

Ground of Artes,' was able to say with much truth that this book
was entail'd upon the People, ratified and fign'd by the approbation of
lications of the sixteenth century.

of the

'

'

Time.'
Of/ier 70orks

0/1^42. Albert,

Finaeus, p. 163, 1530-32

Diego

p. 180,

Gemma,

1534; Cardan, p. 193, 1539

J540; Ortega, p. 93, 15 12

p. 200,

'Tratado de quentos,' Salamanca, 4; Giambattista

Verini,
Spechio del mercatanti,' Milan, 8 (Brunet says,
Libro de
Abaco e gioco de memorie,' Milan, sm. 8); Han vanderWehn, ' Exempelrechenschaft der Kegel de Tri, die man nennt die Kaufmanns glildene
Kegel ganz und gebrochen,' s. 1., 8.
el Castillo,
'

'

PRINTICI) I'.OOKS

ROBERT RECORDE.
See

p. 2

Title.

'

Ed.

pr. c.

of

Artes

217
Eoiulon, 1579.

542.

3.

The //Groundc

more eafyer and // exacter

tions, after a

work and
numbers //and Erac-

:// tcachin^^ the

pra-//ctife of Arithmetikc, bothe in whole

forte than

any

like

hath

Made by Mayfter Roberte Re-//

cord, Doctor in I^hyfike, and now of late// diligently ouerfeene
and augmented // with new and neceffarie //Additions.//
hither-//to bin fet foorthe ://

D.

I.

That which my freende hath well begonne,

For very loue to common weale,

Neede not
But

new

all

whole

encreafe

to

new

be

Some thyng heerein, I

And nowe agayne for

once redreft,
thy behoofe,

Of zeale I doe, and at requeft,

Both mend and adde, fitte for all

Of Numbers

done,

do reueale.

proofe.

vfe, the endleffe might,

No

witte nor language can expreffe,

Applie and Trie, both day and night.
And then this truth thou wilt confeffe.

Printed at

London by H. Bynneman.// Anno Domini.

1579.'

i,r.)

(E.

ColopJion.

'

Imprinted at London by Henry // Binneman, and

John Harifon.//Anno Domini

Description.

261

ff.

8,

8.7

unnumb., 27

11.

M.D.LXXVIL'

(E. 261,

13.9 cm., the text being 6.5

r.)

1.7

cm.

London, 1579.

This is therefore one of

It will be noticed that the colophon is dated 1577.
the cases where a large edition was printed, and a new title page was added from
year to year as necessary. The edition is more rare than its date would suggest.

ROBERT RECORDE.
See

Ed.

pr. c.

1542.

London, 1594.

p. 213.

Title.
The // Grovnd of // Artes, teaching // the perfect
worke and practife //of Arithmeticke, both in whole numbers //
and Eractions, after a more eafie and exact //fort, than hitherto
'

RARA ARITHMETICA

2i8
hath been

foorthe.//

fet

Phifickey/And now
with fundry

Made by M. Robert Record,// D.

lately diligently corrected

new Rules and

in

and beauti-//fied

neceffary Addi-//tions

And

further

endowed with a third part, of // Rules of Practife, abridged into

with
a briefer method // than hitherto hath bene publifhed
:

di-//uerfe fuch neceffairie Rules as are // incident to the trade

of // Merchandife.//

Whereunto are

and In-//ftructions that

added diuerfe Tables

alfo

and delight vnto

will bring great profite

Merchants, Gentlemen, and others,// as by the Contents of

Trea-//tife

appeare.//

fhall

By lohn

Mellis.//

Imprinted by T.D. for lohn Harifon,

Paules Churchyard.// 1594.'//
Colophon.

'

in Paules

//the Greyhound,// 1594.'

Description.

8,

10.

// Churchyard, at the figne

(P. 558.)

cm., the text being

15.5

34 pp. unnumb. + 493 numb. 33-525

30-31 11. London, 1594.

cm.

Editions.
Mellis.

Greyhound in//

the

at

i.)

Imprinted at London by Thomas Davvfon, for

lohn // Harrifon, dwelHng

of

(P.

this

At London,//

See

p.

213.

This

blank

j.Gx

13.1

pp.,

528

probably the third edition by

is

In the dedication he says

'

And

feeing that within this

two impreffions of thefe my labors dedicated to your

.', although not much reliance
Worfhip are already worne out
8.

yeares,

can be placed on the statement, since

it

also appears in the

1596

edition.

The

two

parts, covering

404 pp. of this book, are

1558 edition (p. 213). The third part
(pp. 405-557), the work of John Mellis, also appeared in the 1591
edition. It includes the Rules of Practife,' The order & worke of the
Rule of three in broken Numbers, after the trade of Marchants, digreffing fomething from M. Recordes,' Loffe and Gaine,' Rules of Payment'
(equation of payments), barter, exchange, interest, and other business
applications, together with a chapter on Sportes and Paftimes done by
Number.' These mathematical recreations had already appeared in
printed textbooks, and they played an interesting role until the latter
half of the nineteenth century. Those in this treatise related to number
guessing, the rules being easily developed by our present algebra, but
rather mysterious by sixteenth-century arithmetic.
See p. 216.

first

substantially identical with the

'

'

'

'

PRINTi:!) 1U)(JKS

ROBERT RECORDE.
Seep.
Title.

219
London, 1596.

542.

213.

The

Colophon.

Ed.

pr. c.

'

title pa<;e is

missing.

Imprinted at London by Richard //

Harrifon, dwelling //in Pater nofter

Greyhound.// 1596.'
Description.

8,

(P.

9.8

Row

lohn

for

l^^ield,

at the // figne of the

559)
15.5 cm., the text being 8

13.3 cm.

30-31 11. London, 1596.

559
Editions. See p. 213. A note on the last page says that this
copy was bought in 1686 for is. 6^., not a very low price at that
time for a book only ninety years old. This edition is practically
pp.,

identical with that of

1594

ROBERT RECORDE.
Seep.

(p.

Ed.

217).

pr. c.

1542.

London, 1646.

213.

Records Arithmetick :// or,// The Grovnd // of Arts

Title.
Teaching
// The perfect work and Practice of Arithmetick,//
//
both in whole Numbers and Fractions, after a more//earie and
exact form than in former time hath been fet forth ://Made by
M. Robert Record, D. in Phyfick. //Afterward, augmented
by M. John Dee.// And fmce enlarged with a third part of Rules
'

of Pra-//ctife, abridged into a briefer

method than hitherto hath

been//publifhed, with divers neccffary Rules incident to the

Trade //of Merchandife with Tables of the valuation of all
:

at this prefent time.// By John

Mellis.//And now diligently perufed, corrected, illuftrated and
en-//larged; with an Appendix of figurate Numbers, and the

Coyns,//as they are currant

Extraction //of their Roots, according to the method of Chriftian

with //Tables of Board and Timber meafure and new
Tables of Intereft //upon Intereft, after 10 and 8 per 100 with
the true value of // Annuities to be bought or fold prefent,
the firft calculated by R. C. but
Refpited, or in ReverV/fion

Vrftitius

corrected, and the //latter diligently calculated by

Rob: Hart-

Philomathemat.//Scientia non habet inimicum nifi ignoranVide.// London,// Printed by

fed
tem.'// Fide.

well,

RARA ARITHMETICA

220

for John Harifon, and are to be fold by //Geo: Whittingand Nath: Brooks, at the fign of // the Angell in Corn-hill.

M. F.
ton,

1646.'

(P.

I.)

27 pp. unnumb.

+ 629

See

Editions.

10

8,

Description.

15.5 cm., the text being 8.6

numb.

= 656

pp., 31

13.7 cm.

London, 1646.

11.

213.

p.

Like the 1594 edition this has the additional 'third part' by John
Mellis. The Hartwell chapter on roots begins on p. 573, and is based,

on the work of

as the title says,

ROBERT RECORDE.
See
Title.

Urstisius.

Ed.

London, 1646

1542.

pr. c.

(?).

p. 213.

This edition

said to have been published in

is

but no date appears in the book

It

itself.

as the one dated 1646, except as follows

are here omitted

has the same

1646,

title

page

The words Records

'

the last lines read

Printed

Arithmetick'

(l.i)

by M.

John Harifon, and are to be // fold at his Shop in

F. for

The number

Pauls-Church-yard.'
in the title

page

is

page

is

the same.

of

words on some

of the

book

of the lines

above exceptions the

different, but with the

The body

'

from the same setting

is

of type as in the other edition of 1646.

8,

Description.

x 15.7 cm., the text being 8.6 X 13.7

629 numb. = 656 pp., 32 11. London, s. a.

10. 2

cm. 27 pp. unnumb.

(1646.?).

See p. 216.

ROBERT RECORDE.
Seep.
Title.

Ed.

pr. c.

London, 1662.

1542.

213.

The

title

page

except as to the imprint

is
:

'

practically the

same

as that of 1646,

Printed by James Flefher, and are to

be fold by Jofeph // Cranford, at the figne of the

Pauls // Church-yard. 1662.'
Description.

8,

cm. 22 pp. unnumb.

See

p.

216.

10. 7

Gunn

16.5 cm., the text being 9.2

+ 536 numb. = 558 pp.,

33

11.

in St.

13.9

London, 1662.

PRINTia) lUJOKS
ROBERT RECORDE. Ed. pr. c. 542.

22

See

p. 213.

The

Title.

title

page of

this edition

that of 1646, except as to the imprint

and are to be

is

by // Robert Boulter,

fold

Description.

8,

22 pp. unnumb.

10.4

ff.

pp., 33

11.

13.7 cm.

L(jndon, 1668.

Nurnberg,

a.

s.

(1543).

of the middle of the sixteenth century.

Gedruckt zu Nurnberg durch//Georg Wachter.'

r.)

Description.

36

558

in

1668.'

See Fig. 107.

Colophon.
(F. 36,

Ed. pr. 1543.

Nurnberg gauger

Turks-head

at the

16.4 cm., the text being 9.2

536 numb.

JOIIANN FREY.
Title.

same as
James Fief her,

practically the

'Printed by

Bishopsgate-//ftreet, next the great James.

London, 1668.

8, 9.5

unnumb., 21-26

Editions.

x
11.

15.5 cm., the text being 7.1

Nurnberg,

There was no other

s. a.

edition.

10.9 cm.

(1543).

The book

bears no

date except in the dedicatory epistle to the reader, which closes

with the words,

'Anno

1543.'

reference to the author,

Johaii

The
part of

who

This epistle gives,

also, the

there speaks of himself as

only
'

ich

Frey/ burger zu Nurmberg.'

subject of gauging occupied a great deal of attention on the

German

writers

on arithmetic

in

the sixteenth century, and

occasionally, as in this instance, separate books were prepared.

It was
England as on the Continent, not appearing, for
example, in as extensive a work as the Dee and Mellis edition of Recorde
mentioned above. It had, however, some standing in the early American arithmetics, and is found as a separate chapter as late as the mid-

not so

common

in

The title page gives some idea of the

work of the gauger before the days of standardization of casks. The
American rule for gauging a cask was substantially as follows Add to
the head diameter 0.7, 0.65, 0.6, or 0.55 of the difference between the
head and bung diameters (according to the degree of curvature of the
staves), and multiply the square of this sum by the length
divide by
359 for ale or beer gallons, and by 294 for wine. Thus a cask with
bung diameter 36 in., head diameter 30 in., and length 48 in., contains

dle of the nineteenth century.

153-65 ale gallons.

222

RARA ARITHMETICA

This particular work

is

interesting because, although

it

was printed

1543, some of the numerals are quite like those of a hundred years
earlier. The mediaeval 4, 5, and 7 are exclusively used in the engraved
in

\nnmWkr
McUcini
man
X>md) t>cn itLviat>utttn
wclcbee inn^dvwic
anffc^ms'^c^en \(xnt>6 ^ich/fin Kitten 3fibc
rettcrt/vnt>4mii>yethcb6Viibclf4ntevag

Vifievm/vnty (olci)e6 mnbrtlt crhm

nen f<^l/2(uff6tcw gebeflcrt
vnt> gem'ert.

Fig. 107.
figures,

forms.

TriLE page of frey

although the types used in the body of the book give the later
These mediaeval figures may be seen in several illustrations in

the second part of this bibliography.

PRINTED HOURS
ANONYMOUS.
The author

Ed.

Paris, 1543.

1543.

of the 'I'lieoloi^ouiucna

(Bishop of Laodicea, 270

a. D.)

is

iinkiniwn.

and probably

He

lived after Anatolius

after lamblichus (fourth century).

Sec Fig. 108.

Title.

Description.
7 pp. unnunib.

Greek

1543.

pr.

223

x 23 cm., the text being 9.1 x

numb. (5-65)4-2 blank = 70 pp., 30

4, 15.2

+ 6i

18.1

cm.

Paris,

11.

except the dedicatory epistle, which, being

te.xt,

dated 'Lutitiae Parifiorum 1543.

Calendas

6.

lulias,'

shows

this

to be the first edition.

This edition was unknown to

Editions.

best edition

A work

of

De Morgan.

The

that of Fr. Ast, Leipzig, 18 17.

is

little

importance, on the (ireek theory of numbers.

Gow

88) describes it as a curious farrago.' Cantor {Geschichte dcr Mathcnmtik, Kap. 22) says that the author may have drawn on lamblichus.
The most valuable feature of the work is the light which it throws on
'

(p.

work by Speusippus, nephew of Plato.

Other works of i^4.j. Archimedes, p. 228, 1544;
1540; Glareanus, p. 192, 1539; Recorde, p. 214,

an

earlier

p. 182,

1536

Sfortunati, p. 174,

1534

Rudimenta Arithmeticae

Medlerus,

'

editions:

Wittenberg, 1550;

Tonstall, p.

practicae,'

Leipzig,

1558;

ib.,

s. 1.,

Gemma,

p.

200,

1542; Regius,
134, 1522 Nicolaus
c.

8 (with subsequent

1556;

AV'eissenfels,

1564, 8).

MICHAEL

STIFEL.

Ed.

Stiefel, Stvfel. Born

19, 1567.
sivillful

He was a

pr.

Nurnbcrg, 1544.

1544.

at P^sslingen, April 19. 1487; died at Jena. April

priest, a reformer,

and a

fanatic, but

was one of the most

//apud

loh. Petreium.'

arithmeticians of his time.

See Fig. 109.

Title.

Colophon. 'Excudebatur Norimberga;

(F. 325,

r.)

Description.

cm.

326

ff.

Editions.

4,

(I

15.5

20.2 cm., the text being 10.2

blank, 6 unnumb.), 33

Stifel

wrote

five

works on mathematics,

appearing after his period of religious fanaticism.

with their various editions, are as follows
I.

'

Ein Rechen Biichlein

Apocalysim,' Wittenberg,

vom End

1532.

theory and mysticism of numbers.

^::.

15.1

Niirnberg, 1544.

11.

all

but one

These works,

Christ. Apocalysis in

little-known

work on the

i^TA 0EOAOrorMENA THX APlGMHTIKHr.

Habes hie o
SE

LECTOR,

ffcudio-

NOVVM

OPVS-

culum antehac nufquam cxcufum

Numerorum

ratio explicatur,vt

rum intelligere hanc

, in quo ita
non fit obfcu-

arithmetica ad intenore

lUa de philofophia difputationem,quam

Theologiam veteres vocabant,

conferre piurimum.

ARISIIS.

ApudChriftianumwecIielum
lienfi,in

fiibfcuto Bafi-

vice lacob;Eo:& fub Pegafo,in vi-

coBellouacenfi.

M. D. XLIIL

Fig. io8. Title page of the Theologoumctia

rRlNTi:!) liOOKS

ARITHMETI
CA INTEGRA.
Authorc Michaek

Stifelio*

NorimbcrgJC apud lohan.Pctrcium.

AnnoChrifli md. XLiiiu

Cum gratia Sc priuilcgio Ca-farco

atc^
Fl(i.

109.

Regio ad Scxenniiim*

'riTLE PAGE OF STIFEI.'s

SECOXD AKITHMETU-

225

RARA ARITHMETICA

226
2.

Arithmetica Integra,' Niirnberg, 1544, 4 (here described);

1546; Niirnberg, 1548; ib., 1586, 4.

Deutsche Arithmetica (p. 231), Niirnberg, 1545, 4Rechenbuch von der Welfchen vnd Deutfchen Practick/

1545, 4;

ib.,

3.

'

4.

'

'

auff allerley vorteyl

peln/

vnd behendigkeit/ mit erklerung

'DieCoss',Konigsberg, 1553-54, 4(P-259); ^S7^

5.

Exem-

viler

Niirnberg, 1546.

.',

1615.

which have been

removed from this copy, are dated 'Vuitebergse 1543.' This copy has
evidently been owned by some one unsympathetic with Melanchthon,

The dedication and Melanchthon's

preface, both of

because not only has the preface been removed but the reformer's name
has been crossed out of the title page (Fig. 109). The work is one of
the most scholarly arithmetics and algebras that came out in Germany
in the sixteenth century. It is divided into four books, the first being

an arithmetic and giving not only the theory of the subject, but a considerable amount of practical work. The second book is on irrational
numbers, a chapter which we now insert in algebra, and the third is
on algebra itself, the name of which subject is said to be a Gebro
Aftronomo, auctore eius,' a common opinion at that time. This work
did for Germany Avhat Cardan's and Tartaglia's did for Italy. It was
a storehouse from which subsequent writers drew, and, although not a
practical mercantile book, it materially influenced even the elementary
textbook makers. Stifel himself recognized the demand for such a work,
'

he says
Quanqj autem plurimi de Arithmetica libelli extent, &
quotidie plures noui gignunter, ego tamen adhuc nullum uidi qui Integra

for

artem

'

traderet.'

Stifel

ARCHIMEDES.
Born

makes much use

Ed.

at Syracuse,

c.

pr.

of the plus

and minus

Basel, 1544.

1544.

287 B.C.

signs.

died there in 212 B.C.

The

greatest of Greek

mathematical physicists.
Ttt/c.

See Fig.

10.

Colophon. 'Basileae, per

loannem // Hervagivm, anno ab orbe

(P. 69 of the last part.)

re-//dempto, M.D. XLIIII. menfeMartio.'

Description.

Fol., 21.8

3 1.7

cm., the text being

3.2

23.5

455 pp. (7 blank and 12 unnumb.), 51 11. The work is

made up of four parts, all of the same date, separately paged,

cm.

and bound together. The

sixth

work

'^a/u./AiV?;'?,

in the collection.

De

harenae numero,'

Basel, 1544.

is

the

PRINTia) liOOKS

227

APXIMHAOYX
TOY ZYPAKOYSIOV-, TA MEXPI

ARCHIMEDIS SYRACVSANI
i^C G E

PHILOSOPHI
cellentidimi

M ET P^^^E

EX.

Opera , qusequidem extant,omnia,multis I'am fcculisdefi'

derata,at(j a

quam

paucifTimisliacilcnus

uifa,nunc9

primum ^ Gra:ce &.' Latine in luccm

cdita.

Quorum Catalogum uerfa pagi'na rcperies.

EVTOCII ^SC^LONir^E
IN

EOSDEM ARCHIMEDIS
bros Connmentan'a,item Greece

nunquam

5<;

LI*-

Latine,

antea excu(a.

Qum C^J. Mate fi.gratia ((J'prmk^io

<td (Quinquennium.

B f^ S

L E <^E,

Joannes hleruapim exaidificit

An.
Fig. 110.

M D

XL

Title page uf the 1544 akchi.medes

KARA ARITHMETICA

228
Editions.

Archimedes

This seems to be the first edition of the works of

De arenae numero.' This chapter

to contain the

'

1558 edition (below), and separately in Paris

also appears
was not in the
in 1557, 8 (the Hamellius edition, below). It
Tartaglia edition of 1543. It appeared in the elaborate editions
in the

Barrow (1675),

of

berg (1880).

commenti

suoi

Torelli (1792), Peyrard (1807-8), and Hei-

Riccardi says that

alia sfera del

it

'

illustrato dal Clavio ne'

fu

Sacrobosco.'

There are several works of Archimedes extant.

The

'

De

arenae

numero,' included in this edition, is not an arithmetic, but it treats of

of
the numeration of large numbers. It is addressed to Gelon, King
Syracuse, and proposes to show, by geometric proofs which you can
follow, that the numbers which have been named by us and are included
number
in my letter to Zeuxippus are sufficient to exceed not only the
'

of a sand-heap as large as the whole earth, but one as large as the

universe.' Archimedes then proceeds to develop a system of numeration by octads. In this work he incidentally refers to a
would now be expressed by the symbols x x" = x'" + ",

fact

which

ARCHIMEDES.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

Paris, 1557.

1544.

p. 226.

'Paschasii//Hamellii Regii // Mathematici//Commen-

tarius // in //

Archimedis // Syracufani

praeclari

Mathematici

numero arenae, multis locis per //eundem Hamellium

//emendatum.// Lvtetiae // Apud Gulielmum Cauellat, fub pin-

libru //^de

gui Gallina,//ex aduerfo collegij Cameracenfis.//

Description.

48

ff.

8, 11

numb., 23-30

Editions.

11.

557-'

17.1 cm., the text being 7.1

^-

^^^)

12.6 cm.

Paris, 1557.

See above.

This commentary of Hamellius

is

quite as satisfactory as any of the

earlier ones.

ARCHIMEDES.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

1544-

Venice, 1558.

p. 226.
'

Archimedis //opera non nvlla // a Federico Comman-

dino // Vrbinate // nvper in Latinvm conversa, // et commentariis//illvstrata.// Quorum nomina in fequenti pagina leguntur.

HOOKS

PRIN'ri-I)
//Cvni

Description.

cm.

128

ff.

LVIII.'

Fol., 21.

(F. 2,

'

Mami-

text bcin^^ 13.2

X 22.8
With

r.)

x 30 cm., the

(2 blank, 8 unnunib.),

bound the

this is

F.//M

tium, Aldi

229
I'aiiluin

annos X.// Vonetiis,//a])U(l

pi"i\ilci;'i() in

Commentarii //

39

Venice, 1558.

11.

non Nvlla // Archi-

in oj^cra

medis.// Venetiis,// apud I'aulum Manutium,

LVIII.' (F. 60,

F.//

yVldi

contains the book entitled

It

r.)

'

MD

Archimedis //

Liber de Arence // nvmero.'

See p. 228.

JUAN SARAVIA,
Ed.

pr.

Beronese.

la calle

Medina, 1544.

Spanish arithmetician, of Medina, of the middle of the si.xteenth century.

See Fig.

Title.

CFue imprelTa la prcfente: // obrallamada Inftrucio

mercaderes enla muy// noble villa de medina d"l campo per

Colophon.

de

de

1544.

'

Pedro de // Caftro Ipreffor. Acofta d' Antoiio de vrueiia // mercader d'libros. Acabofe atreynta dias // del mes de Julio. Ano
de mil

quinie-//tos

Descriptioji.

cm.
30

ff.

8,

unnumb.

quarenta

14x20.1

quatro anos.'

(F. cvij,

105 numb.

text being

Medina, 1544.
Medina, 1544, 4 (here described);

11.

Editions.

Venice, 1561, 8

(p.

i.)

X 16.9
(Roman numerals) = 107 ff.,

cm., the

12.1

ib.,

1547, 4;

231.)

This rare work was evidently written about 1542 (see f. xcviij, r.).
not a textbook on arithmetic, but it relates to commercial problems,

It is

the topics being curiously interspersed with biblical illustrations to

show

the justice of the customs involved.

Other zvorks 0/1544. Apianus,

Finaeus, p. 163, 1530-32

1518; Kobel,

1492
1522

p.

p. 155,

Gemma,

p. 200,

1527
1540

Breda, p. 131, 152

Cirammateus,

p. 123,

Peurbach, p. 53,
;
Sfortunati, p. 177, 1534; Tonstall, p. 136,

102, 1514; Noviomagus, p. 195, 1539

Riese, p. 139, 1522

Vander Hoecke, p. 183, 1537 H. Bock, 'Kin new RechenbuchJohannes Bogardus, a work on finger reckoning
based on Aventinus (p. 136), Paris; Leonard Hegelin, 'Kin kimstlich
Rechenbiichlin auff Zyffer vnnd andern hii])schen Regeln,' rim(?);

lein,'

Niirnberg, 8

Jlitunf^bf^^ CfjnxOJ^i^h

PROPTEWEmTSliVVET^

IW-3I:igDAQjaia-\\IVI3IX^

C^nftmcionoemcrcaderes
muy pJOUccboHi^sSnla qual fe cnfenacomo bcuen fo>
iiicrcadcrestractar^-^yDcqiiemiincnifebiinDeeui-

tar Usvfuras^e todooFostractos beventcTG-:

com

p2aef21(TiiiIoconmdocomoaloadcfanrado:ralofm
dOfy^clascott1p23sDclcen^03Iqm'C3n)^r^acto8c)c
compama:yotrosnnicbo8Contritc?f iB^ardciilur
inenfcreb:Jb!a6el tvzcto Dclaclamu^ Z'^rnbicnay
otrotractado>ecimbioD ignclqiiiilfetrsctit bdos
ombios Hci'tos yrepjouados/Ulncnamcntcconi^
pnc^lopo2cl^ocro20arv^maOeIac^,l(e?i>ero^c^t^

Fig. III.

Title page of saravia

PRINTED HOOKS

231

Antonio Martin, 'Tractado de Arithm^tica y Geometria,' AlcalA, 4;

H. Vuelpius, l)c minutiis phyficis et practicis aftronomicae arithmetit:ae
'

Cologne,

regulis,'

4,

and

Libellus de

communibus

ct ufitatis arithnie-

ticae practicae regulis,' ib., 4.

JUAN SARAVIA.
See

Ed.

pr.

Venice, 1561.

1544.

p. 229.

'Institvtione//de' Mercanti//chc tratta del compararc

Title.

//et vendere,//et della vsvra chepvo // occorrere nella Mercantia//insieme con vn trattato // de' Cambi.// Et in somma fi radi // tutto quello che al Mercante Christiano // (1 conuiene.
// Composta per il Dottor Sarava,// & nuoamente tradotta di lingua spagnuola // dal S. Alfonso D' Vlloa.// Cvm Privilegio.// In

giona

D LXL' (F.
Venetia // Apreffo Bolognino Zaltieri.//
In Venetia apreffo Bolognino Zaltieri //
Colophon.

i, r.)

561.'

(F. 135, V.)

8,

Description.

cm.

135

ff.

Editions.

10. 2X 15.

unnumb.), 29

(3

See

p.

cm., the text being 7.6

12.2

Venice, 1561.

11.

229.

an Italian translation of the Spanish edition of 1544 (p. 229).

The book was evidently written in 1542 as already stated, for the author
D XLll.'
speaks (f. 109) del capo quefto anno
This

is

'

MICHAEL STIFEL.
See

Nurnberg, 1545.

1545.

'

Zu Nurnberg Truckts Johan

Petreius.// 1545.'

r.)

Description.

cm.

pr.

See Fig. 112.

Title.

ColopJion.

(F. 96,

Ed.

p. 223.

ff.

4,

unnumb.

15.5

20.7 cm., the

92 numb.

= 96

te.xt

ff.,

being 10.8 x 15.5

32-34

11.

Nurnberg,

1545Editions.

See

p.

226.

Deutsche Arithmetica is divided into three parts. In the

Haufsrechnung there are 1 2 chapters, all relating to the arithmetic
of the common j:)eople, there being no household so narrow and poor
that common arithmetic is not both serviceable and necessary to its
welfare.' ('Es ift kein Haufzhaltung/ niendart fo goring vnnd fchlecht/

The

'

'

'

'

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

232

rccljminci t)cr gan^cn 2(ritbmcticf ) bicr ^cn 'cutfcfKn/mit vit

fi-cmbDcrt ttjojtcn/vcrmcngt

vnD vcrblcnD/fcf^nxr tpgctt)crm/(5o

fu ^le mit nctt> crfunt)ncm vonbat vnnD D^cgcln / fc^: fcicljf

nD furl? ^crfur biac^f vnD ^dc ^ it/ t)n^ mti ^utcn ^f uf fcf?cn U
^c^e anDcr fo fticrm
f antlicfjcn tt)OJtm t)n ^7(nipc(n crtucpfa.
^clcrt win von Der -O^u^rcc^nwn^ i>nt5 ^ircfjcnrccfjuung/ fortgt
fcincti bcnc^f ^nugfam mit ficf).Zlk$ tmcf) -^m S?icfea(l (^ti*
trirt

ft(/auff

cm NfgnPac ncn?c vnD Ccidjfc tvct^

9c(^(l(cf

gu t^iirn^er^ true? f $ 3oart 55rcm^o

CumPriufleg^o ad Qttlnquennium^*
Fig. 112.

Title pagk of stifel's iJcutfchc Arithmctica

PRIjNTEI) 1U)()KS

233

llaulzrechnung odcr gemeine rechnung/ iiirhl niit/.li( h vnnd

dieftlich sey.') Stifel first treats '\'om Algorithmo der Recheiipfenning,'
recommending the operations as being wunderleichtlich (lurch die
(las jr (lie

'

Rechenpfenning gelernet vnd

gelehret.'

largely to arithmetic, although touching

braic operations (Fig.

In

13).

The coss (algebra) relates

upon the most common alge-

Stifel gives the rule for

it

dividing one

fraction by another by using the inverted divisor as a multiplier.

The

('Yonder Kirchenrech-

third part relates to the ecclesiastical calendar

nung/die man nennet Computum Ecclefiafticum'), a subject in which

he acknowledges his indebtedness to Johannes de .Sacro bufto.' With
'

commendable but

his usual

effusive piety Stifel closes with praise not

vnferm Vater im Hymel vnd feinem eynigen

only to the Prince but to
naturlichen Son/ vnferm Herren lefu Chrifto.'
'

JOHANN SCHEUBEL.

Ed.

Bom

pr.

Leipzig, 1545.

1545.

Kirchheim, WUrttemberg, August iS,

1494; died February 20, 1570. Professor of Mathematics in the University
of Tubingen, to which institution he bequeathed most of his manuscripts.
He wrote on arithmetic and algebra, and edited part of Euclid.

ScHEVRL, ScHEUBKLius.

See Fig.

Title.

Colophon.
fakite.//

ff.

14.

Lipfiae ex Officina Michaelis //

'

Anno M. D. XLV.//
8,

Dcscriptioti.

255

unnumb.

Editions.

Strasburg

It is

in

10
i

Idib:

Maij.'

256

ff.,

20-26

sometimes stated that

1540, but

Blum, a

(F. 255,

11.

this

this of

1545.

12

cm.

work appeared
I

at

know

Scheubel also wrote a

246, 1549).

(p.

'

Leipzig, 1545.

cannot verify the statement.

'Compendium arithmeticae

reflittita

r.)

15.9 cm., the text being 6.9

blank

no edition other than

of

at

Murhard mentions

Arithmetica sive de Arte supputandi Liber,' Lipsiae, 1545,

8^ but ho may refer to the De Numeris.' Scheubel also published an algebra (Paris, 155 1), and the seventh, eighth, and

an

'

'

ninth books of Euclid (1558).

This work

is

versant with the

the production of a scholar rather than a

demands

a mercantile arithmetic, the result

the

common

people.

is

written in

Gemma

Frisius,

con-

It carries the

work

in subjects like the roots so

Rechenmeister could not have used it. Moreover,

Latin and is much more extended than the work of
so that it appealed neither to the business school nor

far that the ordinary

it

man

While Scheubel tried to write

was far removed from the needs of

of business.

RARA ARITHMETICA

2 34

-H

vn^ -r

VIL

4!) uk von ^epc^cn rcDctt

t)on

t)ifcrt

ieic^m

tDcrbe/foItu

-f- vnt>

mtc^

t)Cf(!(5n

/^cn fomc^crKic^

me/ ettm:oDcr@um:XoDerft.:c'. ^crDcicfe

mc!jt5fr)d^ennenncn/fonDcrn/namm/ot)cr bcnrtv

nung ^cr ia(cn.5a}a icij nu rct>c von glcic^en icicle/

vnD
2((fo
.
von -f- vni) -f- / oDor von
(juc^/ma tcfe von vngWcfem icjcftmf cDc / fo vcrpcje ce/von -iunb
00 6<it>cn nu t)iTe itvep Sctcljen -hvnD / tin fontttUcf^m
'^Ic^oiithmum/mkWf^
P^K^ triKauff 4 OCegcfttv 5)cnn er

foltu C0 vcrjicftn

W
vngcrec^ncten
geHiet lum Qilgout^mo

^a(cn tvi^Du moU fc^

Dcr
fynmY^/mt>am$wa$ voiBingefagtip vonDiTennamcn fuin:
fum:X jf t)a$ ^t^out aKw ic 5cr / ai$ vntcr an <mi3cn Zi^o^
.

rifgmum.

^ erji S^egcl t^on tern 2(bbtrm

VIII.

vnu 0uttrairm.

big yiid^m/ im Tlbbmn vn ubtral)ircti/

^llem (<> bu im fubtral)it:ctt btc sal / bie

o(>it

b folrc/i fttbttabitrc/iticljt Eanfl fiibtral^irc.

^]ctnvpia vom 2(t)t)iVn.
urn:
0um: -h 7.
18.

0um:

18.

H @um:

^K fi^cj? nu vol mm/m -f- vnt>

Fio. 113.

From

i-

14.

macfec itn rrpcn cr^

cinpta

stifel's Detitfchc Arithmetica

BOOKS

PRINTICl)
A

to the ordinary classical school.

235

great deal of attention

given to

is

exchange, the rule of three, and the extracting of roots of high order.
Attention is also given to problems which would now form part of
algebra,

and there

is

little

The nature

of mensuration.

treatment of geometry from the standpoint

of the work can be somewhat understood

DENVME/

RIS ET DIVERSrS RATIONIBVS

feu rcgulis computationum opufculum,

a loanne Scheubelio compofitum.

Non folum ad ufum qucndam uul

garem/ed etiam cognitionem
S^fcicntiam exquuitiorem
arithmetical acco*

modatum

M. D. XLV.
Fig. 114.

from the

titles of

the five

'

TrrLF.

tractati

'

'

4.

'

De

minutijs phyficalibus

While Scheubel
of his time.
substitute

'

He

is

not

much

proportionibus, proportionalitatibus

bus

ok sc^iikubki.

i'ac.k

(I^:

'
;

De numeris integris
De minutijs
3.

alijs

5.

'

'

'

De

uulgari-

'

Aliquot regulse.'

appreciated to-day, he was really ahead

tried to banish the expression

rule of projjortion.'

2.

'

'

His ex])Ianation

rule of three

'

and

of scpiare root

is

to
in

RARA ARITHMETICA

236

some respects the best of the century, and he dismisses with mere mention the duplatio and mediatio of his contemporaries. He extracts
various roots as far as the 24th, finding the binomial coefficients by means
'

'

'

'

of the Pascal triangle a century before Pascal

SACROBOSCO.
See

Ed.

pr.

made

the device famous.

Wittenberg, 1550.

1545.

p- 31-

Title.

'

loannis // de Sacrobvsto // Libellus de Sphaera.//

Accessit eivsdem // avctoris Compvtvs // Ecclefiafticus, Et alia

qusedam // in ftudioforum gra-//tiam edita.// Cum Praefatione
Philippi // Melanthonis.' On f. 6^ r., begins Libellvs // loannis
'

de Sacro//bvsto,de Anni Ratione,//sev vt vocatvr vvl-//go Compvtvs Ec-//clesiasti-//cvs.//Cvm Praefatione // Philippi Melan-

//thonis.//Anno M. D. XLV.'
Impreffum Vuitebergae apud // lohannem CratoColophon.
'

nem.//Anno//M.
8,

Description.

cm.

134

ff.

D.

L.'

10.

unnumb.

+2

(F. 134, r.)

15.5

blank

cm., the text being 6.5

(2

plans)

36

ff.,

26

11.

10.8

Witten-

berg, 1550.
Editions.

The

preface by Melanchthon

is

dated 'Menfe Auguf-

// M. D. XXXVIII,' so that his edition of the book

could not have appeared earlier than that year. The fact that this
volume was printed in 1550, as shown by the colophon, makes it
to.//

Anno

probable that the date

tion.

There

library,

545 on the

title

page

is

that of the

first edi-

are several editions of the 'Sphaera' in Mr. Plimpton's

but this

is

the only one containing the Computus.

properly included in a list of arithmetics than many of

the other computi. Since several others have been included, this, which
but the arithmetical work
is one of the most celebrated, is given place

This

is

less

is

practically

nil.

EUCLID.
See
Title.

pr. (arith.

See Fig. 115.

Stampata

ColopJion.

MD

Ed.

books) 1545-

Rome, I545-

p. II.

XLV.'

'

(P.

12.)

in

Roma

per Antonio Blado Afolano.//

PRINTICI) 1U)()KS
Description. 8, 9.8

112 pp.

(3

237

15.1 cm., llie text bcinj; 6.7

blank, 6 unnumb.),

24-26

Rome,

11.

10. 9

cm.

1545.

Editions. There were several editions of one or more of those

books of Euclid that relate to some part of the theory of arith-

QVINDICI

LIBRI DEGLI ELEMEN

TI

DI EVCLIDE, DI GRE
CO TRADOTTI IN
tINGVA THO-

SCANA*

IN ROMA* M DXXXXV,
Qonimu^i^rmXe^oiiti

S.

N.

S.

Pj^w/oTcr^,

Ks delta Seretiisfima republica Venetiana

^er cinque anni*

Title

Fk;. 115.

metic.
edition.

p.xge ok

Of these separate books,

Among

others

tmk 1545 faclid

this

is

may be mentioned

the rare

first

Italian

those of Wittenberg,

1549; Paris, 1551-4 (P- 238); ib., 1554. 4 (P- 238);

8 (p. 240)
Wittenberg. 1564,
1555 (by Scheubel) Paris, 1557,

1546;

KARA ARITHMETICA

238

There were very many editions

8 (p. 240).

published before 1600, practically

all

work
Book V, on pro-

of Euclid's

including

and some including the other arithmetical books.

portion,

Euclid's treatment of arithmetic was purely theoretical, no work on

computation being included. This copy has the following note by

book was also printed in Greek

and dedication. There is a Greek
copy in the British Museum. A. De Morgan, Feb. 29, 1852."
Feliciano, p. 149, 1526
Other works 0/1545. Bseda, p. 131, 1521

De Morgan, who once owned

same

it

" This

year, place, size, printer,

1532; Stifel, p. 226, 1544; Sfortunati, p. 177, 1534;

Arithmeticae practicae
WiUichius, p. 197, 1540; Antonius de Barres,
Newgestelt Rechenpiichlin,'
libri IV,' Louvain, 4; Johann Obers,
Augsburg Pedro Espinosa, Tractatus proportionum,' Salamanca, fol.
Psellus, p. 168,

'

'

'

EUCLID.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr. (arith.

See Fig.

16.

Description. 4, 16.3

162

See

Editions.
This
it,

(Note the signature of Giuliano de Medici.)

X 23.4 cm., the text being 9.5 X 17.3 cm.

20 unnumb.), 29

(2 blank,

ff.

Paris, 1551.

books) 1545.

p. II.

p.

11.

Paris, 155

i.

237.

not the same as the 1545 edition already described, but,

numerical side of mathematics.

is

like

this relates to the

EUCLID.
See

Ed.

pr. (arith.

books) 1545.

Paris, 1554.

p. II.

Evclidis // Elementa qvaedam // Arithmetica.// LvteTitle.

tie,//Apud Vafcofanum, uia lacobaea, ad infigne Fontis.// M. D.
'

LIIII.//Cvm

privilegio regis.' (F.

Description.

cm.

18

ff.

4,

numb., 29

See

Editions.
This work

is

p.

i,

r.)

15.4X 19.4 cm., the

11.

Paris,

text being 11.2

17.8

1554

237.

made up

of certain extracts

from the various books

of

Euclid relating to Arithmetic. It is in Greek with a Latin translation

following each definition or theorem. It consists of such standard old

Numerus autem, ex unitatibus composita multitudo,' and

such theorems as Omnis primus numerus, ad omnem numerum quern
non metitur, primus est.' There are no discussions, illustrations, or

definitions as

'

'

proofs of the propositions.

PRINTED BOOKS

239

Euclidiselemencorum
LIBER DECIMVS, PET RO
Momaureo

intcrpretc.

Ad loannem Bellaium Cardinalcm.

VTETIAE,

^ud WdfcoftnumiUia lacob^a ad injtgne Tontif*

M.

D.

LI.

CVM PRIVILEGIO,
Fig. 116.

Title page of the 155

euclid

RARA ARITHMETICA

240

EUCLID.
See
Title.

Ed. pr.

p.

Paris, 1557.

Elementorvm // Libri XV.

Evclidis //

'

books) 1545.

(arith.

1 1.

cum

omnem

Mathematicae

Grae-//ce

&

// partem, tum ad quamlibet Geometriae tra-//ctationem, facilis comparatur aditus.// E7rt7/9a/.t/xa iraXaiov.l j ^'yr)[x.aTa irevre \\\drw-

Latine,//Quibus,

a IIvday6pa<i

vo<;,

S'

ad

ao-//<j)6<i

evpe.// Uvda^opa'i ao(^o<i evpe,

dpiSrjX' i8i-//8a^ev // EuKXeiSi]^;

(F.

i,

16.9 cm., the text being 7

130 numb.

146

ff.,

25

r.)

12.8 cm.

Paris, 1557.

11.

238.

p.

EUCLID.
See
Title.

8, 10.5

unnumb.

See

Cameracenfis.// 1557.'

collegij

Description.
ff.

HXdroJu

rolai K\eo<; 7rpiKaX\e<i

iirl

Lvtetiae,// Apud Gulielmum Cauellat, in pingui Gallina,

erev^ev.

//ex aduerfo
16

fcientiae

Ed.

p.
'

(arith.

pr.

Wittenberg, 1564.

books) 1545.

1.

Arithmetices // Evclideae // Liber Primvs.// Alias in

Qui citra //prsecedentium Sex

ordine reliquorum // Septimvs

librorum // Geometricorum
quis duobus // fequentibus,

opem erudite// perfequitur, cum

j.iera

reli-

principia ac // folidiora funda-

menta Logi-//ftices,id eft,ut uocant, // Arithmetices Pra-//ctic3e.

//Per //loan. Sthen. Luneb.//In scholarvm vsvm Kara to on
tractatus ipcorrjfiartKO)^, difquifitione nimi-//rum Dialectica quae

Dialogorum //est propria.// 1564.'

ColopJwn.

'VVittenbergae.//

x
unnumb., 22-24

Description.

107

ff.

Editions.

9.2

8,

See

Title.

11.

la

r.)

1564.'

(F.

106, v.)

1.5

cm.

Wittenberg, 1564.

237.

p.

Ed.

ValladoUd arithmetician of the

first

pr.

1546.

ValladoUd, 1546.

half of the sixteenth century.

See Fig. 117.

ColopJion.

En

i,

14.8 cm., the text being 6.3

GASPARD DE TEXEDA.
A

(F.

Anno//

muy

'

CFue

noble

tiempollamada)

impreffala prefente // obra d'Arithmetica

//y

En

la

felice villa
ofifici-//na

de Valladolid (Pincia // otro

de F'rancifco Fernandez //de

PRINTIU) IK)()KS

on

Fic. 117.

i:jvmfc^m

Title page of texeda

241

RARA ARITHMETICA

242

cordoua/ junto alas // efcuelas ma//yores // Acabofe a quatro

dias del

mes // de Henero

//entos

quaren//ta

Description.

8,

defte ano del // fenor de mill

feys//Anos.'

13.5

(F.

quini-

Ixiiij, r.)

19.5 cm., the text being 10.3

16.5

64 ff., numb, in Roman, 32-34 11. Title page engraved on

wood. Valladolid, 1546.
Editions. There was no other edition. De Morgan (p. 103)
cm.

gives the date as 1545, which

phon

of his

is

that of the privilege, the colo-

copy having been torn

out.

This rare Spanish arithmetic gives the fundamental processes with

integers, fractions, and denominate numbers, introduces some practical

mensuration under the

title

'

De

Geometria,' and gives a rather extended

treatment of the business rules.

It is interesting

because of the treat-

ment of Spanish and Arab (algoristic) notation, or, as the author says,
'de numerar en caftellano y en guarifmo.' For example, his two methods
of writing 160,462,009,621, are

U462 qs. ix U621

160 U462 qs 009 U 621.

c. Ix.

PIETRO CATANEO.
A

Ed.

Title.

XLVI.'

'Stampato

(F. 64,

unnumb.

Venice, 1546.

1546.

pr.

in

X 20.8

numb.

=64

cm., the text being 12

x 16 cm.

32-35 11. Venice, 1546.

and probably the first in spite

ff.,

very rare edition,

words nvovamente stampate,' for the dedication

'

M. D. XLVI.
1559. 4

{P-

MD

Venetia per Niccolo Bafcarini.//

r.)

-{-63

Editions.
of the

r.)

See Fig. 118.

Description. 4, 15.3
f.

iiij,

sixteenth-century arithmetician, of Siena.

Colophon.

(F.

(F.

I, V.)

There were two

244), and Venice, 1567, 4

is

dated

later editions, Venice,

(p.

244).

and in many respects is in advance of its

time. Unlike most Venetian books it uses the Florentine name biricvocolo for the common form of multiplication, and gives the 'a danda
division before the galley form, recommending it as molto neceffario.'
The applications, while not numerous, are practical, and throw some
light upon the business customs of Siena and Venice. Cataneo was not,
however, an original writer. His arithmetic is composed quite largely

The work

is

fairly practical,

'

'

'

'

PRINTED HOOKS

243

the works of

and
shows that he could

his predecessors,

of didactic statements to be found in

the fact that he gives four methods of multiplication

not escape the influence of writers like Paciuolo.

PRATICHE DELLE DVB

PRIME
M ATHEMATICHE
Dl PI ET RODE CATANI

LE

DA SIENA

a
LIBRO D'ALBACO
E

GEOMETRIA

NVOVAMENTE STAMPATE,
INVENETIA
Fig. 118.

M P

y.LVl

Title page of the 1546 cataneo

Other works of 1546. Anonymous, p. 213, 1542; Boethius, p. 27,

Helmreich,
1488; Euclid, p. 237, 1545; Glareanus, p. 192, 1539;
Manzoni, p. 257, 1553; Misrachi, p. 180, 1534;
p. 303, 1561
;

RARA ARITHMETICA

244

Rudolff, p. 152, 1526; Sole, p. 143, 1526; Stifel, p. 226, 1544; AnonyAn introduction for to lerne to recken with the pen, or with the

mous,

'

counters accordyng to the trewe cast of Algorisme, in hole numbers, or

in broken, newly corrected. And certayne notable and goodly rules of
false positions

thereunto added, not before sane in our Englysche Tonge,'

London in 1574, sm. 8; Anony-

I>ondon, 8, with another edition at

mous,

'

Ein new kurtz Rechenbtichlein auff der Linien und Federn,'

Frankfort, 8, possibly by Giilfferich (p. 269, 1555); Alfonzo Lopez de

Corella, Secretos de las cuatro mathematicas ciencias,' Valladolid.
'

Works of I^4"/. Gemma,

200,

p.

1540;

Saravia, p.

229, 1544;

Tagliente, p. 114, 15 15.

Works 0/1348, Gemma,

p. 200,

Riese, p. 139, 1522; Stifel, p. 226,

C.

P.,'

'

1521;

p.

132,

p.

114, 1515;

Wolphius, p. 154, 1527; AnonySpecie principali, et primi principii del' Arithmetica di C. de

Uberti, see Tagliente, p. 114, 1515

mous,

1540; Ghaligai,
1544; Tagliente,

Bologna.

PIETRO CATANEO.
See

Ed.

pr.

Venice, 1559.

1546.

p. 242.

Le// pratiche // delle dve prime // Matematiche // di

Geomecon il//pratico e uero modo di mifurar la Terra.// Non piv

Title.

'

Pietro Cataneo // con la aggionta,// libro d'Albaco e

tria

mostra da

altri.//

(Woodctit of

grififin

with motto

'

//comite Fortvna.') In Venetia, apreffo Giouanni

LIX.'

(F.

Griffio,

MD

r.)

I,

Colophon.
di

Virtute dvce

'

In Venetia, apreffo Giouan GrifBo, ad inftantia//

M. Pietro Cataneo,

MD

Description.

X 20.3 cm., the text being 11.4X 15.1

82 numb, -f i blank = 84 IT., 32-35 11.

cm.

4,

unnumb.

f.

LIX.'

(F. 83, v.)

15.3

Venice, 1559.
See p. 242.

PIETRO CATANEO.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

1546.

Venice, 1567.

p. 242.
'

Le // pratiche // delle dve prime //Matematiche // di

Pietro Cataneo Senese,// ricorrette,

ne ag-//giontioni de

lo steffo

&

meglio ordinate, con alcu-

Autore.//Diuife

in libri quattro.//

PRINTED HOOKS
(Woodcut
I,

'

LW'II.'

In Venetia, apreffo Giouan Griffo, ad inftanlia di

Pictro Cataneo,

Description.

cm.

245

Virlvlc (lvc-c,//coniilc For-

r.)

Colophon.

//M.

<;rirrin,

'

In Vonetia, aprcffo Giouanni (}ritTio,//M

tvna.)
(F.

of

with nioUo

88

4,

MD

numb., 32-35

ff.

Editions.

See

p.

LXVIL'

(F. 88,

X 20.7 cm., the

15.5

11.

r.)

text being 11.7

This differs from the

242.

15.7

Venice, 1567.

tion only in the fact that the part relating to

first

(1546) edi-

geometry contains

considerable additional matter.

See

p.

242.

JACQUES PELETIER.
Bom

Ed.

pr.

S.

1549.

1607.

1.,

1517 died at Paris in July, 1582. Tie became principal

of a college, traveled extensively, and contributed both to literature and
to elementary mathematics.
at

Mans

in

L'Arithmeti-//qve de lacqves // Peletier dv // Mans,

Title.
//Departie en quatre liures.Z/Troifieme edition, reucue et augmentee.//Par lean de Tovrnes.// M. DC. VII.' (P. 3.)
Description. 8, 10.3 X 16 cm., the te.xt being T .7 ^ 13 cm.
'

297 pp.

(6 blank,

Editions.

unnumb.), 26

Poitiers,

(Graesse says 155

Lyons, 1554,

i);

these, but the above title

shows

1.,

1607.

4, a

8.

ib.,

1552, 8

Graesse mentions

this edition of

third, possibly the third revision.

an edition of 1567,

S.

11.

1549, 4 (Graesse, Sup.);

1607

to

all

of

be the

have also seen mentioned

Lyons edition

of 1570,

and a Latin

edi-

and 1578.

tion at Paris in 1563

The work is quite practical, although it contains a considerable

amount of medi3eval matter. The first book treats of the fundamental
operations with integers, the second of fractions, the third of roots and
proportion, and the fourth of the applications of arithmetic. It contains
a number of such traditional problems as the hare and hound. Peletier
De fractionibus astronomicis compendium de
also wrote a chapter
'

cognoscendis per
of

Gemma

memoriam

Frisius.

calendis,' that

Graesse mentions an

'

was published

in his editions

Arithmeticae modus,' Paris,

1563, 8, probably the Paris edition referred to above.

wrote one of the first practical textbooks on algebra.

Peletier also

RARA ARITHMETICA

246

JOHANN SCHEUBEL.
See

is

'

Anno

Description.

Sm.

I549-'
8, 8.7

unnumb., 27

ff.

Editions.

lacobvm // Parcvm, expensis // loan-

Basileae, per

nis Oporini,//

87

Basel, 1549.

1549.

'

Colophon.

cm.

pr.

The title page is missing in this copy, but the running

Compendium Arithmeticae.' (See the 1560 edition.)

Title.

headline

Ed.

p. 233.

(F- 87,

r.)

13.7 cm., the text being 6.3

Basel, 1549.
Basel, 1549, sm. 8 (here described);

1.8

11.

1560, 8

ib.,

That this is the first edition is seen in the Epiftola

Dedicatoria,' which bears date Tubingae, idibus Marti] // annni
'

(below).

'

fefqui millefimi // quadragefimi noni.'

(P. 7.)

While open to some of the criticism mentioned in connection with

Scheubel's De mmieris ( p. 233, 1545), this book is more practical
than his earlier one, and was enough in demand to warrant two editions.
It is not, however, a commercial textbook.
'

'

JOHANN SCHEUBEL.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

Basel, 1560.

1549.

p. 233.
'

Compen-//divm Arithme-//ticae

Artis, vt bre-//uif-

longe utilifsimum eru//diendis tyronibus, non folum pro//pter ordinem, quo paucis perftrin-//guntur omnia huius artis

sum

ita

fed // etiam caufa perfpicuitatis, quae plu-//rimum de-

capita

lectat

&

iuuat difcentes,//

fummopere expetedum

per loan-//

nem Scheubeliu adornatum//& confcriptum.//Iam denuo ab ipfo

autore recognitum //

&

emandatum.// Continent autem utrunq5

hoc Compendia,// numerorum

fcilicet

&

calculorum, feu//pro-

anno 1560.'

iectilium (ut uocant) ra-//tiocincationem.// Bafilae,

(P.

I.)

Colophon.

'

Basiliae

// excudebat lacobus Parous,// expenfis

loannis Opo-//rini, anno

Description.

8, 9.5

14 pp.

24

Basel, 1560.

See above.

M.D.LX.//menfe
15 cm.,

the text

191 numb. (3-193)

unnumb.

11.

Martio.'

(P. 205.)

being 6.1
blank

206

12 cm.

pp.,

23-

PRINTED BOOKS
JOHANN FISCHER
Ed.

pr.

(Piscalor).

Stettin,

1549.

A German

247

s.

(1565?).

a.

Rechenmeister of the second half of the sixteenth centui^.

Ein kurtz Rechenbuchlein fur die anfahendc Schulcr

Title.
gemacht //Durch Johann Fifchcr. Gcdruckt zu Alton Stettin//
'

in

Johan Eichorns Druckerey.'

Dcscnption.

16

ff.

9.8

unnumb., Stettin,

(F.

i, r.)

15.4 cm., the

a.

s.

(1565

This work appeared

Editions.
'

8,

te.xt

being 6.^ x

cm.

1.2

?).

first

in

Latin under the

Arithmeticae Compendium, pro Studiosis hujus

artis

title

tyronibus

recognitum/ Leipzig, 1549, with subsequent Latin editions,

1554. 1559. 1582, 1592, 1598, and Wittenberg, 1592, all

Of the German translation there were editions

(1565

s. a.

Leipzig,

.?),

58

8 (here described)

8;

1,

1592,8.

from the

to be different

Rechenbijchlein,'

'

as follows

ib.,

8.

Stettin,

Frankfort an der Oder, 1566

Fischer also published a work, said

Compendium,'

Wittenberg,

entitled

'

Ein kiinstlich

1559, with four editions from

1559 to 1592.
As the

title

suggests, this

is

merely a compendium, designed to serve

It has no more merit than

as an introduction to practical arithmetic.

any

brief primer.

JUAN DE YCIAR,
Ed.

pr.

Vizcayno.
Saragossa, 1549.

1549.

On f. 3, r.,
in 1525.
loannes de Yciar astatis sve anno xxv.'
a large portrait with the inscription
He lived in Saragossa, and was well known as a calligrapher.
IciAR.

Basque arithmetician, born

at

Durango

'

is

Title.

See Fig. 119.

CFue impreffo el prefente libro en la muy noble

ciudad //d'^arago^a en cafe de Pedro Bernuz/a cofta

Colophon.

//y

leal

'

//del auctor y de Miguel de ^apila mercader d'libros,// Acabo

fe a .xvj. de Febrero del ano de mil y //quinientos y quarenta y
//nueue.' (F. 61, v.)
Description. Fol., 19 X 28.9 cm., the te.xt being 14.3 X 21.5

cm.

ff.

unnumb.

Saragossa, 1549.

56 numb.

blank

63

ff.,

27-38

11.

248

KARA ARITHMETICA

Fig. 119.

Title page of yciar

PRiNrr:i)
Saragossa,

Editions.

Heredia

(I,

fol.

549,

154) says that this

is

249

(here dcscribccl)

The book probably had

4.

1564,

ib.,

hooks
;

1555,4;

ih.

several other editi(jns, for

'una des plus anciennes

edi-

tions de ce traite.'

There are numerous interesting features

is

part of

it

traditional, as that

Roman

stands for five because

L was

Latin vowel, and part more recent, as that

Among* these

book.

in this

Yciar's fanciful explanation of the origin of the

it

numerals,

was the

fifth

form
for C. U is used instead of M, as with several Spanish writers, and
cuento is used for million as was their general custom.
(See p. 60,
Ciruelo.) The treatment of the fundamental operations is followed by
progressions, compound numbers, roots, mensuration, and such common
applications as las compahias fin tiempo and con tiemjw,' and las
'

half of the old

'

'

de teftamentos.'
Other works of IS49- Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Anonymous, p. 213,
Euclid, p. 237, 1545
Gemma, p. 202,
Boethius, p. 27, 1488
1542
1540; Glareanus, p. 192, 1539 Kobel, p. 102, 15 14 Recorde, p. 214,
c. 1542
Hans Bock, Ein new Rechenbiichlein aufif der Linien und
Federn,' Niirnberg (probably a second edition of the 1544 book, p. 229)
Joannes Stigelius, Arithmetica,' Leipzig, 8, with a second edition, s. 1.,
reglas

'

'

1554 (Victorinus

4.

VALENTIN MENIIER
Ed.

1563

Strigelius of

metica practica,' Saragossa,

see p. 311)

(Yciar's

Juan Vejar, 'Arith-

work?)

de Kempten.

Antwerp, 1565.

1550.

pr.

Mennher. a German-Dutch

arithmetician of the sixteenth century.

See

also p. 281, 1556.

Practicqve // pour brievement //apprendre a Ciffrer,

Liure // de Comptes, auec la Regie de // Cofs, & Geome//Par M. V. Menher Alleman.// (Woodcut of counting

Title.

'

& tenir
tric.

house.)

Anvers,

I'an

M. D. LXV.//Auec

priuilege

du Roy

pour 4 ans.' (E. i, r.) Bound with this in the third part is
'La Regie d'Algebra,' or 'Cofs.' Also the IVacticqve // des
'

M. D. LXIIIL'
Anvers
Imprime en Anuers par yEgidius Dieft,//rAn

Triangles // Spheriqves.//
Colophon.

'

de noftre Seigneur lefu Chrift.//M. D.

(F. 113, V.)

LXV.//

19.

lanuarij.'

RARA ARITHMETICA

250

8, 9.6 X
5.6 cm., the text being 7.3 X
The algebra contains 120 ff. unnumb.

Description.

113

26

ff.,

11.

the geometry, 102

ff.

'

1.

'

Practique des

tri-

Antwerp, 1565.

angles spheriques.'
Editions.

(part 4), besides the

12.6 cm.
(part 3);

Menher wrote

three or four arithmetics, as follows

Practique briesve pour cyfrer et tenir Livres de compte,'

Antwerp, 1550,8; 1556 (probably the one mentioned on p. 281);

Antwerp, 1565, 8 (here described). Unlike the De Morgan copy
this

does not have 1564 for 1565 in the colophon. Indeed I

De Morgan probably looked at the colophon of the geome-

think

try instead of the arithmetic.

'Arithmetique seconde,' Antwerp, 1556 (p. 281). A comPractique shows it to be substantially

2.

parison of this with the

'

'

In his epistle to the reader,

same work.

the

Menher speaks

of the 1565 edition of the 'Practique' as merely a revision of

noftre feconde Arithmetique de I'an

'

of

M. D. LVL'

8, 1573 (p. 347). I know

no other sixteenth-century edition of this work, although there

'Livred'Arithmetiqve,' Antwerp,

3.

was a Rotterdam edition in 1609,

ent from the Practique.'

The work

8.

entirely differ-

is

'

'

4.

Arithmetica Practice,' Autorff,

560,

8.

know nothing

of this work.

The Practique and the Arithmetiqve seconde,' essentially the

same work, are mercantile textbooks, possessed of the spirit of the
'

'

Livre

'

d'Arithmetiqve

Menher was one

'

(p.

his successors, particularly in

some very

ADAM
See
Title.

196,

RIESE.

ff.

but

not

as

successfully

written,

Dutch arithmeticians, and

the period from 1600 to 1650, produced
the

Ed.

pr.

Leipzig, 1550.

1550.

p. 138.

See Fig. 120.

Gedruckt zu Leipzig durch //Jacobum Berwalt.'
'

r.)

Description.

cm. 4

),

among

practical textbooks.

Colophon.
(F.

347

of the pioneers

4,

unnumb.

15.5

-f-

17.8 cm., the text being

196 numb.

= 200 ff.,

29-31

11.

10.6

14.4

Leipzig, 1550.

PRINTED

1U)()KS

251

tm3e/aufft>mmtm
5Dariu fotttH

t>n5

bc^mWgf ejft>utc6 W<JOwpotftio*

mW-PMcfica genant/SWtt grflntftcfetm

C^urc^

2(bam SKwfetu

c:

'-^^

Cum

gratia

& priuikgfo

Cgffarco#
Fig. 120.

Title page of the 1550 kiese

RARA ARITHMETICA

252

See

Editions.

The

date

The

it is

is

the fourth of Riese's books

Isaac Riese's arithmetic of 1580

also given in the dedicatory epistle,

is

forty-six folios contain the treatise

first

counter reckoning.
Feder,' the

This

140.

p.

Bound with

139).

This

common

the fourth the

'

followed

is

algorism.

Vifieren

'

The

(ff.

is

auff

'

365).

im 1550

jhar.'

den Linihen,' the

47-105) by that 'auff der

Practica,' and
is the

third part

or gauging.

mination of Riese's work, and

'

(p.

(p.

'

The book

represents the cul-

the best exponent of the practical

arithmetic of the middle of the century in Germany.

Other works 0/1550. Agricola, p. 171, i533;

Agrippa,

p. 167,

1531; Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Borghi, p. 22, 1484 Cassiodorus, p. 21 1,

1540; Feliciano, p. 149, 1526; Gemma, p. 200, 1540; Glareanus,
Medlerus, p. 223, 1543;
p. 192, 1539; Lonicerus, p. 253, 1551;
Regius, p. 181, 1536; Riese, p. 139, 1522; Taghente, p. 114, 15 15
Torrentini, p. 76, 1501. There was also an edition of Sfortunati, c. 1550
Two other works published c. 1550 should be men(p. 174, 1534).
Anonymous, Opera che insegna a tener conto de libro secondo
tioned
;

'

lo

cosueto di

tutti

li

lochi della Italia al

modo

mercantile,'

s. 1. a.,

with

some mercantile arithmetic; William Buckley, 'Arithmetica memorativa

compendaria Arithmeticae tractatio,' 8, s.
Logic, London, 1572, 1574, 1577, 1584, 8.

sive

JOHANN SCHEUBEL.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

1.

1551.

a.,

but later in Seton's

Paris, 1551.

p. 223.
'

Algebrae//compendiosa//facilisqve descri-//ptio, qua

depromuntur magna // Arithmetices miracula.// Authore loanne

Scheubelio Mathematicarum //prof eff ore in academia Tubingenfi.
//Parisiis,//Apud Gulielmum Cauellat, in Pingui Gallina,//ex
'

aduerfoCollegiiCameracenfis.//i55i.//Cvmprivilegio." (F. i,r.)

Excudebat Lutetiae Parifiorum, Benedictus PreuoColophoji.
'

tius

Typo-//graphus,invico Frementello, fub infigni ftelte aureae.

//1551.'

(F.

numb.

Description.

4,

52, v.)

13.2

18.5 cm., the text being 9.4

15.2

numb., 32-37 11. Paris, 1551.

52
Editions. There was no other edition.

cm.

ff.

the
I have included this algebra because it contains some work in
extracting of roots by the galley method, and therefore shows the persistence of this mediaeval plan.

PRINTED BOOKS
ROBERT RECORDE.
See

pr.

London, 1596.

1551.

p. 213.

'The Castle //of // Knowledge.// To Knowledge

Title.

this

Ed.

253

Castle fet,// All Learnings friends

wil

fupport,//

it

is

So

fhall their name great honour get,// And gaine great fame with
good report. //Though fpitefull Fortune turn'd her wheele,//

To

ftay the

wheele,//

Sphere of Vranie,//Yet doth the fphere

And

flee'th all

Fortunes

villanie //

Though

refift

that

earth do

honour Fortunes ball,// And beetles blinde her wheele aduance,

//The heauens

to

Fortune are not thrall,// The fpheres furmount

Fortunes chance.// London // printed by Valentine Sims,

afsigned // by Bonham Norton.// 1596.' (P. i.)
all

Colophon.
1596.'

(P.

'

Description.

cm.

pp.

Imprinted

London by Valentine // Simnies.

at

236.)
4,

14.4

unnumb.

19.2 cm., the text being 12.5

blank

London, 1596.
Editions. London, 1551

ib.,

232 numb.
1556,

fol.;

=
ib.,

236

17.5

41

pp.,

11.

1596, 4 (here

described).

Recorde's name does not appear on the

letter of

dedication to

The work

is

'

Princesse Marie,'

on astronomy, and

is

page, but he signs the

title
'

Robert Record Phyficion.'

of interest in the history of arith-

metic only in the operations involving sexagesimal fractions. Division

there are no symbols for
is performed by the galley method, and
degrees, minutes, and seconds.

The

arithmetical part includes the rule

Like the author's other works (pp. 213, 286), this

catechism form.
of three.

is

in the

Euclid, j). 238, 1545

Other works of i^^i. Borghi, p. i6, 1484
Noviomagus, p. 197,
p. 200, 1540; Glareanus, p. 193, 1539
1539; Peletier, p. 245, 1549; Recorde, p. 214, c. 1542; Tonstall,
Arithmeticae brevis Introductio,'
p. 134, 1522; Adam Lonicerus,
Frankfort, 8, with subsequent editions, ib., 1568, 8
1570, 12 1581
1585 1600, 8 (Tropfke puts the first edition as 1550) Andres Garcia
de Lovas, 'Tratado del computo,' Salamanca, 8 Innocenzo Ringhieri,
;

Gemma,

'

Centi givochi liberali ... in dieci libri descritti,' Bologna, 4, with

subsequent editions, Venice, 1553, 4; Bologna, 1580; Lyons (French
'

translation), 1555, 4 (contains

some number games).

RARA ARITHMETICA

254

MARCO AUREL.
in

Ed.

pr.

Valencia, 1552.

1552.

Aurel was, as he states, a German. He lived, however, for several years

Valencia, and published a work there in 1541.

See Fig. 121.

Title.

4, 14.5 x 19.3 cm., the text being 9.9 X 16.6 cm.

unnumb. + 140 numb. = 144 ff., 31-36 11. Valencia, 1552.
Editions. There was no other edition.

Description.

ff.

Aurel, in his letter to the reader, dwells

upon the unfortunate

state

mathematics in Spain, and says that he feels called upon to assist in

making known a science so necessary to humanity. Of the twenty-four
chapters in the book, the first six may be said to relate to arithmetic as
of

we

ordinarily consider

it,

the rest referring entirely to algebra.

The

arithmetical chapters present the subject in a fairly practical way, but

To

are deficient in genuine problems.

subtract

is

called

'

Restar,' as at

present in Spanish, the same root appearing occasionally in other languages, and our

word rest (for remainder) being a relic of this name.

performed entirely by the galley method, but the figures are
not canceled as is generally the case.
Proporcion is used for ratio,
and proporcionalidad for proportion, as was generally the custom in
the early arithmetics of all Latin countries, a custom derived from the
Boethian books. The proporciones (ratios) are treated at considerDivision

'

'

is

'

'

'

'

'

The

able length after the fashion set by the mediaeval writers.

tions are almost entirely

under the

'

Regla de

tres

'

In the part devoted to algebra, surd numbers are

German

root symbols showing the

first

treated, the

and minus signs

the works of writers like Stifel and

influence.

are also used as extensively as in

The

applica-

(rule of three).

plus

Scheubel, and the symbols for the various powers of

the

unknown

quantity are such as are found in the works of contemporary writers in

other countries.

LILIUS GREGORIUS GYRALDUS.

Ed.

A
Title.

See Fig. 122.

Description.

184 pp.

Venice, 1553.

pr. 1552.

philosopher of Ferrara, of the middle of the sixteenth century.

8, 9.3

(2 blank,

Editions.

15.5 cm., the te.xt being 6.1

16 unnumb.), 29

Venice, 1552, 8;

This treatise also appeared

and Leyden, 1696.

II.

ib.,

12.4 cm.

Venice, 1553.
1553, 8 (here described).

in his 'Opera,' Basel, 1580,

sm. fob,

?*'LIBRO PR I-

ME^O, VE J<IilTHMETlCJ

Mgehratica ,nel qualfe contlene

con otras muchas

jflgebra , Vulgarmentellamada
la COfa ifin la qual no fe
elides , ni otros muchos

mo en Geometria

el arte Mercanituol,

^glas del arte menor^yla^egla

del

Arte mayor ^ o \egla de

podra entendet el dccimo de Eu->

primores , a/Tt en jfrithmetica co*

compuejlo ,ordenado ,y hecho Impri*

mir por iVfarco Aurel, natural Meman : Intitulado, Ve6

jpertador deingenios. Vadiriffdo al

muy ma^i*

fico fmormoffen Bernardo Cimon, Cm

Jadano dela mi{y infigney co*

ronada

Gudad df

Valencia^
'/^/VC.

feyo>7y^c
^Z^-

^ Con

Priuilcgio de fu Mageftad,
por ticmpo dc dlcz anos

En cafa de loan de Mcy, Mandroi

Fig,

12

1.

Title page of aukel

KARA ARITHMETICA

256

GREGORII

LILII

GYRALDI FERRARIEN. SVAa

R

V M Q.V

ARVNDAM ANN Ob

tationum Dialogifmi XXX. ad Awa

plij?. C(xrd>

Saluiatum,

Item Uurentij frizzolij Solmenfls Dialogifmui unicttt

dc ipjlm Ulij uiu cr opmbm*

V E N E T 1 1 5,

M D

Apud Gmltcrum Scottm,

I.

^1
Fig, 122.

Title page of the 1553 gyraldus

PRlNTI':i)

HOOKS

257

is of interest in the history of mathematics in

and third parts deal with notation and finger symbolism.
Dialogismvs secvndvs de manus & digitorum nominibus d(q; numerandi per eos antiquorum ratione (p. 10) is an almost unknown sketch of
'Dialogismvs tertivs ad Baptistam Lucarinum FR.
finger symbolism.
filium optimre fpei ac indolis puerum, de notis & finguris numerorum,
(p. 20) is an eciually interesting
quibus Latini ac Grseci utebantur

This set of dialogues

that the second

'

'

'

sketch of the Greek and Latin numerals. Gyraldus also published a

Brevis instructio de Grecor:^ numerali supputatione in 15 13, fol.
'

Agricola, p.

Other tvorks 0/1552.

1540; Ghaligai,

152

132,

p.

and

Herman

i533

Gemma,

GiillTerich,

'

203,

p.

Ein new kurtz

with editions ib., 1555, 12, 1568, 8

Peletier,
292, 1559); Ortega, p. 94, 1512
Joachim
Riese, p. 139, 1522
214, c. 1542

Rechenbiichlein,' Frankfort,
(see also p. 244, 1546,

171,

8,

p.

1549 Recorde, ]).

Camerarius, Arithmologia,' i 2 (there was also an edition at Basel, s. a.,
Re16); Dunkel, Arithmetica,' Leipzig, 8; Christopher Falconius,
chenbuch,' Konigsberg in PreufJen, 4 (Murhard cites as a different
work of the same date Rechenbuch auff die Preusche mijntz mass und
p. 245,

'

'

'

'

Gewicht,'

ib., 4).

DOMENICO MANZONL
A
Title.

ff.

S.

pr. 1553.

1.

(Venice),

553.

See Fig. 123.

8,

Description.

16

Ed.

sixteenth-century arithmetician, born at Oderzo.

10.5

immimb., 26

11.

15.8 cm., the text being 8.1

13.4 cm.

except where arranged in sections.

S.

1.

(Venice), 1553.

There was no other edition

Editions.

Manzoni

of this work.

had already pubUshed a textbook entitled Libretto molto utile

per imparar a leggere, scrivere et Abaco, con alcuni Fondamenti
della Dottrina Christiana,' Venice, 1546, 8, 31 pp. of which are
'

He

devoted to arithmetic.
rate treatise,

'

La Brieve

in qualsi voglia negotio,

Venice, 1553,

8,

246

in Vinegia'

doue intcrucnga numero, peso,

little

manual

of the

'

(f.

2)

is

elabo-

&

misura,'

fundamental operations

Abbreviatvre delle monete, Pefi,

The

more

ff.

beautifully printed

arithmetic.

also published in 1553 a

Risolvtione di Aritmetica universale

& mifure,

chi

fi

of

ufano

helpful to students of the history of sixteenthall who are interested in the metrology of the

century arithmetic and to

countries with which Venice traded.

RARA ARITHMETICA

258

Fig, 123.

MICHAEL
See
Title.

STIFEL.

Title page of manzoni

Ed.

pr.

1553.

Konigsberg

i.

Pr., 1553.

p. 223.

See Fig. 124.

'Gedruckt zu K6nigs-//berg

Colophon.

in

Preufse durch Alex-

andrum // Behm von Luthomifl/ Voll //endet am

dritten tag

PRINTl^) 1KK)KS
dcfs

Icrbft-//m<^n^ts/ Als niann

/.alt

lichen //hcrrn Jcfu Chrifti.//' 1554.'

nach //dcr gcburt vnfcrs

(1'.

Fig. 124.

Title

4, 14.7

pac:k

j<jtr

ok stikkl's rudolff

19.6 cm., the text being 9.9

507 pp. (4 blank, 12 unnumb.), 21-26

1553-

505.)

m^mgrptrglttprefilTttt
ftj(tvniy*Uul<m tin

Description.

259

11.

Konigsberg

in

16 cm.

PreuCen,

KARA ARITHMETICA

26o
Editions.
1

57

in Preufien, 1553, 4 (here described);

Konigsberg

See also

1.

226.

p.

Although the book is nominally an algebra (the word cofs coming

from the Italian cosa, thing,' meaning the unknown quantity), the first
part of the book is devoted entirely to arithmetic. This part is intended
as an introduction to the algebra that comes later, and gives the fundamental operations as treated by Rudolff, with Stifel's commentary. It
is entirely theoretical, and it naturally leads into the theory of irrational
numbers, which constitutes the first part of the algebra.
Other works 0/1553. Albert, p. 180, 1534 Boethius, p. 27, 1488
Gemma, p. 204, 1540; Gyraldus, p. 254, 1552 Mariani, p. 181, 1535
Morsianus, p. 182, 1536; Ringhieri, p. 253, 155 i Rudolff, p. 152, 1526;
Bernardu Wojewddki, Algorithm, to jest nauka liczby, po polsku na
'

'

'

<

linijoch uczyniony,'

CLAUDE DE

Cracow.

BOISSIERE.

Claudius Buxerius. Born

He

Ed.

in the

pr.

on poetry, music, and astronomy.

also wrote

Paris, 1554.

1554.

diocese of Grenoble, probably

For

his

c.

1500.

Rythmomacliia see

p. 271.

See Fig. 125.

Title.

Colophon.

'

Acheue d'Imprimer

Description.
2

le

// iour d'Octobre,//

xiij.

(F. 74, I.)

1554.'

10

4,

14.8 cm., the text being 7.2

12.9 cm.

73 numb. = 75 ff., 32 11. Paris, 1554.

Editiotis. Paris, 1554, 8(here described); ib., 1563, 8(p. 262).

ff.

unnumb.

This

is

work

a theoretical

in

two

'

probably written for

livres,'

work which
have noticed that carries the system of numeration as high as thousands
Mille de Quintillions,' although Chuquet, in his manuof quintillions,

students in the University of Paris.

It is

the second printed

'

script of 1484, carries

it

to

'

nonyllions.'

Chuquet in this as in other

names of millions, bimillions

respects.

De

la

Roche

(p.

128) followed

Boissiere's plan starts with the

(for million millions), trimillions, etc.

He

then says that to avoid ambiguity, as of bimillions for two millions, these

names

are abridged to billion, trillion, etc.

He

moreover numerates

in

periods of six figures each, as in England at present, and not in periods

of three figures as

He

first treats

is

now

the custom in France and America.

of the classes of

number according

to the old plan,

distinguishing between digits (1-9), articles (multiples of 10), and composites (articles
digits), of which names we still use the digit. Instead

of extending the

fundamental operations to

six,

or even nine, as his

PRINTED HOOKS

261

contemporaries so often did, he limits them to four, as we do.

in

addition and multiplication

straction

'

is

is

substantially like ours, but his

as follows (1563 edition)

Refte

939973901
1840006503
900032602

Debte on fomme
Paye on a Subftraire

^
A.
]'>.

L'ART

D'ARYTHMETldVE CONTENANT
TOVTE DIMENTION, TRESSINGVLIER ET COMMODE,
tant pour Tare militaire que
autrcs calculations.

Auec priuilege
du Roy.
Im^r'mia ParU,par^nnet Briere,a I'cnfeignefiinH
iehajiian

rue da Voriis

15
Fig. 125.

His work

4-

Title page of hoissiere

'

sub-

RARA ARITHMETICA

262

In division he uses the galley method only.

Boissiere

is

one

of the first

writers, I believe the first in France, to invert the divisor in the division

had done a few years before in Germany. Book I

somewhat extended treatment of the rule of three.
The second book relates largely to mensuration, figurate numbers,
roots, and the mediaeval proportions.
Some of the rules are in verse. Of military matters, referred to in
of fractions, as Stifel

closes with a

the

title

page, there

CLAUDE DE
See

mention.

BOISSIERE.

pr.

Paris, 1563.

1554.

practically identical with that of the

is

except for the following

tion,

Ed.

p. 260.

This

Title.

is little

Reueu

'
:

&

1554

edi-

augmente par Lucas

Trembley Parifien,//profeffeur des Mathematiques.// A Paris,//

Pour Guillaume Cauellat, a I'enfeigne de la Poulle//graffe, deuant
(F. i, r.)
le college de Cambray.// 1563.'
Description. 8, 10.2

blank

unnumb.

X i6.8cm.,thetext being 6.8 X

71 numb.

75

ff.,

25-30

13 cm. 3ff.

Paris, 1563.

11.

La Declara//
Two other books are bound with this
de // L'inltrument nomme Canomettre,// Par G. des
Bordes, Gentilho-// me bordelois, profeffeur ez // Mathematiques.//
1570.' and Vsage // Dv // Compas // de // Proportion.// Par D. HenSee

p.

260.

'

tion et Vsage

'

rion,

Mathem.//

M. DC. XVIIL'

JOACHIM CAMERARIUS.

Ed.

pr.

1554.

Deventer, 1667.

Bamberg, April 12, 1500; died at Leipzig, April 17, 1574. The
office of chamberlain (Kammermeister) to the Prince-Bishop of Bamberg
being hereditary in the family of Liebhard, he took the Latin name of
Camerariu.s. He was a distinguished classicist, a friend of Melanchthon,
and a professor at Tubingen and Leipzig. Of the various commentaries on
Nicomachus, his was the most important of the Renaissance.
Born

Title.

'

at

Explicatio // loachimi Camerarii // Papebergenfis// in

dvos libros//Nicomachi Geraseni//Pythagorei //Deductionis//

Ad

Scientiam Numerorum.// Et Notse // Samuelis Tennulii //

in

//Arithmeticam // Jamblichi Chalcidensis.//Daventrise.//Typis

Wilhelmi Wier, CID I3CLXVII.' (P. i.)
Description.

cm.

2 pp.

4,

unnumb.

14.7

19.8 cm., the

239 numb.

text

241 pp., 34

being 10.3 X 14
11.

Bound with

PRINTED BOOKS
the

commentary

263

lamblichus on Nicomachus

of

188, 1538).

(jx

Deventer, 1667.

The

Editions.

was Augsburg,

edition

first

was also an edition pubUshed in 1569.

Camerarius also wrote a work entitled
at

Augsburg

in

554

ib..

557, 8

'

De

published

logislica,'

Leipzig

There

15 54, 8.

(?),

1569,

See

8.

also p. 257, 1552.

the theoretical work of

A commentary on

p. 180,

Other works 0/1554. Albert,

Nicomachus

1534; Bseda,

(p.

i86).

p. 131,

1521;

Buteo, p. 292, 1559 Euclid, p. 238, 1545 ; Finaeus, p. 160, 1530-32

Fischer (Piscator) p. 247, 1549; Glareanus, p. 192, 1539; Huswirt,
Nicomachus, p. 186, 1538 Peletier, p. 245, 1549 Psellus,
p. 74, 1501
Tagliente,
Stigelius, p. 249, 1549
Riese, p. 139, 1522
p. 168, 1532
;

Barth. Barchi, 'Tariffe della valuta di tutte le monete,'

1515
Mantua, 4 (hardly an arithmetic) Claudio Bertholio, De numerandi
Ian Gentil (Vander Schuere, in his 1634
ratione aphorismi,' Paris, 8
p. 114,

'

refers to his arithmetic as published at

see p. 424
f. 201
1554); Caspar Hiitzler, Eyn behende und Kunstrik Rekens-

edition,
Paris,

'

boeck op. der Linien und Tziferen,'

PETRUS RAMUS.

Ed.

pr.

Bom

I.iibeck, 8.

Paris, 1555.

1555.

Cuth, Vermandois, 15 15; killed at Paris

the night of August 24-25, 1572, in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. lie
lectured on philosophy at Paris, and for a short time at Heidelberg. Me
wrote on arithmetic, geometry, optics, and mathematics in general.

Pierre de la Ramee.

Title.

at

See Fig. 126.

Colophon.

'

P.

Rami

Eloqventias et Phi-//losophi:E professoris

// Regij Arithmeticae,// Finis.' (P. 1 1 1 .)

Description. 4, 13.8 X 19. i cm., the text being

128 pp.

(2 blank,

16 unnumb.), 26-27

11.

9. 5

17.2 cm.

Paris, 1555.

Editions. Paris, 1555, 4 (here described); ib.,i557,8; Basel,

See also Gleitsman, 1600 (p. 427), and the

1567; Paris, 1584.

'

Libri

Duo'

of

Ramus, 1569

This arithmetic was popular

(p.

330).

in the Latin schools for half

a century.

from the Greek

writers, a little work on the fundamental operations, and the medioeval
theory of ratios. Ramus had not the faculty of putting together a textbook that should be a rival to that of (rcmma Frisius.
It is theoretical, consisting largely of definitions, extracts

264

RARA ARITHMETICA

P. Rami, cloqucntiae
ET PHILOSOPHIC^ PROFESSORIS REGII,ARITHmeticce libri trcs.

Carolum Lothar'mgum Cardinakm,

PART

Apud Andream

S 1 1 S,

'W^echelum, Tub Pcgafb,in

^nno

vicoBellouacO:,

5-

Cum priuilegio
Fig. 126.

Salutif,

Regis.

Title page of ramus

PRINTED IJOOKS
JACOBUS MICYLLUS.

Ed.

pr.

Basel, 1555.

1555.

MoLTZER. Born at Strasburg, April 6, 1503; died

He was a well-known classical scholar.
28, 1558.
Title.

265

at

Heidelberg

(?),

January

See Fig. 127.

Arichmctjc^
LOGISTICAE HBRI
duo , cx di'ucrfis cius artis fcri^
excmplis
ptoribus coIIe<Sij

&

plurimis, ijfdein'c^

utilifs^

nupcrilluftrati:

PER

lACOBVMMU

Cum gratia K priuilf gio Imperlali

ad decenniiim.

BASILEAE, PER lOAM*

urn O^ormm.
Fig. 127.

Colophon.

'

Title page of iMicyllus

Basileae, ex ofificina//IoannisOporini, Anno Salutis

humanae//M. D. LV. Menfe Martio.'

Description. 8, 9.3 X 15.2 cm., the
320 pp.

(3

blank, 23 unnumb.),

25-27

(P. 319.)

text being 7.8

11.

Basel, 1555.

1.3

cm.

RARA ARITHMETICA

266

There was no other edition. Treutlein's statement

I, 15) that the book was pubhshed in Heidelberg
Epistola
It probably came from the fact that the
incorrect.
Editions.

{AbhandlitJigcn,
is

'

Nvncvpatoria'

Domini

dated Heidelbergae, 10 Calend. Nouemb.

is

'

Anno

1553.'

The book was

written for the classical schools.

Although Micyllus

gives the fundamental operations in a practical manner, the latter part

of his

book

is

theoretical, presenting

some

of the ancient arithmetic in

The work includes an unusually complete treatment of sexagesimals, De partibvs Aftronomicis, & earum fupputaDe
tione
(p. 201), and a chapter on the computus (see p. 7),
Temporvm svppvtatione, qva Ecclefiaftici utuntur.' The latter shows
that the name Computus had become unpopular, for it begins with the
Est & temporum fupputatio quaedam, quem Comfollowing statement
putum Ecclefiafticum, barbaro nomine, uocant.' (P. 269.) The followthe Greek language.

'

'

'

'

'

ing
a

is

an example

Rhodo

diftare

pafsus efhciant.

'

of his applied

problems

'

MICHAEL NEANDER.

Ed.

pr.

Alexandriam
quot ftadia ijdem

Scribit Plinius,

583000 pafsuum. Cupio autem

Diuido igitur 583000 per 125.'

fcire,

Basel, 1555.

1555.

Born in the Joachimsthal, April 3, 1529; died at Jena, October 23, 1581.
He was professor of mathematics, Greek, and medicine, in the university of
Jena. He wrote on physics and cosmography.
Title.

See Fig. 128.

Colophon.

'

Anno

Basileae, ex Officina // loannis Oporini,

humanse M. D. LV. Men-//fe lanuario.'

Description. 4, 13.9 X 19.5 cm., the text being
104 pp. numb. + 15 unnumb. + i blank = 120

Salutis

(P.

9.1
pp.,

//

119.)

15.7 cm.

25-29

11.

Basel, 1555.

Editions.

patoria

'

is

There was no other edition. The Epistola NvncvDie Pafchalis, Anno LI 1 1 1,' but the book was
'

dated

'

printed, as the colophon shows, in 1555.

This is a historical treatise on Greek, Egyptian, Roman, Arabic,

and mediaeval European weights and measures, and is particularly interesting because of the symbolism which it contains. The origin of our
present apothecary's symbols of measure is seen in the ancient Roman
abbreviations.
TTf.pL

The

text

is

mostly

in Latin,

Mfrpojv Koi Sra^/Awv' are in Greek.

but eight pages of

'

VaX-qvov

SYNOTIE
MENSVRARVM

ET PONPOND E RATI ONI sO

DERVM,

que mcnfurabilium fecundum Romanos,

Athenienfes , yuu^xcyjQ , msu iTmoiiT^cvs , ex
prseilantiTsimis authoribus huius generis

MiCHAELis NEAN^
DRi exVallcIoacfiimica,
Anno M D Liiiu

cotrafl:a,opera

ACCESSERVNT ETIAM, C^VAE APVD

QAlenum hd^lemis cxtabm deponderumcrmenfuriirum rdtione Ue
hmcnter ieprauAtdymnc Grace cr Latinc multo cotY(^ior4f

iufdm

MICHAELIS NEAN

Item rcrum dC ucrborum in his omnibus

niemorabilium Index.

LEVITICI XIX.

EASILEAE,

PER

OA

nem Opormum,
Fic. 128.

Title page of neander

.^^

RARA ARITHMETICA

268

ANTOINE CATHALAN(?).
A

A work with

edition.

Title.

The

French arithmetician.
the

same

Ed.

pr.

title is

Paris, 1556.

1555.

name does not appear

author's

in

this

assigned to Cathalan, Lyons, 1555.

See Fig. 129.

LARITHMETIQVE
ET

MANIERE DE >\PPRENDR.E

a Chijfur

^ compter

pat
f>ar la plume
nomhre ent'ter
yam

les^efiii en

pu,facile A apprettdre,^ tref-

utileatoutes

rrens,

Denouueau reueuc
Sc corrigee.
xy^laquellefont

^.

adioitflees phtfetm quefiions

exemples pour fair e lafaenceplui

facile^^ plus

k^me a (om-

prendre.

PARIS.

Par lehan RucIIejJemournnt en la Rue

fain (ft Iacqucs,a Tenfcigne dc

queue de Regard.

Ja

Fig. 129.

Description.
9.5

cm.

79

ff.

Title page of the 1556 cathalan

Small

numb.

8,

7.3

11.4 cm., the text being 5.3

unnumb.

80

ff.,

27

11.

Paris, 1556.

PRINTED BOOKS
Lyons,

Editions.

16;

1555,

Paris,

269

1556,

sm.

(here

described).
a very good httlc primer of algorism for the lime. ConcernLequel art trouua premierement vn
work the author says
philofophe d'Arabie, nomme Algus. Dont cefte fcience prent fon nom

This

is

ing this

'

d'Algorilme

'

(f. 3).

In multiphcation the gelosia arrangement

given

is

method, under the name Mvltiphcation i)er quarreaux.' In

premier liure covers the
division only the galley form appears. The
four fundamental operations with integers, and a brief treatment of progressions.
The fecond liure' relates to the use of counters ('gectz'),
ICt note que cefte efpece
which the author esteems so highly as to say
il
de addition eft plus vtile & facile aux gectz que aux chifres
as a third

'

'

'

'

'

eft facile

book

is

par

les gectz,

&

difficile

par

The

les chifres.'

'

'

last part of the

devoted to such standard problems as the testament, the pipes

the cistern, and the broken eggs, and to applications like ex-

filling

change and pasturage.

LODOICO BAEZA.
A

'

ad infigne

Description.
2

ff.

Paris, 1555.

pr. 1555.

See Fig. 130.

Excudebat Benedictus Preuotius, via // Fremen-

Title.

Colophon.
tella,

Ed.

Spanish scholar of the sixteenth century.

unnumb.

Editions.

dom found
ever, the

(F. 68,

ftellas aureas.'
8,

^66

10.3

numb.

This rare
in libraries.

r.)

15.6 cm., the

=-(i'$>

first

ff.,

te.xt

26-27

being 7.8 X 13 cm.

P^"s, 1555-

^l-

edition of Baeza's arithmetic

The second

same impression with the

edition (1556), 8,
title

is sel-

is,

how-

page changed.

The book is entirely theoretical, making much of the classification

numbers and of the ancient ratio systems. It is in Latin with numerous Greek quotations.
Finaeus, p. 163,
Other works of 1555. Euclid, p. 237, 1545
Gemma, p. 200, 1540 Glareanus, p. 192, 1539 Herman
1530-32
Ringhieri, p. 253,
Giilfferich, p. 257, 1552; Mariani, p. 181, 1535
155 1 Valturius, p. 10, 1472 Yciar, p. 249, 1549 Jacob Cuno, 'Arithmetica,' Wittenberg, 8
Taddeo Duni, Liber de arithmetica,' Basel,
4
Melchior Goldammer, 'Arithmetica Pratica,' Wittenberg, 8 Jeronimo de Valencia, 'Arte de computo,' in Santaella's 'Vocabularium

of

'

ecclesiasticum,' a separate edition appearing at Saragossa in 1601.

also p. 140, 1523.)

(See

270

RARA ARITHMETICA

N V M E R A NDI
PR

AE

DOCTRINA

CLARA

METHODO

expojita, in qua hreuiter continentur,

exponmtur aperte ea,quxex ynmrfi

rithmetka Junt ad yfim potiora,

^~

^uthore Lodoico Bae:^,

L V T E T I AF,
^pudGulielmum Cauellat yftibphigui

nnjcx aduerfo coilegij Cameracenfis,

J

Fig. 130.

5.

Title page of baeza

Galli

PRINTED BOOKS
CLAUDE DE
See

Pi<i.

8,

Dcscriptioit.

cm.

f.

Paris,

unnumb.

Paris, 1556.

131.

10.4

x 13.1
26-27 11.

16.6 cm., the text bein<; 6.7

numb.

52

blank

54

ff.,

1556.

Editions.

1556,

ib.,

271

Ed. 1)1.1556.

p. 260.

Sec

Title.

BOISSIERE.

Paris,

1556, 8 (here described); French edition,

8.

Of the three standard treatises on the ancient number game of

Rv thmomachia mentioned in this list, the others being the one of 1496
of uncertain authorship and Barozzi's work of 1572, this is the clearest.
It describes very carefully the checkerboard on which the game is
played, the nature of the calculi used, and the general mode of procedure.
Moreover, it is profusely illustrated (Fig. 132), which adds much to the
value of the book. The game was connected with the mediaeval number
classifications and ratios, and could never have been understood by any
save those who were well educated in the ancient theoretical arithmetic.

GALLUS SPANLIN.
An Ulm

Ed.

pr.

Nurnberg, 1566.

I556(.?).

Rechenmeister, as he describes himself on the

page.

title

See Fig. 133.

Colophon. 'Gedruckt zu Nurmberg//durch Chriftoff // HeufzTitle.

(P. 382.)

ler.'

Description.

8,

unnumb.

15 pp.

Niirnberg,

9.2

14.7 cm., the text being 7.1

4 blank

365 numb.

384

pp.,

1.5

cm.

21-25

11-

1566.

The dedication to Den Edlen Ehrnveften/ FiirfichErfamen vnd Weyfen Herren/Eltern Burgermeiftern vnd
Rath/des heyligen Reichs Stadt Ulm' is dated '3 Julij/Anno
Editions.

'

tigen/

Chrifti/ 1556,' so that this

tion.

know

of

is

possibly the date of the

no other edition except

The author devotes twenty-one pages

this

counter reckoning being

still

to

'

first edi-

this of 1566.

Rechnung auff der Linien,'

method at the time he

the popular

He

then (p. 24) takes up the processes with Arabic numerals,

few abstract numbers, but soon, as was the custom,
introducing many practical applications. On the whole the book may

wrote.

at first using a

be said to be a rather good exponent of Riese's school.

272

KARA ARITHMETICA

NOBILISSIMVS ET ANTIQVISStmus ludusPythagoreus

machia nominatur)

fqui

Rythmo

in vrilitatem

& re-

laxationem ftudioforum comparatus

&

ad veram Sc facilem proprietatem

rationem numerorum aflequendam,

nunc radem per Claudium Buxerium

Uelphinatcm illuftratus.

L V

AE,

^pudGulielmum Cauellat.fHhfmgm Gal^

limiiCX adaerfo coUegij Camentcenfis.

^hdCiM O* calculi yxneum in PtiUtio,

aptidloanncm Genu I

M
CVM PRl
Fig. 131.

ILEGIO REGIS.

Title page of the 1556 Boissiere

PRINTED BOOKS

esfiii
13^

BAAAABS

Fig. 132.

From

boissiere's

Rythmomachia

273

274

RARA ARITHMETICA

vn^^f^ctnivozm(An
nicgcfebcrtt

mcyflci! inn

X)Im

/ 5ttb:ii^

yrftc&flmjopft(
;^?^1

Fig. 133.

Title page of spanlin

PRINTED BOOKS
DOMENICO DELFINO.

Ed.

275
Venice, 1565.

1556.

i)r.

A sixteenth-century Venetian. He was born of a noble family, which had

produced a doge, a general of the Camaldoli, and other men of prominence,
and which was later to produce a cardinal and a captain-general of the
Venetian fleet.
Title.

See Fig. 134.

Description.

8,

9.8

14.4 cm., the text being 8.5

pp. (56 unnumb.), 26

416

Editions. Venice,

1568, 8;

ib.,

1556, 4;

1584,

ib.,

12.7 cm.

1565, 8 (here described);

ib.,

and

8,

Venice, 1565.

11.

The

later.

title

date 1565 as stated, and the dedicatory letter

page bears the

Al Mag.^o et
'

Ecc. Sig. Nicolo Crasso,' signed by Ludouico Dolce,

*

MD

In Venegia a VII. di Febraio.

The

author's preface,

'

Intentione

is

dated

LXIIII,' 1565 new

style.

dell' avtore,'

bears no date, but succeeding this there

simo

et

Reverendissimo Signer,

II

which follows,

a letter

is

'

All'Illvstris-

Cristoforo Madrvccio,

S.

Cardinal di Trento, Governator Meritissimo di Milano,' signed

by F. Nicolo Croce, and dated

bre.

MD L

VI.'

accurately, unless
this

it

There

Di Vinetia

di

il

no colophon to

is

primo

fix

di

Settem-

the date

more

appeared on some page after 360, with which

copy terminates.

The book,

'

summary

of all the sciences,' devotes a brief chapter

to the Boethian arithmetic (pp.

inuentori, utilita,

modo,

lauded in Croce's
del fangue,
dottrina.'

& altri

letter as of

non dimeno

43-48)

'

Dell' Aritmetica, de' svio

// ti Cap.

fecre

III.'

noble family,

'

The author

Illuftre

is

//

highly

per lo splendor

uia piu per I'ornamento e per la gloria della

The Delfino family was

at

that period very prominent in

Venice.

NICOLO TARTAGLIA.
Tartalea.

Bom

Ed.

Brescia,

at

pr.

one of the best mathematicians of

Venice, 1556.

1556.

1506; died

c.

his time,

at

Venice

and was the

in 1559.
first

He was

to give a gen-

eral solution of the cubic equation.

Title.

See Fig. 135.

Description.

cm.

285

ff.

Editions.

Fol., 21.1

(3 blank,

29.

cm., the text being 13.8

6 unnumb.), 52-56

Tartaglia's

11.

works include the

chiefly algebraic, editions of Euclid,

X 23.6

Venice, 1556.
'

Nova

Scientia,'

Archimedes, and Jordanus,

KARA ARITHMETICA

276

H/f
C

N Z

E,

M^G-N IFI CO M E S

D_EL

<:

EJ^

Domenico Deljino y nobile Vmitiano

D AL OVALE

POSSONO IMPARA ^

SI

moIte~cole appartenenti

&
Con

alia

lattola,

al

cogmnon

gr

le

TO
n

Fig. 134.

uiuere

di

humaiio^

pm

FojhUe

delle cofe

FERRAR

E'
T

notahdi

I.

Title page of delfino

LA

PRIMA PARTE DEL

GENERAL TRATTATO
MERI, ET

NELLAaVALE
UBRI

SI

DI

NV*

MISVRE DI NICOLO TARTAGLIA,

IN

DIECISETTE

DICHIARA TVTTI GLI ATTI OPEU;ATIV/,

PRATICHE, ET REGOLE NECES5ARIE NON SOLA'

incntc in tutra

I'arte

ntgoiijria,& mcrcantile.ma anclior

art,fckntia,oucr difciplina,

CON

LI

douc

intcrucnglii

il

m ognialtra

calculo.

SVOI PRIVILEGir.

In T^inegia per Ciirtio Troiam de i Mauo,

Y\v,.

135.

LJy^I.

Title page ok taktaglia

RARA ARITHMETICA

278
the
ical,

'

Quesiti et inventioni

and the

'

and

'

'

General Trattato

Regola generale,' chiefly phys-

Of

containing the arithmetic.

'

the arithmetic there were editions in Venice, 1556 and 1560,

4 (?)
ib., 1592-93, 4 (p. 279)
Paris, 1578, 8 (below)
Ant;

werp, 1578,

There was

8.

also a

'

Abbaco

Scelta di

ridotto dal

famosissimo Nicolo Tartaglia,' published at Venice in 1596.

The

entire

work

bound

consists of six volumes,

usually in three,

and

the publication extended over a period of five years, from 1556 to 1560

This volume contains the arithmetic, the most scholarly con-

inclusive.

tribution to the subject that appeared in the sixteenth century.

It is

more elaborate than the treadse of Paciuolo (p. 54, 1494), and hke
that work it enters into the various minute details of the operations
and commercial rules of the Italian arithmeticians. For example, Tartaglia gives seven methods for the multiplication of integers, and four
for division

he enters very

numbers and exchange

tri

as

'

and

Indeed, there

unusually elaborate.

is

much

the discussion of denominate

fully into

his treatment of
is

such rules as

no other

'

Regula de

treatise that gives

information concerning the arithmetic of the sixteenth cen-

tury, either as to theory or application.

The

life

of the people, the

customs of the merchants, the struggles to improve arithmetic, are

set forth by Tartaglia in an extended but interesting fashion.

NICOLO TARTAGLIA.
See

Ed.

pr.

all

Paris, 1578.

1556.

p. 275.

Title.
L'Arithmetiqve // de Nicolas // Tartaglia Brescian,//
grand mathematicien,//et prince des practiciens.// Diuifee en
'

deux parties.// La declaration

&

Recueillie,

fe

verra en

la

page fuyuante.//

traduite d'ltalien en Francois, par // Gvillavme

Gosselin de C8en.//Auec toutes les demonftrations Mathematiques

& plufieurs

//en fon

lieu.//

gverite de France,

in-//uentions dudit Gosselin, efparfes chacune

tres-Illustre

Paris,//

Chez

//Avec

Privilege dv Roy.'

Description.

cm.

286

27-32

11.

ff.

&

Vertueufe Princeffe Mar-//

Royne de Nauarre.// Premiere Partie.//A

Gilles Beys, rue S. lacques, au Lis blanc.// 1578.

8,

10.6

(152 in part

Paris, 1578.

(F.

i,

r.)

16.6 cm., the text being 7.5

I,

134

in part II,

13.4

28 being unnumb.),

PRINTED BOOKS

279

The Seconde Partie follows f. numb. 136 of the first

and is of the same date. The Privilege follows f. numb. 122 of
the second part, and is dated Paris le 17. Septembre. 1577.'
This is merely a French translation of the work already described
with notes by Gosselin. These notes are, rather naively, printed in
more prominent type than the original text, but are generally of little
value. They cover such points as multiplying by or dividing numbers
ending in zero, they amplify certain demonstrations (as in the division
of fractions), and they adapt the commercial chapters to French usage.
See p. 278.

'

'

part,

'

NICOLO TARTAGLIA.
See

Ed.

pr.

Venice, 1592.

1556.

p. 275.

Tvtte I'opere // d'arithmetica // del famosissimo //

Title.
NicoloTartaglia.// Nolle qvale in XVII. libri con varie prove,//
'

&

ragioni, moftrafi ogni prattica naturale,

regole da//gli Antichi,

&

cue interuiene calcolo,//peri, denari,

cambi

&

& Moderni vfate

le

artificiale;

modo,

&

mercantile;

nell' arte

tariffe, calmeri, baratti,

di banchieri, e di fiere, faldi, fconti,//giuochi, traffico di

compagnie, compre, vendite, portar mercantie da un paefe //

all'altro, conuertir monete, congiungimento di metalli, & opere
de'zecchieri.//Sopra

&

fiti,

fi

fciolgono

le

le

qual cofe tutte, formanfi bclliffimi que-

dififi-//colta,

genza, per vtile rileuato de

e Matematici,

&

&

479

4,

13.6

(204 in part

ff.

I,

Editions.
This
Trattato

is
'

See

p.

1556

in part II, 8
it

(p. 275),

Title.

p.

6ff.

1.5

(F.

i,

r.)

18 cm.

Venice,

11.

imtil 1593.

as the

except that

Ed.

pr.

first
it

is

volume

of the

'

General

in (juarto instead of folio.

1556.

Paris, 1556.

160.

See Fig. 136.

Fob, 19.6 X 28.5 cm., the text being 13 X 21.4
unnumb. + 136 numb. = 142 ff., 15-34 11. Paris, 1556.

Description.

cm.

unnumb.), 40

was not completed

same

ORONTIUS FINAEUS.
See

Privilegio.

278.

substantially the
of

Con

M. D. XCIL'

18.8 cm., the text being

275

Riccardi says that

1592.

dili-

te-//forieri, a Capitani,

Aftrologhi, &c. // Parte Prima.//

// In Venetia,// Air Infegna del Leone.

Description.

&

con vgual chiarezza,

mercanti,

ORONTIIFINAEI,
DELPHINATIS.REMATHEMATICARVM PRO-

GII

ES so RIS,

De rebus mathemacicis,
hadenus
Libri

defidcracis,

nil.

C Quibus inter caetcra, Circuli quadratura Centum

inocIis,&fupra,pcrcundem Orontium
rcccntercxcogitatis,dcmonftratur.

LVTETIAE PARISIORVM,
Anno Chrifti Seruatoris,
M. D. LVI.

ExofficinaMichaelis VafcoJfaniiUia lacobara

adinfigneFontis.

Cum Pnuilcgio Regis.

Fig. 136.

Title page of the 1556 finaeus

PRINTKI) HOOKS
Editions.

see

There was no other

281

For

etlilion.

liis

arithmetic,

160.

J).

Akhough

on geometry,

chiefly

arithmetics because

its

this

work

is

included in the Hst of

treatment of proportion

than that of luichd and his followers.

ever, nothing original in

Kf

is

25-29.)
the work of Finaeus.

VALENTIN NAROD.

Ed.

pr.

more arithi-netical
There was, how-

Cologne, 1556.

1556.

Naibod, Naiboda. Born at Cologne; died at Padua, March 3, 1593. He

was for a time professor of mathematics at Cologne. lie wrote on astronomy
as well as arithmetic.

See Fig. 137.

Title.

Colophon.

'

Coloniae, Typis Iohannis//Bathenij.'

Description.
8

ff.

8, 9.5

14.9 cm., the text being 6.3

unnumb. + 92 numb. = 100 ff., 28 11.

There was no other edition.

(F. 100,

1.9

r.)

cm.

Cologne, 1556.

Editions.
This

a I^tin work, with occasional Greek passages, and was written

is

Germany. Although assuming to be a pracon calculating, it so lacks the merit of brevity as to be

unfitted for use as a textbook. It has few problems, and these are of
no commercial value. In his desire to exalt the classical learning, Nabod,
like other Latin writers of his time, assigns the Arab-Hindu numerals to

for the classical schools of

tical treatise

the Pythagoreans.

VALENTIN MENHER
Ed.

pr.

See
Title.

de Kempten.

Antwerp, 1556.

1556.

p. 249.

See Fig. 138.

Colophon.

'

Imprime en Anuers par Ian Loe //I'An de noftre

Seigneur 1556 //le 20 iour d'Auril.'

184

ff.

Editions.
This

(F.

184, v.)

x 14.9 cm., the te.xt being

unnumb., 27-28 11. Antwerp, 1556.

Description.

is

8,

See

9.8

p.

7.8

13.2 cm.

250.

usually mentioned as the second of Menher's arithmetics.

It

however, the same as the work described on p. 249, 1550, save for a
few minor changes.
is,

282

KARA ARITHMETICA

VALENTINABOD D
NI

CALCVLATORIA

NV-

merorumque naturaSe^iones quatuor.

CLMSJSSIMVM ri<^M
GASPARVM DOVCIVM
fLORENTINVM, CAESAREAE
Maieftatis Confiliarium.

COLONIAE AGRIPPINAE,

Apud hseredes Amoldi Birckmannl 1556.

Fig. 137.

Title page of nabob

PRINT]^:i) 1U)()KS

ARITHMETI
SECONDE PAR
QJEVALENTIN MENNHER
M.

de Kempten.

Auec grace & priuilege de I'Empereur pour quaere ans.

Fig. 138.

Title pack ok menher

23

RARA ARITHMETICA

284

PIERRE FORCADEL.

Ed.

pr.

1556-57.

Paris,

1556-57.

died at Paris in 1574. He was (1560) profe.ssor of mathematics in the College Royale, Paris. He also wrote on astronomy, and translated the works of several Greek mathematicians.

Born

at Beziers

The

Title.

title

page of Book

title

page

of this

copy of Book

II reads as follows

I is

1'

Av qvel seront

The
de

P. For-//cadel

Le // Second Livre de // Arithmetiqve de

'

Beziers.//

missing.

declarees les// fractions vulgaires, auec

leurs demonftrations, par les // quantitez continues, & premieres

caufes des egaliffemens // de I'Algebre.// Le tout nouuellement

inuente par I'auteur.// (Woodcut with motto In Pingvi Gallina.)

Paris,// Chez Guillaume Cauellat, a I'enfeigne de la//poulle
:

deuant

graffe,

college de

le

Cambray.//

i5

56.//Avec

Privilege.'

(F. 94.)

The
Le

title

page

of

Book

III reads as follows

// Troysieme Li-//vre de 1' Arithmetiqve // de P. Forcadel de Beziers.// Avqvel sont traictees les de-//monftrations
de toutes fortes de racines, auecques I'entiere pra-//ctique de
'

I'extraction d'icelles, enfemble plufieurs queftions, reigles,//

demonftrations Mathematiques, auecques

I'Algebre.//

Le

tout de I'inuention de

le

propre fubiect de

rAutheur.//A

Paris,//

Chez Guillaume Cauellat, a I'enfeigne de la // Poulle graffe,

uant le college de Cambray.// 1 5 5 7-// Avec Privilege.' (F. i

de,

r.,

of Part III.)

Description.

323

4, 13.2

(5+93, no,

ff.

19.2 cm., the text being 10.

4+ III,

in the

X 16 cm.

above three books); 25-31

11.

Paris 1556-57.

Editions.

Forcadel wrote four arithmetics, as follows

1.

'

L'arithmetiqve,' Paris, 1556-57, here described.

2.

'

L'Arithmetique par

3.

4.

'Arithmetiqve
'

This

les gects,' Paris,

1558,

entiere et abregee,' Paris,

8.

1565

(p.

316).

Arithmetique demonftree,' Paris, 1570,4.

is

perhaps the most elaborate French treatise on arithmetic

Its three books of about one hun-

published in the sixteenth century.

dred pages each form a work of the nature of the great contemporary
Italian arithmetic of Tartaglia, or rather of Tonstall's Latin treatise.

Of

PRINTED BOOKS

L'ARITHMETICQVE DE
Forcadel deBeziers.

VeU co^oijfance (^

285

P.
/

^s

y*r

^'

dljpofitiondes figures ,autrement des

ftombresJimpUs.

o VT

rArithmcticquc confiftca fjauoir cognoi, ou caraderes , proprcs guidons de

route computation Mathemaiicqucqui font cy dcf
E

ftrcdix figures

fousrcngez felon leurpropre nature.

c
^.^'^ o
cr G vs tJi
G N
fS

cr

UAl.

xnapz*

3.

4.

5.

3.

5.

6, 7. 8.

sioijj. 4.
5aatiil)4. 5.

bup 5.

f.

6.

xijtf. 7.

amij 8. p 0.

arg^jnaa^.o.
i.

o.

8.

5>,

7. S.

51.

o.

I.

I.

2. 3.

8 9. o.

5).

I.

2. 5.

0.

I.

1.

2. 5. 4. 5.

1.

2. 3.

2.

5.

4.

2. 5.

4.
5.

e.^ 2.
^ g 3
2 5 a*

5.

4.

1. 5.

4.
5.

4.
5.

6.

6, 7.

6. 7. 8.

6. 7. 8.

?r> ar
2.-^ .

3^

I.

o. x.,i.

<>. 7".

d. 7, 8. p. o.

adaj 7. 8.

a^nunoojazo.

6. 7. 8. p. o. zero.

1.

^ 2.

s).

premieres,
fecondcs,
tierces.

quartes.
quintes.
fixiefines.

feptiefmes.

huitiefmes.
ncufiefincs.

3
S
?*

R?
Fig. 139.

First page of text of the 1556-57 forcadel

RARA ARITHMETICA

286

practical problems

it

has very few, and

theories of the ancient arithmeticians.

it

is

equally deficient in the

simply a ponderous work

It is

on the theory of arithmetical calculations and

rules,

valuable for a

scholar but useless as a practical textbook.

For a biographical study

II,

Boncompagni's

of Forcadel see

Biillctiiio,

424.

Other ivorks of 1356. Baeza, p. 269, 1555 Cathalan (Anonymous),

Gemma, p. 200, 1540 ; Medlerus, p. 223, 1543 ; Medicus,
1555
Riese,
Recorde, p. 214, c. 1542
Psellus, p. 168, 1532
290, 1557
;

p. 269,
p.

Xylander, p. 356, 1577

Ringelbergius, p. 168, 1531
Anonymous, ' Arithmetices Epitome,' Freiburg, 12; A. Lottini, Calculi
Casp. Pauerus, Logise conti per queUi che hanno denari,' Lyons, 8

1522

p. 139,

'

'

Wittenberg, 8

Joannes Pierius Valerianus, Hieroglyphica sive de Sacris Aegyptiorvm Uteris Commentarii' (ancient finger
reckoning), Basel, fob, with editions ib,, 1567, fol, ib., 1575, fol.; Lugconalgunas
duni,i579,fol. Juan Diaz Freyle, 'Sumariocompendioso
tice astronomica,'

'

Mexico (the

reglas tocantes al Aritmetica,'

first

arithmetic printed in

America).

ROBERT RECORDE.
See

pr.

1557.

London, 1557.

See Fig. 140.

Title.

'Cimprinted

Colophon.

Anno

Ed.

p. 213.

domini.

Description.

1557.'
4,

13

at

London, //by Jhon Kyngfton.//

(F. 164, v.)

18 cm., the text being 8.1

14.7 cm.

imnumb., 36 11. London, 1557.

Editions. There was no other edition.

164

ff.

Recorde speaks of this work as The feconde parte of Arithmetike,

containyng the extraction of Rootes in diuerfe kindes, with the Arte of
Coffike nombers, and of Surdes nombers also, in fondrie fortes.' It is
'

book is a treatise
For example, the following is one of the defiA Diametralle nomber, is fuche a number as hath twoo partes
nitions
that if thei bee multiplied together, thei will make the
of that nature
faied diametralle nomber.' The treatise on Cossike nombers begins on
and The rule of equation, commonly called Algebers Rule' on
f S I
not, however, purely algebraic, for the first half of the

on Boethian arithmetic.
:

'

'

'

f.

Gg

4.

The

sign of equality,

'

a paire of paralleles, or

Gemowe

bicaufe noe .2. thynges, can be moare

one lengthe, thus
is found for the first time in print on f. Ff i (see Fig. 141).
:

lines of

equalle,'

PRINTED BOOKS

oftoftte,
tofticfte te tfft feconDe

parte of

Arithmctiketcontnfnpng tl^mrac-^
t(on of IJootcs: fiCbc CoJ^i^e p;aaife,
loftb tht ruU of %M4^on:ano

t^ett)oo;te0of5We

Tboiigb manyfiones doe iearegreate price.

The Tvhetttone isfor exerfice

A% neadeful\,ani'm "booths asfiraunge:

0ulle tbinges and harde it "ffillfo cbaange,
jfndmakf tbem/harpe,to right good vfc:

Ml artefinen Ipofi/eytbei can mt cbufe,

Sut i^ft b( helpe.ytt as mmfee,
Koep>arf>nejffefmeth in it to bee.
TAf groundeofartes didhrde tbajlone-

His v/i isgreate/mdmoare tben one.

Here if^ ou liflyour%ittes to 'tDhette,

Mocbejharpenejfe therbjfbally ougette.
J)ulle Utittesbereby doegredtely mtnde,

Sbarpe "^tttes arefinsdto theirfulle (vde,

Kot^proue,andprai/e,asyou doejinde,

jtndtoyourfel/Le notvnkjnde.

GCIiefe ^ooKeis are to bee folDe,at

rbe Melt$(oo;e of )aouU5
i>?3i^onfe?ngaone.
Fig. 140.

Title page of recorde's

Whctjtonc of wittc

287

KARA ARITHMETICA

288

Theyfrte
as

tljcic luo^fef s

Doe cptcntjc ) to oiamctc it oitclp

fttto

tlDOOpartCf. 2JIl6crcoftI}Cfiiaei0, thenonenomberis

equtllcvnto one other. anOt^C kconnti^.tvbcnonenomf
itrii compared as e<imlley>nto.7t9tbcrnmberi,

toiUgng ?on to rcmrfacr, tl)at pou rcDucc

, tottjetrleaOc ocnominattons , and
fmallette fo?meiJ,befo?e poti pioceuc anp farther.
anD agaiii,if pour r^tt4f/fl>! be fofbc, tl)at tlje grea*
telle ocnommatton 0/?%, be t'oineo to anp parte of a^
compounuc nombcr , pou fl^all tournc it To , tbat tbe
nombcroftl)egreateac Cgne alone, maicftanDeas
5llU)aic5

vournombers

cqimllctotberefte.
ano tbts is all tbat neaDctb to be taugljte

conce^-

npngtbisluoojUe.
^^otubeitjfoj eaCc alteratio tXe^aafmi.^ M\\ p^o^
potinDe a feloe eraples^bf caufe tbe ertrattton of ti^etc
rootc0,maietbe mo;tc aptlp bee tojougbte. ano to a^
uoiDetbetebioufe repetition of tbefe luoo^Oes : ise#
U)oo;rfec1jre,a
qualle to : 3J luill fette as 31 Hoe often
paireofparalleles,o;(II5cmoiDc lines of one lengtbe,
ti)us:=...=~,bicaurc noe.2. tbpnges,can be moare
equalle. ano nolo marUe tbefe nombers.

14

PRINTKI) H0(;KS

LUCAS LOSSIUS.

Ed.

A German arithmetician
Title. See Fig. 142.

289

Frankfort

pr. 1557.

a. d.

Oder, 1557.

of the sixteenth century, born at Liineberg.

ARITHME^
TICES EROTE
MATR A PVEI

IN

A.

QVIBVS SEX SPECIES

^

Regula > quam

huius vtilifsimcS arti's ,
vocant, Detri, breuiter Si perrpicue traduntun

GRATIAM ET VSVM SCHOLA=

IN

r\m

puerilitm

Ldtmrum

hem im

coUe^la

cr

iti

recais edita^

A
LFCA LOSSIO
Lunehurgenji.

FRANCOFORDI7E AD ODERAM
IN OFFICINA lOHANNIS
EICHORNL
I'lTLE PACE OF LO.SSIUS

Fig. 142.

Description.

ff.

unnumb.

date see

f.

8,

9.2

14 cm., the text being 6.8

27 numb.

4, v.:

'

31

ff.,

Datoe Lunebar,

22-24

Anno

l^-

11.9 cm.

Frankfort.

For

1557. //7- Februarij.'

RARA ARITHMETICA

290

Frankfort an der Oder, 1557, 8 (here described);

1562, 8; Leipzig, 1568, 8; Frankfort, 1569; Magdeburg,

Editions.
s.

1.,

1585,

8.

small book, intended, as the

title states, for

beginners in the Latin

arranged on the catechism plan, a feature not common

with arithmetics printed in Germany at this time, although extensively
schools.

It is

Quid eft Arithused by Recorde in England (see p. 210). It begins

metica? Est bene & artificiofe numerandi & computandi fcientia.'
(F. 5.) The species are treated in a practical way, but the problems
'

'

are

'

all traditional,

part of them being based

upon

biblical incidents.

Other works of 1557. Archimedes, p. 228, 1544; Camerarius,

p. 263, 1554; Gemma, p. 200, 1540; Gutierrez de Gualda, p. 167,
1531 Jacob, p. 298, 1560; Paxi, p. 80, 1503; Psellus, p. 170, 1532
Ramus, p. 263, 1555 Rudolff, p. 153, 1526 Tagliente, p. 115, 15 15
Martinus Carolus Cressfelt, Arithmetica, Reeckeninge op den Linien
end Cyfferen na allerley Hantieringe,' Deventer (second edition 1577)
De Latinis numerorum notis,' Venice, 4 (colophon
Sixtus Medicus,
;

'

'

date, 1556; hardly an arithmetic).

GIOVANNI FRANCESCO PEVERONE.

Ed.

An

Lyons, 1581.

pr. 1558.
Italian

arithmetician of the sixteenth century,

bom

at

Cuneo,

in

Piedmont.
Title.

See Fig. 143.

Description.

4,

15.3

21.7 cm., the text being 10.2

136 pp. (60 on arithmetic), 35-37

Bound with this is
epistle is dated 1556.

cm.

di Geometria.'

The dedicatory

'II

breve Trattato//

Lyons, 1581.

Although the dedicatory

Editions.

X 17.6

11.

epistle

is

dated 1556, and

the portrait of the author bears the date 1550,

edition before 1558, Lyons, 8.

know

no

of

This edition of 1581 seems to

have been the second.

The
is

first

part of the

work

treats of the operations with integers.

not a particularly progressive textbook, as

includes the

second book

'

is

gelosia' multiplication of the early

seen in the fact that

Venetian writers.

The work

is

in

it

The

and
no sense a scholarly production.

relates to fractions, the third to business operations,

the fourth to roots.

It

Fig. 143.

Title paoe ok peverone

RARA ARITHMETICA

292

ALVISE CASANOVA.
A

Venice, 1558.

1558.

pr.

See Fig. 144.

Title.

Description.

136

cm.

Ed.

Venetian teacher of the sixteenth century.

this rare

work

is

20.8 cm., the text being 12.5

numbered), 33-38

There was no other

Editions.

Although

4, 15.5

(partly

ff.

16.

Venice, 1558.

11.

edition.

usually classed as a commercial arithmetic,

As such it was one

most prominent of the century, and it gives an idea of the business questions of the Venetian merchants of its time.
Other works 0/1358. Anianus, p. 32, 1488; Archimedes, p. 228,
Glareanus,
1544 Forcadel, p. 284, 1556-57 Gemma, p. 204, 1540
Mariani, p. 181, 1535 Medlerus, p. 223, 1543 Recorde,
p. 192, 1539
p. 213, c. 1542; Riese, p. 141, 1522; Andreas Clatovenns, 'Arithmetica Bohemice,' Prag, 8 (Wydra, in his Historia Matheseos in
Bohemia, p. 18, mentions it as printed in Niirnberg, 1530). There were
rather a collection of bookkeeping problems.

it is

of the

c.

two arithmetics published

1536

also

Gemma,

p. 200,

s. a.,

but

c.

1558,

viz.

Benese, p. 182,

1540.

JOHANNES BUTEO.

Ed.

pr.

Bom

Lyons, 1559.

1559.

1485-1489; died in a
He belonged to the order of St. Anthony, and
cloister in 1560 or 1564.
wrote chiefly on geometry, exposing the pretenses of Finaeus.

BoTEO, BuTEON, Bateon.

Title.

pp.,

Dauphine,

c.

See Fig. 145.

Description. 8, 10. 4

400

in

23-27

Editions.

11.

16.9 cm., the text being 7.2

13.2 cm.

Lyons, 1559.

Lyons, 1559, 8 (here described);

ib.,

1560,8.

An

edition of his 'Opera' appeared in 1554.

The work is divided into five books, the first treating of the fundamental operations with integers, the second of fractions and the rule of
position, the third of algebra, the fourth of arithmetical problems, and
of algebraic problems. The problems are not of practical
and hence the arithmetic never attained any popularity.
Anianus, p. 32, 1488;
Other 7Vorks 0/1359. Albert, p. 180, 1534
Cataneo, p. 244, 1546 Gemma, p. 200, 1540 Mariani, p. 181, 1535
Johann Fischer (Piscator), p. 247, 1549 Herman Giilfferich, Ein new
Rechenbiichlin auff der Linien und Federn' (perhaps the work menElementa
tioned on p. 257, 1552); Pedro Juan Monzo (Monzoni),

the

fifth

value,

'

'

Arithmeticae,' Valencia, 8, and

s. 1.,

1566, 1569.

PRINTED BOOKS

Fig. 144.

Title page of casanova

293

RARA ARITHMETICA

294

V T

E O

LOGISTIC A,

& Arichmecicavulgo dicicur in

IS
A
Ii-

bros quinque digefta:qiio-

rum index fummatim

habetur in tcrgo.

r ST) E M,

^d locum VttYHuij corrHptHm

de proportioKe

^'esHtutioyi^ui ejl

Upidum mittendorumadbalifls

foramefi^Lihro Decimot

L V G

DVN

JifW CrLlELMVM ROVILLIVM^

5VB SCVTO VENETO.
J/i. D. LIX.

Cum
Fig. 145.

priuilegio JRegis,

Title page of buteo

liooKs

PRiN'ri:i)

FRANCISCUS BAROCIUS.

Ed.

Fkancksco Baruzzi. Born at Venice,

on cosmography, and edited Proclus.
Title.

c.

pr.

1538

295

1560.

Pavia, 1560.

He

died after 15S7.

wrote

Francisci Barocii // patritii Veneti // opvscvlvm,// in

'

quo vnaOratio,&cluacQueftionc.s:// altera de certitudine,& altera

//de medietate // Mathematicarum continentur.// Ad Reuerendisfimum Danielcm Barbarum Patriarcham//Aquileienfem

natum Virum

Clariff.// Patavii, E. G.

Description.

40

cm.

ff.

4,

14.

numb., 26

i, r.)

15.3

Pavia, 1560.

11.

edition.

This philosophical discussion has been mentioned because

some reference

defiji^-

(F.

19.6 cm., the text being 10.

There was no other

Editions.

P.//M. D. LX.'

to the old Boethian arithmetic.

No

it

includes

arithmetical pro-

cesses are discussed.

OLIVIERO FONDULI.
A
Title.

unnumb.

ff.

date

is

pr.

Bologna, 1560.

1560.

See Fig. 146.

Description. 8, 9.9

23

Ed.

Bolognese teacher of the middle of the sixteenth century.

given on

14.6 cm., the text being 6.9

i.i

cm.

24 11. The
die xxv. Septemb. 1560.'

(possibly one missing at the end),

f.

i, v.:

'Dat. Bonoiae

Bologna, 1560.

There was no other

Editions.

edition.

handbook of commercial customs, from the press of

Pellegrino Bonardo of Bologna, is hardly an arithmetic, although it
explains certain arithmetical processes, and gives a considerable number
This rare

little

of business problems.

SIMON JACOB.

Ed.

pr.

Frankfort, 1565.

1560.

Coburg; died at Frankfort am Main, June

of the best-known Rechenmeisters of his time.

Born

Title.

at

See Fig. 147.

Getruckt zu Franck-//furt

Colophon.

'

24, 1564.

He was one

am Main/ bey Georg

Raben///in verlegung Sigmund F"eyerabends/ //vnd Simon

Huters. Sigmund P^eyerabent // Simon Hutter//M. D. LXV.'
(F. 363, V.)

296

KARA ARITHMETICA

PRATICHE
DE FIORETTI MERCHANTILI.
vtilifsimeaciafcheduna perfbna , di mandare

memorialebreuelnuetioni fabrichate fbpi*

altre in
mifure,
jl Valutar de pefi ,
ftruttioni necceflarie da fapere
Ec anchora a quadrare Muraglie , Taffclli , & Coperti

&

&

, & Legne.-Con la decchiaratrone,

Exempli loro come legendo intenderai.

Ttude , Fieno

Ficj.

146.

Title page of fonduli

&

PRINTHU liOOKS

297

extradion Radicum^viT toott hm ^to\}oitionm/mit vilcn f uf^igcn Sragcn vtl

Q{iiffga6f/;f.

*^ff5gI^ic^m<mboIIrolrSlKr:5eric^t^fc9vc3cI,'fa[ftmitluutt3ell juuftitio*

MihJ8/^mo(l?i(tpnibu8/bn&ortf><llfn/fo&i|jaitf;crfiirnmftg[ic^gffc^t(3f/3tblttrt/l)fr
I<ic^en noc^ nU an tag romme.
CDiiC bann Bon Det Ocomctria/ wie man raojic^etk!; 5<U

&cr J>u6 t6nf /auc^ aflerlrt;

nen fol,

(f ospora/TifguJarJa biib

3rregufaria/nKjTcn/2(am pnbcn

t>fi

0imen 3aco6 t>on (ToBurg/ 'burger toiiD 0^ec^enmi(l(r iu

5rntffiitt am Wain/mit f[ci|j jufanimen getragen / bnb egt

3illf s turc^

er(lmal0grcff.

(Betrucf t ju ^ranctfurr am
Fig. 147.

W7*yn/

Title page ok jacob

rc^

RARA ARITHMETICA

298

Description. 4, 15.2

354

18.6 cm., the text being 10.3

(349 numb.), 30
Jacob published two works, as follows

ff.

Editions.
1.

'

15

cm.

Frankfort, 1565.

11.

Rechenbuchlein auf den Linien und mit

Ziffern,'

Frank-

1574, 12;

1589; 1590; 15992.

Kin new vnd wolgegrundt Rechenbuch,' 1 560 Frankfort,
4 (below), and in the
1565, 4 (here described); 1569; 1600,
seventeenth century.

fort, 1557, 12;

'

popular books
Jacob's arithmetics followed the general plan of the
and were deservedly well received in the second half of the
they do not
century. They were commercial textbooks, and although
show any mathematical advance they are historically valuable for their
of Riese,

The

applied problems.

title

page

(fig.

147)

is

interesting because of the

variety of mathematical instruments illustrated.

Buteo, p. 292, 1559;

Other works of 1560. Borghi, p. 16, 1484
1526 Psellus, p. 168, 1532 Scheubel, p. 246, 1549
Gasparo Rizzo, Abbaco nvovo molto copioso
Tartaglia, p. 278, 1556
8
Juan Ventallol, Aritm^tica,'
et artificiosamente ordinate,' Venice,
a rare work, s. 1. a., which appeared in Spain about this time.
;

Feliciano, p. 149,

'

'

SIMON JACOB.
See

This

Title.

Ed.

Frankfort, 1600.

1560.

pr.

p. 295.

is

practically the

same

as in the 1565 edition

described above.

Getruckt zu Franckfurt am Mayn/ bey // Matthes

Chris-//ftian Egenolphs Erben.// Anno
Verlegung
Beckern/ In
Colophon.

1600.'

'

(F. 360, V.)

4, 15.5 X 19.2 cm., the text being 10.5 X 14.8
unnumb.+ 349 numb. = 360 ff., 28 11. Frankfort, 1600.

Description.

cm.

1 1

ff.

See above.

JOSEPHUS UNICORNUS.
Giuseppe Unicorno.

Ed.

pr.

1561.

Venice, 1561.

Bergomese arithmetician, born

in

1523; died in

1610.

Title.

See Fig. 148.

Description.
I

f.

unnumb.

8,

9.4

78 numb.

13.9 cm., the text being 7.4

79

ff.,

30

H-

Venice, 1561.

12.7 cm.

PRINTED HOOKS

299

lOSEPHI VNICORNI

BERGOMATIS

LIBER

DE VTILITATE MATHEMATICA*
R V. M A K T
V M,
I

In

quocitniidcLe^ormulta quidem fckuperiucun^

dd

admiratione digna,

CT humano

'

ufid

mceffitrU pafsim repcries.

VBNBT

1 1

Apud Dominicum de NicoUnis

Anno Domini,
Fk;.

i4<S.

M D

I.

Title page of unicornus

RARA ARITHMETICA

300

There was no other

Editions.
This work

appearing

is

much

edition.

not an arithmetic, Unicorn's textbook on this subject

later (p. 412, 1598). It is a proHx dissertation on the

and of arithmetic in particular, with extracts from

and mediaeval writers. Like Agrippa's De vanitate scien-

uses of mathematics,

the ancient
tiarum,'

'

it is

interesting but profitless.

NICOLAUS WERNER.
A

//vnd Ulrich Newber.'

Description.

156

ff.

Editions.
This

pr.
c.

Nurnberg, 1561.

1561.

1520.

See Fig. 149.

Title.

Colophon. 'Gedriickt zu

cm.

Ed.

Nurnberg Rechenmeister, born

is

14.2

4,

Nurnberg/ //durch Johann vom Berg/

(F. 156,

r.)

19.3 cm., the text being 10.

unnumb., 23-31

15.5

Nurnberg, 1561.

11.

There was no other

edition.

a purely mercantile arithmetic,

and

like

many

of the Italian

assumes some preliminary knowledge of the fundamental

operations. It begins with a treatment of Welsch (Italian) practice,
and is composed almost entirely of practical problems of the day, solved
textbooks

by

this

it

method.

Welsch practice

having, ordinarily, unity for the

If

book cost $2, how much

popular with

all

German

differs

first

will 7

from the rule of three only

in

term, as in the following example

books cost? This method was very
:

arithmeticians of the sixteenth century, and

still to be found in English arith-

survived in the chapter on Practice

appeared also in the early American textbooks. The book

good idea of the business requirements of the second half
of the sixteenth century. The value placed upon exchange and profit
and loss may be seen in the fact that twenty-six pages are devoted to

metics.

It

gives a very

'

'

the former and forty-seven to the latter, while partnership also has
twenty-six pages for

its

share.

JOHANNES MONHEMIUS.
Ed.

pr.

Title.

teacher of the second half of the sixteenth centui7.

See Fig.

Description.

22

Diisseldorf, 1561.

1561.

A German

8,

50.

9.4

15

cm., the text being 6.5

unnumb., 25-27 11. Diisseldorf, 1561.

Editions. There was no other edition.
ff.

12 cm.

PRINTED BOOKS

ttcfau|falkrUpfi?rtuffman6^mt)d/6n^
fottbctlicb fouiel bettTurnbei:0ifcbctt5lrtttb8

attivnb

^cbii^ud)be\AnQtlmit fonbcrm vo:tcyl/x^b be

fecnbistcir aiiff mncl;ct:|ey (^rt pra(flice

^j^

^rc6

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Sltcolaum

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Hilrnbers/ eemert I)ifcipclir/ecl)u'(cm

rnb fcnf! memgHid)cn $u niisin

P'iG.

149.

Title PAGE OF WEKNER

30

302

RARA ARITHMETICA

This work is almost unknown to students of arithmetic. It seems to

be the only edition, although the introduction bears the date 1542. It
It gives
is a small work and is based somewhat on the mediaeval texts.

M E T H O-

VrS J^ITHMETICES
COMPVTATORlAE,OMNHM

SVP^

pMUndi dYtem trddcni:tmHUm,qnmU%

nmeroYum.qum qu oUm cakuUs,
nunc nummisfuper que di^M
tesUneas furfum ac dt

crfum

pofiiis,

pcrficitur*

AuSlorelo. Monhemio^

.^^''Si^^'JlIl^^^s^

DVSSELDORPH
Anno
Fig. 150.

^'

TrrLE page of monhemius

the fundamental operations with integers and a brief treatment of the

rules of three, partnership, and false. There is also a brief explanation
of counter reckoning.

PRINTED HOOKS
BENEDICTUS HERBESTUS.
Born

at Novomiasti, Toland, in 1531

He was a Jesuit priest at

Title. See Fig. 151.
8, 9.5

Description.

42

Ed.

pr.

303
Craonv, 1577.

561.

died at Jaroslaw, March

4,

1593.

11.5

cm.

Cracow.

15.3 cm., the text bcinj; 8

unnumb., 27-28 11. Cracow, 1577.

Editions. 1561; Cracow, 1564,8; ib., 1566;
ff.

ib.,

1569;

ib.,

1577, 8 (here described).

A Latin book intended for the Church schools, and revised, as the
Prosemivm auctoris states, Mariaiburgi in Prufsia, fub finem Anni
Domini 1576.' It consists of two parts, the first being devoted to the
'

'

'

arithmetical operations, chiefly with counters (and this as late as 1577),

and the second to the calendar. Besides the operations, the first part

on progressions

also includes a chapter

and one on the

rule of three

De

('

('

De

Progressione. Capvt VII.'),

tribvs nvmeris integris.

ANDREAS HELMREICH.

Ed.

Eisleben, 1561.

1561.

pr.

Capvt VIII.').

Halle Rechenmeister of the latter half of the sixteenth century. The

dedication of the 1561 edition is signed by Andreas Helmreich Rechenmeifter vnd Vifierer zu Halle,' and the 1588 edition by Andreas Helmreich
von Eifzfeldt/ Notarius publicus/ Rechenmeifter vnd Vifierer zu Halle.'

'

'

Title.

See Fig. 152.

'Gedruckt

Colophon.
(F. Ill,

Description. 4, 14.2

Ill

ff.

ai

Eisleben/ bey yV Vrban Ganbifch.'

r.)

unnumb.

Editions. This

is

19.3 cm., the text being 9.3

blank

112

probably the

27-33

ff.,

first

II.

X 14.9 cm.

Eisleben, 1561.

edition of Helmreich's arith-

metic, the dedicatory epistle being dated 'zu Halle inSachffen den

Sontag Oculi/ welcher war der 9. tag des Monats Marcij/ nach
Chrifti Ihefu vnfers lieben Herrn vnd Seligmachers Geburt 1 56
Murhard (1, 155) mentions, however, an edition appearing at Halle
.'

in 1546, 4.

The book was

306), and again in 1595, 4

The work

is

republished at Leipzig in 1588

(p.

306), and possibly

an unsuccessful attempt

to

ib.,

1596,

(p.

4.

combine the old and new

a semi-Boethian treatment of
ratios, assuming a knowledge of the fundamental operations with
integers, and then introduces a course in mercantile arithmetic. He
closes with a considerable amount of work on mensuration, including

arithmetics.

The author begins with

RARA ARITHMETICA

304

ARITHMP
TICA LINEA''
RIS

FIGVRATA,
cum quibufdam ex

COMPVTO
neceflfarijs;

auHore:BEtA(^EVICTO
HEBJSeJloy

Societatis

lESV Trejbytero,
cumfacultate Superiorum.

CVM GRATIA ET

PRlw7fgo

S,

R.

M.

Jn Oficina Mattbai Sicbcncy*

cbcr

i^nno

DOMitU

^577.
Fig. 151.

Title page of the

1577 herbestus

PRINTED BOOKS

toon tjortcil

305

m^ fe^cttt^ig

cracntWc^en/ MiitWc&cn rn& pnterfc^eDWc^en proportjen/

fampt0ea?(flcr pn& bet)fn&er art/manc^erley tXHet^
rutl[?cn

pn^ 0c^nilrc/auff alle Ol?me pnO jCicb

5a

mat l?en/5uramen bracbtfeurcb

Fig. is

2.

Title page of the 1561 helmreich

KARA ARITHMETICA

306

A'eangauging (Visierrechnung). It is somewhat surprising that such a wi

some treatise ever went through three editions.

Other works 0/1561. Albert, p. 178, 1534; Borghi, p. 16, 1484;

148, 1526; Gemma, p. 204, 1540; Recorde, p. 214,
Tagliente,
Sfortunati, p. 177, i534
Rudolff, p. 152, 1526
c. 1542
Tipocosmia,'
p. 115, 1515; Wolphius, p. 154, 1527; A. CitoUni,
Ognibene de
Venice, 8 (a synopsis of science, incUiding arithmetic)
Castellano, Opera,' Venice, 4 (principally on geometry, but including
some arithmetic see also p. 375, 1582) Antonio Maria Venusti, Compendio utilissimo,' Milan, 8 (includes some treatment of exchange).
Feliciano, p.

'

ANDREAS HELMREICH.
See
Title.

'

Ed.

pr.

1561.

Leipzig, 1588.

p. 303.

Rechenbuch// Von

'

vortheil

vnd behendig-//keit/ nach

der Welfchen Practica/ mit // jhren vnterfchiedlichen Proportionen.//Grund vnd vrfach der Regel Detri/ // Sampt gewiffer

vnd behender art/ mancherley Vi-//fier Ruthen vnd Schnure/

nach dem Quadrat vnd // Cubo, auff alle Ohme vnd Eiche zu

machen/ alles mit war-//hafftigen perfpectiuifchen/ Geometrifchen vnd Arithmetifchen demon-//ftrationen, aufz den Buchern
Euclidis fundirt/mit fleifz //zufammen gebracht vnd in Druck
aufzgangen///Durch//Andream Helmreich/Rechenmeifter vnd
Vifierer // zu Hall in Sachffen.// (Cut showing dimensions of a
cask.)

Im Jahr

Colophon.

1588.'

(P. 3.)

'Gedruckt zu Leipzig/ //Durch Abraham Lamberg

//Anno//M. D. LXXXVIIL'

(R 336.)
X 19.2 cm., the text being
blank + i6unnumb. + 317 numb. = 342 pp.,

Description. 4, 15.5

9 pp.

10.

31

11.

14.5 cm.

Leipzig,

1588.
See p. 303.

ANDREAS HELMREICH.
See

Ed.

pr.

1561.

Leipzig, 1595.

p. 303.

Title.
Rechenbuch/ // Erftlich/ Von // Vortheil vnnd Behen// digkeit/ nach der Welfchen Practica/ mit ih-//ren vnterfchiedlichen Proportionibus, Grund vnd vr-//fach der Regel Detri oder
'

proportionum.//n.

Von

zubereitung mancherley Vifier Ruthen/

PRINTIiD HOOKS
// vnnd Schniiren/damit

alle

dcm //Quadrat vnd Cubo auff

Wic man kiinftlich

den.//III.

307

VahlTcr vnnd andcrc Corpora nach

alle

Ohme

vnd Eiche-Vificre

vver-

das Fcld vnd Erdreich/auff man-

//chcrley art/mit gevviffcr Mcliruthcn vnd Schnuren/nach cines

jedcn Landcs//oder Stadt gebrauch/ Gcometrifchcr vnd Jdio-

vnd was hierV/innen dcr Vntcrfcheid fey/ recht

tifchcr weili/

HH. De

meffen fol.//

Diftantijs

Locorum, das

ift/

Wie man

wunderbar-//licher Geographifchcr vnd Cofmographifcher/ nach

Geometrifcher weife/ durch // Arithmeticam, in der gantzen

Welt/zvveyer Stedte oder Wonung Diftantiam, oder//wie weit

von einander gelegen/ nach ihren Longitudinibus, vnd LatiRechncn vnd finden/ Sampt einer Landtaffel

die

tudinibus, // fol

daraus zu //machen vnd zu befchreiben.// V.

Vnnd

wie

man

die

Funff Horologia communia, oder ge-//meine Sonnen Vhrn/ als

Horizontale, Meridionale, Septentrionale, Ori-//t^ntale, vnd Occi-

Cubum, aufzwendig/ oder fonften an die WenVnd das Fundamentum Horologiorum

Item/ //der Sonnen vnd des Monds am Himmel ge-

dentale, auff einen

//de/ Mawer vnd ebenen/

abreiffen.

Vnd auch

fchwinden Lauff rechnen.

eine fonderliche gar kunft-

Sonnen Vhr/ der Cylinder genandt/ darinne alle Stunde

nach der Sonnen fchein del^ Tages grund-//lich zu erfehen vnd
zu befinden/ machen/ vnd fampt andern mehr fchonen Kunften
vnd Vbun-//gen/ nutzlich gebrauchen fol.// Alles mit warhafftigen Demonftrationibus vnd Figuren/ aus den Buchern Euclidis
vnd andern fundirt. Durch // Andream Melmreich von EiPfeldt/
//liche

Rechenmeifter vnd// Vifierer zu Halle

//

Cum

Priuilegio.'

Colophon.

(P.

Description.

17 pp.

Sachfen an der Sahle.

'Gcdruckt zu Leipzig/durch Zacha-//i'iam Berwald.

// Im lahr/ // M. D. XCV.'

cm.

in

i.)

4,

14.5

unnumb.

(P.

645.)

X 187 cm., the text being 10.9 X 15.4

3 blank + 627 numb. =647 pp., 26-34 11.

Leipzig, 1595.
Editions.

See

p.

303.

This edition contains the Rechenbuch of 1561, together with much

additional matter as summarized on the title page, viz. books III, IV

KARA ARITHMETICA

3o8

This includes a considerable amount of work on gaugSphere.' The first 304 pages

(pp. 306-631).

cosmography, and the

ing, surveying,

are practically identical with the

of

first

'

edition, except for the addition

numerous woodcuts.

GUGLIELMO PAGNINI.
A
Title.

gini //

Ed.

Lucca, 1562.

1562.

pr.

Lucca mathematician of the sixteenth century.

Practica// Mercantile// Moderna.// Di Guglielmo Pa-

'

Lucchefe.//In Lucca per

MDLXIL'

Bus-//dragho.

11

(P- 5-)

Description. 4, 14.5

Editions.
This

cm., the text being

x 20.6

I75 PP-. 19-28

There was no other edition.

14 pp. unnumb.

161 numb.

15.3 cm.

Lucca, 1562.

have seen that

a commercial arithmetic, the only one

is

9.

H.

appeared in Lucca in the sixteenth century. The author begins with

the operations on denominate numbers, but places division immediately
after addition. The galley method of dividing is not given at all, in
which Pagnini shows a more advanced spirit than most of his contem-

There

poraries.

short division

is

partire per colonna,'

altro

nome

'

the

'

'

'

'

'

partire grande.'

cation, including

and per

Modo di partire ditti partiri piccoli,' or

Modo di partir per ripiegho,' Modo di
and finally the Modo di partire, a danda per

first

then the

regoletto,'

Following division
'

biricuocholo,'

ripiegho.' Subtraction or

'

traction

'

('

the

is

work

crocetta,'

'

'

in multipli-

per colonna,'

Modo di trare, o fottrare

')

same
order. This work in the fundamental operations is followed by chapters on
exchange and mercantile problems, the Regola del tre,' profit and loss
(' Gvadagni e perdite '), partnership (' Compagnie '), barter, interest and
discount (' Meriti e sconti simpHci e capo d'anno'), and a further treatment of exchange. Altogether the arithmetic is one of the most interesting of the smaller books of the time issued under Florentine influence.

follows multiplication.

The author then

takes

up

fractions in the

'

JUAN PEREZ DE MOYA.

Born
the

He

in

Ed.

pr. 1562.

San Stefano (Santisteban del Puerto),

Salamanca, 1562.

in the Sierra

Morena,

in

He

studied at Alcala and Salamanca.

was canon at Granada in the latter half of the century.

first

Title.

third of the sixteenth century.

See Fig. 153.

En Salamanca.//Por Mathias Gaft.// Ano de

Colophon.
(P. 765.)

'

562.'

PRINTED BOOKS

ARITHMETICA
PRACTICA,Y SPECVlatiuadelBachillerluan
Perez de Moya.

Agora nucuamente corregida , y anadidaj

por el mifmo author muchas cofas,con
otros dos libros,y vna Tabla muy copio
fade las cofas mas notables de todo lo
que en efte libro fe contiene.

Va dirigida almuy altoy

muypodero

fofenor don Carlos frincipe

deEfpaiiamefiro

ftnOY*

ConttcmdayfYmlegto ^al

EN 5ALAMJINCA
PorlilathiasGafl*
I

^ t

EiU callajo I moco blancas clfUego^

Fig. 153.

Title page of the 1562 moya

309

KARA ARITHMETICA

3IO
Description.

8,

9.3

811 pp. (765 mimb.), 29

Editions. This is the

gida

'

in the title.

Madrid

in

1598,

It
8,

first

Moya

edition of this

words

'

work

that

have

agora nueuamente corre-

appeared again at Alcala

and there were

between 1609 and 1706.

12.1 cm.

Salamanca, 1562.

to find, in spite of the

been able

14.9 cm., the text being 7

11.

and

in 1573,

at

at least thirteen editions

For the 1703 edition see below.

works
Reglas para cotar

also published three other

'

pluma y de reduzir unas monedas castellanas en otras,' in

Manval de contadores,' Alcala, 1582, 8, and Madrid,
1563, 4;
Tratado de matematicas,' Alcala, 1573, fol.,
1589, 8; and
containing a section on arithmetic less complete than the Arithsin

'

'

'

metica practica.'
This is an elaborate treatise of 765 pages of text, covering the
ordinary calculating by algorism, the use of counters, business arithmetic, the elements of algebra (of which word he gives the etymological

meaning, adding the rest of the ancient title, almucabala '), practical
geometry (' Trata algvnas reglas de Geometria pratica neceffarias para
el medir de las heredades,' p. 304), and the calendar. Besides all this,
Moya gives a large amount of information concerning matters of historical interest. For example, he treats the subject of notation very
fully, giving the Greek, Roman, Hebrew, digital, and astrological systems,
together with a brief mention of other systems. Altogether it is the
most noteworthy book on mathematics published in Spain in the
'

sixteenth century.

JUAN PEREZ DE MOYA.

Ed.

Title.

chiller //

Barcelona, 1703.

1562.

pr.

See

p. 30S.

'

Arithmetica// Practica,// y Especvlativa,//del Ba-

Jvan Perez //de Moya.//Aora nvevamente corregida,

//y anadidas por

el

mifmo Alitor mu-//chas cofas.// Con otros

muy copiofa de las cofas mas //nota-

dos Libros,//y vna Tabla

bles de todo lo que en efte Libro // fe contiene.//

Con

Licencia

guero.'

(F.

i,

En
r.)

Barcelona, en

la

Ano

1703.

Imprenta//de Rafael

Fi-

PRINTED BOOKS
Description.

8,

15

X 20 cm., the

396 pp. (380 numb.), 39-41

Editions. See p. 310.
See

p.

310.

It

11.

text bein<^^ 10.7

17.9 cm.

Barcelona, 1703.

shows the popularity of

edition should appear 141

311

this

years after the

Spanish treatise that this

one, and that another

first

edition was published as late as 1761.

ANONYMOUS.

Ed.

pr.

1562.

Paris, 1562.

See Fig. 154.

Title.

Description.

8,

10.5

15.9 cm., the text being 6.9

12.5

98 pp. numb., 24-30 11. Paris, 1562.

Editions. There was no other edition.

cm.

The work

largely theoretical, but

is

it

contains a few applied prob-

was without merit.

Other works of 1^62 Benese, p. 182, 1536 Budaeus, p. 99, 1514
Euclid, p. II, 1482; Gemma, p. 200, 1540; Ghaligai, p. 132, 152
Lossius, p. 290, 1557; Ramus, p. 330, 1569; Riese, p. 139, 1522;
Xylander, p. 356, 1577
Francesco Spinola, De Intercalandi ratione
corrigenda, & tabellis quadratorum numerorum, a Pythagoreis disposilems.

It

'

torum,' Venice, 8.

VICTORINUS STRIGELIUS.
Ed.

pr.

Leipzig, 1563.

1563.

Strigel. Born at Kaufbeurn, December 26, 1524; died at Heidelberg,

June 26, 1569. He was professor of theology at Jena, Leipzig, and Heidelberg, and, aside from the work here mentioned, wrote entirely on that subject.
Title.

See Fig. 155.

8, 9. i X 14.9 cm., the text being 6.3 X

1.8 cm.
unnumb. + i blank = 84 ff., 21-27 ^- Leipzig, 1563.
Editions. There was no other edition. It seems by the preface that the work was written in 1551. See p. 249, 1549. For

Description.

83

ff.

the date of the printing of this work, 1563, see

the preface.

F. 10,

v.,

gives the year in which

it

f.

6, v.,

of

was written,

MDLI.
This comparatively unknown work presents the subject of arithmetic

from the
arithmetic

classical
('

De

standpoint.

The author speaks

dignitate arithmeticae

'),

and follows

of the dignity of
this discussion

by

RARA ARITHMETICA

312

A R

T H

E-

R. I S I I S,

ApudAndreamWcchelum.
15^2.

Cum privilegio Regis.

Fig. 154.

Title page of the anonymous 1562 arithmetic

PRINTKI) BOOKS

-7f^^
Arithmcticus

toV

LIBELLVS
CONTINENS
MODO TB^AECEVTA

'>(,0N

NOT^

VSIT^T^, SED

etiam demonjirationes

praceptorum

E D

T V

>

J.

yidionno Stngelio.

11^-^

Lipfi^,
J

F F

YOE.CELI
Fig. 155.

(^^:>

I C I

^N^.

Title page of strigelius

3^3

^/^

RARA ARITHMETICA

314

a series of definitions from Euclid, a brief treatment of the operations,

the theory of proportion, the operations with fractions, and some of
the Greek theory of numbers. One curious feature of the book is the
notation of Greek fractions after the Arabic manner.

PIERRE SAVONNE.
A

pr.

Lyons, 1571.

1563.

Avignon

at

1525.

c.

L'Arithmetiqve//de Pierre Savonne,//dict Talon,

d'Auignon//comte de Veniffe. // En laquelle font conte-

Title.

natif

Ed.

French arithmetician, born

'

nues pluiieurs reigles briefues

plufieurs pays, mentionnez

&

//en

ference des poids, aunages //

fubtiles,

la table

pour

les traffiques

dudit liure

& monnoyes

avec

de

la dif-

de chaciin defdits

de metaux :// neceffaire pourtous Maistres de monnoyes, Orfeures & // Changeurs, avec le fait & maniement des
lieiix,

alliage

Changes

&

pagne,//

Ban-//ques qui

fe font

ac-//coustumees

les places

Italic,

&

iournellement a Lyon,

comme

571.'

(F.

148,

Descriptioji.

156

ff.

8,

10.8

Paris,

(here described);

This

Pierre Roufsin.//

r.)

17 cm., the text being 7.4

(147 numb.), 28-30

Editions.

par

autres lieux.//A Lyon, par Benoist Rigavd.

//M. D. LXXL' (F. I, r.)

ColopJion. 'A Lyon, de I'lmprimerie de //
I

8:

Flandres, Angleterre, Hef-

11.

1563, 4;

ib.,

1585;

13.6 cm.

Lyons, 1571.
ib.,

ib.,

1565, 4;

1588,

Lyons, 1571, 8

8.

one of the early French commercial arithmetics, well arranged

It was so popular that an edition
appeared as late as 1672. Like all arithmetics appearing in Lyons it
devotes much attention to banking and exchange, this city being at that
time the commercial center of France, and the seat of one of the great
is

but with no marked peculiarities.

international fairs.

Other works of 1563.

Feliciano, p. 148, 1526;

Bseda, p. 131,

Gemma,

Ortega, p. 93, 1512

Peletier, p.
niitzhch Rechenblichlein mit viel
;

1
Boissiere, p. 2 62, 1554;
1540; Moya, p. 310, 1562;
245, 1549; Wolffgang Hobel, Ein
fchonen Regeln und Fragftucken,'

5 2

p. 205,

'

Niirnberg, with editions s. 1. (Niirnberg?), 1565 and 1577, 8; Simon

Schweder, Rechenbuch von alles kauffmanschaft der Landt auff der
Feder und Linien,' Konigsberg, 8".
'

HOOKS

PRINT]<:i)

COSIMO BARTOLI.
A

Ed.

Florentine geometer, born

works of Kinaeus
Title.

'

pr.

1503; died

in

315
Venice, 1589.

1564.

lie also translated the

in 1572.

(see pp. 160, 164).

Cosimo Bartoli/Zgentirhvomo, ct//Accademicp

Modo

rentino,// Del

di

Misvrare//le

diftantie, le

&

corpi, le//piante, le prouincie, le profpettiue,

cofe terrene, che poffo-//no occorrere a

vere regole

d'

Euclide,

(F.

Description.
(6

ff.

4,

(F.

15.5

148,

le

cm., the text being 11.2

11.

Editions. Venice, 1564,4;

Agofto del 1559,'

r.)

x 21.6

unnumb.), 29

one edition after 1601.

10. di

huomini,// Secondo

lodato fcrittori.// (Elab-

'In Venetia,// Per Francefco Francefchi Sanefe.

Colophon.

148

le altre

r.)

I,

//M. D. LXXXIX.'
cm.

//tutte

In Venetia, Per Francefco Francefchi Sanefe.

orate woodcut.)
1589.'

gli

& de gli altri//piu

Fio-

fuperficie,

15.5

Venice, 1589.

ib.,

1589, 4 (here described), and

The dedicatory epistle is dated

so there may have been an earlier
'

di

il

edi-

tion than that of 1564.

Although the book

130,

the

r.) is

is on practical mensuration, the

libro sesto
(f.
upon square and cube root. The galley method is used, and

common

'

sixteenth-century device of annexing

'

n ciphers in square

root and dividing the root by 10" (and similarly for cube root)

ployed.
roots

is

Bartoli also gives a table of squares to 662^.

followed by one on the

'

Regola delle

cofe,

tre

is

em-

The chapter on
ouero ([uattro

proportionali.'

Works of 1564. Albert, p. 180, 1534; Apianus, p. 155, 1537;

Benese, p. 182, 1536; Euclid, p. 240, 1545; Gutierrez de Gualda,
Herbestus, p. 303, 1561
Kobel, p. iii, 1514; Mariani,
]). 167, 1531 ;
;

1535; Medlerus, p. 223, 1543; Riese, p. 139, 1522; Sole,

p. 146, 1526; Tagliente, p. 115, 15 15; Thierfelder, p. 391, 1587;
Ulman, p. 391, 1587 (Thierfelder); Yciar, p. 249, 1549; Barlaamo,
Arithmetica demonstratio eorum quae in secundo libro f>lementorum
(Euclidis) sunt,' Strasburg (see also p. 343, 1572)
Giovanni Camilla,
Knthosiasmo,' Venice, 8 (containing a little work on arithmetic)
Manuel Fernandez Lagasa, Liljro de quentas,' Salamanca, 4, with a
little work on arithmetic
Petrus Nonius (Nufiez), Libro de Algebra
en Arithmetica y Geometria,' with two editions at Antwerp in 1567, 8
the 'Opera' of Nonius appeared at Basel in 1592.
p.

181,

'

'

'

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

3i6

PIERRE FORCADEL.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

Paris, 1565.

1565.

p. 2S4.

See Fig. 156.

Description.

4,

Editions.

See

p.

X 20

14.8

192 pp. mimb., 32-39

Paris, ce 19. de
this is not often

This

284.

published by Forcadel.

cm., the text being 9.9

x 15.9 cm.

Paris, 1565.

11.

is

the third work on arithmetic

The dedicatory

May. 1565.'

epistle

is

There was only one

dated
edition,

'

De
and

fovmd in dealers' catalogues.

In this book Forcadel does not, as in his other works, take up the
subject of counter reckoning, but he gives a very satisfactory treatment
of the fundamental operations, the rule of three, partnership, alligation,
and the common applications of the day. It is not, however, as practical
as the arithmetics of Savonne and Trenchant.

ANTICH ROCHA

de Gerona.

Ed. pr. 1565.

Barcelona, 1565.

Spanish arithmetician of the second half of the sixteenth century, born

Gerona, lecturer at Barcelona.

in

Title.

See Fig. 157.

Description.

314
date

ff.
'

8,

9.7

(267 numb.), 28

x 12 cm.
Rocha bears the

14.7 cm., the text being 7.5

11.

Hecha en Barcelona,

The
a.

23.

dedication by

de Nouiembre. 1564.'

Barce-

lona, 1565.

Editions.

There was no other

This rare compilation

is

edition.

based upon several Italian books, and the

number of authors. His list

names of Feliciano, Faber Stapulensis, Buteo, Scheubel,
Finaeus, Ramus, Gemma, and various other writers of the time. Rocha
has, however, omitted some of the best textbook-makers who preceded
him. The book is a fairly complete elementary treatise, the writer having taken up the fundamental operations with various kinds of numbers,

writer claims to have consulted a large

includes the

and treated each

Although a considerproblems relating to mercantile affairs appear

in the last half of the work, the style of the writer is so prolix that the
book could never have been well received by the mercantile classes.
Bound with this work is another with the following title
Compendio

able

number

rule in a rather scientific way.

of practical

'

ARITHMETIOJ/E
ENTIERE

ABREG

E E

DE PIERRE FORCADEL,
LECTEVR DV ROY

ES

MATHMATI QJf E S.

PARIS.

Chez Charles Pcrler, rue S.Iean de Beauuais^

au Beilerophon.

Fig. 156.

Title page ov the 1565 fokcadel

RARA ARITHMETICA

3i8

y breue // inftruction por tener Libros de Cuen//ta, Deudas, y de

Mer-

muy

prouechofo // para Mercaderes, y toda gente de negocio.

// traduzido de Frances en Caftellano. En Barcelona.// En cafe de
caduria

-^ARITHMET^
ca

por Antich Rocha

dc Gcrona compucfta , y de varies

recopilada : pr6uech(
para todos eftados de gentes.

iu^;ores

Vaanadidovn Corapendio,para

ttncr

y re

de Cuenta-.traduzido de lengHa Francefa en Romance Caftellano.

gir los libros

EN BARCELONA
En cafa de Claudio Bornat, a la Aguila fuertr.
1

i.

Con priuilcgio por dicz anos.

Fig. 157.

Title page of rocha

1565.// Con priuilegio por diez
bookkeeptreatises upon the subject in the Spanish

Claudio Bornat//al Aguila fuerte.

anos.' (F. 286.)
ing,

and

is

This

one of the

relates, as the title suggests, entirely to

earliest

HOOKS

PRINTr:!)
language. In the fourth book

one

bra,

appear

of the first to

319

of this second part

is

a treatise on alge-

in Spain,

Rocha speaks of an Aritmetica by Juan Ventallol, of which we do

not know the date, but which must have appeared before 1565 (p. 298).

ERHART HELM.
.V

Ed.

pr.

Frankfort, 1592.

1565.

Frankfort arithmetician and ganger of the middle of the si.xteenth

century.

Title.

'1592.

Erhart

am Mayn/ // von

furt

Helm/// Mathcniaticus //zu Franck-

// Geometrifcher Abmeffung der Erdcn.//

Item :// Kunftliche Vifier vnnd // Wechfelruthcn/ aul5 dem Quadrat/ //durch die Arithmeticam vnnd Geometri-//am/ gerecht
zLimachen/ fampt einer luftigen behen-//digkeit in Weinrech-

nung/ //alles durch obgedachten // Authorem befchrieben/ vnd

von neuwem // widerumb fleiffig erfehen vnd cor-//rigiert.//
Franckf. bey Chrift. Egcn. Erben. 1592.' (F.i, r.)

jetzt

Description.

23
(p.

ff.,

26-27

143).

(p.

9.5 X 15.4 cm., the text being 6.5 X 12.2 cm.

Bound with Adam Riese's arithmetic of 1592

8,

Frankfort, 1592.

The work appears

Editions.

Riese

11.

in the

1565 edition of Adam

I have seen

142), but not with a separate title page.

no separate edition before this one of 1592.

This is a brief treatise on mensuration, and in particular on gauging,
but it contains some explanation of arithmetical processes, including
the extraction of roots, and a table of square roots to the e(iuivalent of
three decimal places.

Other 7uorks 0/1565. Agrippa,

(Jordanus)

1556

p. 314,

Belli, p.

343, 1573

p. 167,

1531

Cusa, p. 43,

c.

Apianus,

1490

p. 62,

1496

Delfino, p. 275,

Fischer (Piscator), p. 247, 1549 Gemma, p. 200, 1540 Hobel,

Menher,
1563 Jacob, p. 295, 1560 Jordanus, p. 62, 1496
;

Padovanius, p. 389, 1587 Riese, p. 142, 1522 Savonne,

1563 Priscian, Rhemnius, Fanius, Bseda, Metianus, Liber de
nummis, ponderibus, mensuris, numeris, eorumque notis, et de vetere
computandi ratione, ab Elia Vineto emendati,' Paris, 8. (Priscian's
De figuris et nominibus numerorum had already appeared in his
works published at Venice in 1470, fob, with later editions in 1488,
1492, 1495, 1496, 1519, 1525. Such books, of which Mr. Plimpton

p.

249, 1550

p. 314,

'

'

'

has several, are not generally included in this

list.)

RARA ARITHMETICA

320

HIERONYMUS MUNYOS.
Born

at Valencia; died in

Hebrew at Ancona, and

The family name

work.

Description.
ff

unnumb.

pr.

Valencia, 1566.

1566.

He was prof essor of mathematics and

Valencia. He also wrote an astronomical

more

strictly

Muiioz.

See Fig. 158.

Title.

later at
is

Ed.

15S4.

4,
j"]

15 X 20.4 cm., the text being 9.3 x 14.6 cm.

numb. + i blank = 82 ff., 27-3 i 11. Valencia,

1566.
Editions.
'

There was no other

edition.

The

'

epistola'

is

dated

Calendis Aprilis, anni M. D. Lxvj.'

The work

The

consists of three books.

first

treats of the funda-

mental operations, including proportion and some work in the Greek

theory of numbers. The second book treats of fractions, including
sexagesimals, these being needed by the astronomers for whom Munyos

was writing. The third book

relates to ratio

work is too theoretical

ment of arithmetic.

to have

IAN TRENCHANT.

Ed.

the

Lyons arithmetician, born

Title.

'

pr.
c.

much

and proportion. Altogether

upon the develop-

influence

1566.

Lyons, 1578.

1525.

L'Arithme-//tiqve de Ian // Trenchant,// Departie en

// liures.//Enfemble vn petit difcours des Changes.// Avec

// L'art de calculer aux Getons.// Reueiie & augmentee pour la
trois

quatrieme edition, //de plufieurs regies & articles, //par lAutheur.

// A Lyon,// par Michel love,// et lean Pillehotte.// a I'enfeigne
du lefus.// 1578.// Auec priuilege du Roy.' (P. i.)
Description. 8, 10. 4 X 15.5 cm., the text being 7 X 13.7 cm.

375 pp. numb, -f 5 unnumb. = 380 pp., 30-31 11. Lyons, 1578.
Editions. Lyons, 1566; ib.,1571; ib., i 578, 8 (here described).

The
9.

dedication of the 1578 edition bears the date

de

luillet 1571,'

Although

edition.

edition,

know

and

this is described

of only

two

'

De Lyon

given as the date of the

this is often

ce

first

on the title page as the fourth

Cantor says that not less

earlier.

than six editions were published at Lyons from 1588 to 1602,

and

have seen mentioned editions of 1608, 1610, 1632, and 1643.

Trenchant was one of the best of the sixteenth-century textbookmakers of commercial arithmetic in France. His work is divided into

PRINTI-:!)

HOCJKS

321

INSTITVTIONES
ARITHMETICAE AD ^ER.
CiPIENDAM

T R O

I,

O G

M BT

Matheinaticas facultatcs neccffarias.

UVCTOJtE
Htercnymo Munyos Valentino Hehdica tij9r
^u<e ^aricer at^

Mathematumin^y'*

mnafio XJalentinofuhlico

cV*^

frofejfor^^

Ex

V A L E N T I AE.
tjrpographia loannis

Anao

Mey.

1566.

ZJJ

Fk;. 158.

Title page of munyos

KARA ARITHMETICA

322
three books, the

dealing with

first

the fundamental operations with

and containing a considerable number of applied

problems. The second book treats of the rule of three in its various
forms together with such applications as barter, partnership, commission, and alloys. The third book treats of the properties of numbers,
including figurate numbers, roots, and progressions, and has some work

integers

and

fractions,

on discount, together with a few recreations. In the 1578 edition the

third book is followed by a chapter on exchange, and an explanation of
the method of calculating with counters.

GEORGIO LAPAZZAIA.

Ed.

pr.

Naples, 1569.

1566.

Lapezaja, Lapizaya, Lapazaia. Probably a resident of Naples, but born

He was a
at Monopoli, a town in the province of Bari, on tlie Adriatic.
priest, and wrote only the worli here described.
Title.

See Fig. 159.

Colophon.

//Con

'

In Napoli // Apreffo Mattio Cancer.

M.D.LXIX.

Priuilegio per anni diece.//Marius Carrafa Archiepifcopus

Neapolitanus.'

(P. 262.)

i X 21 cm., the text being 10.8 X 16.9 cm.

250 numb. = 263 pp., 29 11. Naples, 1569.
Editions. Naples, 1566, Latin edition with the title 'De fami-

Description. 4, 14.

13 pp.

unnumb.

liarite arithmetical et geometriae,' this

privilege,

'Datum Neapoli

date appearing also in the

die vltimo lulii

M.D.LXVI;'

ib.,

1566,

1575; Naples,
There were several editions after 1600, one

Italian edition; ib., 1569, 4 (here described);

1590, 4 (p. 324).

appearing as late as 1784.

The book has nothing

For the 1601 edition see

commend

to

except

it

its

p.

324.

popular

style.

Lapazzaia begins with the fundamental operations with integers, and

then treats of

ratio, fractions,

and progressions.

He

considers also the

rule of three, the rule of five, interest, exchange, partnership, alligation,

rule of false, and the extraction of roots. The last part of the work is

on mensuration.
Other works 0/1566. BeUi, p. 343, 1573 Fischer (Piscator), p. 247,
1549 Gemma, p. 200, 1540 Herbestus, p. 303, 1561 Monzd, p. 292,
1559 Georg Meyer, Rechenbiichlein defs Silberkauffs und gemachter
Arbeit,' Augsburg, 16; Mathaus Nessen (Nesse), Zwei neue RechenMathematicae quaedam
biicher,' Breslau, 8; Johannes de Segura,
Compendium Arithmeticae et
selectae propositiones,' Alcala, 4, and
;

'

'

'

Geographiae

partis,' Alcala, 4.

PRINTED HOOKS

DARITMETTCA

323

E GEOMETRIA DELUABBATE GEOR*

GlO iAPAZZAIA WONOPOLITANO.

Fig. 159.

Title page of the 1569 lapazzaia

RARA ARITHMETICA

324

GEORGIO LAPAZZAIA.
See

Ed.

pr.

1566.

Naples, 1590.

p. 322.

Opera // terza // de Aritmetica // et Geometria. //

Dell'abbate Georgio Lapazaia//da Monopoli.//Intitolata il Ramaglietto.//In Napoli,//Apreffo gli Eredi di Mattio Cancer.//
'

Title.

M. D.

LXXXX.'

M. D.

LXXXX.'

p.

I.)

(P.

4,

Description.

cm.

(P.

'In Napoli // Apreffo

Colophon.

13.9

unnumb.+

gl'

Eredi di Mattio Cancer.//

176.)

18.7 cm., the text being 10.8

blank +174 numb.

= 176 pp., 29

16.5

Naples,

11.

1590.

See

Editions.

p.

322.

Although bearing a different title, this is merely a revision of the

1566 work, with a slight variation in the problems. The preface is dated
1569, when the second edition of the Italian version appeared, but it
not found in that edition. The tide Opera terza' means simply the
second revision, or the third writing of the book. Lapazzaia's work shows
the increasing attention given by the Church schools to the business
'

is

needs of the people.

GEORGIO LAPAZZAIA.
See

Ed.

pr.

1566.

Naples, 1601.

p. 322.

Libro // d' Aritmetica // e Geometria, // dell' Abbate

Lapazzaia // Canonico Monopolitano, e Protonotario
Apoftolico.// Nouamente in queft'vltima imprefsione efpurgato
Title.

'

Giorgio

da molti

errori,

&

arric-//cbite d'vna Prattica d'Abbaco,

non

che neceffaria.// Al Signor Diego d'Aldana,//

Prefidente della Regia Camera della Summ. per Sua Maiefta.//
(Large woodcut, coat of arms.) In Napoli, //Apreffo Tarquinio

meno

vtilifsima,

Longo.

MDCL'

Colophon.

(R

(P.

i.)

'In Napoli,// Apreffo Tarquinio Longo.

MDCL'

15.8 cm.

215.)
Description. 4, 14.9

216 pp.

(3

X 20

cm., the text being 10.7

blank, 8 unnumb.),

See p. 322,

30-38

11.

Naples, 160

1.

HOOKS

PRINIICI)

NICOLAUS PETRI.

Ed.

325

Amsterdam,

1567.

pr.

Born at Deveiiter. He taught at Amsterdam from 1567

wrote on algebra and astronomy.
Title.

//Om

'Practicque

te

1635.
lie also

to 15S8.

leeren//Rceckenen/ Cyphercn //

ende Boeckhouwen/ met die regel Cof.s/ //ende Gcomctrie/ fecr

Van

profijtelijcken voor alien // koop-luyden.

nieus gecorrigeert

//ende vermeerdert/ //Deur Nicolaum Petri Daventrienfem.//

L'homme propofe, Et dieu dispofe. A" 1603.// (Woodcut of
author.) t'Amstelredam,//Voor Ilendrick Laurentfz. Boeckvercooper op het// water int Schrijf-boeck, Anno 1635.' (F. i, r.)

x 14.4 cm.
287 ff., 23-32 11. Bound with this
596.// lournael-Boeck // gheteeckent met die // Letter //

Description. 8, 10.3

unnumb.

ff.

is

'

16.3 cm., the text being 8.9

281 numb.

Anno M. DC. XXXV.,' 10 ff. Amsterdam,

Editions. From the preface it appears that
The other

published in 1567.

Amsterdam, 1576,
The

arithmetic

form

galley

Dutch

of the ordinary

and

of division,

its

first

sixteenth-century editions were

1583; 1591; and Alkmaar, 1596,

8;

is

1635.
the work was

type.

It

8.

uses only the

chief value to the student of history lies

in its business problems.

Other works of ijSy.

Cataneo, p. 244, 1546
;

Agrippa,

Gemma,

p. 167,

p.

1531

205, 1540

Borghi, p. 16, 1484

Nonius (Nuiiez), p. 315, 1564; Ramus, p.

Conradus Dasypodius, Logistica,' Strasburg, 8;
p. 115, 15 15
'

de

la

Toissoniere,

'

Compost

Ed.

Title.

Brescia, 1568.

1568.

See Fig. 160.

*

In Brescia,// Apresso Vincenzo // di Sabbio.//

M. D. LXVIII.'

(F. 34,

Description.

13.5

4,

r.)

19.5 cm., the text being 10.

unnumb. + 33 numb.
Editions. There was no other
II

ff.

The dedicatory
in

pr.

arithmetician of Brescia, of the second half of the si.xteenth century.

Colophon.

cm.

Guill.

arithmetical,' Lyons.

STEFANO GHEBELINO.
An

Mariani, p. 181, 1567

263, 1555; Tagliente,

October, 1568.

epistle
It

is

shows that

= 44

ff.,

37

11.

16.5

Brescia, 1568-

edition.
this

composed almost

work was written

at Brescia

entirely of tal)les for the use

326

RARA ARITHMETICA

Fig. i6o.

Title page of ghebelino

PRINTED HOOKS

327

and bankers in the north of Italy. There is some explanatory matter in the beginning relating to the arithmetic of exchange,
but the work can hardly be called a school textbook. Riccanli speaks
of it as uno dei primi esempi di tavole di conti fatti.'
of merchants

'

HUMPHREY BAKER.
Bom

Loiulon

at

Ed.

'The Well fpring

Title.

London, 1580.

1568.

pr.

died after 15S7.

of // Sciences.//

Which teacheth

the

perfect // worke and practife of Arith-//nieticke, both in whole

Ntim-//bcrs and Fractions

Londoner,

562.//

and amended

fet

And nowe

// forthe by //

Humf rey Baker //

once agayne pertifed //augmented

in all // the three partes,

by the sayde //Aucthour:

where tmto he // hath alfo added certein // tables of the agree-//

ment of mcafures //and waightes //of diuers places in Europe,
// the one with the other, as // by the table following //
appeare.// 1580.' (F. i, r.)
Description.

8,

9.9

X 14

cm., the text being 5.6

it

may
cm.

11. 2

(28 unnumb., last folio missing), 24-26 11. London, 1580.

Editions. London, 1568, 8 (written in 1562, which explains

227

ff.

the date on the

described);

title

page);

1583, 8;

ib.,

1574, 8;

ib.,

1591,

ib.,

ib.,

1580, 8 (here

There were several

8.

editions after 1601 (see pp. 328, 329).

For a long time Baker's arithmetic was the only English rival to
Ground of Artes (see p. 213), and it was in many respects
better than that popular work. This edition is more complete than that
of 1568, the book having, as the author states, been rewritten. In
Hauing fometime now
The Prologue to the gentle Rerder he says
twelue yeres fithence (gentle Reader) publifhed in print one Englifhe
boke of Arithmetick, conteyning as I suppose, fundry necfsarie and
profitable documentes for fuch as are A"villing to attayne any knowlege
Recorde's

'

'

'

therein.

have bene often fmce that time, and of very late alfo,
my friendes to perufe the fame worke, and as I

requefted by fundry of
fhold

nowe iudge

it

expedient, to adde fomething

to amplifye the fame.'

He complains of

more therevnto, and

the criticism of foreigners that

For
is not as advanced as that on the continent
perceyued the importunitie of certayne ftraungers not borne
within this lande, at this prefent, and of late dayes fo farre proceeding,
English arithmetic

when

'

that they

aduaunced and extolied them

felues in

open

talke

and writinges,

KARA ARITHMETICA

328

had attayned fuch knowledge and perfection in Arithmetike,

no englifh man the Uke Truly me thought that the fame reporte
not only tended to the (disprayfe) difpraife our Countreymen in genBut touched efpetially fome others & me, that had trauailed
eral
& written publiquely in the fame facultie. For vnto this fame effecte
they haue of late paynted the corners and poftes in euery place within
this citie with their peeuifhe billes, making promife and bearinge men
that they
as

hande that they coulde teache the fumme of that Science in breefe
Methode and compendious rules fuch as before their arriuall hath not
bene taughte within this Realme.' These words, and others in the same
strain, give an interesting picture of English arithmetic in 1580, and of
the work of the teacher at that time. The criticism was a just one, for
the Dutch, French, Germans, Spanish, and Italians were much ahead
in

of the English at that period in the matter of arithmetic.

Baker follows the continental models, giving the usual operations

and the applications to Marchandife,' Felowfhip,' barter, alligation,
He closes his text with Quftions of
false position, and the like.
Paftime.' He still uses duplation, generally uses the form substraction
(following the Dutch books of the time), and makes relatively little of
Deuifion,' which he treats by the usual galley method, but he succeeds
'

'

'

'

'

'

in producing a fairly practical mercantile book.

Delfino, p. 275, 1556

p. 32, 1488
1540; Gulfferich, p. 257, 1552; Lonicerus, p. 253,
Lossius, p. 290, 1557; Riese, p. 139, 1522; Sfortunati, p. 174,

Other works 0/1568. Anianus,

Gemma,
1551

Mauritius

1534;

p. 200,

Steinmetz,

'Aritmeticae praecepta

in

quaeftiones

redacta,' Leipzig, sm. 8.

HUMPHREY BAKER.
See
Title.

perfect

p.
'

Ed.

pr.

London, 1659.

1568.

327.

The // Wel-spring

Work and

// of // Sciences

The
Numbers

// teaching

Practice of // Arithmetick,// both in

and Fractions.// Set forth by// Humphrey Baker // Londoner.//

And now again Perufed, Augmented, and //Amended in all three
Parts, by //the faid Authour.// Whereunto are added certain
Tables of //the agreement of Meafures & Weights //of divers
places in Europe,// the one with the other, as by the Table appear-

eth.// London,// Printed for A.

Kemb,

at St.

Margarets Hill

in

// Southwark, to bee fold by Tho. Brewfter,// at the three Bibles

in Pauls

Church-yard

1659.'

(P.

i.)

PRINTED HOOKS
8,

Description.

8.4

366 pp. (54 unnumb.), 26-27

Editions. See p. 327.
This

329

13.6 cm., ihc text being 6.3 X

cm.

1.2

I^ondon, 1659.

"

not materially different from the 1580 edition (p. 327). The
The friendly Reader may pleafe to take notice that

is

publisher says that

'

Impreffion of 1659, the whole Book hath been revifed, every

Queftion therein examined, the Faults that were committed in former
this

in

ImpreiTions, Corrected, the whole reftored to

is little

methods of operating or

symbolism.

'

The Fractions

in

(and

It

end

[in the tables at the

common way

were in the

its

improvement

spite of this statement, there

is

integrity.'

In

book either

in

interesting to read that

of the

fo the figure

first

in the

book] which before

being fmall in

many not

difcerned) are put into the decimal parts, and fo the fame with the
integral, but farre more true than the Common Fractions can exprefs
it

in

be,
is

one

if

figure,

and

in the

if

true) then the decimal

one and the fame to

all,

common
is

far

it

more

be expreft in many, (as

eafie,

it

must

becaufe the Denominator

whereas the other is differing.' In fact,

is shown, and when they are employed

very slight knowledge of decimals

the bar

generally used instead of the point.

is

HUMPHREY BAKER.
See

Ed.

pr.

1568.

London, 1687.

p. 327.

'Licenfed,//Feb. 28, i68''.//Rob. Midgley.' (P. 4,

Baker's // Arithmetick :// Teaching // The
print.)
perfect Work and Practice of //Arithmetick both in //Whole
Numbers & Fractions.// Whereunto are Added // Many Rules
Title.

first

page of

'

and Purchafcs,

and Tables

of // Intereft, Rebate,

The Art

Decimal Fractions,// intermixed with

of

& c.// Also//

Common Frac-

Underftanding thereof.// Newly Corrected

and Contracted, and //made more plain and eafie //By Henry
PhilHppes.// London.// Printed by J. Richardfon for William
tions, for the // better

Thackery at the //Angel in Duck-Lane, and Matthew Wotton

at the Three //Daggers in Fleet ftreet, and George Conyers at
the // Ring without Ludgate, 1687.' (P. 5.)
Description. \2 8.3 x 14.3 cm., the text being 6.8 X 12.8 cm.
8 pp. blank + lO unnumb. + 228 numb. = 246 pp., 32-39 11. Lon,

don, 1687.

RARA ARITHMETICA

330

See

Editions.

p. 327.

Baker in his letter

Book, as it was
Subject, and hath had as

Phillippes, the editor, pays a deserved tribute to

To

'

He

the Reader.'

begins as follows

'

This

little

one of the firft, fo it is one of the beft of this

good Acceptance, as any other ; which may appear by the often Impreffions of it. Indeed as long as the Author lived, he was careful to be
and though he be dead, yet his Book is
ftill adding and correcting it
thought worthy to live, and not only to live, but to flourifh.' It certainly
speaks well of the book that this edition should have been published
121 years after the first one appeared. The treatment of decimal fractions is very satisfactory, and, of course, is not found in the original
edition. These fractions, the necessity for which became apparent in
the sixteenth century, were first scientifically treated at any length
:

in a

work by

PETRUS RAMUS.
See
Title.

Ed.

'

Rami

p.

Arith-//meticae

(Woodcut.)

et viginti.//

copium,

& Nicolai fratris

Dcscriptio7i.

4,

17.5

haeredes.//

libri

Basiliae,

// dvo Geometriae //
per Evsebivm // Epif:

Anno M. D. LXIX.'

(P.

23.3 cm., the text being 12.3

.)

18.2

6 unnumb.), 42 11. Basel, 1569.

1569,4 (here described); Paris, 1577,

(2 blank,

198 pp.

Editions.
(p.

Basel, 1569.

1569.

pr.

p. 263.

septem

cm.

(See p. 386.)

Stevin, published in 1585.

Basel,

331); Basel, 1580, 4

(p.

331); Paris (Stadius edition), 1581,

ib., 1591,
12; Frankfort (Schonerus edition), 1586, 8 (p. 331)
ib., i 596, 8 (the
ib., 1 592, 8 (Schonerus)
;

8 (Stegerus edition)

Snellius and Schonerus

'

Explicationes,' p. 333);

ib.,

1599,

fol.

599, 4. There was also published

Arithat Paris in 1562, and in two editions the same year, an

(Schonerus,

p.

333)

Lemgo,

'

two books, without the author's name, attributed to

Ramus, but I do not know whether it is the same as this work.
There was also an English edition of The Art of Arithmeticke
metica,' in

'

whole numbers and fractions ... by P. Ramus

... by William Kempe,' London, 1592, 8.

in

This

is

a better

translated

book than the Libri Tres' of 1555. Ahhough it is

met the commercial needs, it is a nearer approach
'

too theoretical to have

to a practical

work than

its

predecessor.

PRINTED BOOKS
PETRUS RAMUS.
See

pr.

Rami // Profcssoris Rej^ni,// Arithmcticcc // liApud Dionyfuim Vallcnfcm, fub // Pegafo,

dvo.// Parisiis,//

in vico Bellouaco.// 1577.'

8,

Description.

97

Paris, 1577.

1569.

p. 263.

'Petri

Title.

bri

Kd.

331

ff.

(2 blank,

10.3

(P.

i,

r.)

16 cm., the text bein<^ 7.1

imnumb.) with chart; 32

11.

13.1

cm.

Paris, 1577.

See p. 330.

PETRUS RAMUS.
See
Title.

septem
pium,

'

P.

'

(Woodcut.) Basileae, per Evsebivm // Epifco-

Basileae, per

Anno

h^redes.

Description.

200 pp.

Basel, 1580.

1569.

Nicolai fratris ha;redes.//

Colophon.
fratris

pr.

Rami // Arithmeticae // libro dvo // Geometriae //

et viginti.//

&

Ed.

p. 263.

(9

4,

// M. D.

15.9

MD

LXXX.'

X 21.2 cm., the

unnumb.), 28-35

LXXX.'

(P. i.)

Evsebivm Episco-//pium,

^l-

&

Nicolai

(P. 192.)

text being

i.i

17 cm.

Basel, 1580.

See p. 330.

PETRUS RAMUS
Ed.

See
Title.

and

LAZARUS SCHONERUS.
Frankfort, 1586.

pr. 1569.
p. 263.

See Fig. 161.

Description.

8,

16 pp. unnumb.

10.5 x 17.3 cm., the text being 7 x 13.1 cm.

406 numb. = 422 pp., 26-32 11. Frankfort,

1586.

Bound with

Rami, Regii // Eloquentioe et // Philomoribus//veterum Gallorum,//ad

// Carolum Lotharingum // Cardinalem.// Parisiis,// Apud Andream Wechelum.// 1562.// Cum privilcgio Regis.'
Editions. See p. 330. The commentary of Schonerus also
this is

'

P.

sophiae Pro-//fefforis, liber de

in 1596 (p. 333), and without the

There were also editions by Steger pub1591 and at Frankfort in 1592.

appeared with that of Snellius

latter in

1599

(p.

333).

lished at Leipzig in

KARA ARITHMETICA

332

PETRI RAMI
ARITHMETICES
BRI DVO, ET

LI-

AlGEBR^E

totidemiaLAZARo Schonero
emendati &explicati.
Eiufdem S c H o n e r i

If

hi duo alter , De
De Logiflica
:

J^umerisfguratis; altera

fixagemrk*

Francofurdi
Apud

heredes Andreas Wecheli,

MDLXXXVr.
(iim S.CafcJl^aiefiatupriuflegio adfixenninm
Fig.

i6i.

Title page of the 1586 ramus

PRIN TKI) BOOKS

The

first

of these

retical arithmetic of

works

is

Ramus

333

one of several commentaries on

(p. 263).

It is

more

theo-

tlir

practical than that of

(mentioned below), giving the various operations and making

an attempt at introducing some commercial problems.
I)e numeIn the first part are included two works by Schonerus,
and Lazari Schoneri De logistica
ris figuratis Lazari Schoneri liber
sexagenaria liber.' The former is, as the title suggests, a treatise on
Snellius

'

'

'

is on the sexagesimal
Schonerus writes his sexagesimals

the Greek theory of numbers, and the second

fractions used by the astronomers.

thus

This

Ilae

lee

II

3.

39.

40.

20.

40.,

is

.,

3-60-

for

+
,

one of the early approaches to our symbols

PETRUS RAMUS
Ed.

pr.

and

Title.

".

',

RUDOLPHUS SNELLIUS.
Frankfort,

569.

See p. 263. Snkllius,

Leyden, March 2, 161 3.

4o

+ 7
+ 4" +
00
00
-<^

39-60

l)orn

at

Oudewater, October

154^';

8,

596.

died at

See Fig. 162.

Description.

9.6

8,

16 cm., the text being 6.6

12.8 cm.

unnumb. + 154 numb. = 157 pp., 29-30 11. PVankfort,

Rvdolphi // Snellii in //P. Rami
1596. Boimd with this are
Rudolphi // Snellii in
Geome-//triam PraeIe-//ctiones,' and
Sphaeram Cor-//nelii Valerii // praelectiones,' both of 1596.
Editions. See p. 330. The first edition of Snell's commentary.
3

pp.

'

'

Like the arithmetic of Ramus, this work

Only the prominence

practical.

of

efforts as these of Snellius, Salignacus,

PETRUS RAMUS.
See
Title.

septem

theoretical rather than

and

justified

such

Urstisius.

Frankfort, 1599.

pr. 1569.

p. 263.
'

Petri

Rami // Arithmeticae // libri dvo Geomctriae //

:

et viginti.//

cofvrti,//

Ed.

is

Ramus could have

A Lazaro Schonero recogniti & aucti.// Fran-

Apud Andreae Wecheli

& loannem Aubrium.//M.

heredes,// Claudium Marniimi,

D. XCLX.'

(P. 3.)

Fob, 17 x 22.5 cm., the text being 11.9X 17.6

in the arithmetic, 184 \)\>. in the geometry, 39 11.

Description.

cm.

244

i^p.

Frankfort, 1599.

Bound with

this

is

the geometry of

Ramus.

334

RARA ARITHMETICA
IN

P.

RAMI ARITHMETIC

AM

RVDOLPHI
E L L
SN

Explicationes le(aiflimae:

LAZARI SCHOT(ERIy BERT^Hi

Saligmci ,

^ Chnfliam

Vrfiifii ,

com-

mentAttonthmfapm locupleeatdi.

FRANCOFVRTI
Ex Officina Typogtaphica loannis Sautii,
impenfis haeredum Petri Fifcheri.

M.

D.

XCVl.

Fig. 162. Title page of the 1596 ramus and snellius

PRINTED BOOKS
PETRUS RAMUS.
See

See Fig. 163.

Coloplion.

Anno

Salutis

bound with the above, or 534

4,

Description.

16 pp.

Evsebivm Episco-//pium, & Nicolai

humanrc//M. D. LXIX.' (P. 190

'BasilecX, per

hxredes.

of the geometry,

cm.

335
Basel, 1569.

pr. 1569.

p. 263.

Title.

fratris

Ed.

17.5

unnumb.

23.3 cm., the

320 numb.

including the rest of the work), 42

=
11.

te.xt

of the entire book.)

being 12.3 X 18.2

336 pp.

of the

above (not

Basel, 1569.

Editions. Basel, 1569, 4 (here described); ib., 1578 (Schonerus edition); Frankfort (also Schoncrus edition), 1599, 4. The
first three books also appeared at Paris in i 567, 8, under the
title

'Prsemium Mathematicarum.'
extensive and tiresome treatise on the philosophy of elementary

An

mathematics

in general.

THOMAS DE MERCADO.
Ed.

A
Title.

See Fig. 164.

8, 13.5

Description.

277

ff.

Salamanca, 1569.

pr. 1569.

Spanish priest of the middle of the si.xteenth century.

(29 unnumb.), 32

Editions.

19.4 cm., the text being 11.5

11.

16 cm.

Salamanca, 1569.

There was no other

edition.

not a textbook on arithmetic, but a treatise on the applications of the subject to mercantile affairs. It is so prolix and theoretThat it is the first edition appears
ical that it was never republished.
from La Tassa and from the dedication to the king, the former being

This

'

is

'

dated October 6, 1569, and the latter May 6 of the same year. The
license is, however, dated August 13, 1568, and one of the decrees
May 9, 1568. Although the work professes to be of a mercantile character, it is too ponderous in style for the purpose for which it was
intended. It is interesting historically because in several chapters the
author has considered the development of arithmetic and of mercantile
customs. It is also interesting because of its reference to the recently
awakened commerce. For example, chapter 13 has the title De los
'

Chapter 16 is also suggestive of

the methods of trade of the period, the title being De los baratas y

tratos

de Indias, y tratantes en

ellos.'

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

336

hyryyr A'^rttf^

p.

Itmrpt^n ^^/-*^tM4

RAMI

Aiii^^S9v

SCHO'^-i:?

LARVM MATHEMATICAL
TRIGINTA.

BASILS AE, PER

O"

EVSEBIVM EPISCOPIVM,
Njcoldi Trutrif htrtdts.

ANNO

Fig. 163.

M.

D.

LXIX

Title page ok the Li/>n

ry*,^

viii^s

rf tih^nita

ok kamus

TRATOS

Y CON-

TRATOS DE MERCADERES
y tratantes difddidosy determinados,por
el Padre

Prefentado Fray Thomas

de Mercado,de la orden de los
Predicadores.

Conlicenciay priuilegio real.

EN SAL A M ANCJ.
For aMathias (jaFl. aAno de
Efta caflado en
F'iG.

164.

cincorealcs.

TiTLK PACK OF MKKCADo

KARA ARITHMETICA

338

nauegacion de

la

is

more extensive than

The

popular in Spain.

The treatment

of interest and exchange

former having been by no means
part of the book is devoted entirely to legal

las Indias.'

de

usual, the

last

questions.

Other zvorks of i^dg. Belli, p. 343, 1573; Camerarius, p. 263,

1554 Gemma, p. 200, 1540 Herbestus, p. 303, 1561 Jacob, p. 298,
1560; Lapazzaia, p. 322, 1566 Lossius, p. 290, 1557 Mariani, p. 181,
1535; Monz6, p. 292, 1559; Urstisius, p. 361, 1579; Jacob Frey,
Exempelbiichlein allerley Kaufmannshiindel,' Niirnberg (there was also
an Augsburg edition of 1 603, 1 6) Adriaen van der Gucht, Cyferbouck,'
Bruges, 4 James Peele, The pathewaye to perfectnes in th' accomptes
of debitour and creditour,' London, fol. (second edition).
;

'

'

'

HIERONYMUS CARDANUS.
Ed.

pr.

See
Title.

See Fig. 165.

Colophon.

M. D.

tis

Basel, 1570.

1570.

p. 193.

'

Basileae,// ex officina Henricpetrina,

LXX. Mense // Martio.'

Fol., 20.4

Description.

X 30

(P.

1 1 1

Anno // Salv-

of the third part.)

X 24 cm.

cm., the text being 13.2

291 pp. (4 blank, 16 unnumb.) in this book. Bound with this is

the *Ars Magna' (second edition), 163 pp. numb., and the De
'

aliza regvla liber,

(Ill numb.), 41
Editions.

hoc
11.

est, algebraicae logifticse fuae

120 pp.

.,'

Basel, 1570.

There was no other separate edition

of the

'

Opus

Novum.'
This work is particularly interesting in its application to physical
problems, these being well illustrated. The only reason for including
it in a list of arithmetics is that it contains some work on proportion
less

geometric than that given in Euclid.

See also p. 193, 1539.

Other works of 15^0. Belli, p. 343, 1573; Boethius, p. 27, 1488;

Feliciano, p. 148, 1526; Forcadel, p. 284, 1556-57; Gemma, p. 200,
Recorde,
1540; Glareanus, p. 192, 1539; Lonicerus, p. 253, 1551
AnonyRiese, p. 139, 1522 Tagliente, p. 115, 15 15
p. 214, c. 1542
Johann Weber,
mous, Briefue arithmetique fort facile a comprendre
Gerechnet Rechenbiichlein auf Erfurtischen Wein- und Tranks-Kauff,'
;

'

'

'

Erfurt, with a second edition in 1583.

Works of 1571. Digges,

Riese, p. 139,

p.

1522; Savonne,

343, 1572;
p.

Gemma,

314, 1563;

Stifel,

p.

p.

206,

1540;

260, 1553;

HIERONYMI
MEDIO
CARDANI
LANBNSIS,

CIVISCIV'I- B O N O^

NIENSIS, PH ILO S O

P.ll I.

MCDICI ET

Maihcniatici ckirifsimi

DE
OPVSO NOVVM
V NVM
O V
MO

P R O P O RT I
V VV M, P O N D E

13

O NOR

M.

M,

R R V At
menfurajiclarumjnon foliim Gcomctrico more ftabiliium/cd ctiatu
uarrjs cxocrimcntis 8(f obfcruationibusrcrum innatuia,rolcni
P.

\'

;.1

A R V

Q_V'

F:

dcmon(lranonci:lii(lratuiTi,acl multipliccs ufus acs

commodatum,& in Vlibros digcflum.

P R AE T E R E

A,

ARTIS MAGNA:, SIVE DE REGVLIS

ALGOBRAlClS, LIBER VNVS, ABSTRVSISSIMVS
dC inexhauflus plane totius Anthmetlca: thefaurusjab
authorcrccens nuihis tii locis rccogni-

lusS^ai'dus,

DE ALIZA REGVLA

1 T P. M.
LIBBP., rtOC EST,

ALGEBRAIC AE

recondita numcrandi fi'.btilitate.fcciindum

metricas quantitates I'nquircp.ris , nccolliru Coronis,

logifticir fiiafjiiumcros

nunc deimtr.i

in

Gco^

lucem c jita.

Op; thyficii cr Mathematicis Inprimis

utile Cf-ncceffaiinn.

Cum Ca^fMaicft, Gratia & Priuilcgio.

BASIL

Fig. 165.

>E.

Title page of the 1570 cakdax

RARA ARITHMETICA

340

Les principaux fondemens

320, 1566; Anonymous,
Nicolaus Eschenburg, Arithmetica logiftica,' Frankd'arithm(tique
Trenchant,

'

p.

'

'

fort

Alex. Vandenbussche,

'

Arithmetique

FRANCISCUS BAROCIUS.
See
Title.

Venice, 1572.

See Fig. 166.

4,

unnimib.

ff.

pr. 1572.

p. 295.

Description.
3

Ed.

militaire,' Paris, 4.

Edition.

13.9

19.3 cm., the text being 10.3

23 numb.

26

ff.,

There was no other

was published

17-36

11.

edition.

17 cm.

Venice, 1572.

German

translation

in Leipzig in 16 16.

This is an attempt to popularize the mediaeval number game of

Rithmomachia (Rithmimachia, Rythmomachia), set forth in Latin possibly by Shirwode or by Faber Stapulensis, in an edition of Boethius in
1496 (see p. 63), and afterwards amplified by Claude Boissiere (see
p. 271, 1556). The game was often, with no authority, attributed to
Pythagoras.

Barocius (or Barozzi) amplified the treatment attributed

Faber Stapulensis, and his discussion of the subject is clearer than

that of the latter, although hardly equal to that of Boissiere already
described. He had already published a philosophical discussion of
arithmetic as stated on p. 295.
to

LEONARD
Ed.

THOMAS

AND

DIGGES.
London, 1579.

pr. 1572.

Leonard Digges came of an ancient family whose seat was Digges Court,
Barham, Kent. He studied at Oxford, and was an expert mathematician for

He died c.
Thomas was a son

the time.

at Oxford,

Title.

and died

1571.

See Fig. 167.

Imprinted

ColopJion.

Thames

Anno

(P.

1579.'

Description.

35

at

'

dwel-//ling in

16 pp.

was born in Kent.

London, August 24, 1595.

of Leonard, and

in

Lon-/Alon, by Henrie Bynneman,

Street, neere vnto //

12.8

Baynardes Caftle.//

18 cm., the text being 8.9

191 numb.

London, 1579.
Editions. London, 1572, 4;

ib.,

educated

192.)

4,

unnumb.

He was

207

pp.,

and one plan

14.7 cm.
(p.

176),

11.

1585, 4;

ib.,

1590,

4.

ib.,

579, 4 (here described)

The 1579

edition

was

a revision,

IL NOBILISSIMO
ET ANTIQVISSIMO
GIVOCO PYTHAGOREO

NOMINATO

Rychmomachia

CIOE BATTAGLIA
DE CONSONANTIE
DE NVMERI.
Rilrouttle

jer 'vtilita,&

foW^ delli Studiop.

Etal prefente per Franccfco BarozziGentil'huomo

Venetiano in lingua volgare in modo di
Paiaphrafi compofto

IN VENETIA.
j^f>preJ[o

Cradofo Pcrchacino,
Fig. 166.

157*'

Title pack ov bako^zi

RARA ARITHMETICA

34-

i*

An Arichmeticall Militare Treati*(e,named

STT^A^riOTICOS:
Compendioufly teaching the Science of^J^ubers,
as well in Fracflions as Integers, and fo much of the Ru>
Jesand yquations AlgebraicalJand Arte of Numbers
Cofsicalljas are requifi'tefor the Profersionofa Soldiour*
Together with the Modcrnc Militare Difcipline^OFficeSjLawcs and
Puctics in cucry vvel goucrncd Campc and Annie to be obferued
i o g e s Gentleman,
Long (Incc attepted by L b o n a a d

Au2;mcntcd,di2:cftcd, .ind lately [iniOicd,

Thomas D

gge

s,

hii

by

Sonne.

he hath alfoadtoyr.edccrtiiiire QueTliofis ofgreat OrdinAmc^^

refeluedwhis other Treata^of i^yr^techny and great
Artilierie, hereofter to bee publifhed.

IVhei'cto

ViVET Post Fvnera Virtvs.

ayfT
Printed

jitfiic

Fig. 167.

LONDOKT:

by HenrieBynacman*
Demini,

1 5 79 >

Title page oe the 1579 digges

PRINTED BOOKS
for the preface

'

To

the Reader

343

a 2) states that

(f.

'

it

was

'

fin-

ifhed the 13. of October. 1579.'

Considering

its

date, this

study of arithmetic.

The

work

is

a very good introduction to the

arithmetic proper extends, however, only to

page 32. Then follows a brief treatment of algebra (pp. 33-51), after
which are certain problems (to p. 70) relating to military matters.
Pp. 81-19 1 are devoted entirely to miUtary affairs.
The father and son wrote several mathematical treatises, but none
Pantometria of 1 5 7 1 which
directly on arithmetic. One was the
De Morgan includes, and which is in Mr. Plimpton's library, but which
I have omitted because it is in no sense an arithmetic.
Other zvorks of 1572. Buckley, p. 252, 1550 Gemma, p. 200, 1540
Grammateus, p. 123, 1518; Mariani, p. 181, 1535 Barlaamo, Aoyio-riKT;,
(in a work on spherics), Strasburg,
sive arithmetic?e, algebraicte libri VI
'

'

'

'

with later editions at Paris, 1594, 4; 1599, 4; 1600, 4 (see also p.

John Seton (see Buckley, p. 252, c. 1550).
315, 1564)
;

SILVIO BELLI.
Born
Ferrara,

Title.

He

and wrote on

Venice, 1573.

1573.

died

in

1575.

He was

an architect at

4,

This

Editions.

15

X 20.6

is

11.

cm., the text being 9

'Libro del misurar con

:

1566,4; 1569,4; Venice, 1570,4;

4.

This was united with the 'Delia Proportione'

'

Quattro

is

it

Venetian

1573,4;
in

ib., 1595,
595 (Venice)

geometrici.'
list

because of the treatment of mediaeval

Ed.

pr.

1573.

Venice, 1573.

jurist of the sixteenth century.

See Fig. 169.

Fob, 20.5 X 29.5 cm., the text being 15 X 24.5
8 pp. unnumb -\- 93 numb. + i blank = 102 pp., 50 11. Venice,

Title.

Description.

cm.

ib.,

la vista,'

contains.

LUCAS PAETUS.
A

libri

included in this

proportion which

cm.

Venice, 1565, 4;

ib.,

form the

15.1

the only separate edition of this semi-geo-

which passed through the following editions

This work

Venice, 1573.

Belli published a

metric work.

to

Rome and

practical geometry.

(40 numb.), 19-21

ff.

pr.

See Fig. 168.

Description.

46

Ed.

at Vincenza.

1573-

RARA ARITHMETICA

344

SILVIO BELLI
V

N T

C E

N O

E L,LA

T>

PROPORTIONE, ET PROPORTIONALITA*

Communi Paflioni del

L I B RI T R
Z)uli,

(^

necejpirij alia ruera

tutte le Jcicntie

Magnanimo

(^

In

T>

VtN eti a, j^pprejfo

E.

Jkctle intelligentia^

Geometrio-^^O* di

dell' Arithmetico-^ydella

Al

^
^

Qjianto

arti.

AlefTandro Farnefo Card.

L E G

0.

Francefco de rmncefchi Sanefc^,

Fig. 168.

Title page of belli

1575,

PRINTKI) HOOKS

345

PAETl
LVCAE
VRISCONSVL
I

ET
MENSVRIS.
DEPONDERIBVS
ROMANIS,
ET GRAECIS,
cvM

HIS <iyAE

HODiE romae svnt

LIBRI

Q_V

collatis

N QJ^E.

BirSDEM yjUtti^HyM LECTIONVM liber VNiTS

AD SANCTISSIMVM OPTIMVMCLVE PRINCIPEM

PIYM C^VINCTVM PONT. MAX.

MAXIMILIANl.il

Fk;. 169.

Title page of paetus

RARA ARITHMETICA

346
Editions.

Venice

There were two editions

(See next

in 1573.

Ahhough not an

of this

work pubUshed

at

title.)

work

arithmetic, this

is

a scholarly and interesting

contribution to the history of the weights and measures of Greece and

Rome, and the symbols inherited by the Middle Ages. It also contains
several illustrations of ancient measures.

LUCAS PARTUS.
See

This

page

is,

is

Ed.

pr.

a different edition from that just described.

The

title

18.5

however, substantially the same.

Description.

FoL, 17.5 X 23.2 cm., the text being

144 pp. (127 numb.), 38

cm.

Venice, 1573.

1573.

p. 343.

11.

1.6

Venice, 1573.

See above.

VALENTIN MENHER.

Ed.

See p. 249.
Edited by Michiel Cognet,
Title.

bom

c.

Antwerp, 1573.

pr. 1573.

1549 at Antwerp; died at Antweip.

See Fig. 170.

Colophon.

'

Description.

Antverpiae // Typis Ant. Dieft. 1573.'

8, 9.3

13.6 cm., the text being 6.^

11.8 cm.

unnumb., 24 11. Antwerp, 1573.

Editions. I have no doubt there was an earlier edition, although
Cognet may have edited this from a manuscript left by Menher.
141

ff.

This is one of the best of the purely business arithmetics of its time.
shows, better than most works of the kind, the state of commerce in
the second half of the sixteenth century in Antwerp, then the most proIt

gressive of the mercantile cities of the North.

In

it

may be

studied the

merchandise, the trade routes, the customs of merchants and bankers,

and the prices prevailing in that period. It was to the Netherlands

what Riese's book had been

to

Germany and

Borghi's to Italy.

As the

page shows, it also took a progressive attitude with reference

(On Cognet see p. 365.)
practical geometry.
title

to

Other works of iJYJ. Kobel, p. 102, 15 14; Moya, p. 310, 1562;

Arithmetices praxis,'
Recorde, p. 214, c. 1542; Peter Beausard,
Louvain, 8 Simon Kopfer, Grundblichlein der Regel Detri,' Niirnberg Bartolomeo Piccini, Trattato de' Cambi,' Florence, 4.
'

'

'

PRINTED BOOKS
Works 0/ Jjy^. Anonymous,
Buckley,

252,

p.

p.

244, 1546;

347
Baker, p. 327, 15C8;

1550; Jacob, p. 298, 1560; Riese, p. 139, 1522;

Seton (see Buckley, p. 252, c. 1550) Lorenzo

c.

Rudolff, p. 152, 1526

D'ARITHMETIQVE,
conrcnant pluficurs belles queftionsSc de-

mandcSjpropres

& vtiles a tons ccux

<jiii

hantcntla Trafiqucde Marchanciifc.

CorApoJe par feU Vaicmin'^^ennhcr^llcmand:

rcuiU^corrige,&aiigmevte enflujicurs endrous

parMichielCognet.

ENSEMBLE
Fne am^lc

declaration fur

le

fait des

Changes

ITEM
Vn petit difcours dc Lien (jdeiiementdlfconter^diicc
la Solution fur diucrfes opinions

y propofees

AVEC
La Solution

des cjneftions Mathcmatiques

parla fiipputationde Siniis^illuftrces

piificcs paries

demonftrations

&am-

Geome-

triques neceflaires a icelles.

AN VER s

Che:^ lean waesherghe^ahfcu de Flandres,

AVEC PRIVILEGE,
Fig, 170.

Title page of the 1573 menher

Breve et universale risolutione d'aritmetica,' Brescia (Ven1597 Milles de Norry, Arithm^ti(iue,' Paris, 4; Johann
Sekgerwitz, 'Rechenbiichlein auff allerley Handthierung,' Breslau.

Bonocchio,

'

ice ?), 4; ib.,

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

348

DIOPHANTUS.
A

Ed.

Toulouse, 1670.

pr. 1575.

Greek mathematician,

c.

He was

300 a.d.

the

great writer

first

upon

algebra.

Diophanti // Alexandrini // Arithmeticorvm // libri

Title.
sex,// et de nvmeris mvltangvlis // liber vnvs.// Cvm commen'

tariis

C. G. Bacheti

obferuationibus D. P. de Fermat

V.C.//&

Tolofani // Acceffit

senatoris

nouum, collectum //ex

varijs

Doctrinae Analyticae

inuentum

eiufdem D. de Fermat Epiftolis.//

Obloqvitvr nvmeris
(Engraving Rabault Facit,' with motto
septem discrimina vocvm.') Tolosae, // Excudebat Bernardvs
Rose, e Regione Collegij Societatis Iefu.//M. DC. LXX.' (P. i.)
'

'

x 36.3 cm., the text being 15.1 x 23.9

unnumb. + 341 numb. + 48 of notes = 400

Description. FoL, 23.4

cm.

pp. blank

pp.,

50-55

+6

Toulouse, 1670.

11.

There was no other sixteenth-century

Basel, 1575.

Editions.
edition.

Athough

entitled an arithmetic this

is

on algebra, the

really a treatise

however, a good deal of

matter upon the Greek theory of numbers, notably the Clavdii Gasparis
Bacheti Sebusiani, in Diophantvm Porismatvm, Liber Primus,' Liber Sefirst

It contains,

systematic one ever written.

'

'

cundus,'

and Liber Tertius.'

the treatise

'

itself,

but this

is

A certain amount of this work also enters into

generally algebraic in character, the standard

problem requiring the finding of a number satisfying given conditions.

This leads to numerous indeterminate (Diophantine) equations. This
edition, by Bachet and Fermat, is one of the best that has been published.

FRANCISCUS MAUROLYCUS.
Venice, 1575.

Ed.

pr. 1575.
Francesco Maurolico. Born

Messina, September i6, 1494; died near

there, July 21, 1575. He entered the priesthood and later became professor
chiefly on astronomy, and edited
He
wrote
of mathematics at Messina.
several works of the

Title.

See

Colophon.

F^ig.

Greek mathematicians.

171.

'In monafterio S. Maria //a parte

$. II. Indictionis,// 1553.'

Description.

cm.

at

8,

15.7

20 pp. unnumb.

Venice, 1575.

19. lulij die,//

(P. 305.)

20.9 cm., the text being 10.6

+ 285

numb.-f

blank

306

pp.,

17.5

39-40

11.

PRINTED HOOKS

349

FRANCISCI

MAVROLYCL
ABBATIS
D.

MESSANBNSIS,

Opufcula Mathematica

y^^Qmc frimti?n tn lucem Aditn cum rerum omnium

notutH dtgnamrru
,

INDICE LOCYPLETISSIMO.
n?AGELLA HFIC PROXlME CONTlG^A,
CO rum Catalog us

etl

CVM PRIVILEGIO.
Venetijsj

Aoud

M
Kic.

FraiicifcumFiancircium Senenfcm
D L X X V.

Title page of the Op ii sen hi of maurolycus

RARA ARITHMETICA

350

There was no other

Editions.

edition.

(See below.)

appears from the colophon that this work was composed in 1553,
although it was not published until 1575. It includes (pp. 26-47) a
It

Compvtvs

'

ecclesiasticvs in

svmmam

collectvs.'

The

rest of the treatise

forms the first of two volumes on mathematics, the second being the Arithmeticorum libro duo (see below).

is

chiefly astronomical.

It

'

'

FRANCISCUS MAUROLYCUS.
Ed.

pr.

See
Title.

Venice, 1575.

1575.

p. 348.

See Fig. 172.

Colophon.

'

Libri fecundi Arithmeticorum Maurolyci

//decimaoctaua,

cum multo

diei Sabbati, qui fuit lulij 249.

pontis

&

finis:

bora

Cum // Meffanse

arcus // apparatu expectaretur

lo.

Cerda,//

Methynenfium Dux,//Prorex. Indict. 15.//M. D. LVII.// Venetiis, M D LXXV.//Apud Francifcum Francifcium Senenfem.'

(R

183.)

Description.

4,

15.9

X 20.9

cm., the text being 13.3

17.2

200 pp. (175 numb.), 40 11. Venice, 1575.

Editions. This is the first edition, and from the colophon it
appears that it lay in manuscript from 1557 to 1575. A second
edition appeared in Venice in 1580. The 'Arithmeticorum libri
cm.

dvo' formed the second volume of the 'Opuscula Mathematica

(Venice, 1575;

The work

is

p. 348).

mediaeval, dealing solely with the Boethian theory of

numbers. It was one of the last of the extensive sixteenth-century

Italian works of this nature, and shows considerable originality in the
treatment of figurate numbers. Maurolycus was by no means a mere
compiler, but a man of creative power.

HENRICUS BRUCiEUS.

Ed.

pr.

1575.

Rostock, 1575.

Born at Most, Flanders, c. 1531 died at Rostock, December 31, 1593.

He was professor of mathematics at Rome, and later professor of medicine
;

at Rostock.

Title.

See Fig. 173.

Description. 8, 9.5

76

ff.

(i

blank), 25

11.

15.1 cm., the text being 6.5

Rostock, 1575.

1.6

cm.

FRANCISCl

MAVROLYCL
ABBATIS
D.

MESSANENSIS.

Mathematici celcberrimi

ARITHMETICOKVM

>

LlBRl DVO,

NVNC PRIMVM INLVCEM

EDITI.
(um rerum omnmm nomhtlmrru
.

INDICE COPIOSISSIMO.

CV M PR VI
Veneujs>

I
L EGIO.
Apud FrancifcumFrancifciuni Sencnfcm.
M D LX X V.

Fig. 172.

Title page of the Lib ri duo

o\-

maurolycus

RARA ARITHMETICA

352

There was no other

Editions.

This

is

edition.

a Latin-school manual, in two

of arithmetic,

and

chiefly of mediaeval

'

books.'
ratios.

The first book treats

The second treats of

algebra, the equations being considered from the standpoint of geometry,

HENRICI
B

RV

Ci^I

BELGiE,
MATHEMaTICA1{VM
exercitationv m
LIBRl DVO.

ROSTOCHII
IKCVOEBAT IftCOHVt tVciVi
TRANSYLVANVS.

x^nno M. D.
Fig. 173.

LXXK

Title page of BRUc.tus

and some attention being given to surd numbers,

roots,

and the

rule of

false.

Other works of 1^75. Gemma, p. 206, 1540; Kobel, p. 102, 15 14;

1566; Mariani, p. 181, 1535; Salignac, p. 359,

Lapazzaia, p. 322,

PRINTKI) HOOKS
1577: Xylander, p. 356, 1577: Mauriciiis
metices praecepta,' Leipzig, 8.

Works of 1576. Gemma,

gliente, p. 115, 15 15

353

SumiiiikjI/,

(icrsbach,

'

Arilh-

200, 1540;

j).

Joseph Lange,

'

Petri, j). 325, 1567

'I'aArithmclica,' Copenhagen, S.
;

GIRJKA GORLA Z GORLSSTEYNA.

Ed.

pr.

Czcrny, 1577.

1577.

Polish Rechenmeister of the huter half of the sixteenth century.

See Fig. 174.

'Wytifftenow // Starem Hefte Pra^ kem// v Girijka
C.serneho.//Letha Pane///M. D. LXXVII.' (F. XC, r.)
Title.

Colophon.

Dcsci-iption.

ff.

Editions.

8,

9.5

15.9 cm., the text being 7.2

+ 89 numb.

unnumb.

(Roman)

There was no other

= 98

ff.,

21

11.

cm.

1.7

Czerny, 1577.

edition.

in the Fohsh language published

and is very rare. There was a copy in the
Boncompagni sale, but the book is seldom mentioned by bibliographers.
It consists of five parts, the first dealing chiefly with the fundamental

This

is

one of the few arithmetics

in the sixteenth century,

operations

with

counters,

the second with

written operations,

the

and the

fifth

third with fractions, the fourth with business arithmetic,

with the rule of false and allied topics.

DIONIS GRAY.
A London

126

ff.

Editions.

This

pr.

London, 1577.

1577.

See Y\g. 175.

Title.

Description.

cm.

Ed.

goldsmith of the second half of the si.xteenth century.

is

(8

Sm.

8,

8.8

unnumb.).

13.8 cm., the text being 6.5

12

London, 1577.

London, 1577,

8 (here described);

ib.,

1586,

a practical arithmetic, consisting of four parts.

containeth foundrie partes of Arithmetique, that

is

'

The

8.

firft

to fay,' the funda-

I'he feconde
mental operations with integers, including progressions.
parte, containeth the faid partes feruyng for practife of broken numbers
The third part containeth the fondrie Rules of proor fraccions.'
'

'

portion, furthered

and the

by

rule of false.

breuetie,'

vfe of the forefaid partes,'

'

The

or short processes.

and includes

alligation

fourth parte containeth fondrie Rules of

It

is

one of the

earliest

metics to contain rules and definitions in rhyme.

English arith-

For example,

in

KARA ARITHMETICA

354

M.

1^

D.

LXXVIL

. -^--

Fic. 174.

Title page of girjka gorla

-'J
z

gorlssteyna

PRINTHl) HOOKS
And

speaking of addition (".ray says

here a fewe lines in verie

355

for lo amplilie the clfecle, lake

^ i^Theftore-hoiifeof W.
Breuitie in <-v'-uoorkes of\Acontainyng

^r^

foHndrie fanes ofthe Science tn m hole

y^
tt
i

anDb?oUcn numbcr0, Uiicb cljc

V^w-.

lc0 of p?opouton,funfji rcu to p^oS^

table ufc

3s

alfo fiinuerie rules of

a5?emticofU)ojhe,ofrdrc,plea--

Sj

faunte. anD commoDiouisf

c.y

c{fcctr,fecfo?tlKbp

KK
Vi

"DioyjisCrayQf

lonbon
CoiDfmitf;.
1577.

fflmpriKtcd at LZdonfor jVtlUam

Narto-^yVidlhon

Har.-fo.'7y

dv:ellyng'tn l^aulcs

Church-yard.

Fig.

'

f.

afvvcll the

rithcmctikc

75-

.K

W
fc
^
h^

>X).-

\^
^'

PAGE OK GRAY

C.0 fondrie fommes perticulars, one totall for to frame,

Set them doune right orderly, as worke doeth beft require
What place ye giue to any one, the reft let haue the fame.
So maie you well performe the 'ffecte, of what you doe defire.
:

The

rule

is

then continued in a series of verses.

KARA ARITHMETICA

356

GUILIELMUS XYLANDER.
Ed.

Heidelberg, 1577.

pr. 1577.

WiLHELM HoLTZMANN. Boin at Augsbuig, December 26, 1532 died at

Heidelberg, February 10, 1576. He was professor of Greek at Heidelberg.
;

See Fig. 176.

Excudebat lacobus Mylius, impenfis // Matthaej
Harnifch.//M. D. LXXVII.' (F. 52, v.)
Title.

Colophon.

'

4, 14.9 X 19.2 cm., the text being 10.5 X 16. i

unnumb. + 50 numb. = 52 ff., 31 11. Heidelberg, 1577.
Editions. There was no other edition of this work. Xylander
translated several Greek works into Latin, among them Euclid

Description.

cm,

ff.

(Basel, 1562) and Diophantus (Basel, 1575, fol). The 'Opuscula'

appeared a year after his death. Xylander also edited Psellus

(Basel, 1556).

As the title states, this work is divided into four parts. The first
and most extensive (ff. 1-22) relates to astronomy. The second is
purely arithmetical (ff. 22-36), and treats of common fractions, giving
the usual operations and the rule of three. The arrangement of this
part is peculiar, addition and subtraction being treated together, after
which division is explained, multiplication coming last. This order
would be justified if Xylander had reduced his fractions to fractions

common

having a

denominator, but he merely follows the usual rule of

The third section is De svrdis, qvos
(f. 29, v.).

cross multiplication

vocant, nvmeriis

iis,

'

qvi a qvadratis

primo nafcuntur,

Inftitutio

do-

cendo explicanda,' a chapter now conventionally placed in our algebras. The fourth section relates to the celestial globe and the astrolabe
(ff.

46-50).

PIETRO ANTONIO CATTALDI.

Ed.

pr.

Bologna, 1577.

1577.

Cataldi, Cataldo. Born at Bologna in 1548 died at Bologna, February

Professor of mathematics and a.stronomy at Florence (1563), Peru1, 1626.
gia {1572), and Bologna (1584). He wrote several mathematical works, and
is
due
the beginning of the theory of continued fractions (1613).
to him
;

Title.

See Fig. 177.

Description.

cm.

ff.

4,

14.3

unnumb., 40

X 19.6 cm., the

11.

text being 10.9

Bologna, 1577.

16.7

PRIN'l^:i) I'.OOKS

357

VSCVLA
OPMATHEMATIC
DOMINI
AVGVSTAKL
tyi/fhrifmi CofmogntphicUiierL

t)e Surdorum Numerorum natura

Ve yfu Glohi & TUnis^harij

& tmUatme Uheu

era^dtut.

ffKrn.

HE

D E

L3

j^

Excudcbatlacobus Mylius , impenfis

MatthaeiHarnilch.

Fig. 176.

Title page of xylander

RARA ARITHMETICA

358

LETTIONI
DVE PIETR
ANTONIO
DI

CATTALDI BOLOGNESE

fATTE NELL/ICADEMIA
dei Dt[jegno dt

Pemgta,

ALLI GENEROSI,ET VIIITVOSISSIMI

Signori Academici , il Signer Caualier Paciotto,
il Signor Caualieio Anallagi

&

In Bologna.
PerGiouanni Rofsi
Con Ikentia de
Fig. 177.

mdlxxvi

f.

Supertcri

Title page of cattaldi

PRINTED BOOKS
There was no other

Editiois.

pseudonym

the

Aritmetica
fetti

cal

'

Pcrito Annotio, a

Prima Parte

'

(Bologna, 1602) and a

(Bologna, 1603), but like

'

'

under

his

dclla

under

Pratica

Trattato dei numeri perstrictly

mathemati-

The second

part of the

of his

all

works they appeared after 1600.

'Pratica' appeared

359

Cattalcli wrote,

edition.

own name

1606.

in

This book hardly deserves to be ranked in a list of arithmetics. I

have included it, however, because in his first address Cattaldi treats
somewhat of numbers, and in the second address he applies arithmetic to
mensuration.

book

is

The treatment

a typographical one

numbers,

all

is

of the fractions have

Other uwrks of i^yj.

Capella, p. 68, 1499

and the

mediaeval,

for,

chief interest in the

the printer not being able to set such

been written

Borghi, p. 16, 1484

Cressfelt, p. 290,

in

by hand.

Buckley, p. 252, c. 1550

Herbestus, p. 303, 1561

1557
Hobel, p. 314, 1563 Ramus, p. 331, 1569 Seton, p. 252 (see Buckley,
Miguel Berenguer, De
c. 1552); Anonymous, Arithmetica,' Debreczin
numerorum antiquorum notis,' Saragossa (ieorg Gehrl, Ein nutzlich
and kiinftlich Rechenbuch auff der Federn,' Prag, 8 Johann Jung, an
\

'

'

1557 (no copy extant?); Bernhard Salignacus,

Tractatus de Arithmetica Partium et Alligationis,' Frankfort (Peacock
Regula veri,' Heidelberg, 1578, and Arithmeticae
says 1575); also
arithmetic, Liibeck,

c.

'

'

'

Libri II, et Algebrae totidem,' Frankfort, 1580, 4;

ib.,

1593, 4-

JACQUES CHAUVET CHAMPENOIS.

Ed.

pr.

Paris, 1578.

1578.

Professor of mathematics
the sixteenth century.

Title.

in the

University of Paris, in the second half of

See Fig. 178.

Description.

8,

10.

17 cm., the text being 7.5

14 cm.

392 pp., 28-29 11. Paris, 1578.

383 numb.
9 pp. unnumb.
Editions. There was no other edition. The privilege is dated
'

a Paris

le

huictiefme iour de Septembre, M. D. LXXVII.', and

the dedicatory epistle

The
a

'

De

chief interest in the

man who was

Paris ce 28. de

book

lies in

Nouembre

the fact that

it

1577.'

was written by

so interested in military matters as to take a large

ber of his applied problems from

army

life.

The arrangement

num-

of the

is not peculiar, but the great array of military problems is unique,

and, having been j)rei)ared especially for this work, would form an

book

RARA ARITHMETICA

36o

LES

INSTITVTIONS
DEL'ARITHMETIQVEDB
I

A C C^V ES

CHAVVET CHAMPE-

nois,ProfelIeUr es Mathcmatiques ea

rVniuerfite de Parisjdiuifecs en
quatre parties.-auec vn petit

Traide des fradlions

Aikonomiques.

A PARIS,
CheT. Hierofme de Marnef,au

mont

S.Hilaire,arenfeigne du Pelicaric

1578.
AVHC PRIVILEGE DV

Fig, 178.

ROY..

Title page of chauvet champenois

PRIN'ri^) IU)()KS

361

army conditions

interesting source for the study of

in

1^'rance in the

sixteenth century.

Other works of i^jS. Capella, ]). 66, 1499 Oemnia, \). 200, 1540
p. 355, 1569; SaHgnacus, \). 359, 1577; 'Jarlagha, p. 278,
1556 Trenchant, p. 320, 1566.
;

Ramus,
;

JOHANN OTTO.
A
1

Ed.

pr.

and

579,

.signed

is

'

Leiivjg, 1579.

1579.

Freiburg Rechenmeister, born

c.

The dedicatory

1529.

Johan Otto. yEtatis

f ua; 50,'

epistle is dated
which approximately fixes

the date of Otto'.s birth.

See Fig. 179.

Getruckt zu Leipzig/ bey Johan // Rhambawcs
Seligcrs hinderlaf-//nen Erben/ I579-' (? 423-)
Title.

Co/ophon.

'

Description.

cm.

424

4,

14.5

19.

pp. (381 numb.),

Editions.

The book

There was no other

17.5

Leipzig, 1579.

11.

edition.

entirely of tables, although the

composed almost

is

11.7X

cm., the text being

28-38

first

few pages give a brief treatment of counter reckoning.

CHRISTIAN URSTISIUS.

Ed.

pr.

Basel, 1579.

1579.

Allassiderus, Allassisiderus, Wursteisen, Urstis. Born at Basel in

1544 died at Basel March 30, 1588. He was educated at Basel and became
professor of mathematics (1565) and aftei-wards {1585) of theology in that
;

university.

Title.

See Fig. 180.

Colophon.
//ricpetri,

'

Basileae Helve-//tiorvm,//per

An. hvmanitatis //

Menfe Augufto.'

(P.

Editions.

11.

On

p.

Sebastianvm Hen-

Dei, CI3. ID.

LXXIX.//

192.)

Description. 8, 10.3

192 pp., 25-28

Filii

16.6 cm., the text being 6.4

1.2

cm.

Basel, 1579.

192

is

a woodctit with the date 1569, evi-

dently used from some earlier work of the printer's. Murhard

Zwey Biicher von
(vol. I, p. 173) mentions a work by Urstisius,
'

der Rechenkunft, defsgleichen in der deutfchen Sprache nie aus-

gegangen,' Basel, 1569,

been used.

He

4,

in

which

this

woodcut may have

also mentions an edition at Basel in 1595.

English translation by T.

Hood appeared

in 1596.

An

Calculator.

bttc^ fut^dllc/ foArithmeticam ItCb ^(ttett/

3tifbttt)cr^rit a6rr ffirKaufRcut / 2fmpt$perfoitctt/
J:34nD(cr/j^amatJttDalIefampt (^iefden5fcoDafau|5(cJn^ffc6<
aaff

We aa?as:tn^ewf<^ob^dt^terKt>tic^m

^5d etoot

itdpiiflrgetf

2ri!cljanC>ctn0rfbtm gW^ofrtrofctcnflUcfe/otd iu 5rancffort art dcr

C6cr/ ^u 5f f i&er0 / ^rcf^w/ 2vmiptni^ ^n^ 2fitttkr0 / etc- vnb in fumma

(left:

aHcntfjalbctt/ tt>o()fr(rcnfcrauff

no. ffun5mw0etcUrt<(l. X>atimmaVU

eums

f cuff miff (Tcntiier gut/ n& anborcr fantcmfcflw tv^arm attdtta^cnfef

gar be()en6 on? Muliipliciren tn^ Diui<liren , alWtt tttrt^ bkaUorWc^ttPc

ma

fpecies

ter Addition ob^reumtnirettd/ Vit^ottc^ andttemHatceUc^^ttiu

fccrj tattfoit

ExcmplaVtt55ra0m^ttpn&w/im&

atttfittiafm fdii-

SQ^od

a&frmf&r<rdittM^r{m;Crttrt0O?rtflf/ iftrtuff^

fiittftcStudiofam^^tt ^rdBrr^itt ^erattm

Pfalm.90.

iMandmiVOMlKVS angeiisjuisdeu^'vifupfidmt
U m ommbus vjjs tuis^

^dpUsI
Fin. 179.

Title page of otto

PRINTED BOOKS

363

book written by a gymnasium teacher, who was filled with a

love of the classical learning, and yet who recognized that the old
Boethian arithmetic must give way to the practical treatment demanded
This

is

ELEMENTA

AR

T
HMETlCiE, LOGU
I

CIS. L E G IB VS
DED VC

T A,

In ufum Academiae
'

Bafil,

Opera Grfiudio

Christian! Vrstisit,
Mdthemat'icdrMri profffi^
forls.

BASILED,
PER.

Sebastianvm Henri CPETR.U

Fig. 180.

Title

i-acik

of urstisius

As a result it is a somewhat heavy treatment of

operpart of the old theory of numbers, together with the fundamental
of three,
ations, roots, and certain commercial applications of the rule

by modern conditions.

of partnership,

and

of alligation.

Urstisius expresses his indebtedness

RARA ARITHMETICA

364
a very extensive

Gemma

Ramus, Salignacus,

chiefly to Euclid,

list

and Scheubel, not

Frisius,

for 1579.

Other works of 1579. Digges, p. 340, 1572 Gemma, p. 200, 1540;

Mariani, p. 181, 1535; Riese, p. 139, 1522; Tagliente, p. 115, 15 15;
Anonymous, Nouvelle et facile methode d'arithm^tique,' Lyons, 16;
Miguel de Eleyzalde, Guia de contadores,' Madrid, 4.
;

'

'

GIAMBATTISTA BENEDETTI.
Ed.

Turin, 1585.

1580.

pr.

Bom at Venice,

August 14, 1530; died

Philosopher and mathematician of the Duke of

Johannes Baptista Benedictus.

at Turin,

January

20, 1590.

Savoy.
Title.

'

lo.

Baptistae // Benedicti // Patritij Veneti Philofophi.

//Diversarvm Specvlationvm // Mathematicarum,

// Liber.//

Quarum

&

Phyficarum

feriem fequens pagina indicabit.//

Ad

Sere-

nissimvm Carolvm Emanvelem // Allobrogvm, et Svbalpinorvm

//DvcemInvicti.ssimvm.//(Large woodcut.) Tavrini,ApudHaeredemNicolaiBeuilaqu3e,MDLXXXV.//Superioribuspermiffum.'
(F. 3-)

Fol., 20.7

Description.

numb.

425 pp.
part devoted
Editions.

X 30

10 unnumb.

to arithmetic),

Turin, 1580,

Venice, 1599,

42-46

fol.;

X 23 cm.

cm., the text being 14.5

ib.,

blank
11.

436

pp. (118 in the

Turin, 1585.

1585,

fol.

(here described);

fol.

This work is composed of six parts, of which the first is entitled

Theoremata Arithmetical The other five parts relate respectively to
perspective, mechanics, Aristotle, Euclid's book on proportion, and
'

physics.

The

of theory,

and

arithmetic
is

is

a scientific consideration of various matters

best illustrated by the following theorems, which, as

is

'Theorema IIII. Cvr

multiplicaturi fractos cum integris, recte multiplicent humerantem
denomifracti per numerum integrorum, partianturque productum per
nante fracti, ex quo numerus qusefitus colligitur.' 'Theorema XXIX.
Qvid caufffi eft, cur fubtracto duplo product! duorum numerorum ad
inuicem multiplicatoru ex fumma fuorum quadratorum, Temper quod

usually the case, are stated in the

form of questions

All such
fuper eft duorum numerorum quadratum differentiae fit?
questions are answered by the aid of diagrams, quite as Euclid would
have done. The graphic treatment is even applied to such problems as
'

that of the couriers

(/Theorema CXIIII').

There

is

an interesting

HOOKS

PRINTr:i)
'

ApiK'mlix

spccvlalione regvlac

(Ic

falsi,'

which

365
aiilhniclK

close-s the

an elaborate explanation, with grajihit aids, of the nde of

false which was then so common.
As a specimen of graphic arithmetic, combining the ICuclidean theory with the Renaissance practice, Benedetti's book is worthy of more
attention than it has received. It may be inferred from some of his

and

sets forth

statements that, although purely a theorist himself, he recognized the

much

obsolete nature of
It is

that the practical arithmetics

common

possible that the

had

to offer.

partnership problems were already con-

sidered too traditional, for he says

'
:

Svpponunt antiqui aliquot merca-

tores dantes pccunias lucro in diuerfis vnius anni tcmporibus,' etc.

ISAAC RIESE.
One

Ed.

pr.

of the five sons of

Leipzig, 1580.

1580.

Adam

Kiese

(p. 138).

See Fig. i8i.

Title.

'Gedruckt zu Leipzig // ben Mans

Colophon.

Jar//M. D. LXXX.'
Description. 4, 14.

(P.

X 17.9 cm., the

Rhambaw/ //im

402.)
text being 11

16.5 cm.

36 pp. unmimb. + 366 numb. =402 pp. Leipzig, 1580.

Editions. There was no other sixteenth-century edition.
Although
is

largely

this

book contains a

made up

not a textbook, and

(Leipzig,

brief treatment of the operations,

of tables for the use of merchants.

1 believe

it

it

It is therefore

went through only one other edition

61 9).

WILLEM RAETS.

Ed.

pr.

1580.

Antwerp, 1580.

arithmetician of Maastricht. The privilege is dated May 22, 1576,

and mentions only the name of Raets. Coignet (Cognet) in his preface, however, speaks of his particular friend ('mijn zoderiinge goet vrient ') Raets as
dead ('meynen ouerlede vrient '), so that he very Hlcely died between i 576 and

A Dutch

1580.

Title.

Coignet was also the editor of Menher's arithmetic (see

Description.

88

p. 346).

See Fig. 182.

8,

9.8

14.7 cm., the text being 7.4

1.9

cm.

unnumb., 27-31 11. Antwerp, 1580.

Editions. There was no other edition.
ff.

one of several elementary business arithmetics ap]:)earing

It is a small book of no special
merit save as it shows the style of commercial problems of the period.
The similarity of the title page to that of Menher's 'Arithmetiqve
This work

in

the

Low

is

Countries about this time.

seconde' of 1556

(p.

283)

is

interesting.

RARA ARITHMETICA

366

5tS^

S
farii o.^^f^nt)tgctt)ir^tgct/ t^arinticn Die ^c^alutige
^cc^nung
in (inf auffcn mt) t?crf auffcn/ one fonDctc irciilc ufftiac
c*
^arbf ^enD ^u ftntcn : Zmfi t>on aUctlc 9 a)?a^ / dUn I t>nt)
wfc^t fauff. amp( me^r angc^cngtcn a jfc(n auff t)<c C5)?a=

(ttjfc^f gcrtc^tef.

ixeslctc^m

cine

^cc^fel $)^cc^nun3 auff

^In^^nb 0101/1?. ^m&aufflcutm/

:^potC(fcm/

c^#rn/ 1?.

O^tit)

^cntJlcrn/

Dcm 9cm<i*

nm 0)?<nn fc^r Df cnfltic^ a3^^

^(b^mfejlci0att|ft>ieSJWWcf;eSyfiJnftctnib

au cipMg/ "SoriiMt^ Der ^cfwrt in

S)?ltWilt|IHc^ere^firc^Q5c3ttaMtti3t)nt>

Fig.

181.

Title page of isaac riese

PRINTKD BOOKS
Apiamis,

Other ivorks 0/ ij8o.

p.

(lemma,

367

155, 1527; Baker, p. 327, 15C8

200, 1540; Gyraldus, p. 254,

1552 Mariani, p. 180, 1535 Maurolycus, p. 35o. i575; Ramus, p. 331,
1569; Ringhieri, p. 253, 1551; Salignacus, p. 359, 1577; J. Ammo-

Cassiodorus, p. 211, 1540

p.

.JpnH^IMETICA
^^
Oft

etn nteib Ciiffetboecft/ftaii

mikm

aaets/

iHE^acftncljtec.

7Var in die Fondamenten feer grondelijck verclaert

eR met vccl fchoone qucflien ghcilluftreert worden,tot nut ende oorbaer van alle CoopUede
ende licfhcbbers der feluer Conftcn.

Met noch een Tralaet vande VViJfclroede, met Amo^

Coimi

fatten verc'tert, door Mich'iel

T'hantwerpen,

Ztn bupfe tjan 1^enD?ich l^cnUucreu/ intrc

tdicbiocme.
Met Priuilcgic van
Fig.

nius,

'

182.

<>

and

ratiocinationis,' ib., 8;

o.

Title page of raets

Isagoge Arithmetica,' Wittenberg, 8

introductio,' Cologne, 8,

um

thicn lacren.

'

Compendium

C. Zuccantini,

'

H.

Flicker,

'

Arithmetices

calculorum, seu projectili-

Libro d'Albaco,' Siena, 12.

KARA ARITHMETICA

368

ANTONIO MARIA VISCONTI.

Ed. pr.

Brescia, 1581.

581.

latter part of the sixteenth century.

See Fig. 183.

Title.

Colophon.

mathematician of Piacenza, of the

'

Brixiae.// apud lacob.

D L XXXI.//Svperiorvm
Description.

4,

14.8

X 20.2

in

Murhard

is

Policretum de Turlinis.//
(P. 301.)

cm., the text being 9.4

304 pp. (289 numb.), 37 11.

Editions. There was no other

cm.

date 155

&

Premissv.'

15.6

Brescia, 1581.
edition.

a misprint.

Riccardi believes the

find

no such edition.

is a combination of algebra, advanced

and the mensuration of river lands. The arithmetic is designed to be an application of the algebra, and includes
roots, equation of payments, proportion, and a little bookkeeping.
Other works of 1^81. Anonymous, p. 195, 1539 Fischer (Piscator),
Lonicerus, p. 253, 1551;
p. 247, 1549; Gemma, p. 200, 1540;
Peverone, p. 290, 1558; Ramus, p. 330, 1569; Riese, p. 139, 1522
Johann Kandleon, Arithmetica,' Regensburg (referred to in the carelessly prepared Boncompagni sale catalogue, but probably the Kaudler

This rare and curious book

arithmetic, geometry,

'

of 1 591). There was also 'A short Introduction to Arithmetic'

published anonymously in London c. 1581-90, 8.

book

JULIUS CAESAR
Ed.

pr.

of Padua.

1582.

Frankfort, 1678.

German-Italian teacher of the sixteenth century.

Julii Caesaris // von Padua // Arithmetifche // PracWelche in alien Landern // fehr nutzlich kan gebraucht
// werden/ bey Kauff- und Ver-//kauffung allerley Wahren/
auch//die grotlen Muntz-Sorten in //kleine/und die kleine in
groffe // zu verwandeln :// Samt der Erklarung/ wor-//inn ein
Jedweder/der nur die // Ziffern kenet/alfobald fehen kan///
wie diO Buchlein zu verftehen ift.// Nebenft Morgen- und Abend//Gebehtenund Gefangen/den//reyfenden Perfonen gar bequem
Title.

'

tick/ //

// bey fich zu fuhren.// Und dann letzlich/ eine kurtze Be-//

fchreibung/ der denckwurdigften // Sachen/ fo von Anfang der

Welt/ biO // zu diefer Zeit/ vorgangen.// Franckfurt am Mayn/

//Druckts Blafius Jll^ner/im Jahr 1678.' (P. i.)

PRINTED BOOKS

369

ANTONII MARIAE
V

C E C O

CIVIS PLACENTINr,
Pradica Numerorum,

& Menfurarum, ac Alluuionispatticioneni,

& vc in Indice fcquenti

iaueftigandi

B R 1 X 1 AE
APVD lACOBVM, ET POLYCKTVM
dcTurlinisFratrcs.
Fig.

181.

158*'

Title pace ok

isconti

KARA ARITHMETICA

370
Description.

12, 4.7

11 cm., the text

504 pp. (239 and 258 numb.)

tables 28

being 3.9 x 9.8 cm.

other pages 22 11.

11.,

Frankfort, 1678.

Strasburg, 1582, 16;

Editions.

ib.,

1583;

ib.,

1585;

ib.,

1592, and after 1600 as late as 1679.

The

part of the

first

work

is

devoted to multiplication tables.

is

followed by a chapter on chronology.

is

a separate book of prayer,

same date (1678).

of the

'

Chriftliche

There

is

The

last

This

part of this edition

Morgen- Und Abend Gebeht,'

nothing arithmetical in the work

except the tables.

GASPARO SCARUFFI.
An
Title.

Ed.

pr.

Reggie, 1582.

1582.

Italian jurist of the sixteenth century.

See Fig. 184.

'In Reggie,// Per Hercoliano

Colophon.

LXXXIL'

Description.

cm.

65

ff.,

32

FoL, 21 X 30.2 cm., the text being 12.7 x 19.5

Reggie, 1582.
is

the only sixteenth-century edition of Sca-

work, the privilege being dated July

catory epistle

The work
monete,' and
slightly

M.D.-

11.

This

Editions.
ruffi's

Bartoli. //

(F. 65, V.)

is,

however, dated at Reggie,

15, 1582.

May

called in the running headlines a

is

is

a historical treatise on

money and

'

The

dedi-

16, 1579.

Discorso sopra

le

coinage, touching

on exchange.

GASPARO SCARUFFI.

Ed.

pr. '1582.

Reggie, 1582.

See above.
Title.

'

Breve Instrvttione // sopra

il

discorso // f atto dal Mag.

M.// Gaspare Scarvffi,// per regelare le cese delli //danari.//

(Woodcut representing a bishop, surrounded by these words: S.
Prosper // Episcopvs // Regii //.) In Reggie,// per Hercoliano
Bartoli.// M. D. LXXXII.' (F. i, r.)
Colophon.

'Di Reggie

il

xvij.

Aprile.

M.D.LXXXI.'

(F.

The colophon and title page do not agree as to date.

Description. FoL, 21 X 30.2 cm., the text being 12.8 x 20 cm.
9 ff., 27-30 11. Bound with the preceding work. Reggie, 1582.
9, r.)

PRINTKl) BOOKS

DIM.GASPARO SCARVTFI REGIANO

PER FARE
RAGIONE.

ET CONCORDANZA D ORo'

E I>ARGENTO; CHE SERVTRA IN VNIVERSALE;

TANTO PER PROVEDERE A GU INFINITI ABVSI
EEL TOSARE, ET GVASTARE MONETE; Q^MsJTO
PER RZGOLARE OGNI SORTE DI PAGAMENTl
ET RIDVRRE ANOO TVTTO IL MONDO

ADVNA SOLA MONETA.

Fig.

184.

Title page ok scaruffi

RARA ARITHMETICA

372

There was no other

Editions.

edition.

verbose commentary on certain parts of Scaruffi's work.

See

p. 370.

JOANNES THOMAS FREIGIUS.

Ed.

Basel, 1582.

1582.

pr.

Swiss educator of the sixteenth century.

loan. Thomae // Freigii I. V. D.// Paedagogvs.// Hoc

libellvs//ostendens, qva ratio-//ne prima artivm ini-//tia
pueris quam facilli-//me tradi pof-Z/fint.// Basileae,// per SebasTitle.

'

est,

tianvm//Henricipetri.'
Colophon.

(P.

i.)

Basileae,// per

'

Sebastianvm Hen-//ricpetri, anno

XXCn.//Menfe Septem-

salvtis//noftre inftauratae CI3. 13.

bri.'

(P. 383-)

Description.

cm.

8,

10.

unnumb.

17 pp.

15.8 cm., the text being 6.8

blank

366 numb.

384

pp.,

12.4

30-3

11.

Basel, 1582.

Editions.

There was no other

edition.

a general summary of the subject-matter of education, published, after the author's death, by his two sons John Thomas and John
Oswald (Joannes Osualdus) Freigius. The section devoted to arithmetic begins on p. 144 and ends on p. 156, and p. 145 is reproduced
This

is

Only the fundamental operations with integers, fractions,

and compound numbers are given, save for nine lines on the Aurea
in Fig. 185.

'

Regula

uulgo uocatur regula Detri.'

MATTHEW

HOSTUS.

A German
Title.

Ed.

pr.

Antwerp, 1582.

1582.

educator of the sixteenth century.

See Fig. 186.

ColopJion.

'

Matthaeus Hoftus Francofordiae ad Qderam haec

obferuata congerebat
gratificaturus.

Anno

& edebat elegantioris literaturae // ftudiofis

Chrifto nato CI3. 13.

(On map

LXXXI.'

at end.)

Description.

61 pp. numb.
(colophon

Editions.

8,

10

14.6 cm., the text being ^.6

blank

= 64

pp.,

20-32

581).

There was no other

edition.

11.

13.3 cm.

Antwerp, 1582

PRINTED BOOKS

373

AHITHMETTC A.

DE

Quid' eft AiithiiK'tica

H^

bene nmiera.idiSubicdi^m Igitur Arithmicie

T^fl ars

tfmmtm.
Q2pt funt confidcrandain nuiuero?
Vuo: }^ota(ioonumerailo.
Quxnam eft Notatio

UmminahacofcnbendicTnotandidtccmnotafunt^
,j_, .^.5. 6.7.8.9.0.

CircKfMi per /erMfjj!/i^rM//cdf,Hd-

Ut tmtn ad alien notai

amplijiccidm fro uarijigrudibui.

Htie.ioo.iooo.ioooo.

Qusnam fuerunt notx Roma*

noriim?

^. D.

I.

X.

to.

C.

xoo.

?oo-

lo.

CXD-

I.

00. C

L.
CMd. v^

Qiimgentd.

D.

103.

J,

XImx.

5000.

iD3D-$0'

CCCIooD-

4.

uJzioe.Deccmrrnllidt

Q}tlnc^uagmtamilU(i.

to6ooo.Cn<fmmiI/id*
<ooooo.Q}<wgen<4wJf^rf.

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CCCCIDD3D.

M'lUe.

Quf'ti^Mcmj/fj*/.

CCiDD. 10000.

iooo.

CCCClDODD.xOo6ooo.Dmej

nomam nmen non j;>rogredmtur ultra

decks cemen<t

milliaillancuplurdfigmficareuoUmt,dufUcamr.otAv.ut,

CO

<* 1000.

CIO. ClO- CIO. 30'

CIO, 10. ijoo. CO D.

B'

k
Fig.

85

From the Fccdagogvs of

loo
fkeigius

RARA ARITHMETICA

374

NVMERATIONE
EMEI^DATA,
VETERIBVS

LATINIS

tx'GRitClS VSITATA,
<5Matth<co

HoHo

Antverp
Ex

auoiore.

i/e,

ofHcina Chrifloplum Plancini.

M. D.
Fig.

86.

X X X

I.

Title page of hostus

PRINTED BOOKS

375

on the various numeral systems found

This is
in Renaissance literature. It includes the Arabic system, and the (Jreek,
Latin, and Hebrew (' gens ludaica,' as Hostus sjjeaks of it) systems,
a semi-historical treatise

and a chapter
a

Numerorum Aftronomicis

I)e notis

'

astrological

mediaeval

of

set

numerals

also

(luibufdam

vfitalis,'

dcscritjcd

fully

by

Noviomagus.

MAFFEO POVEIANO.
A

92

pr.

Bergamo, 1582.

1582.

See Fig. 187.

Title.

4,

Description.

cm.

Ed.

Veronese arithmetician of the sixteenth century.

15.1

(83 numb.),

ff.

X 16.5 cm., the text being

22-26 11. Bergamo, 1582.

There was no other

Editions.

10.3

15.6

edition.

An

ordinary treatment of the fundamental operations, with a few

applications to mercantile affairs. The book had not enough merit to

warrant a second edition. The second part of the work treats of elementary mensuration. The book is little known, and, like many others
list, is not mentioned by De Morgan.
Other works 0/1582. Gemma, p. 200, 1540; Moya, p. 310, 1562
Clement, Summa del
Sacrobosco, p. 32, 1488 Stevin, p. 386, 1585
Ognibene de
arte arithmetica, de Fr. de Sant Clement,' Barcelona, 4

in this

'

Castellano,

'

lineamento i)ertinente aU' intendere facilmente quello,

altri Eccellentiss. Mathematici ha trattato oscuramente,'

II

che Euclide &

Vincenza, 8 (contains some theory of numbers see also p. 306, 1561)
Mellema, Arithmetique composte de plusieurs inventions et problemes
;

'

nouveaux,' Antwerp,

2 vol.,

1582 and 1586.

CHRISTOPHER CLAVIUS.
Christoph

Ki.AiT.

Born

at

Ed.

Bamberg

in

pr.

Rome, 1583.

1583.

1537; died at

Rome, February

2.
He was a Jesuit priest, and taught mathematics in the
Rome. He wrote a number of treatises on mathematics.

161
at

Title.

6,

Jesuit college

See Fig. 188.

Description.

219 pp. numb.

13

Rome, 1583,

Editions.

Rome, 1585,
tions after

X 16.6 cm., the text being 8 X 13.3 cm.

unnumb. = 232 pp., 38 11. Rome, 1583.

8, 10.5

1600

translation of
of Clavius in

8 (here described)

8 (p. 378); Cologne, 1592.

378 for the 1602

mentioned on p. 378.

(see p.

1586 is
five volumes appeared

Cologne, 1584;

There were
edition).

The

also edi-

The

Italian

collected works

at Basel in 161 2, fol.

RARA ARITHMETICA

2,1^

FATTOKE
LIBRO D'ARITFIMETICA.
ET

GEOMETRIA PRATTICAXE.

MAFFEO POVEIANO

DI M.

VERONESE.
Opera noua

& vtiliflima->

Vdk pl^brm y& generdli pTAttkhe

necejpirie

IN

che ufar ft poffano i

ad ogrimo .

Con Hcenza de' Supcrlori.

BERGAMO LANNO
M D
Per

L X.X X

DI

N.

I.

Comln Ventura , Stampatorein cila Citta.

Fk;.

187.

Title

pa(;e

of poveiano

SIG.

PRINTED HCKJKS

in

CHRISTOPHORI
C L A V

BAMBERGENSIS
E

SOCIETATE
I

BPirOME ^ RltHMEticx Pra6itca,

PER.MISSV SVPEarORVM.
Ex Typographid D om'mk'i B.tfa,

^OM*AE

Fig.

188.

Title PAGE OF CLAVIUS

1 5g j

RARA ARITHMETICA

378

Clavius was an excellent teacher of mathematics, and his textbooks

were models of good arrangement. This work is an attempt at a pracIt is conservative in treatment, the applications being
tical arithmetic.
confined, as was the custom, largely to the rule of three. It was too
scholarly to be popular in schools under the mercantile influence, but
it

was

influential in the classical schools.

CHRISTOPHER CLAVIUS.
See

Ed.

pr.

Rome,

1583.

1585.

p. 375.

Title.

'

Christophori // Clavii // Bambergensis //e Societate

// lesv // Epitome Arithmeticae // Practicae nunc denuo ab ipfo

auctore//recognita.// (Woodcut with I. H. S. in center.) Permissv Svperiorvm //

Romae Ex Typographia Dominici

Bafae. 1585.'

(P. I.)

Description.

8,

10.3

337 PP- (321 mmib.), 31

8x

16 cm., the text being

11.

Rome,

13 cm.

1585.

See above.

CHRISTOPHER CLAVIUS.
See

Ed.

pr.

1583.

Rome,

1586.

p. 375.

Title.
Aritmetica // Prattica // composta dal Molto //Reuer.
Padre Chriftoforo Clauio // Bambergenfe della Com-//pagnia di
'

E S V.//Et tradotta da

Latino

in Italiano dal

Signor// Lorenzo

Romano.// Con Licentia dei Svperiori.//

S in center.) In Roma,// Nella Stamperia di

Caftellano Patritio//

(Woodcut with I H
Domenico Bafa.//M. D.
Description. 8, 10.3 X
302 pp. (275 numb.), 39
Editio7is. See p. 375.
This

is

LXXXVL'
i

11.

(P.

i.)

5.6 cm., the text being 8.2

Rome,

13.3 cm.

1586.

merely an Italian translation of the 1583 edition (see p. 375).

Clavius was unable, however, to popularize the

book

in the mercantile

schools of Italy, although several editions appeared after 1600.

CHRISTOPHER CLAVIUS.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

1583.

Rome, 1602.

p. 375.

'Arithmetica//Prattica//composta dal Molto //Reuer.

Padre Chriftoforo Clauio // Bambergenfe della Com-//pagnia

di

PRINTED BOOKS

379

tradotta da Latino in Italiano dal Si^^mor Lorenzo//

lESV.// Et

Caftellano Patritio

Romano.// Reuifta

medemo Padre

dal

Clauio

//con alcune aggiunte.//Con Licentia de Svperiori.//In Roma,

//(woodcut with LH.S. in center.) Per li Meredi di Nicolo
i

Mutij//M. DC. IL' (P. I.)

In Roma,// Per
Colophon.
'

li

Ileredi di Nicolo Mulij

MDC

(P. 312.)

II.'

Description. 4, 10.4

5.7 cm., the text being

312 pp. {281 numb.), 39 11. Rome, 1602.

Editions. This is the second Italian edition

8.3x1

(p.

3.3

cm.

375).

See p. 378.

NICOLAUS REYMERS.
A German
schluss'

Title.

is

surveyor,

dated

'

bom

Ed.
at

pr.

1583.

'Henstede

Leipzig, 1583.
Dietmar.schen.'

in

zu Hattftede in Diethmarchen,' September

The

'

Be-

14, 1583.

'Geodjesia//Ranzoviana.// LandtRechnen///vnd Feld-

meffen/ fampt meff en aller-//hand gr6ff e. Alles auff eine leichte/

behende/ // vnd vormals vnbekandte newe art/ kunft-//lich/

vnd deutlich // befchrieben/ // Zu Ehren // Dem

Beftrengen
Edlen/
// vnd Ehrnuehften Herrn/ Heinrichen //
Rantzouen/ Herrn Johans feligen Sohne/ der // Kon. Mayft.
zu Dennemarcken/ etc. In den // Furftenthumben Schlefewick/
grundlich

Holftein/vnd Diethmar-//fchen/Stadthaltern/ Rhat vnd Ambtauff // Segeberge/ Erbgefeffen zum // Breitenberge/ etc.//

man

Durch//Nicolaum Reymers/von Henftede///in Dietmarfchen.

//Cvm

(F.

Privilegio.'

Colophon.

'

i, r.)

Gedruckt zu Leipzig bey // Georg Defner/ // Im

Iahr//M. D. LXXXIII.' (F. 44, v.)

Description. 4, 15.1 X 18.6 cm., the
44

text being 9.7

14.5 cm.

unnumb., 25 11. Leipzig, 1583.

Editions. There was no other edition.
ff.

Although nominally a book on surveying, this work may properly rank

an arithmetic, the Erfte Buch being entirely devoted to that subthe second,
ject.
Of this book the first chapter is entitled von zahlen
the fourth, 'von vielthe third, 'von fummieren
'von brfichen
the fifth. von
feltigen,' multiplication thus directly following addition
as

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

38o

von Theilen (division) the seventh, von den

von der gevierten Wurtzel.' The rest of the
work is devoted to mensuration, and in particular to surveying. The
chief interest in the first book is in the use made of the compound
numbers then needed in surveying. Like most such manuals, it shows
no insight into educational problems, and the treatment is very unsatis-

abziehen

Wurtzel

the sixth,

'

'

'

the eighth,

'

'

factory.

Other works of 1583.

p. 200, 1540;

Gemma,

Anonymous,
Weber,

'

Baker, p. 327, 1568

Petri, p.

Rechenbiichlein auf Erfurtifche

Ein new Kunstlich Rechenbuch

'

Caesar, p. 370, 1582

Reisch, p. 82, 1503;

325, 1567;
auff

weifs,' Erfurt, 8

den

und

linien

Johnn

ziffern,'

Leipzig, 4 (see also p. 338, 1570).

PETRUS BUNGUS.
Bom

at

Bergamo

of the cathedral in

Title.

Ed.

pr.

Bergamo, 1584-85.

1583-84.

died September 24, 1 601, at Bergamo. He was a canon

that city. He wrote only on the mystery of numbers.
;

See Fig. 189, which gives the

title

page of the

first

MysBound with this is the second part with the title

ticae // nvmerorvm // significationis // pars altera,// lo. Petro
Bongo Canonico Bergomate //avctore,// In qua de Numeris in

part.

Sacris libris potiffimum repertis,

&

tentia,

e.x

Theo-//logorum ma.xime

probatorum aliorum cuiufuis //

ita exacte, dilucide,

&

'

fen-

facultatis Scriptorum,

accurate differi-//tur, vt ferme

nil addi, aut.

detrahi poffe videatur://Opus varia fane, et multiiuga adeo re-

fertum doctrina, vt non Theo-//logis folum; fed etiam Philofophis, Mathematicis, atque alijs ftuV/diofis omnibus, tam vtile,

quam iucundum fit futurum.//De Svperiorvm licentia.// Bergomi CID ID XXCIV.//Typis Commini Venturse, eiufdem Vrbis
typographi.'
Description.

cm.

Fob, 20.6 X 30.4 cm., the text being 17 x 28.9

in the first part
198 pp. (177 numb.)

276 pp. (245 numb.)

in the

second part;

36

11.

Bergamo,

first

part

1585, second

part 1584.
Editions.
typis
title

The

first

edition appeared in 1583-84,

Comini Venturae.'
page shows,

is

tion of the first part

The second

therefore of the

'

Bergomi,

part of this work, as the

first edition.

The

first edi-

was evidently exhausted before that

of the

Y S

C AE

NVMERORVM
SIGNIFICATIONIS
LIBER
IN DVAS DIVISVS TARTES,
R.

PETRO BONGO

D.

CANONICO BERGOMATE
A V C T O R
Opus maximarum rerum

&

E:

plurimarum

do(ftrIna^, fua-

uirato,copia^, &uarictate refcrtuiiu,

Theologis ,Thilo[6phu y Mathematicis y atcfue

aliji fiudiojis

omnlbtiSj tarn vttlitatemy quam iumnditaternj

DE SVTERIORVM

BERGOMI CD

D X X C V.

Typis Comini Vcncurae

Img.

89.

Title

pal;e

LICENTIA,

^Socij.

of thk 1585 bungus

382

RARA ARITHMETICA

second part was

sold,

and hence the

first

part of the present

work is the second edition.

There were also editions as follows: Venice, 1585, 8; Bergamo, 1590; ib., 1 591, 4 (which De Morgan incorrectly calls
the second edition);

ib.,

1614

(p.

Romanorum

384).

It

appeared under the

PRINTED HOOKS
and

it

indudes

all of the allusions to siu

li

383

nialtcrs as the mystic three

that Bungiis could find in ancient literature.

He

takes uj) the various

numbers from one to ten in the same way, together with a few of the
more interesting larger numbers. For students interested in popular
number mysticism the book still remains the classic in its way. It is
also of

much

value in showing the nature of the

in the sixteenth century.

Fi(

(See Figs. 190, 191.)

Roman

numerals in use

RARA ARITHMETICA

384

PETRUS BUNGUS.
See
Title.

Ed.

Bergamo, 1599.

1583-84.

pr.

p. 380.

Bongi // Bergomatis // Numerorum myfteria.//

Petri

'

Opvs maximarvm rervm // Doctrina,

refertvm,// In

et copia

idemq perpetuus Arithmeticae Pythagoricae

cum // Diuinai Paginse Nvmeris confenfis, multiplici ratione probatur.//Poftrema hac editione ab Auctore ipfo copiofo Indice, &
ingenti//Appendice avctvm.//Cum Superiorum approbatione.//
in primis,

quo mirus

Bergomi, Typis Comini Venturse, eiufdem vrbis Typographi.//

(Xl3 XCIX.'

(P.
4,

Description.

I.)

17.5

See p. 382.

Although the

18.8

this is the

work

24.3 cm., the text being 12.6

770 pp. (676 numb.), 32

cm.

11.

title

is

Bergamo, 1599.
slightly

changed,

already described.

PETRUS BUNGUS.
See
Title.

p.

Petri

'

Ed.

Bergamo, 1614.

1583-84.

pr.

380.

Bvngi // Bergomatis // Nvmerorvm myfteria //

Ex abditis plurimarum difciplinaru fontibus haufta://Opvs maximarvm rervm //Doctrina, & copia refertum In quo mirus in primis,
:

idemq; perpe-//tuusArithmeticaePythagoricecumDiuinaePaginae
Nu-//meris confenfus, multiplici ratione probatur.//Poftrema hac
editione ab Auctore ipfo copiofo Indice,

&

ingenti //

Appendice

Virtutum omnium, ac difciplinarum

//genere ornatifQmo //Ranvtio Gambarae // Comiti Virolae. & c.
// Bergomi, Typis Comini Venturse. 1614.' (P. i.)

avctvm.//

Illuftriffmio viro,

Description.

cm.

970

4,

17.5

cm., the text being 12.6

X 23.4

pp. (753 numb.), 32

11.

18.8

Bergamo, 1614.
_

See p. 382.

PETRUS BUNGUS.
See
Title.

Ed.

pr.

1583-84.

Parma, 1689.

p. 386.

'Praecipuae //

Secundum

Numerorum //Notae,// Et earum valor,//

Ex Typographia Du-

// Petrum // Bungum.//Parmae,

cali.//CL3. I3C.

LXXXIX.'

(P.

i.)

PRINTED BOOKS
4,

Dcscripiioii.

i.i

385

17 7 cm., the text hcin<; 7.9

X 12.6cm.

16 pp. (12 numb.), 13-19 11. rarma, 1689.

Editions. See p. 380. This is simply an extract from the later
editions of the

and interesting

Numerorum

'

The treatment

Mysteria.'

numerals by Bungus is the most elaborate

be found in any of the works of Renaissance writers.

of

to

Roman

MONTE REGAL PIEDMONTOIS.

Ed.

Lyons, 1585.

pr. 1585.

The

title

was professor of mathematics in the University of

the second half of the sixteenth century.

states that he

Paris; evidently in

See Fig. 192.

32, 5.3x9.8cm.,

Title.

Description.

printed on vellum in double col-

umns, each

jlNVENTlONl
NOVVELLE ET

9.5 cm.

144 pp.
(ioonumb.),27-2811. Lyons, 1585.
Editions. There was no other
1.8

The

edition.

August

6,

privilege

581, but

is

admirable, pour faire route

forte dc coptc , tant de marchandife , commc dc chager
monnoyes,pids,mefures,dc

dated

the work

does not seem to have been pub-

The book is exceedingly rare, and is unknown to

most bibliographers. The author

dinerfe mauicrcpoucvendre
acheter,laqiieUc feruiia en

&

tour le

monde

facilite,fans

auec grande
gecos ne plume.

lished until 1585.

a. Ufn le moyen de meiire vn

exercU en batatlte , de cent

iHjfjues

a quatunte mille.

speaks of having published part

of the tables in

Venice

in 1575.

iLe lout noiiucllcmfut compofe 8c

mis en Utmieie par le Moote Regal Picdmontois , Profelfeut de
Mathemaaque en I'Vaiuerfitide
Vm'h.
j

a collection of tables, largely

for multiplication, beautifully printed

on

This

is

split

vellum.

products of

The

1000.

These
numbers

tables give the

to

of arrangement of

table

order of battle

100 times

ten pages contain a

last

'

soldiers

Le moyen

in
!

et ordre

L Y

N>

lile vend enrueMcrciere i

Tcnfcgne de la SpKcie.

ciui fe

doit tenir pour mettre en or-

donnance

les batailles

de dix soldats

iufques au nobre de quarante mille.'

This

is

dedicated

Seigneur

le

'

pvissant et illustre

Baron de Mont-clar.'

Auec

pr'iuY.c^c

da Uny,

Title page of monte

regal piedmontois

Fig. 192.

RARA ARITHMETICA

386

SIMON STEVIN.
Born

at

a soldier,

8, 10. 5

Description.
1

pp.
I

1585.

pr.

in 1620.

Leyden, 1585.
He was a merchant,

See Fig. 193.

Title.

Ed.

Bruges in 1548; died at the Hague

and an officer in the civil service.

unnumb.

blank in

'

La

X 16

cm., the text being j .6

12.7 cm.

blank + 642 numb. + (203 numb. + 1 2 unnumb.

Pratiqve d'Arithmetiqve ') = 890 pp., 29 11.

Leyden, 1585.
Stevin's

first

work was an

His arithmetic

first

appeared

Editions.

1582.

and was reprinted

The French

in that

translation,

in

interest table,

language at Gouda in 1626 and in 1630.

which

here described, appeared at

is

1585 and again in 1586. The

editorship of Girard appeared at Leyden

Leyden

tion of

Antwerp,

Flemish, at Leyden, 1585,

in

edition under the

first

For the

in 1625.

edi-

1634 see below.

This work consists of three distinct parts

(i)

'

L'Arithmetiqve,' in

two books, the first treating of powers and roots, and particularly of
surds, and the second of operations on numerical and algebraic expressions and of the solution of equations
Les qvatre premiers Livres
(2)
d'Algebre de Diophante d'Alexandrie,' translated by Stevin, apparently
from Xylander's text (3) La Pratiqve d'Arithmetiqve,' an attempt at
'

a practical textbook, but too scholarly for

its

purposes.

The

Pratiqve

contains 'La Regie d'Interest avec ses tables,' the 1582 work above

mentioned,

La Disme.

Enfeignant facilement expedier par nomfe rencontrans aux affaires des

Premierement defcripte en Flameng, & maintenant conuertie
'

bres entiers fans rompuz, tous comptes

Hommes.

en Frangois,' and a
first

'

Traicte des incommensvrables Grandevrs.'

La Disme,' in which decimal fractions are

time treated in any elaborate way (see Fig. 194).

interest centers in

'

The

for the

SIMON STEVIN.
Ed.

pr. of the arithmetic,

Leyden, 1634.

1585.

See above.
Title.

'

Les //CEuvres//Mathematiques//de// Simon Stevin,

//Augmentees// Par Albert

Page

Girard.'

(P.

i.)

Les // CEuvres // Mathematiques //de Simon

Stevin de Bruges.// Ou font inferees les // Memoires Mathema3 reads

tiqves,// Efquelles s'eft exerc6 le Tres-haut

& Tres-illuftre

Prince

PRiNri<:i) I'.ooKs

387

I'ARITHMETIQJVE
DE SIMON STEVIN
DE BRVGES:
Conrcnant Ics computations des nombres
Anthmctiques ou vulgaires
Auft ['Ahebr:, auecles equations de cine qudntitez^.

Enlemblclesquarrc premiers liures d'Algebrc

dc Diophante d'Alcxandric,maintenant pre-

miercmcnt craduidls en Fran9ois.

Encore vn linrepamculier de la Pratique d'Aritbmetique,
(omen^::t cntre amres,Les Tables dlniere^, La Dtfm;

Et vn

tr.iicle

des hicommenfm.ibles (irandcms

Aucc i Explnatiou

dit

A L
Dc

E Y

E,

I'lmpiimcriedeChiiftophlc Pkitin*

do.
Fig.

Dixiefme Liure d'Eudide.

193.

Title

Id.
paop:

lxxxv.
of thk 1585 stkvin

KARA ARITHMETICA

388

SECONDE PARTIE DE
JLA

DISME DE
It

A T

L'OPE,

O N,

PRpPOSlTION
L'A D D

DE

I,

N.

EStant domez. nombfes de D'lfme a ajonJier

Trouver Uut

fomme
Expfkatioh du donni. II y a trois ordres de nombres de,
Difmc, dcfquels le premier 17 i@8
4 @7 (CU^ deux-

iefmc 57

@ 8 7 (i)5,le troiiipfme 875 @7 (y)S@t,

Explication durequis.

Ilnousfaut

/-\r>r^r\

a 7 8 4 7

On mettra les nombres donnez

ea ordre coramc ci joignant , les

aiouftant felon la vulgaire manierc

Z
^757^1

d'aiouftcr nombres entiers-jCncefte

p 4

<^

forte:

Donne (bmme

(par Ic

problems de rArithmeti-

que) 941304, qui font fee que dcmooftrent les (ignes

o Q) 4. Ic di, que^
deflus ics nombres) 941
3
les mefmes font la fomme reqiiifc. Dmen^ration. Les"

27

(o)

^7 1%,

4@7
jh^ TZ->

donnez, font (par la

enfcmble zj ^^^,

7 @ salient 37
@ @4 feront 87s rs'^

raifon les 37 (0)6

8
87 5
7

(i)

36

definition^

^J^'^^^^f^
les

rs^,

&

lefqucls trois

nombres,comme 27 At?,

37 -Hh,^ ^{5 irh^/^J^^

piobleme de 1 Arith.} 941 -fSVo*
o
4 (L\
nuis autant rauc aufli la fomme 94
5

cnfemble Cpar

le io<=

cefF
Fig.

194.

From the 1634

edition of stevin

BOOKS

PRINTl'I)

389

Maurice //dc Nassau, Prince d'Aurenge, Gouverneur des Pro

Mer & i)ar Terre, &c.//

vinces des // Pais-bas unis, General par

& augmente // Par Albert Girard SamieMathematicien.// A Leyde // Chez Bonaventure & Abraham
Elfevier, Imprimeurs ordinaires //de rUniverlUe, Anno cLt Io c
Le

tout reveu, corrige,

lois,

xxxiv.'

Description. Fol., 21.7 x 34 cm., printed in double ccjlumns,

each being 8.1 x 28 cm. 910 pp. (232 on arithmetic, 10 unnumb.),

63

Leyden, 1634.
See p. 386.

11.

Editions.

Other works of 1585. Benedetti, p. 364, 1580; Bungus, p. 382,

Uigges, p. 340,
Clavius, p. 378, 1583
Caesar, p. 370, 1582
1583
1572; Gemma, p. 200, 1540; Lonicerus, p. 253, 1551; Lossius,
Savonne,
Riese, p. 139, 1522
Psellus, p. 168, 1532
p. 289, 1557
lo. Frans. Fulconis, Cisterna Fulconica, libro d'abaco in
p. 314, 1563
Rechenlingua provenzale,' s. 1. (Lyons?), 8; Thilman Ofenlach,
biichlein mit der Ziffer und auf den Linien mit Zahlpfennigen,' Basel,
;

'

'

Johann Schreckenberger, Rechenbuchlein auff den Linien und der

Samuel Eisenmenger (pseud. Siderocrates),
Cyclopaedia Paracelsica Christiana,' s. 1., with a section on arithmetic.

'

Federn,' Strasburg, 8
*

Works of 1586. Clavius, p. 378, 1583; Gray, p. 353, i577

Ramus, p. 331, 1569; Riese, p. 139, 1522;
Mellema, p. 375, 1582
Schonerus, p. 331 (Ramus, 1569); Stevin, p. 386, 1585; Stifel,
Anonymous (Sterner mentions
Tagliente, p. 115, 15 15
p. 226, 1544
;

a Rechenbiichlein without

title

page, Magdeburg)

(ieorg

Hciflein,

Rechenbiichlein mit der Ziffer und mit den Zahlpfennigen auf der
Rudimenta,' Greek and
Paulus Alexandrinus,
Linie,' Strasburg, 8
'

'

Latin, Wittenberg, 4 (with

some notes on Jewish

JOHANNES PADOVANIUS.

Ed.

pr.

arithmetic).

1587.

Giovanni Padovani. A Veronese mathematician

Verona, 1587.

of the second half of

the sixteenth century.

Title.

Sec Fig. 195.

4, 14.4x20.4 cm., the text being 9.6 X 15.7
unnumb. + 73 numb. = 80 pp., 29-32 11. Verona,

Description.

cm.

7 pp.

1587.
Editions.

Padovani published a work in Venice in 1565 conDe Arithmetica.'

f)f which was

sisting of six parts, the fourth

'

390

RARA ARITHMETICA

lOANNIS PADOVANII
VERONENSIS,
DE ARITHMETICA OPVS,IN QVO NON
folum omnis generis numerandi ars am Latino
rermone,quam Grxco pcrdifcitur: ucrum
ctiam qiiicquid ad quafcunque ratiocinationes pertinet

facili

doftrina apcritur.
Omnibus, &in primisreipuhlkaliteraria

E R O

ftudiofts perneceffariunu

N AE,

ExTypogmphia Sebaftiani a Donnis.

Delicentia Siiperiorum.
Fio.

195.

Title page of padovanius

15S7.

HOOKS

PRINTr:i)
That work
first

is

probably. the same as

and only separate edition, and

This

is

in

no sense a

very rare.

practical treatise, but

arithmetic in a learned way, at

first

This seems to be the

this.
is

391

it

discusses the subject of

rather on the Greek plan.

It

then

considers the Arabic arithmetic, taking up the four processes, roots, pro-

and two or three other applications. 'l"he style

such that it would hardly have appealed to the
Yor Padovani's
practical merchant even if it had not been in Latin.
other works see Riccardi, I, i, 251.
portion, partnership,

in

which

it is

written

is

CASPAR THIERFELDER.
Ed.

Nurnber(, 1587.

pr. 1587.

German Rechenmeister

T/t/r.

of Steyer, born

c.

1525.

See Fig. 196.

Gedruckt zu Number^/ // durch Leonhardt //

ColopJion.

Heufzler.'

'

(P. 369.)

8, 9.4 X 1 5.2 cm., the text being 7 X 13.3 cm.

30
369 numb. = 399 pp., 25-26 11. Nurnberg, 1587.
Editions. There was no other edition. Thierfelder also published a book with Ulman at Freiburg in 1 564, 8, entitled Neues
Kunft-Rechenbuch auf der Linie und Feder dergleichen weder

Description.

pp.

imnumb.

'

in lateinifchen

man

noch deutfcher Sprache ausgegangen.'

a commercial arithmetic, based on Rudolff and other Gerwriters, and with no particular individuality. It contains eighteen

This

is

upon mathematical recreations, Von der

Schimpff Rechnung/vnd Erfindung derfelben Regeln,' a subject that
began to come into prominence about this time.

chapters, the last one being

Riese, p. 139,
Other works of ijSy. Finaeus, p. 160, 1530-32
1522; Michael Gempelius, Arithmetik,' s. 1., 8; Aurelio Marinati,
Delia prima parte della somma di tutte le scienzc,' Rome, 4 (with a
Conr. Poeppingius, Neues Rechenbrief treatment of arithmetic)
;

'

'

biichlein auf

Jnien und P'edern,' Braunschweig, 8 (four editions after

1600).

Works 0/1588. Gemma,

p. 208,

Rudolff, p. 152, 1526; John Mellis,

how

1540; Helmreich,

'A

p.

brief instruction

306, 1561

and maner

keepe bookes of Accompts,' London, 8 (containing a short

Heinrich Striibe, Arithmetica oder new kiinfthches Rechenbuchlein,' Zurich, 8, with an edition ib., 1599, 12.
to

chapter on arithmetic)

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

392

ej^>^-^'^

gfuff

bm 2mm m^ "^iffmi

mit1iott^tt)hnb ^t^mU^fclvanf

Cur* i2^%^^

e&rucf 1 5u 7?i5mkr3/brc$

LXXX.VII,

M. D,
Fig.

196.

Title page of thierfelder

BERNAERT STOCKMANS.
Ed.

Dordrecht, 1609

pr. 1589.

French schoolmaster

at

Dordrecht (Dort),

m the

second half of the

six-

teenth century.
7>V/r.

'

Een

corte ende een-//vuldige Inftructie/om lichtelij-

cke // en by hemfelve/ fonder eenige meefter

oft onder\vij-//fer

PRINTia) HOOKS
te Iceren cijffercn.

393

Secp nut en protijlclijckcn //alio nienfchen/

die in de Confte van Arith-//metica heel ftccht/oncrvaren //

ende eenvuldich zijn.// Geftelt endc by ccn vcrgadert, door
Bernaert // Stockmans lanfz. F"ran9oyfche Schoolmeefter //inde
vermaerde Coop-ftadt Dordrecht.// Hier zijn ooc bygevoecht de

Differentien van de co-//i'en-Mate der voornaefte ftede in IIollant/ t'Sticht/ // Zeelant/ Brabant/ Vlaenderen/ Gelderlant/
En-//gelant/ Vrancrijck/ eii Ooftlant/ tot dienft // van alien

Graen-coopers.//

Van

nieus overfien ende verbetert door C. P.

Boeye.// Item/ noch van nieus bygevoecht een clare onder-//

om de tafelen van Intereft te leeren maken/ //alles tot

vanden onervarenen.// Sapiente 1 1. verf. 22.// Maer ghy
hebbet alles in Mate/ Tellen/// ende Ghewichte gheordineert.//
Tot Dordrecht // By my Pieter Verhagen/ woonende inde Drue
wyfinge
dienft

// kerije/teghen over de Wijnbrugge. 1609.'

1609.'

ff.

i,

r.)

(F. 214, v.)

Description.

(F.

'Tot Dordrecht.// By Adrien lanfz Bot.//Anno

Colophon.

blank

8, 9.

14 cm., the text being 7.4

211 unnumb.

This book was

Editions.

catory epistle

is

dated

was no other edition

'

215
first

ff.,

31-33

11.9 cm.

Dordrecht, 1609.

11.

printed in 1589, and the dedi-

den 20. defer Maent

Julij

589.'

There

in the sixteenth century.

This is one of the noteworthy arithmetics of Holland, and it went

through a number of editions after i6or (see p. 394). It is a commercial work, and like Vander Schuere's book it gives an e.xcellent view of
life of Holland in this period.
Other jvorks of i^Sg. Jacob, p. 298, 1560; Moya, p. 310, 1562;
Hebdomades, sive septem de septenario
Fabio Paolini (Paulinas),
libri,' Venice, 4, containing a little arithmetic, and ib., 1598 (?).
Works of 1590. Bungus, p. 382, 1583; Digges, p. 340, 1572;

the mercantile

'

Jacob, p. 298, 1560; Lapazzaia, p. 324, 1566; Psellu.s, p. 170, 1532;

Recorde, p. 214, c. 1542; Heizo Buscher (Boscherus), 'Arithmetics
libri

duo,' Helmstadt, sm. 8, with editions,

ib.,

1591, 8; Hamburg,

Franciscus
1597, 8; Frankfort, 1600, 8, and later;
Cyprian Lucar, A
Brasser, an arithmetic, Liibeck, with later editions
Librode
treatise named Lucarsolace,' London, 4; Bartolom^ Solorzano,

1592, 8;

ib.,

'

'

caxa V Manual de cuentas de Mercaderes,' Madrid.

OF THE

UNIVERSITY

RARA ARITHMETICA

394

BERNAERT STOCKMANS.
See

Ed.

pr. 1589.

Gouda, 1644.

p. 392.

Aritmetica,// Door Bernardus Stockma // eertyts

Title.
Franfoyfche fchool-//meefter inde vermaerde coopftadt // Dorderecht nu van nieu* curieus // gecorigert ende verbetert noch is
'

// hier by gevoecht een tafelken cm te // rabatteeren op fulcken

tyt of te intereft // men begeert door // Abel. W. Waesenaer //

Rekenmeefter

tot

Vtrecht // (Portrait of author.)

Gedruckt

tot

Vtrecht by //Efdras Willemfsen Snellaert.//boeckvercooper //

Anno.

1637.'

(P.

I.)

Ter Govde,// Gedruckt by Pieter Rammazeyn,

Boeck-// drucker in't vergulde A B C.//Door Efdras Willemfz
Colophon.

'

Snellaert, Boeck-//vercooper tot Vtrecht

by de waert-poort 1644.'

421.)

(P.

Description. 8, 9.3 X 13.9 cm., the text being 7.5 X 12.4 cm.
429 pp. (410 numb.), 32-33 11. Gouda, 1644.
Editions. See p. 393. The engraved title page of the 1637

edition has been used with this edition, which, as the colophon

shows, was printed in 1644.

See p. 393.

FRANCESCO PAGANI.
An

Ed.

pr.

1591.

Italian arithmetician of the sixteenth century,

Ferrara, 1591.
born at Bagnacavallo.

See Fig. 197.

Title.

4, 14.2 x 17.9 cm., the text being

210 pp. (200 numb.), 38 11. Ferrara, 1591.
Editions. There was no other edition.

Description.

10.

X 15.9

cm.

This rare and almost unknown work

(see p. 16)

which served

for so

many

is

based upon the Borghi model

of the best Italian writers.

It

was written, as the dedicatory epistle states, at Bagnacavallo, and is one

of the few books on mathematics published in the sixteenth century at
Ferrara. It has no merit saVe as its applied problems give a view of
the business life of the time. In its numerical work it is reactionary,
making, for example, a strong plea for the galley as opposed to the
a danda or modern method of division.
'

'

PRINTED HOOKS

395

ARITHMETICA
PRATTICA VTILISSIMA,
ARTIFICIOSAMENTE ORDINATA

Da M.Francesco PAGANidaBagnacauallo,

J^Ua quale ft cont'tene il'vero^ ^facile

modo

Conmoiti

di conteggiarc^ .

Quefiti importanti,&i>eccnanj

a Ragionieri,a MercantijcS: ad ogni

per{ona,in tutti

Paefi.

^L mOLTO JLLVSTRE SIGNOR

il^ F

F^ ELE K^ STO 2^/,

(/

(T^^^

&c.

c-Tcn*./

ApprefTo Vittorio Baldini

Con liccnza
'ic.

197.

dc' Supcriori. M. D. xci.

Title page of pag

RARA ARITHMETICA

396

RENE BUDEL,

et

Ed.

al.

Cologne, 1591.

1591.

pr.

For biographies, see below.

See Fig. 198.

Title.

4,

Description.

cm., printed in double columns,

x 23.6

18.2

each being 6.4 X 18.6 cm.

38

pp.

unnumb.

798 numb.

271-350 are not in the volume, and if they were

ever bound in any copies they must have constituted a section by
themselves.) 46-49 11. Cologne, 159 1.
Editions. There was no other edition.
836 pp. (PP.

This rather massive treatise on the history of monetary measures contwo books by Budel (Budelius), director of the Bavarian mint,
and several appended chapters by the following writers Albertus Brunus
sists of

to Louis of France,

(1461-1541), counselor

Aquila, friend of the astrologer Stoffler

and ambassador; Johannes

who

died in

53

Bilibaldus

Pirkheymer (1470-1530), a celebrated humanist; Martinus Garatus

Franciscus Curtius,
Laudensis, who writes a chapter De monetis
and Joannes Regnaudus of Avignon, who write on the same topic
Didacus Covarrubias (1512-1577),
Caroius MolinKus (1500-1566)
Henricus Mameranus, a Belgian printer
bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo
Franciscus de Aretio (1418-1483), a celeHenricus Hornmannus
brated lawyer of Arezzo Nicolas Everardus (1473-1532), a celebrated
Dutch lawyer, of Middelburg; Jacobus Menochius (i 531-1607), an
It is a monumental work, and is
Italian lawyer, and various others.
helpful in the investigation of the history of monetary tables.
Other works of ijgi. Baker, p. 327, 1568 Bungus, p. 382, 1583
*

'

Buscher,

393, 1590;

p.

Gemma,

p.

200, 1540; Mariani, p. 181, 1535

325, 1567; Psellus, p. 168, 1532; Ramus, p. 331, 1569;

De Monade
Vincent de Beauvais, p. 10, 1473; Jordanus Bruno,
numero et Figura liber,' Frankfort, 8 Johann Kaudler, Arithmetica
Oder Rechnung auf der Linien und mit Ziffern,' Regensburg, 8 Hans
Jacob Mewrer, Bericht von dem Rechnen mit den Zahlpfennigen oder
Petri,

p.

'

'

'

auf der Linien,' Zurich, 8.

THOMAS HYLLES.
An
Title.

5 ff

end; 40

pr.

London, 1600.

1592.

See Fig. 199.

Description.

cm.

Ed.

English mathematician of the latter part of the sixteenth century.

11.

4,

14.2

unnumb.

19.6 cm., the text being 10. 8

270 numb.

London, 1600.

285

ff.,

X 16.9

with 2 charts at the

PRINTED BOOKS

397

MONETIS,
NVMAETRIA,RE
LIBRI

DVO:

QVORVM PRIMVS ARTEM CVDENDAE MO

NETAE: SECVNDVS

VEHO QVAESTIONVM MO-

NETARIAKVM DECISIONBS CoNTINET.

HIS ACCESSERVNT TRACTATVS VARII ATQVE

VTILES,

NECNON CONSlLIA,SINGVLARF.S(iyH ADDI-

tionc tam vcternm, quain Neotericorum

Authorum.qui

deMonctis,c3rundcmqiievalore,!iga,pondere,
poteftate,mutationc,variatione,fallitate,

aciimilibusfcripferunt.

Quorum oimiium Catalo^umpa^hu duodecinu indicat.

AVTHORE ET COLLECTORE

CLARISS.

Vjro Renero Bvdelio Rvremvndano, IC. Necnon Revereadirs.atqucIlkiftrifs.Principisac D.Domini Erncfti Elcdloris
Colonien BauariaeDuc.&c. MonetarLim,tani
nciilium,

quam V vcftphaticanim

Rhc

Archie,

pifcopaliiim Prsfcdo.

CVM SVMMARIIS

ET InDFCE COPIOSO.

COLONIAE AGRII'PINAE

APVD lOANNEM GYMNICVAT,

SVB MONOCEROTE.

ANNO
CVM PRIVILEG.
Fig. 198.

M.

D.

L X X X X I.
AD SEXENNIVM.

CAES. MAIEST.

Title page of budel et

al.

RARA ARITHMETICA

398

The Arte of vulgar arithmeticke

both in Integers and Fradions,

dcuidedinto two "Boo/^esnvhereofthefirU

is

called

UomodidacltisNumerorum,2.u(X the fecond PoriusFroportiomnj. vvitlx

cciteineDemonftrationSji educed into fo plaine and perfedMcthod,as the l\e hath not huhmo beene fuhhfhed in Engliih
j

Wherevvto

saddcd a third BookCjCmituIcd t-^1/^ -^f'^iT '^<"'W.

prehending aJl the moll

rcceflo-rie

Com-

and profiiableKuks

vfed in the Udde tfMcrcbaidifc,

In

which three Bookes the RuIeSjPrcceptSjandMaximSjare not

cnclj com^ofedinmeeterfor the better ret a'mtng ojthem in mcmor'te^
:

all

but alfo the operanons, cKaniples.denionlirationSj and qucftions,

axe in Tnofheafie wife ocpoHnded and exflaned,itt theforme
ofa Diahcucfoi the Readers more dcert

v(-dcrltar ding.

i^ hcivhdgeple/ijantfor GentUmev, comniendahlefor Captuna

and Soldiers,

profitable for Merchants, and e^cnerally

mcejfatie for allejlatex and degrees.

Newly colIe(5led,digefted, and in fomc part deuifed by

a '^el'^tlUr

to the

MathematicaU,

Ecdcfiafticus,

cap. iff.

Learning vntofodes is as fetters on their feeteandManiclcs vpcn

thcirnghthand: buttothc wifcitisalcwcllofgoldcjandhke
a Bracelet vpon his right arme.
Boctiuslibr. i. Arith. cap. t

Omnia^juacutique afrlmma nAturaconflritEiafHtit^NuMmruw

videmw

radmefoiwaeafHoccmTifMtprinctpalewarjfmocondmuexiimflar,

Imprinted at

London by Cal;riclSimfatt,dVic]!iit^g
ioflceiclanc,

Fig. 199.

xtfoo.

Title page of the 1600 hylles

PRINTED HOOKS
London, 1^92;

Editions.

399

1600,4 (here

ib.,

This rather ponderous work of 570 pages

is

dcscribctl).

written in the form of a

dialogue, following the popular textbooks of Recorde.

Hylles intro-

duces his rules and definitions in verse, presumably with the idea that
they can be more easily memorized in this form. An illustration of this
feature

seen in the following description of the

is

now

or Truc([ues,' a chapter

reminder

words

in the

'

first

case of

obsolete, but one of whic h

barter

'

and

'

truck

'

Barters

we have a

'
:

trucciucs, there are diuers kindes,

Of Barters or

when the Trucquers take.

by agreement of mindes,
No partie grating, greater gaines to make,
Thequalitie of which exchange of wares.

Whereof

the

But ware

for ware,

firft, is

The compound

The author seems

rule afcending fole declares.' (F. 255.)

to take

up every

rule

known

to the English arith-

a good source of information

concerning British commerce of the period. It was not a popular work,
probably because it elaborated its rules too much to be usable.
meticians of the time, and his book

is

JOANNES ANTONIUS MAGINUS.

Ed.

pr.

Venice, 1592.

1592.

Giovanni Antonio Magini. Born

Padua, June 13, 1555; died at

was professor of astronomy and matheat

Bologna, February 11, 1617. He

matics at Bologna, and wrote numerous works on these subjects.
Title.

'

lo.// Antonii // Magini

Patavini //

Mathematicarvm

almo // Bononienfi Gymnafio prof eff oris.// Dc Planis Triangvlis // Liber Vnicus.// Eitifdem // de Dimetiendi ratione //per
Quadrantem, & Geometricum Quadratum,// Libri Qvinqve.//

in

Opus valdevtile Geometris, Aftronomis, Geographis, Mechanicis,

Ar-//chitectis, Militibus, Agrorum menforibus, & denique //om-

Cvm

nibus Mathematicarum profefforibus.//

tiis,

Colophon.

'

orum

permiffu.'

Description.
ff.

unnumb.

(F.

Vene-

i, r.)

Bononiae,// apud lannem Baptiftam Ciottum.//

Typis Victorij Benacij,//

Privilegio.//

apvd Robertvm Meiettvm.// M. D. XCIL'

(F.
4,

Anno Domini, M. D. XCn.//Superi-

114,

6 X

v.,
1

110 numb,

.6

and 132,

v.)

cm., the text being

(in

the

first

book)

1 1

.8

18.2 cm.

124 numb,

-f-

RARA ARITHMETICA

400
unnumb.

(in

the second book)

242

34-38

ff.,

Venice (but

11-

printed in Bologna, as the colophon states), 1592.

Editions.

There was no other

edition.

Following some other bibliographers,

plane triangles, because of the

have included this treatise on

Expositio, ac vsvs tabvlae tetragonicae,

'

feu Quadratorum numerorum cum fuis radicibus iuxta fequentes octo

Canones (f 5 r.) which it contains. The Tabvla nvmerorvm quadratorum begins on f. 41 and extends to f. 64, inclusive. It is the most
extensive table of squares and roots that had appeared up to 1592.
'

'

'

THOMAS MASTERSON.
Ed.
An
Title.

pr.

London, 1592-95.

1592-95.

English mathematician of the latter part of the sixteenth century.

See Fig. 200.

Description.

12.8

4,

18.

cm., the text being 10.

255 pp. (230 numb.), 34-35

(148 pp.) bears the date 1592

cm.
II

Book

London, 1592-95.

11.

x 15.6
Book

III (78 pp.) bears the

date 1595.
Editions.

There was no other edition. There was, however,

First Booke published at London in 1594.

an addition to the

'

'

The author says in his dedicatory epistle, dated London this

20 Auguft Anno. 1592,' that he has vnder taken to write and publifhe
with this order and methode,
fixe bookes of the Art of Arithmeticke
that the firft, third, and fift bookes, fhalbe as a fummarie and ground,
teaching, the true ingenious, inuentions, and the perfect figuratiue and
'

'

caractericall operations of the

and

fixt

fame Art

the application of the definitions,

of the

Then

the feconde, fourth,

bookes, fhalbe of Arithmeticall queftions and demaundes, with

firft,

third,

and

fift

bookes.'

common

fenteces

The plan was not

and

inftructions

carried out beyond

the publication of the three books and the supplement mentioned above.
Book I is on the fundamental operations with integers and fractions,

and makes no advance

in

the

ordinary

textbooks

of

the

period.

a collection of practical problems representing the mercantile activities of London at the close of the sixteenth century
Book III would now be classed as part of algebra (see
(see Fig. 201).

Book

II

is

Fig. 202), since

it

refers chiefly to irrational

works of isg2. Buscher,

Clavius, p. 375, 1583; Fischer
Othei-

p.

numbers.

393, 1590

(Piscator),

p.

Capella, p. 68, 1499

247,

1549; Gemma,

PRINTED HOOKS

401

THOMAS
MASTERSON
HIS
FIRST BOOKE
OF ARITHMETICKE.
Shewing ihc ingenious inucntions , and figuratiuc operations by which to caiculaie the tnie folution or anfwcres
of Arithmetical! quelHoos: after a more perfect, plainc,
,

briefc, well ordered Anthmecicall

way

then any

other heretofore publifhed : vcric

ncccflarie for all

men.

Nothing without labour.

\^ll things with reafon.

Imprinted at London by Richard Ficld,dvvelling in

the Blacke nriers ncare Ludgatc.

i5Pi.
o'c.3 4-FiG. 200.

Title page of masterson

RARA ARITHMETICA

402

p. 200, 1540; Nonius, p. 315, 1564; Psellus, p. 168, 1532; Ramus,

p. 331,

1569; Riese,

Cosentino Benicansa,
lit

p.
'

139, 1522; Tartaglia, p. 279, 1556; Rutilio

di tutte le scientie de Abaco,' Naples,

Corona

THOMAS MASTERSON
5

HIS

PRINTIlD 1KK)KS
THOMAS MASTERSON

hauin'' here their

I.

2.

4.

403

HIS

number written oUcr them.

?

^'

8.

7-

lo.

9.

II.

12.

The firftcaraacr written thus z^, doeth fignific anynumbcr before which it is written, to be the firft number giuen,
taken, or imagincd-,and is called radix, or rootcfor that all the
other caraftcrshaue their original! or of-(f>ring of ir. The fccond written thus^, is called
any number before which it is
firft

two

^^^-^ or fquarc,

and doth fignifie

written, to be the

produd of

the

multiplication of the roote by it fclfe : that is of the roote

times taken and multiplied. The third written thus c^, is

and doth fignific thenumber following the fame

to be the produft of the fecond multiplication of the roote.three
multiphed by the
times taked and multiplied, that is of the
called cn^e,

z^.

The fourth is called z^nje:zen/e^ and dothfignifie the num.

bcr following the fame,to be the produft of the third multipliis the produft of thc^ fourc times taken and mul-

cation,that
tiplied.

The fift is called /r/S/;ii/<f, and doth

fignific the

number

following the fame, to be the produft of the fourth raultiplication.

The fixt is called Kenfecnbe , and doth fignific thenumber

following the fame,to be the produft of the fiift multiplication.

The feuenth is called bfurfolide ,. or {econd furfolidc , and doeth
fignifie the number following the fame,to be the produft of the
fixt multiplication. The eight
fignific the

feuenth multiplication.
fignifie, the

is

doth

The

ninth is called cubecube , and doth

number following the fame,to be theprodufc of the

eight multiplication. Xiie tcntli

fignifie the

called KjenfcK^nfez^enfe^ 6c

number following the fame,to be the produft of the

is

called i^enfefurfoUde,

& doth

number following the fame , to be theprodud &c.

The eleuenth, is called cfurfolide.ox third furfblide.Thc twelfth

is called Kjenfez^enjecube. The thirteenth is called d/urfolide^ or
fourth furfolide. You may proceede further at your pleafure, if
you marktthat the fift carafter is the firft furfolidc, the feuenrh
the fecond furfolidc, and thenexcvncompound number following,thcnextfurfolide,5c fo infinitely cucr

tlie

next vxicom-

pound
Fig. 202.

Fkom masterson, showing algebraic

sv.mbols

KARA ARITHMETICA

404

SIGISMUNDUS SUEVUS.
A German

Ed.

priest, living at Breslau.

pr.

Born

Breslau, 1593.

1593.
c.

1550.

See Fig. 203.

Gedruckt zu Brefslaw/ durch // Georgium Bawmann/J. Jn Mitvorle-//gung Andreae Wolcken. Jm lahre ://
M. D. XCIIL' {P. 523)
Description. 4, 14.8 X 19.5 cm., the text being 11.2 X 15.8
Title.

Colophon.

'

524 pp. (455 numb.), 28-31 11. Breslau, 1593.

There was no other edition.

cm.

Editions.

This work was probably intended to be a practical arithmetic, but

the author's theological interests unfitted him for the task of writing
such a book. Although the fundamental operations and the common
rules of the day are treated in somewhat the usual way, the problems
are largely biblical, or mystical. The size of Goliath's armor and Gematria
used to foretell the famine of Poland represent the applications.

ALESSANDRO ALAMAGNI.
Ed.

pr.

Title.

See Fig. 204.

12, 8.7

Description.
I

unnumb.

f.

30

Venice, 1593.

1593.

Venetian arithmetician of the sixteenth century.

+ 96

numb.

15.4 cm., the text being6.3

= 97

ff.,

13.2 cm.

printed in double columns,

Venice, 1593.

11.

There was no other

Editions.

The word
chants to

'

tariffa

'

edition.

books means a table used by mercomputations involving the measures and awk-

in these early

assist in their

See Paxi, p. 77 Mariani, p. 180.

200, 1540; Tartaglia, p. 279,
Giochi di Carte,' Venice, 8, with an edition

ward monetary systems of the time.

Other works of i^gj. Gemma,

p.

1556 Horatio Galasso,

Verona in 1597, 12, and a French translation in 160^ (containing
giochi d'abbaco ').
several
'

at

'

MIGUEL GERONIMO SANTA CRUZ.

Ed.

Madrid, 1643.
pr. 1594
Spanish merchant and arithmetician of the second half of the sixteenth

century,

bom

at Valencia.

He

lived at Seville.

Libro de // Arithmetica // especvlativa, y pra-//tica,

intitvlado, el Dorado // Contador, contiene la fineza y reglas de
Title.

'

PRINTKD BOOKS

405

RITHMETICA
HISTORICAL
Mrd& a\W
im't f(5ottctt

Species t?nt)

fflrnrmafe 9?rfldn/

^it)ct\(tttmm ^ifictkn

mi gjccmp.crtt /

auclj inie ^fbraircfjf r / ridjifc^r/ Dnb tK^miTc^fr 9J?anep/@f

(ic^ onD eSjap/ Derm in ^filigcr (Scftnfff PnD ^uffrn fFc^ic^r^
QSilcfjfrn gfDof^c
3Iucfe

6fnm

wirb/ 5)fr lictm 3ugtn& iugutu (ttltrsu

Wrnim/ Wf^rn eir(fr

Die nid^t rrcfenm

am

lufiiB

f nJ)

liV^lic^ Jii Irfftt*

irreyi
am Freyftadicnrem,
Sigifmundum Sueuum

pf^rtljcrc ja S. Bernardin tn Dec ncai|lt;ot.

OnD @croiC^(C-

Sapientai,

CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO.

Fig. 20^.

Title

vxc.v.

of suevus

^^^

RARA ARITHMETICA

4o6

TA R

F F

N V O V
T>

dull Cccchini
,

A>

V ALVT fi^

ELLA
dieci

^j Lire

efaldt vno^

Fino a ^ 12 / 8. Laqual fcriC

anco per oy;ni (brtedi
Mcrcantie,-

FATTA DA

M.

Alcflandro Alamagni.

O^

IN V

^ret*c4-

A,

AppicfTo Gio. Ant. Raaip.uecto.

15 pj.

Fig. 204. Title page of alamagni

PRINTED BOOKS
contar//()roy

407

Aneagcs de // Flandcs.//Por moder-

plata, y los

no y com-//pcndiolo cl'lil<).//Compvesto por Migvcl Gero-//nim()

de Santa-Cruz, natural de la Ciudad, y // Reino dc Valencia, y
vezino de // Seuilla.// Al L^o Don Pero de Baraiz,//Teniencc

mayor de Corregidor de la infigne Villa de // Madrid, Corte del

Rei nueftro Senor.//Ano 1643 //Con licencia.// En Madrid, Por
Francifco Martinez. //A coftade luan BautiftaTabano, Mercader
de

libros,

vendcfe

ff.

unnumb.

Editions.

al

// lado del Colegio de Atocha.'

(F.

i, r.)

X 20 cm., the text being 9.9 X 16.8 cm.

= 244 ff., 32-34 !! Madrid, 1643.
numb.
238

4, 13.8

Description.

know

inal privilege is

of

dated

no sixteenth-century edition, but the

May

orig-

This edition of 1643 seems

1594.

8,

by the dedication of Tabano to have been published after the

author's death. There was an edition as late as 1794.
The work

follows the general plan of the Spanish and Italian merIt is not, however, a very

cantile arithmetics of the sixteenth century.

practical book, the author having

theoretical side of

works

been too much influenced by the

like Tartaglia's.

Masterson, p. 400,
Other works of I^g4. Barlaamo, p. 343- i5 72
Recorde, p. 217, c. 1542 Reisch, p. 82, 1503 Wenceslaus, p.
Thomas Blundevile, 'His Exercises, containing sixe Trea421, 1599
there was an edition ib.,
tises,' London, 4 (the first being on arithmetic
1597,4, and others appeared after 160:) Smiraldo Borghetti, 'Opera
;

1592

d'abbaco,' Venice, 8

Jerdnimo Cortes, 'Arithmetica practica,' Valencia,

p. 343, 1573; Helmreich, p. 306, 1561

Works 0/1595. BelU,

Masterson, p. 400, 1592

Urstisius,

JOANNES BILSTENIUS.
A

si.xteenth-centuvy

German

i).

Ed.

361, 1579.
pr.

Basel, 1596.

1596.

educator.

Syntagma // Philippo-//rameum // Artium Li-//beraMethodo brevi ac per-//fpicua cominnatum //per // loan.

Title.

lium,

Bilstenium // Marfbergianum.// In // Gratiam Tyronum partim

// vocibus Germanica adiecta // est explicatio.//

difficilibus

Basilese,// Typis Conr. W^aldkirch.//

Description.

10

16.

CI3 ID XCVI.'

cm., the text being 6.8

586 numb. = 602 pp., 26-28

There was no other edition.

16 pp. unnumb.
Editions.

8,

11.

(F.

i,

r.)

12 cm.

Basel,

596.

RARA ARITHMETICA

4o8

This work consists of twenty parts, treating respectively of the leading branches of knowledge as considered in the sixteenth century. Of
these the eleventh is I)e Arithmetica,' and gives in 43 pages a succinct
'

Quid est
account of algorism. It begins with the catechism form
Arithmetica? Arithmetica, die Rechenkilft/est ars bene numerandi.
Subjectum Arithmeticae eft Numerus.' There is nothing progressive in
:

'

the treatment, division, for example, being performed by the galley

method

only,

and the applications being confined

largely to the

'

Aurea

Regula' (the 'Golden Rule' of three).

Hood (translator
Other wo7'ks of 1596. Helmreich, p. 303, 1561
Ramus, p. 330,
Petri, p. 325, 1567
see Urstisius), p. 361, 1579
1569 Recorde, p. 219, c. 1542 Snellius (see Ramus), p. 333, 1569
Anonymous (William
Urstisius, p. 361, 1579
Tartaglia, p. 278, 1556
;

Parley (?), translator), The Pathway to Knowledge,' London, 4 (conAnonymous, Arithtaining 'Thirty days hath September,' see p. 33)
Sebastian Brandt, Plenaria artis Arithmeticae
metica,' Frankfort, 8
'

'

'

Arithmetica practica,'
C, M. Glysonius,
Frankfort, 8
Giacomo Trevisano, MeVenice, 4, with editions as late as 1783
moriale di abbaco,' Venice, 8 (title page 1597, colophon 1596)

refolutio,'

'

'

Reglas breves de Arithmetica,' Barcelona, sm. 8

Bernardo Vila,
Antonio Rodriguez, Aritmetica pratica y theoretica,' Salamanca, 8.
'

'

ANONYMOUS.

Ed.

Luyck, 1597.

pr. 1597.

Tot Luyck
Cleynen // Catholyken // Catechismvs.//
by Jan Voes.// M.D.XCVII.// Met priuilegie van fes laren.'
Title.

(F.

'

I, r.)

Colophon.

'Tot Luyck by Ian Voes, 1597.' (F. 12, v.)

4, 9 X 14 cm., the text being 6.2 x 11.8 cm.

Description.

12

unnumb., 16-21

ff.

This

is

one

of

many

Luyck, 1597.

11.

similar children's

books

in

Mr. Plimpton's

library.

introduced here merely as a type of those primers that taught some

work in number in connection with grammar or the catechism. In this
It is

book the

Roman and Arabic numerals to 84. There

numerous Latin and Greek grammars of the sixwhich numeration is taught, but these have been

child learns the

are also in the library

teenth century in

omitted from

this bibliography.

Bonocchio, p. 346,
i^g"/. Blundevile, p. 407, 1594
1574 Buscher, p. 393, 1590 Galasso, p. 404, 1593 Gemma, p. 200,
1540; Trevisano, above, 1596; Francis Meres, 'God's Arithmetique,'
London, 8.

Other works of
;

PRINTED HOOKS
HENRY DE SUBERVILLE.

Ed.

409
Paris, 1598.

1598.

pr.

French scholar of the close of the sixteenth century. lie describes

himself as canon of the cathedral at Xaintes,' and Aduocat en la Cour de
Parlement de Bourdeaux,' and signs his name with the birthplace HretonBearnois.' The dedicatory epistle is dated at Kimpercorentin.'
'

'

'

'

Title.

'

L' Henry-metre,// instrvment

ct // vnivcrscl,

royal,

avec sa theoriqve,// vsage, et pratiqve demonstree par //

pofitions Elementaircs d'Euclide,

metique

&

auffi

les Pro-

regies familieres // d'Arith-

Arithmetique

fans

mefures Geometriques,

&

Lequel

prend

toutes

Aftronomiques, qui luy//font circu-

8z

lairement oppofees tant au Ciel, qu'en la Terre,//svr vne sevle

station, par

place,
eft

ny

vn // feul triangle Orthogone, fans le bouger de fa

// mefurer aucune diftance de ftation, ainfi qu'on

aller

con-/Arainct de faire auec

triques.//

De

les autres

D'Henry de

I'inuention //

Inftruments Geome-

Suberuille Breton, Cha-

noine en I'Eglife Cathedrale S. Pierre //de Xaintes

en

la

&

Cour de Parlement de Bourdeaux.// Item,// Vn

fur la Theorique,

&

Pratique que de

quarrees,//pour dreffer

Scadrons,

les

1'

Aduocat

petit traicte

Extraction des racines

&

Bataillons quarres.//

Dedies au Roy.// Diev a difpofe toutes chofes en Poids, Nombre,

& // Mesvre.

Sap. 11. 2 1 .//

en

fainct laques

Auec

la

du Roy.'

Priuilege

Description.

4,

39 pp. unnumb.

Paris,// Chez, Adrien Perier, rue

//boutique de Plantin au Compas.// 1598.//

17

(F. i, r.)

22.1 cm., the text being

225 numb.

264

Editions.

There was no other

Although

this is primarily a treatise

pp.,

39-42

1.8

11.

and denominate numbers.

17.8 cm.

edition.

on mensuration by the use of a

trigonometric instrument somewhat resembling a quadrans,

included in this Hst because

Paris, 1598.

it is

properly

contains several chapters on fractions

it

These are of no special merit, and are

introduced as a preliminary to the calculations involved in the use of the

Henry-metre which the author invented. The book is an interesting
'

effort to

'

perpetuate an inventor's

ship describing an instrument of

a value in the general study of

them are

all

of

particular value.

no special scholarThere is, however,

of these early instruments.

Many

of

quadrans for example, and their more

the teaching of trigonometry would be very heli)ful.

easily constructed, the

extensive use in

name by a work

no

RARA ARITHMETICA

4IO

JOHANN FRIDOLIN LAUTENSCHLAGER.

Ed.

A
Title.

Freiburg

1598.

pr.

Uchtland, 1598.

in

Freiburg Recheiimeister of the latter half of the sixteenth century.

See Fig. 205.

in S|en)C0
Dm

anfahcitDcrt Arithmeucts ug<brau.'

prcceptt/
M)\ tKJl(fc/mit gar f ur^cn

<j5en

(edd(eic^mt>o2ma(0nie

3urc^ 3oanncm JriDolmum

fauten^

Magtllro VVilhelmo Mxfs. Anno

1598.
Fig. 205.

Title page of lautenschi

PRINTED BOOKS
Dcscnptioi.

8,

4 pp. unnumb.

9.4

411

14.7 cm., the text Xmixw^ 6.9

58 numb.

62

\^\>

21-30

II.

12.3 cm.

r>cibur<,^

in

Uchtland, 1598.

oDi'rdwlDcnCHcjjul*

cnannt aurca propcuionum

;Oariim& &a6

3m

fTe

gat

teguenriicf)

2lauff/bfgert ^rei[^ttIg/lMmlic^

as 21?mb foU (?f

)?<* n

"*

5)cr2lauffoo:n/Cje5M9 64in&n/
.^itib<ti('o:ucn gUicl>

^le llnii

&

07ame.nd)t

e gro)"; all jdt jerferlcfit /

O0?ult plicier 6ie ftin&cr ool)I

Wit
Jficil

Ocr mittlcrcji aUema^fl

spromifttmit CcmwortieritaB

o fpm&t Dr bein ^r^jg ^"^ 2(uffga&

1)erFch:^?iegultt)ifteem

prob

f^rt^er^r

ZUas erj!Iicl)g|Ianl>cn if? babinDcn

'3}?iir^

to:iicn^cfo:&et fjinbcn fte^cn/

e^.-fafit

^ic

muf;

m &ie mitten gef>ctt/

mitlcr oaljlrau^

;j\om()t jlc

f"?

fommcnfcU/

(?^l^s getroffcn tv Jl,

C5 X
Kk;. 206.

Editions.
This

rhyme.

is

the

From lautenschlager

There was no other

first

Various

arithmetic that

others

3m

edition.
1

have seen composed entirely

verses, but this

had already contained

in
is

RARA ARITHMETICA

412
substantially

65443 by

6.

Like

meter.

all in

in subject matter, the

The

most

all

206) shows the rule of three

(Fig.

illustration

CASPAR SCHLEUPNER.
A

such educational vagaries, it is weak

example in division being that of

difficult

Ed.

Title.

Leipzig, 1598.

1598

pr.

Breslau Rechenmeister, born at Niirnberg

in

1535.

c.

See Fig. 207.

'Gedrtickt zu// Leipzig/ bey Frantz // Schnellboltz.

//Typis haeredum Beyeri.//(Woodct;t.) Im lahr// M. D. XCviij.'
Colophon.

(F. 99, V.)

Description.

99

ff.

8,

9.3

unnumb., 22-26

14.7 cm., the

11.

te.xt

being 6.9 X 12.2 cm.

Leipzig, 1598.

Editions. Leipzig, 1598, 8 (here described); Breslau, 1599,8.

Schleupner was one of the last serious advocates of the old line
reckoning' with counters. He was a disciple of the Newdorffer school
of Niirnberg Rechenmeisters, as he states in his preface, and had himNeyfe and Brefzlavv for many years when he decided
self taught at
'

'

'

'

'

He makes

an attempt at an easy method of presenting the fundamental operations, hoping, as he says, to set forth the
doctrines of Adam Riese and Johan Seckerwitz (another Niirnberg
Rechenmeister) in simple fashion. The work is made up of a series of
impossible questions and answers between a father and his son. The
to write this book.

Geliebter Vater,' and the father's replies,

latter always begins with
while always clear, are often very extended, the entire 99 pages covering little more than the four operations, together with a few insignifi'

As a simple presentation

cant problems.

of line reckoning, however,

the book has few equals.

JOSEPHUS UNICORNUS.
See
Title.
'

pr.

See Fig. 208.

in one,

Colophon.

Senefe.//M

'

f.

204, the two being

and the pages being numbered consecutively.

In Venetia,// Apreffo Francefco de' Francefchi

D XCVIIL'

Description. 4,
ff.

Venice, 1598.

1598.

Parte Seconda,' of the same date, follows

bound

12

Ed.

p. 298.

unnumb.

5.5

(F. 413, v.)

21.6 cm., the text being 10. 4X 17.6 cm.

395 numb.

= 407

ff.,

29-39

11.

Venice, 1598.

PRINTED BOOKS

413

Un btmn
^oraug

ficifs^cr efcr/ rte(p

i?ier mat

citt

d)er aCctne fern

^m ma<&in^ btf aaff

CQeune/auf^weiiDig fan/ obne eini^ec CO?unbIicf)Cn bc^

/ bie inien 9vccftiumg Icrnni Ian/

Ifidjt/ fu' fid) felbff

IiUil3fcl)a)ci5cn'bcr/ ivelc^cr juu.or

fcfeott

feme (;5pccic8 aafftex Jclicm ge^

Ternet ^at.

Scrogleic^cn lienor) In iDcntfc^cr

urc6 Safpar cfjlcupncr/

von TJilfmbcr^
j](r

/Scul>fcfjcn cfjutmciV

ju^rc^laii>. 'iDJennivjIictjcn/ vnD

beucv bet

Iiebc n

^o^cnti/ ju nutj

t)erfet(igct.

3w vorlesun^ 2(n&rc^ <;Bo[cf en <5r6(n / i>n5

Fig. 207.

Title page ok schleupner

LARITHMETICA
VNIVERSALE
DEL

SIG.

lOSEPPO VNICORNO,

MATHEMATICO
ECCELLENTISSIMO.
Parte Prima:

Ndlaqualefi conticnenon folo laTheoricadi tutdi Humeri.

ma ancoralaPratrica appartenente a

tuminegotijhumani.
trattata

& amptifcatacon fimma eruditions , cm

modi chiare^a^
&
CON PRIVILEGIO.

noui,

tfquifiti

di

InVmtfa.apprefo France/code

Frarjcefchi

Con licen^^deSuperiori,
Fig. 208.

Title page of unicornus

//;^.

PRINTED 1500KS
There was no other

edition.

one of the most elaborate

treatises

Editions.
This

is

in Italy in the sixteenth century.

making up Part

I.

The

first

funtlamental operations.

on arithmetic published

the

There

is

downward

books, the

It consists of six

book

treats in a detailed

four

first

fashion of the

Unicornus, for example, gives

multiplication, a treatment that recalls those of

glia.

415

six

methods

of

Paciuolo and Tarta-

a good discussion of the two general methods of dividing,

('a

danda') method having as much attention

as the

Book II deals with

Book III treats of
the theory of numbers after the Boethian method.
Book IV, of the rules of three and false
roots, surds, and proportion
and Book V, of business arithmetic, including exchange, interest, and
galley plan.

Fractions are also treated in Book

I.

alligation.

The work was too theoretical to be popular, but it is an excellent

source for the study of the development of elementary mathematics.
Unicornus gives a number of interesting historical references.
Other laorks of isqS. Cassiodorus, p. 2 1 1 1 5 40 Fischer ( I^iscator),
Moya, p. 310, 1562 Paolini, p. 393, 1589 Raymundus
p. 247, 1549
Lullius, Opera ea quae ad adinventam ab ipso artem universalem
,

'

commentariis,' Strasburg, 1598, 8 (see also

Le proposition! di Mordenti,' Rome, 4
p. 457); Fabricio Mordente,
(geometric, but wdth a little arithmetic).
pertinent

cum diversorum

'

ANTHON NEWDORFFER.
One
Title.

'

of the

Ed.

pr. 1599.

Niirnberg,

599-

famous Newdoiffer family of Nlirnberg Rechenmeisters.

Kunftliche vnd Ordentliche An//\veyfzung der gantzen

Practic vff // den Jetzigen fchlag

vnd derfelbenn // herlichcn

gefchwinden Exempel // vff s kurtzt ziifammen getzogen &c.//

Meinen lieben Difcipeln zu fon-//derlichem Niitzen geftclt.

Durch // mich Anthonium Newdorffer//Rechenmaifter vnd Mo(F. 2, r.) On f.
dift der//Statt Nurnberg// Anno .M.D.IC
I, r., is

an engraved frontispiece with figures of Euclid and Py-

On

thagoras, and a triangular multiplication table.

14

11.

of verse

ColopJion.

ff.

i, v.,

are

'Gedruckt zu Nurnberg/ //durch Paulum Kauff-

mann.//M. D. XCIX.'
Description. 4,
5 X
65

f.

Stvdiosos Artis Nvmerandi.'

'Ad

unnumb., 22-32

(F. 65,

r.)

19.3 cm., the text being

11.

Nurnberg, 1599.

1.4

15.5 cm.

RARA ARITHMETICA

4i6
Editions.

There was no other

edition.

This is an excellent illustration of the work of the celebrated Niirnberg Rechenmeisters. It is divided into twelve books, of which Das erfte
Buchlein handelt von der Venetianifchen oder Kauffmennifchen Practic,'
'

usually called

Welsch practice by the German writers. It is composed

and explanations being left for the master.

chiefly of problems, the rules

Directions are given, however, in the case of fractions.

Book

II relates

denominate numbers and the Regula de Tribus.' Book III treats of

the weighing of commercial products. Book IV Handelt von der Rechnung eines Caffierers,' including exchange. Book V is entitled lornates,
Das ift/ Rechnung von allerley Handtierung,' and consists of practical
problems relating to the purchase of goods. Book VI Tractiert von der
'

to

'

'

'

Regel Converfa vnd Quinque,' inverse and compound proportion. The

rest of the twelve books are devoted to practical business questions of
the day.

OBERTO CANTONE.
A
Title.

Genoese arithmetician

Ed.

pr.

Naples, 1599.

1599.

of the sixteenth century, residing in Naples.

See Fig. 209.

FoL, 14.5 X 20.1 cm., the text being 10.4 X 157

Description.

cm.

304 pp. (292 numb.), 34-3/ H- Naples, 1599.

This is the first edition of this work, three other

Editions.

editions appearing in the seventeenth century.

Arithmetics written by Genoese masters in the sixteenth century
are rare, even in manuscript form, and this is probably the only such
work printed in Naples. Genoa was a mercantile center, but its dialect
was not conducive to the success of a textbook, as is seen in the case

Naples was too far from the path of

produce many mercantile works. But
although Oberto Cantone was a Genoese, he was a professor delle disin Naples, and he dates his dedicatory epistle
cipline matematiche
Di Napoli li 15. luglio 1599.' Naples, however, had a commerce of
by
its own, even if not as extensive as that of Venice or Florence, and
of Zucchetti's treatise (p. 425).

international

commerce

to

'

'

'

was natural to expect works of this kind.

is based upon Borghi and similar writers
It gives our present method of multiplication, but makes
of the North.
no use of the Venetian or Florentine names, with the exception of per
colonna.' Two or three short methods are given, but no such extended
the close of the century

The book

is

it

mercantile and

'

treatment of varied forms appears as in Tartaglia, or his great predeDivision, except in simple cases, is postponed to p. 142,

cessor Paciuolo.

L VSO PRATTICO
DELUARITMETICA

OBERTO CANTONE
DAG ENO VA,

PROFESSOR DELLE DISCIPLINE

Macematiche.

n^EL QVALE CON NVOVA INVENTIONE

/in/e^na tn materia di conti , I'vfe tanto delLi Regia Camera dtUa
iSommaria, quanta di Negottantiy MercadantitC^Jrtegiani.
come Napoli cambyi recambij in ciajcunapazza,

CON PRIVILEGIO.

P
<

Q
en

I
^ppreffo
Si

T^

7^.4"

T A K Qiy

vendono dal
Fig, 209.

til

ir.edcfiiriO

V L ly
Long ho. M.

D. IC,

Aucorc a Banchi nuoui.

Title fagk of cantone

RARA ARITHMETICA

4i8
and

book

Most

modern form, a danda.'

there treated in the

is

'

of the applied

exchange, although a few other types are given. The

poorly constructed, being too prolix in the treatment of the

problems are
is

in

and too narrow

operations,

in its applications.

JOANNES MARIANA.
Born

at

He

1624.

Ed.

pr.

Toledo, 1599.

1599.

Talavera de la Reina, in 1536; died at Toledo, February

was a Spanish Jesuit and a famous historian.

17,

See Fig. 210.

Title.

'

Colophon.

Toleti,

Apud Thomam Guf-//manium, Anno

599.'

(P. 206.)

Description. 4,i4X 18. 6cm., the text being 9. 3X 15.6cm. 6 pp.

blank

+8

unnumb. + 192 numb. = 206 pp., 26

There was no other edition.

Toledo, 1599.

11.

Editions.

The author

is

not the same as the Giovanni Mariani mentioned on

p. 180, but a Spanish Jesuit of

some

fifty

years later.

The work

is

on

the history of the weights and measures used in Spain in the sixteenth
It traces these

century.
sources,

and

measures from the Roman, Greek, and Hebrew

valuable for the study of the history of the subject.

is

It

closes with a table of comparative measures.

MARTIN WENCESLAUS.
A
Title.

Dutch arithmetician

Ed.

pr. 1599.

Middelburg, 1599.

of the sixteenth century.

See Fig. 211.

Eynde defes onfes eerften Vo-//lumens Ghedruct

Hee-/Aen 1599. In defe vermaerde Coop-/Atadt

Colophon.

'

int Jaer ons

Fin de ce
van Middleburgh in // Zeelandt.'// Also in French
noftre premier Volu-//men: Imprime I'An de noftre Seig-//neur
A la tref-renommee // ville Marchande de Middel-//bourg
1 599.
:

en Zeelande.'
Description.

(F. 157,
4, 15.2

'

r.)

20.1 cm., printed in double columns,

one in Dutch and the other in French, the Dutch being ^.J
X 15.7 cm., the French 5 X 15 cm. 4 ff. blank + 18 unnumb.
+ 137 numb. = 159 ff. Dutch: 30-41 II.; French: 16-26 11.
Middelburg, 1599.
Editions. This is evidently the
tion is dated

'Den

10.

first edition,

dach van Decem.

ftijlo

since the dedica-

nouo.

Anno

Chrifti.

PRINTED BOOKS
JO

419

^'Hn IS

MARIANAE
Hifpani.
E

DE

SOCIE. lESV,

P O N'D E Rl'BV S

ET

menfuris.

uimo

^W^

CVM PRIVILEGIO.
Fig. 210.

Title page

oi'

makiana

RARA ARITHMETICA

420

T/FONDAMEKT

B^n ^nt\mttm:mtttt%w
imntcht

J5?acti)tlt

nittitrsaDera

DalUt

noonnmDuPr ftuthm bmi&mUrsgdban

Smettil.

:j5p&t0ln ji^cbrtDupt0cntietn jfrancj^ots/

met rcDelicUe ouerccnacnmung^e ofte
XllCff

^C0^

MARTINVM VVENCESLAVM,
AQVISGRANENSEM.

LE
DE

FONDEMENT
L'ARITHMETIQYE AVEC

LAPR.ACT1CQVE ITALIENNE

N S E M.

blelcs pieces , les plus necefsairesde la R.cglc

d 'Inter eft.

ENSEMBLE EN BAS ALLEMAN ET EN

Jran^ois , avcc raifonnable Harmonie on

Concoidancc.

IE
Pan

TOVT

C^fJKTIir^i^rM

WE NCE S LArM,

MIDDELBVRGH^
^ji SymoK mroulm, bjoonrriDnntit^^ucltenir. 1599,
te tooge/ bp Adiiaen Dan be Vivere . Tdotth'otuoopct/
Ujoonenbe bp be nicuUJc 72>mfc/int>tn bcrgulbcn 23pbeU

Cntft menljintfe

Fig. 211.

Title page of wenxeslaus

IJOOKS

PRINTl-:i)
1598,' 'Ic 10. lour dc

Dcccmhrc

421

nouo. Anno. Chrisli- 1598.'

ll\ lo

The long and

stupid preface is tlaled November 30 of the same

Wenceslaus had already i)ublished two works before this

year.

one, the

Proportionale ghesolveerde Tafelen van Interest,'

'

and the

8,

The book
and French

'

Boukhoudens

is

594,

Instruction,' 1595.

interesting, both because of

its

arrangcnienl of the Dutch

texts in parallel columns, thus serving a purpose in lan-

guage teaching in a bilingual country, and because of the mercantile

problems which reveal, as is particularly true of the Dutch books, the

contemporary life of the people.

Other works of IS99- St. Augustine
Barlaamo,

p.

Reisch), p. 82,

1499

(see Reisch), p. 82, 1503

1572; Benedetti, p. 364, 1580; Boethius (see
1503; Bungus, p. 384, 1583-84; Capella, p. 66,
;

343,

Clichtoveus (see Reisch), p. 82, 1503; Faber Stapulensis (see

Finaeus (see Reisch), p. 82, 1503; Gallucci
Reisch), p. 82, 1503; Jacob, p. 298, 1560; Jordanus (see
;

Reisch), p. 82, 1503;

(see

Reisch), p. 82, 1503; Ramus, p. 330, 1569; Reisch, p. 82, 1503;

Schleupner, p. 412, 1598; Striibe, p. 391, 1588; Johann Heere,
Rechenbiichlein von allerhand gebraiichlichen Fragen,' Niirnberg,
'

Andreas Reinhard,

'

Drey Regifter Arithmetifcher Anfang

zur

Leipzig, 8, with a second edition in 1600.

Practik,'

JACOB VANDER SCIIUERE.

Ed.

Haarlem, 1600.

1600.

pr.

Dutch arithmetician of Meenen,

c.

550-1 620.

See Fig. 212.

Tit/c.

Description.

8,

9.4

14.4 cm., the text being 7.2

12.6 cm.

unnumb. + 202 numb. = 204 ff 22-23 l^- Haarlem, 1600.

Editions. That the date of the first edition is 1600 appears
in the Voor-Reden of the 1625 edition, where his son, Denys,
says that the book was published by the father eerst in't laer
1600. ende dit is al de vierde mael dat het gedrukt is.' There
2

ff.

'

were

various editions in the seventeenth

the following: Haarlem, 161

(p.

(p.

423)

Haarlem, 1625

8 (p.

c.

including

Amsterdam, 1643, 8
Amsterdam, 1675.
425)

424);

century,

Rotterdam-Schiedam, 1624, 8
1630, 8 (p. 423) Gouda, 1634, 8
1

(p.

424);

Rotterdam, 1653,

RARA ARITHMETICA

ARITHMETICA,

Bttt^itumtt

Mtti rc^oone

<L^empeIen/ftec nut ttoo? alle Cooti^

lUtm/ fmtmfi/ CaffietiS / <ntfan*

lAQVES

VAN DER SCHVERE

VAN MeENEN.

Nutei: rildtFrancoyfche School-meeftcr

tot Haerlkm.

a5p

te Slaw^im aooman oetfebjucfeet/f i^oo.

tt

69ne-fliatt/iniKbCTSul0e|&atf?if,

Fig. 2 12.

Title page of vander schuere

PRINTED HOOKS

423

Vander Schucre's work on bookkecpinf^ is mentioned under

the later editions (p. 424), although it was not published in the
sixteenth century. No effort has here been made to complete
the

of seventeenth-century editions.

list

one of the many practical arithmetics that appeared in

Holland about this time. It takes up the fundamental ])rocesses, rule
This

is

of three, fractions, the rule of practice, partnership, commissions, in-

heritance problems, profit and loss, interest, exchange, barter, alligation, and the various other rules in use
most successful Dutch textbooks.

at that time.

was one of the

It

JACOB VANDER SCIIUERE.

Ed.

Rotterdam-Schiedam, 1624.

1600.

pr.

See

p. 421.

'Arithmetica//Oft// Reken-konft;//Verciert met veel

Title.

fchoone // Exempelen/ zeer nut voor

alle vlijtighe

cnde leer-ghierigheAenvanghers //defer Konft/

Nu

door // lacob Vander Schuere, Meenenaer,//

// Oeffenaers

Ghemaeckt

etc.

tcr tijdt Fran-

Haerlem.//Ende nu int hcrdrucken

(Woodcut of Vander Schuere with
den Grond.)//Tot Rotterdam,// Voor Pieter

foyfche. SchooI-meefter//tot

overfien ende ghebetert.//

motto: Door

siet

//Anno

van Waefberghe/

1642.'

(F. i,

r.)

Colophon. 'Tot Schiedam, //Ghedruckt by Adriaen van Delf .//

Anno

1624.'

(F. 208,

Description.

cm.

ff.

8,

8.7

r.)

14.7 cm., the text being

unnumb.-f 206 numb.

= 208

ff.,

22-27

y .6

12.9

Rotterdam-

11-

Schiedam, 1624.
See above.

JACOB VANDER SCIIUERE.

Ed.

Title.

1600.

pr.

See

p.
'

Arithmetica

This edition
isprobably
7.3

S.

1.

a.

(.?),

c.

1630.

421.

c.

is

F.

1630.

12.2 cm.

oft Rekcn-konst.'

without date, the

ff.

is

missing.

unnumb.

-F

title

page being missing, but

9 x 15.6 cm., the text being

252 numb.

257

ff.,

35

11.

RARA ARITHMETICA

424

JACOB VANDER SCHUERE.

See

Ed.

pr.

Gouda, 1634.

1600.

p. 421.

'Arithmetica// oft //Reken-konft. //Door lakob vander

Title.

Schuere, Meenenaer // Eertyts Frangoysche Schoolmeefter//tot

Haerlem,//En in't herdrucken by hem ouerfien // verbetert en
vermeerdert, en noch by-//geuoecht een kort onderricht van //
'titaliaens Boeck-houden // ter Goude // By Pieter Rammefeyn,

Boeck-verkooper //inde Korte Groenen-dal, in't Vergult A, B, C.

//ao 1634.
Akerfl fee' (The title page is elaborately en-

graved, with a portrait of the author surrounded by the following:

'Doorseit den Grond lakob Vander Schvere

8,

Description.

ff.

unnumb.

8.8

208 numb.

216

ff.

Bound with
;

37 numb. = 38 ff., making a

Gouda, 1634.
11-

total of

etc.,

254

with
ff.

i, r.)

12.7 cm.

this is

onderricht //over het // Italiaens // Boek-houden //

ghebracht // Door lakob vander Schvere,'

(F.

aet 50.')

14.2 cm., the text being 7

Kort

'

Nu int
f.

licht

unnumb.

in the

book,

28-33

See p. 423.

JACOB VANDER SCHUERE.

Ed.

pr.

See
Title.

Amsterdam, 1643.

1600.

p. 421.

'Arithmetica //oft // Reken-konft.// Eneen kort onder-

richt van't Italiaens

Boeckhoude // Door lacob vander Schvere

Meenenaer. // By den Autheur overfien, verbeetert en vermeerdert. //Tot Amsterdam, //voor Michiel de Groot Boeckverkooper
// op de nieuwendyk inde Bieftkens Bybel. 1643.' (Engraving of
lacob vander Schvere Meeauthor with the following wording
'

nenaer.

Out

67. laer. Doorsiet

Description.

8,

9.5

denGrondt. Annoi643.')

14.7 cm., the text being 7.2

(F. i,r.)

12.5 cm.

272 ff. (216 numb + 8 unnumb. in the arithmetic), 26-31 11.

Amsterdam, 1643. Bound with this is Kort onder-richt //Over
'

het //Itahaens // Boeck-houden.// In't Licht gebracht // door //

Jacob van der Schuere.// t'Amsteldam,// By Michiel de Groot,

HOOKS

PRINTl^I)
Boeckverkooper //oj)

lemmer Sluyfcn.
See

p.

clc

425

Nicuwcndijck/tulTchcn dc twee Ilaer-//

A". 1675.'

(F.

i,

of the bookkeeping.)

r.,

423-

JACOB VANDER SCMUERE.

Ed

Rotterdam, 1653.

1600.

pr.

See

p. 421.

Title.

'

En

Arithmetica // ofte // Reken-konft, //

onder-richt van't Italiaens // Boeck-hoiiden.//

der Schuere Meencnaer.//

By

tlen

Autheur

ecn kort

Door // lacob van

over-ficn, verbetert

en // vermeerdert.//Tot Rotterdam, //Gedruckt by Pieter Wacfbergc, woo-//nende op't Steyger/ in de gekroonde // Leeuw/

Anno

1653.'

(F.

Description.

8,

i, r.)

8.7

14.

cm., the text being 7

12.1

cm.

275 pp. (219 numb. + 8 unnumb. in the arithmetic), 26-33 11Rotterdam, 1653. Bound with this is 'Kort onder-richt // over
het // ItaHaens Boeck-houden. // In't Licht gebracht // door //

Jacob van der Schuere.// Tot Rotterdam,// Gedruckt by Pieter

van Waefberge,//Ordinaris Drucker/ woonende op't Steyger//
in

de gekroonde Leeuw/

Anno

1653.'

(F.

i,

r.,

of the book-

keeping.)
See p. 423.

GIOVANNI BATTISTA ZUCHETTA.

Ed.

pr.

Title.

di 30. di

444

See Fig. 213.

'

is

M.

Genoese arithmetician.

The

privilege

is

dated

'

In Genoua nel

CCCCCC

FoL, 24.2 X 33.4 cm., the text being

pp. (412 numb.),

Editions.

Parte

21, 1550.

Genaro.

Description.

cm.

Brescia, 1600.

1600.

Born April

33-37

11.

17.

X 26

Brescia, 1600.

There was no other edition. Brunet says

this

'

Prima

the only one that appeared.

The work has

several interesting features, not the least one being the

Al generoso lettore,' in which the author speaks of the criticism
liable to be directed against a Genoese author on account of his pro-

apology

'

vincial Italian.

The

'

Prologo

'

is

a curious dissertation on the

'

Arti,

426

RARA ARITHMETICA

Fig. 213.

Title page of zuchetta

PRINTED BOOKS
&

Scienze,

on the part

for arithmetic

427

with some ninety-eight arguments to show the need

altro,'

The

of all classes of humanity.

musician, the thief, the cook, the prelate,

all

are

shown

farmer, the

need of

to have

number; and Nature, Intelligence, and even God himself make use of it.
The book presupposes a knowledge of the arithmetic of integers,
and opens with a treatment of fractions. The rule of three, in all of
its forms, and with most unbusinesslike numbers, is then discussed at
great length, and this is followed by various complications of the Regola
del Cattaino, cosi detta da gli Arabi inuentori di quello, ch' in lingua
nostra fignifica falfa pofizione.' The latter part of the book treats of
such topics as partnership, barter, and alligation. The work was not of
a nature to have any influence on Italian arithmetic.
'

WILHELM SCHEY.
A German

4,

15.1

pp. (470 numb.),

That

Editions.

cation

pr.

Basel, iCoo.

1600.

at Solothurn.

Born

c.

1560.

See Fig. 214.

Title.

Description.

486

Ed.

Rechenmeister

19.4 cm., the text being 10

36-37

11.

this is the first edition

'Datum den

Septembris.

12.

15

cm.

Basel, 1600.

appears from the dedi-

Anno Domini

1600.'

complete commercial arithmetic, but is

not well constructed. The author likes to arrange his computations in
a bizarre fashion, for effect. He extends his explanations unduly, and
for so large a book the mercantile information is not as complete as it

The book

is

an attempt

at a

There is a curious arrangement of the figures

by casting out nines, as here shown, although

should be.

in the proofs

whether
there

is

typographical matter or a notion of Schey's

this is a

In the

nothing to indicate.

Re'gula Falsi

there

'

is

a rather early use of -^ for the minus sign. In general the

book is reactionary, giving only the galley division (with
much attempt at effect), and mentioning, although not

treating,

and Mediatio.'
Buscher, p. 393,
Other works of 1600. Barlaamo, p. 343, 1572
1590; Chambers (see Barlaamo), p. 343, 1572 Herodianus, p. 60,
Jacob, p. 298, 1560 Lonicerus, p. 253,
Hylles, p. 396, 1592
1495
Duplatio

'

'

'

Reinhard, p. 421,
383, 1584; M. van den Dycke, Chyfer-Boeck
(second edition, I do not know the first), Antwerp, 8, and La vraye
(a translation of the other?), ib., 8; Georg
reigle d'Arithm^tique
Gleitsmann, Kiinftlirhes Rechenbuch fowohl auf Linicn als mit /.iffern

1551

Ramus,

p. 263,

1555

Reisch, p. 82, 1503

'

1599; Schulze,

'

p.

'

'

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

428

ARITMETICA

U^ubc/ittma^tn/iM tin |c&<r|tm(tc^c0 Vn^anbta/

(it

9W ^unMid^en ^erid^t/bon im itlbs/wet

?)urc^ 2Btldmum6c|^9/ 5:eut^

f^n c^wl ^"^ 9?cc^ctttiiciffer

n<n anfafxnDm @cl)ul<rn/n>

j @olo^

mm K&m ^egi^tidm

Un&et/t>n^ in Xruct txtfctn^ct.

Anno M. DC.

P
Fig. 214.

Title page of schey

PRINTED BOOKS

429

nach defs Rami Arithmetica geftellt,'

M. Johann Taf,
Schones neues
Rechenbuch,' Cologne, 4. There was also published, s. a., but c. 1600, a work by Vincenzo da Bergamo,
Arithmetiche instruttioni.'
There were many other arithmetics published in the sixteenth cenFrankfort, 8;

'

'

Anonymous, Art et Science

(Boncompagni sale); Anonymous,
LivTC des gects,' s. 1., 4 (see p. 130, 1520) Anonymous, Abbaco di
Anonymous, (Q)ui
succincte dimostrazioni,' s. 1. (Milan?) (Brunet)
tury without date, including the following

de Arismetique,'

Paris,

12,

96

'

ff.

'

'

apresso e inaci col

nome

di dio intedo di tractare e scriuere

alquatimo

numero altrimeti chiamato algurismo,' s. 1.,

cum
Joachim Ammonius, Isagoge Arithmetices
praefatione P. Melanchthoni,' Wittenberg; Angelus Mutinens, p. 140,
Sarafino da Campora, Delia ragione dell' Abbaco,' and a work
1525
on the calendar (Messina, 1559, and Rome, 1560) (Riccardi); Lauro
Matteo Ricci, T'ung-wen suanQuirini,
De mysterio numerorum
chih (Practical arithmetic in 1 1 books, the work of a Jesuit missionary

di e regole sopra larte del

33

(Riccardi)

ff.

'

'

'

'

'

'

in China, b. 1552, d.

1610; possibly not published during

his lifetime).

PART II
MANUSCRIPTS

?tmomic tml^ir.ai^tiimttciDera
ttiZa^tmiao T<53;tittmtitC5fli45 f

\.

KkoM

TA.Ml'ANUS MANISCKII

MANUSCRIPTS
EUCLID.
See

Latin MS.,

'In hoc libro otinet' gcomct'a cuclklis //cu .:mento

Title.

magri campani.'
Colophon.

campani.'

'

(F.

i,

v.)

CExplicit geometria euclidis cu comcn//to magiftri

(F. 165, v.)

Description.

Fol.,

17.8

x 25.8

cm. besides the marginal figures.

vellum

Editions.
list

(except for

is

165

ff.,

H-

17.2

^^'I'itten

on

have not

Book V, on proportion) are not included

p.

that

in

this

237.

a Latin manuscri])t of Euclid, with the

is

For the arithmetical books, which

Campanus, written on vellum about 1260.

theorems

23-44

This work being primarily a geometry,

of the editions.

manuscript, see
This

cm., the text Ix-ing 8.5

1260.

c.

given a

of

1260.

c.

p. II.

made by Adelard

the early printed editions of the

commentary (proofs)

The

translation of the

(.Tthelhard) of Bath,
'

Elements

'

it is

c.

120, but in

generally referred to

Campanus.
Of Campanus himself not very much is known. His first name was
probably Johannes, and he is known to have prepared a set of planetary tables, and to have been chaplain to Urban IV. (See Boncompagni's
Bulledno, I, 5, and XIX, 591.)
as that of

This manuscript has been studied by Mr. C. S. Peirce {.Seieiiee, x.s.,

XIII, 809), who believes it to be the copy given by Campanus himself
to Jacques Pantaloon when the latter was Patriarch of Jerusalem, hence
before August 29, 1261, when he became Pope Urban IV. He bases
his belief on a sentence written in a cursive hand just below the colo-

phon, containing the words 'Jacobus Dei gratia Patriarcha Jerusalemitorum.'

The complete sentence

is

433

'In noie

dm ame

Jacobus del

g''

RARA ARITHMETICA

434

In
patriarcha Jerufalemitar omibus xpi fidelibus falutem defiderium,'
the name of the Lord, amen; Jacob by the grace of God patriarch
'

and love.'
seems more of a blessing or quasi imprimatur than a mark

of the Jerusalemites to all the faithful of Christ, greeting

While

this

On f i r.,
it is equally valuable in serving to iix the date.
the inscription in a fourteenth-century hand, 'mgri adolphi di Werda,'
and a statement that the manuscript belonged to the Phillips collection,

of ownership,

is

f. 165, v., is an inscription in an English hand of c. 1400,

This book belonged to Dominus ArmaDi armachani,'
(For a page of this MS. see Plate IV.)

On

no. 4633.
'

lib^ ifte fuit

chanus.'

'

ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS BOETHIUS.

Latin MS.,
See

The manuscript begins

Title.

(F.

boetii.'

'

Incipit prolog in arithmetica

'

ad fymacu9 patriciuc.'

Explict arifme^^ // boetij

FoL, 19.8 X 27 cm., in double columns, each being

Written on vellum c. 1294. Bound
ff., 41 11.

28

20.1 cm.

r.)

Description.
7

1294.

i, v.)

Colophon.
(F. 28,

c.

p. 25.

with the Euclid described below but in a different hand. It is

The contemporary pigskin

beautifully written and illuminated.

binding has the inscription,

is

practically that followed

(See Plate

1867).

Editions.

'lib'

The

arifmetice boecij.'

text

by the Friedlein edition (Leipzig,

I.)

For printed editions see

p. 27.

See p. 27.

Latin MS.,

EUCLID.
See

c.

1294.

p. II.

Title.

The work begins without

title

'
:

Punct^

eft cui9 ps ne.'

(F. 29, V.)

Colophon.

'

Explicit geometri euclidis

cum comto

campani.'

(F. Ill, V.)

Description.

cm.

Ill

ff.

Fob, 19.8 x 27 cm., the text being 17.5 X 19.5

of Boethius
ff. being the arithmetic

(the first 28

MANUSCRIPTS
described on

434),

p.

44

beautifully executed figures and

the mediaeval scribe.

It is

of the Boethius with

which

435

W'riUen on vellum,

11.

is

e.

1294.

has

a fine specimen of the work of

written in a different hand from that

it is

bound.

The

cover, which seems

contemporary with the manuscript, has the number

possibly for the date

It

1294, the

being omitted as

cclxxxxiiij,
is

the

(;flen

(See Fig. 215 and Plate V.)

case.

ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS BOETHIUS.

Latin MS.,
See

The manuscript begins: Tncipit

Fol., 13 X 18.6 cm., the

Title.

1300.

c.

p. 25.

Description.

libr

arismetice art

.'
.

X 14.
The work

text being 8.9

37 ff., 32-36 11. Beautifully written on vellum.

complete, and, like the manuscript described on p. 434, this
shows a text very similar to that followed by the Friedlein

cm.
is

At

edition.

the end of the manuscript are two folios of com-

mentary, closing with two almost

words

'

Com

campani

,'
.

containing the

illegible lines

referring to the

commentary

of

Campanus. Roman numerals are used throughout the text,

which was not always the case in manuscripts of this date. (See
Plate VI.) The commentary, which seems to have been added
about a century later, has some Hindu-Arabic numerals.

PAOLO DAGOMARI.

MS.,

Italian

1339.

c.

Paolo dell'Abaco, Paolo Astrologo, Paolo Geometra, Paolo ArisMETRA, Paul ok the Abacus. Bom in Prato, c. 1281 died at Florence
;

according to some writers, in 1365. He was a celebrated Florentine arithmetician, 'geometra grandissimo, e peritissimo aritmetico
diligenti.ssimo osservatore delle Stelle, e del movimento de'cieli,' as Villani
{I.e Vite iV Uomini ilustri Fiorentini) calls him.
in 1374, or,

Title.
rali

//e

'

Trattato d'Abbaco,

medicinali.'

Descriptio7i.

cm.

138

ff.

(F.

Fol., 21.7

(7 blank),

natu-

i,r.)

X 29.3 cm., the

32-35

(possibly copied later).

d' Astrono-//mia, e di segreti

11.,

text being 15

clearly written on paper,

X 21.4
c.

1339

RARA ARITHMETICA

436

"

'

-c1K#ft|^r<i1mr4'-6^<f.^-^md&^t-CIn^1ilc^4

'J2.*

'}y
'

af ciocmquo(pfefitnbni

-^^

1-^

>

v-t-=

^t

^^

^lU

l^

\^^

'

/^'

^^
b

'

j-i

ir^

^mttd

^^

^^dwr

>2'(~.

?^

v>>.v^sa.-^
tlPlQ*dO CtOrClTr Olt -^

<^er^v-

pr^jftir- :jjSiw

>J^lm^^^a*;v^f8 eicif tmunr'

MiuWini- mcSiifnrae cm*!* iw5i

m'Kr-ftf.pfm ^Droino <rtr^^' e>^uf vrn*

Vimi* ni?mcMetad^r^rn^^4ratniniiVtirin8 4ttVdtnmf

eeJPV-tmpiR-qucfiTO^
-mJartniftti-^^lfanTmipVnnW

vmoa -a.tc- >

IP 4lv}vu>

f- imfji". qju'tfl

:{.t.fac?k**^tmjicrf>

Cfb^tf tn^m*--

-iW-d'*^tiBjto^lr<^tbmjn'tn4SiRihTfmip
/f^ft-fivUftra-eiraiitS-^Hpn-mkn^i-^micrd

Jfrtft^tiVCfvJ^m ^^-r- <ti t- *if c<iS -A- ^.<- m'uirt- fkraxpr-niW- J- citr

'

^ nwcncxae
^k_
on

Fig. 215.

tft-par

eft-

4^uobcu^m<*^nei^l\r^fmarfal
-facoipfttt^fin^^Tinpint-sircra
cfiftmkra- li<iiuijTt5

f-Vmornifl itqjifo ifff

__>

From the 1294 manuscript of euclid

the esteem in which the author of this

Di patria Fiorentino fu Pauolo
words
il quale, per 1' eccellenza ch' egli hebbe ne le Matematiche, lasciato il
Come apunto fra
proprio cognome, fu chiamato da tutti il Geometra.
gli antichi auenne ad Apollonio Pergec'
This manuscript is primarily a treatise on arithmetic. The writer,
however, left a number of blank pages at the end, and these have been

Bernardino Baldi

work was

filled in

testifies to

held, in the following

'

from time to time by various owners.

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,"'.

/w-* ;>v:niuiiifiii !ff1i'U<-lL>''U*>'ni ' lHI^Ulum^tn^1^Jn'>ltnJII^frcllll fimi;

VMir.iiro-a (iituianff.^.ilevjfc.uijfvvumi
y^jlrtiurr.aiiiwqiiiniiiif srIiU

"bS

mrdi^

tKMiin.ivntr.idAiii-'tW lr'iVtmiiiniiitfi<(r.r'iHAiMftj{oftn!!''f H'^(fi'''q

>t<hixiii,ai?j*uariimitfnu-ii4i .vV'i1jn.fuO'm"mrr.nilt^in<,oippUU>ftviti

aOiftOTulunbvmo.iqU'aMmilUuiqiM^v<nrT..}-t'WWWl<mnI.<vbi.a.v^^
f i5<-VMM-iiii5ri'"l-^" "11 "fr-l'U V 'i5-^''r.';<llt'

icfia-vtaaawnlliiHit- irtmojA.)

<v. Iftfiii c<ii3iftuiniori Urtu.,i i.

f f\^\gut utojrii
plto.^<f.Ali;^lU)Von/*')ftlDll^^uHft^^^(^f^ll Anjr.r.irflinjjwnT- jjir

mia'r'inra: iiii!amriiiiiiiai'*Mtymui

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r^i^^t^hl^a.U>.^lOlumucqllt1l\^ll>ll^lr^la4l^<i^;^W^:l'^^llJI 0<li>iihiuJ..i(7icrr
ptno.uig'rvtti ('iitnuuf j>re.iv)ni-v*itti'iic h^m'.HOOni

incrim ^ucto d:tJAinir cnuc Cuob? ac>?(ino riuc criuoli;

yii>rrTiuj(ir.iil'r-nii'(iii{p.i,in-rvrtul>'

i^{irro,<ir.fiiiii'On>[U)q'i.\Hitr>

^tiiumJ

i>inctiiiiiii

('ittvuniiin

i\i<i(irui

HlCT.llMW^SchuTk^all*^-tn vhTicrif-rrt1'<.q^'''5?nrirtTKUiiii>.i<v.<i\V(v^
til TigrticuiiraiWS.iiiic.jn'nquidiioWrTMaCinifrniMjt^j^iHUjr.AiiiB.t^i'JiioO'iujj'&iiasaj'hiunutioot^iiiio^b^uifctTXTlinTOJmf^ppiniiijralKlOM.CT'iqiirTqii'Hioi)
ntt^'iif;*lvi9f<re(hi. /k-m-|;.jC5.liiiiiiiJ.ic.li<M6iicoTr,l>lilfiiniui, qitiwi;i>ii(<a
i%Mi'irai)*'trtte-ClCijf'fi-U'<^"'<\F'l"'^'^Wi''i<''''^''^^'lP';T''lhnaTlff^^

iJwmii.tajr-li-J'TOCv^if nij}f.lYncimc<viiTi:v'J<hir frihiyrtrtoiiiiijfMl'r;^^^

S*

'

<pqihtmitt=tfomoriMam*

Oiiiifiiui<>!<v>'ihm!('qfl?,lH\i'iilyj'aiieiiitofMii
qhn^lMllfJ^^^!^lUrI^'^l*ll'^l^"<qluli^<Jy^t^lli^lul^:tl^>^^dan5t-aXf^Ull0>^^

m 'fCno<t.jjiVaaTMiicA>.mtW^/Vur- iwK'giliUniii'cjd^imiiii^irlili.vv i'lv)HiIIct<J).

^Jq^'m),mlomn5{laT^Illfe^ucto4^ll^fcauM't^SWy(te(t^^

a Aftuobi nriinuie Vitib\ Ccfinb^Drnxr ih if C aurr atiumie

'*^ " <V^^Jml^lAco0^^n^rl n'vrign,in-.ijirraiittto-.i?-rrir(vqtfini<m>"
Tlrf /..
UIO OftuUinn*- ar oqlf qCijmid>uoiumi.iMUsvctvrui-iiTch8.l>iro.uia^^^
l.mlrf\lr>!l^OTIfc<rert^l,etIr0lrt^^e^3l^^U>_vttlOllHMlb^^l^lnUilKf^llUUl

^lu^jOTiov-qioawj>ima)luimOrairq;('j\trt*re.qi-miitir.qi^^

nm 4ujm (ham

q oirtH f^vw- l.i.vuf. qmqTni fuH-qu.i

<q-|cu-!nr.Nr,ninr
tiV9njrli.i,jFui.r.ctCTtiie-q-ytorinTTfmfvnr'>jtit,j>^^7
v.-

f-

^^

^,

:i[e V.UCUO tonrtrnid^'UiMuiiuh

^'itrMJri4>f<u rrf^-r i

Plate V.

From

mo

i>i

i({^

a manuscript of euci.id, c. 1294

Vv

MANUSCRIPTS
The

arithmetic begins

(f. i, r.)

'

VA

nome

437

sia di

Dio

et a revcrentia

Kt dello fuo madre //

//della fuo potentia et della fanta trinitade.

Al
uirgino fempre fanta maria Et del beato Sco Giouani batifto //
.'
On f. i, r., is a table of
chominiciamento del noftro trattato
.

j^ j*<o vm

<

\bf

r^p-vtA^n^ I4^dt^; C^ cfJ>-^^p^^f*^t<r'^')r')\^<^S

7^ cVc-jW- -P^vwrrvo

r^r-t^m^* ^'icr-^f^^Vc-w^r- AMVh)4r-i<'

V
T>frm.M' avtA0 ^-Vtixn^*lx^ i\*vn^*l t'W>'^^'>-'n<p'
lc.o t<*rm<.

vn<^u vftn*-JX^ -L^'^n.-mvn

money.

F.

2, r.,

f.

3, v.,

and

is

a table of contents

this states that the

gholvzze del Maestro Pagolo Astrologo.'

part of the volume

l^

;^/^^t(-^,^o^fc-vu^lc-lAt-

^>*

From the dagomari manuscrift

Fig. 216.

del noftro tractato,'

t'TJir/V-no y

is

(ff.

'

Quefti sono echapitoli

work includes
121,

r.,

131,

the
r.).

'

Re-

This

an ordinary commercial

arithmetic such as the Florentine teachers pro-

duced

The

in the fourteenth

and

fifteenth centuries.

writing and the forms of the numerals indi-

cate this period,

and are not unlike

that of a

fourteenth-century computus (see p. 445) in this

This may, however, be a fifteenth-century copy.
library.

The exam-

ples in division are unique, since they follow neither the galley nor the

'a danda' method, as

The

is

cates

=2143.
The o indi-

here shown in the case of 49289-5-23

peculiar position of the remainders should be noted.

no remainder, and the

2, 2,

and

are excesses of y's in the proof.

KARA ARITHMETICA

438

plan (the forerunner of

this the a danda
our present long division) appears in his use of this name immediately
after. Another odd feature is the placing of the divisor second in the

That the author considers

'

'

ctil|>ipv-lh>ron<-

linn pcpr/<J/eKMV- n\--VWlnt-*ttt

mc'Vc.y>o[V-/')/<mflV-/f\>Ml.|>U<^/-/9/vvi^1->-fU'.Ii~i.5

rr'

ll.4^>/-MSnc4^t4><jMAW-r-

Fig.

217.

'Vl*^'

cfAiiu{jf_-

f-i^pl*-

-^>>w^/ Srwti*! pf<n(^

fnnc-t^>' in^tmth> fefa^Anhr^ net^f^n^

From the dagomari manuscript

The
fractions, it usually appearing first in that period.
problems are of the usual Florentine mercantile character. The first
few are followed by a treatise on 'Nvmeri perfetti (f. 67, r.), and this
division of

'

MANUSCRIPTS
(f.

73,

r.)

439

The wurk

by further business i)rol)lenis.

contains several

curious illustrations (Figs. 217, 218).

The most

interesting feature of the treatise

is,

however, the internal evidence as to its date. It is

usually possible to determine (juite accurately the
date of a Florentine manuscript on arithmetic by
the examples in equation of payments, a favorite
application with the Tuscan arithmeticians,
requiring the year to be stated.

where the dates

in

This

P,

and one

the case here,

is

these examples are

all,

save two,

1339. The writer has also used approximately these

dates in other examples, in part as follows: 132913101332 (a problem on the calendar, f. 27, r.)
;

1404 (an astronomical table, which would naturally

extend well into the future, f. 79, r.)
1330 (f. i i6,r.),
;

and 1339 frequently.

table of the 19-year cycle

123, V.) begins with 1337, as

(f.

is

easily

computed

from a marginal note in a different hand bearing the

dates 1394 and 141 2. This part of the work ends
on f. 131, r., and there can be no doubt that it was
written about 1339, the date so freciuently used in
the problems.
F.

r.,

begins

'

Regholvzze del Maestro Pagolo

Dagomari being referred

Astrologo,'

to in the table

Regholuze del
The Regholvzze
Maeftro pagholo delabacho
was first published in Libri's Histoirc, vol. Ill, p. 296.
Dagomari is included in the list of Bernardino
of contents as Paul of the

Abacus,

'

'

.'

'

Baldi's (1589) biographies, published

in

the Bon-

compagni BiiUctino, XIX, 600.

Ff. 131, v., and 132^ r., are in a different hand.
These and the following leaves were originally blank,
and after ff. 132, v., 133, v., had been written
upon, some owner used these two blank pages. He
has also

left his dates, viz. 1400, 1402, 1406, 14 12,

1435, the 1402 being used several times. This was
therefore written about 1 400-1 435. In this occurs

the

first

which

per-cent sign

is

unknown

in

have met, other than

p. 100,

the earlier part of this volume.

writer of about 1425 uses a

This

symbol which,

by natural stages, developed into our present %.

Fk;.

21S.

From

THE DAGOMARI
MANUSCRIPT

RARA ARITHMETICA

440

commonly

Instead of writing 'per loo,' 'p loo,' or 'p cento,' as had

been done before him, he wrote 'p ^' for p c,' just as the Italians
wrote 1,5,... and i, 2, ... for primo, secundo, etc. In the manuscripts which I have examined the evolution is easily traced, the
becoming ^ about 1650, the original meaning having even then been
'

8c

<^

Fig.

Of

lost.

From the addition

219.

late the

'

1400-1435) to dagomari

(c.

per' has been dropped, leaving only g or

See

%.

Figs. 219, 220.

Ff. 132, v., and 132, r., are in a different hand. They refer to the
calendar, and contain the dates 1380 and 1382, each twice. F. 133,
v., is

in a

still

of this part

is

different hand, although also

fixed

by the expression,

'

et

on the calendar. The date

ifto prefeti

aho.

f.

1447

finit

circuluf anni.'

EUCLID.
See
Title.

Latin MS.,

Fragments

None.

Description.

4,

16.5

of the

'

Elements.'

X 21.4 cm., the

cm., with marginal drawings.

6ff.

text being 10.5

unnumb., 32-41

manuscript, written on vellum in a hand of

The manuscript
III

1350.

c.

p. II.

and IV, and a

is

a fragment of 6 folios,

list

c.

11.

15.8

Latin

of

Books

1350.

and includes part

of propositions evidently based upon, but not

identical with, Euclid's sequence.

intf a^

liito

ai.'-\

iyiti.)i4f4--

wU- luK

ilifli.i; .^(c ,\e ,j,ii

im n,.,# ^.,<^ .^y y.,n viVi

nn\1\-'-"tti nK\lioracrfo<a>mvi'lirU-nKliltw^ui .]loiiouri'..riTi\tl

r^-.^'nif 4'

huim

MTi.Mi (\\n -'d'''iccrii.vlUv vltihtioit'iur.'n

re.lJp^ol^.^lIc:^(utc111C.f^..rt1..lyvl1l.^.^^

i^iMlCTj>jiroo.

Unwivul co^citi .S-t^i.K

A -r c^ \mi<c'f\it> ciTniitruiV idttn .?. vt ojiwi

w.y ht c rd Tio^-cicf ig-.cmui ct^

.rtirojcntt tunxfy?.

avf

f.iTil if i- ij.Toinc

fie

^^

-v,nT.iW"-

fr mtilor
-

it'i/iiif.^VV'iii.

^-^>
t- 1

rc.Txr

:;tl>-J.

aplc r.5.H.U5Vcnfrnuriu.>.rii:faosf.jiviu.cV!l

tiouoiAnomMw

"'Sk

Plate VI.

From

manlsckut of hoethius,

c.

1300

MANUSCRIPTS

-2-4-4^

441

66 00
o

n.

Fig.

cj

a0^

220.

From

/a.

1684 .manusckii'T, not hkkk catal()(;iki)

RARA ARITHMETICA

442

ALBERTUS MAGNUS.

Latin MS.,

c.

1350.

Albertus Teutonicus, de Colonia, or Ratisbonensis. Bom at Lauingen, Swabia, c. 193 died at Cologne, November 25, 1280. He was Count
1

priest, and Bishop of Regensburg. He studied at

Padua and taught at Bologna, Strasburg, Freiburg, Cologne, and Paris. He
was so prominent as a philosopher that he was known as Doctor Universalis.'

of Bollstadt, a

Dominican

'

'De C^lo

Title.

X 32

22.4

Description.

Mundo.'

et

(F.

r.)

i,

cm., the text being 14

21.3 cm. with-

out the marginal notes, and arranged in double columns, each 6.5

90

cm. wide.
This

ff.,

50

11.

a fourteenth-century

manuscript, in

a beautifully written

is

The first folio contains

part of the calendar, and a few random memoranda, including an old
price mark of three ducats. The twenty-ninth folio is blank except for
hand, with fine

some crude

initials in red, black,

circles,

and one

here in the manuscript,

tractatus of liber I

'

f.

a'

v.,

blue.

been cut

folio has

28,

Rei

and

There

out.

is

a break

closing with these words from the fourth

gnate e ultilh

tpr aut actu aut po.

finis in

adhuc corrupt'.' (' Rei autem

quia
generatse est ultimum et finis in tempore aut actu aut potentia
et si est adhuc corruptabilis
si est corrupta, tunc habet actu finem

quia

e corrupta

si

tiic

ht actu fine

2 si

'

the rest of

being

the sentence

'

habet finem

After the

potentia.')

folio, f. 31, r., opens with these words from tractatus I of liber II
que eft f b'a sepata (' quae est substantia separata,' the preceding missing words of the sentence being quae tamen non limitant operationem
formae ejus ') Aside from this the manuscript is complete. F. 89 closes
in col. I with the words Explicit liber de celo et mildo fratris alberti deo

blank

'

'

'

'

agamus gratias.' F. 90, r., is blank, but 90, v., has the zodiac and
There is a brief reference to Pythagorean arithmetic in
tractatus

The

caput

I,

best edition of this

work

in

is

'

B. Alberti

Magni // Ratisbonensis
.

cura ac labore //

MDCCCXC

Augusti Borgnet.// Volumen quartum // Parisiis

first edition of the Opera Omnia appeared in Leyden in 165
.

EUCLID.
Title.

39

uscri])t,

The

1.

Latin MS., 1375.

p. II.

The work begins

Fob, 20.9 X
:

Description.

cm.

liber I,

II.

Episcopi,ordinisPraedicatorum,// opera omnia,//

See

planets.

ff.

unnumb.

-f

'

Functus

blank

written on paper,

c.

eft cui^ ps

no

30.1 cm., the text being

= 40

1375.

ff.,

44-47

11.

e~.'
1

1.9

19.5

Latin man-

MANUSCRIPTS
hooks of

443
iMiclid.

This manuscript includes the fust five

lowed by a treatise upon astronomy and mensuration, also in Latin, in a
The mensuration includes some w(irk
different but contemporary hand.
I'his is fol-

on areas and volumes.

ANONYMOUS.

ff.

C()mi)utus manualis.

40-44

(3 blank),

18.8 cm., the text being 9

4, 13.3

Description.

33

Latin MS., 1384.

None.

Title.

11.,

13.3 cm.

written on paper.

The first written folio has been torn, and the opening lines are missThe work is that particular kind of mediaeval computus (see p. 7)
which a finger mnemonic system is used (see p. 34). It is a copy of

ing.

in

an older

treatise, the text of

which

is

here written in Gothic characters,

most computi,
and in the
ano
twice given, as follows (f. 19, r.)

the copyist's notes appearing in a smaller hand.

the numerals are generally in

comi-nentary, but the date

is

Roman, both

As

in the

in

text

'

1000.300.80.4'; 'anno dnj 1000.300.80.4' (see Fig. 221). The

text is in Latin, except for one page which is in French. A later owner
has written the date of his ownership, 1600 (f. 2, r.).

diij

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

folo

'

Italian

CQui chomincia

ilpologho

Itmo// Prolagho.'

d-lla

Description.

(F. 3,

d-1
r.,

70

ff.

d-1

Fig. 222.)

FoL, 22 x 29.7 cm., written

each being 7.5 x 20.5 cm.

MS., 1393.

conpoto //ddcorfo

in

(6 blank), 35

double columns,
11.

an excellent example of a computus (see p. 7). The verse

Thirty days hath September,' the only relic of the old com])uti now
familiar to most people, appears in this manuscript in the following
Trenta di a noumbre apile // giugno & fettenbre di
Italian form:
(See
uentotto (
) vno tutti glialtrj fono trentuno.' (F. 12, v.)
This

is

'

'

also p. 33.)

GIOVANNI,
The son
on

Title.

ff.

Luca da Firenze.

Italian

MS., 1422.
mentioned

p. 468.
'

Trattato di aritmetica.'

Description.

145

the .son of

of Maestro Luca, a celebrated Florentine arithmetician,

27-30

4,
11.

14.9

(F.

X 21.9 cm., the

i, r.)

text being 9. 3

16.3 cm.

KARA ARITHMETICA

444

r^^

ip<>1

Jti?

ami ttfu

ptr ttiatttif

ttiSttt-to^^wgitef?^

m^tu^ nt^nt^ ctjtttu) |*f

^STuTBln/t^t tit tHflpEie fintttl^ Vmnti

Fig.

22

1.

From the 1384 computus

MANUSCRirrS

445

one of the best examples of an early fifteenth-century commercial arithmetic known. Florence was at this lime an imjjortant
financial center, and the arithmeticians of the city were highly esteemed.
This

is

Several of the applications found in arithmetics for the next three cenSubjects like equation of payments and
turies had their origin here.

partnership involving time, customs like 'days of grace' in exchange,

like time drafts in sets of two or three can be studied to good

and forms

advantage

in the arithmetical

manuscripts of this period.

e^

-Tiry^ f^c
veoro Jfvfl tJorjy>

%,7vf>v*<

iU

^c

First pace

oi-

.fWn9cC. -f^TMvyt 9vfto^

ore )<^
fvrt .^i^Trn+i?^"^

^PwtvoG: .^n< 2'C-^'^

yC^
Fig. 2 2 2.

fti^ >

***<

'"^

S-^^W f COp.^^^ ^'^^

cPn- -g^."

the 1393 computus

KARA ARITHMETICA

446

On

f.

v.,

the writer says he proposes to treat of arithmetic or the

The word
had come at this time, in Italy, to mean simply arithmetic,
the original meaning having been lost. Following a custom of Florentine arithmeticians, Giovanni gives an extensive multiplication table, for
purposes of reference, and then begins at once with examples in compound numbers and fractions, thus presupposing a knowledge of the
fundamental operations. These examples are of a mercantile character
and constitute the entire portion devoted to arithmetic. The examples
in the equation of payments serve, as usual, to fix the date of the manuscript. They all refer to the years 1418-1426 (ff. 1 13-122). The
date is, however, fixed exactly by the closing lines of a folio near the
quefto libro Ifcriffe Giouannj del maeftro lucho dellabacho e
end
finillo quefto d dottobre 1422
(f. 136, v.).
In the first page is the
date 'ad 28 dottobre 1422.'
The book also contains a section on mensuration and the calendar,
with curious illustrations of the months (PI. VII). The last five folios,
originally blank, seem to have been written by a different hand about
the same period.
abacus:
abacus
'

'

arifmetricho volgharemente e chiamata abacho.'

'

'

'

ROLLANDUS.
A

Latin MS., 1424.

native of Lisbon, canon of Sainte-Ciiapelle, Paris,

Title.

'

c.

Scientia de niimero ac virtute numeri.'

1425.

(F. 3,

1.)

FoL, 21 X 29.8 cm., the text being 15.5 X 21.5

28-31 11.

Description.

cm.

168

This

is

ff.,

an exceedingly interesting manuscript, written in the year

1424. It was prepared at the command of John of Lancaster, Duke of

Bedford, son of Henry IV of England, at one time Protector of England

and Regent

of France.

To him Rollandus

triffimo ac fereniffimo principi

dedicates the treatise

'

Illuf-

metuendiffimo domino domino lohanni

patruo domini noftri regis ffrancie et anglie regenti

Regnum

ffrancie.

duci bethfordie Rollandus fcriptoris veftre celfitudinis phyficus vlexbonenfis

fe

ipfum ex debito iuramenti.'

In 1423 Lancaster issued an

ordinance for the restoration of studies. in the University of Paris, and

it

was probably as a result of

this that this

Portuguese physician, Rollandus,

Chapelle in Paris.

textbook was written by a

who was then a canon

The dedication

of Sainte-

sets forth Lancaster's interest

learning in France and the status of mathematics at that time.

landus covers

all

of theoretical arithmetic as then

no practical problems.

He

in

Rol-

known, but takes up

numbers, a topic

also treats of irrational

MANUSCRIPTS

447

doubtful if there is a
which is now
manuscript extant which throws more light upon the nature of Frenc h
RoUandus also
university mathematics at the time this was written.
lie may possibly
wrote a work on surgery and one on physiognomy.
be the RoUand who in 14 10 was rector of the University. Since this
manuscript is evidently a copy, others must have existed, but I have

considered part of algebra.

found no reference to them. Fig. 223 shows

the forms of the numerals used at this time.
It should be noticed that the numerals that
have changed materially in form since the
twelfth century are 4, 5, and 7. These are

shown opposite the

spectively, in Fig.

the other forms have

due

and /,

re-

The changes

in

letters

223.

l>,

i,

been more evidently

to the fashion in handwriting.

All of

It

is

r\,

(tZ C2^ii'/,

"

*-^^^)iy<

"72^^"$

tions of India.

y^x

Italian

and Latin MSS.,

c.

1430

and 1478.
Title.

The

first folio is

Fol, 17 X 22.1 cm.,

11.2X14.4 cm. 183

Description.
text

being

25-28

missing.

the
ff.,

11.

tl

O
W

ANONYMOUS.

^* ^A
^7^?^-

\'

the primitive ones found in the cave inscrip-

the forms are, however, quite different from

iojie(jf\c~

^r

> '/C

B I ^2.

S.o^C

*t^

^^^

61 i

l^^

^Q

'^
c

'

/^'

;5^

This volume consists of two Florentine

manuscripts, one on commercial arithmetic

and the other on the computus. The portion on arithmetic was probably written
between 1420 and 1444, these being the
extremes of the dates in the examples in
equation of payments.

It is

not unlike the

other contemporary Florentine arithmetics

i^.

\y

2.
..

Fk;. 223.

From tmk

1424 koli.andus

described on pp. 443 and 464. The author

assumes the student's ability to perform the fundamental operations

with integers, although, after numerous multiplication tables, he gives

example under 'Multiplicha p modo de barichocholo

for our present method), and one under 'Multiplicha p modo de Quadrato (the 'gelosia' method of the Venetians).
(see Fig. 224) an

(the Florentine

name

'

RARA ARITHMETICA

448

.fc-i.%i

^<e

M'"

90 f

'111/0/
^'

Fig.

CO 8i^

224.

^^^

f ]J9_

^9

^V^">^oc(;.

From the anonymous manuscript ok

c.

1430

MANUSCRIP'IS
In the latter part of the work, as

introdiuetl

if

were

it

126, v.) a chapter entitled

(f.

449

new

topic

I'artire a

'

the author has

He

danda.'

chjses

with several folios on mensuration.

The second

part (beginning on

f.

154, v.)

is

hand.

in a different

It

a computus, and from the dates it would seem that it was written in
1475. 'Inhere is a third i)art (beginning on f. 172, r.) consisting of a set

is

of religious verses, in a

language

Italian,

is

different hand, bearing the date 1478.

still

excepting for the computus which

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

do

c()mi)()siti()nc cpiadralis ct

'Ihe

Latin.

Latin MS.,

De tempore

'

is

c.

1435.

compositicjnc

astrolabii plani,' etc.

Description.

Boinid with the 'Comptitus cyronictralis of 1476.

'

Written on paper,

German

in a

Some

hand.

dates which

it

con-

book was written about 1435. It is related

arithmetic only in the forms of nimicrals used.

tains indicate that the

to the history of

JOANNES DE GMUNDEN.
See
Title.

p.

None.

Colophon.

Latin MS.,

c.

1439.

17.

On

treatise

on the computus.

17, v., are the

f.

words,

'

Exphcit kalendariCi

nii^rl

Joh'is gmijnd.'

Description. Fol., 19.

14.

18.5 cm.

Latin manuscript.
1439, as

25.7 cm., the written part being about

(The tables vary and are

Written on vellum,

shown by the dates on

f.

16.

Although entitled a Kalendarium,'

computi as to have a place in this list.
'

treatise

is

it

It

Title.

None.

Description.

number

script, c.

The

so
is

much

like the

mediaeval

really a semiarithmetical

on the Church calendar.

ANONYMOUS.

the

20 ff., 32-38 11.

and black, about

larger.)
in red

first

It relates

Latin MS.,

c.

1441.

computus.

Fol, 21.5 X 28.5 cm.

of lines to

each

(varies),

10

folio varies considerably.

ff.

(i

blank);

Latin manu-

44 1.
j)art of this

manuscrijit

rather to the calendar

is

itself

computus, not very extended.

than to the computations ui)on

KARA ARITHMETICA

450
which
tables

it

founded. The last folio is in a later hand, and from the

it contains it seems to have been written c. 1524.

is

which

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

Latin MS.,

None.

c.

1442.

on the planets.

treatise

Bound with the Computus cyrometralis' of 1476.

German hand. It contains the date 1442

Description.

'

Written on paper, in a
in
is

two places (f. 102). Its value in connection with arithmetic

confined to the forms of the numerals used.

JOHANNES SACROBOSCO.
See
Title.

Latin MS.,

An

algorismus, beginning with the words,

'

a primeua rerum origine processerunt.' (F. 3. r.)

Description. 4, 14. i X 20 cm., the text being 10.5

21

ff.,

The

c.

1442.

p. 31.

25-39
first

17.6 cm.

11.

folio has a picture of

and the name

Omnia que

of the student

an astronomer with a celestial sphere,

the MS., hainricus muglinchk

'

who copied

'

name

again appears,

On the next page

(f, I, r.).
together with three dates: 'Item hainric'J mugling aftronim9,' 1442,
Omnia que a pri1443, 1444. The Algorismus begins on foho 2, r.
(f.

orign5,'

Mugling's

'

'

'

meua //rerii

i, v.)

and ends on

f.

10, v.

'

Explicat algorafmus.'

Then

his
follows a picture (PL VIII) in colors, representing a master teaching
pupil the Hindu numerals from a kind of large hornbook, with a motto
:

'Ich pin algorifm9 genant//Das ...(?)... hau ich in mein//nes

Beginning
hant.' A table explaining place value is given on f 1 1 r.
.

another treatise on arithmetic, giving the fundamenwith a multital operations and some work in progression, and ending
plication table (ff. 18, V. ; 19, r.). A later hand has added three pages

on

f.

II, v.,

is

rule of three, partnership, and interest. (Ff. 1 9, v. 20.)

Sacrobosco's algorismus was the first arithmetic, based on the new
numerals, written by an English scholar. It consists of eleven chapters,
viz. Numeratio, Additio, Subtractio, Mediatio, Duplatio, Multiplicatio,
Divisio, Progressio, Perambulum ad radicum extractionem, Extractio

on progressions,

For the various editions of this work see p. 3215 10 is Opvscvlvm de praxi numerorum
the work consists merely of four folios
containing the chapter De arte numerandi.' There was also pubhshed
at Antwerp in 1547 (with later editions, Paris 1550, Venice 1564,

radicum

in

cubicis.

The title of the Paris edition of

quod algorifmum vocant,' and
'

'

MANUSCRIPTS
Wittenberg 1578), Sacrobosco's

Computus

vulgo,

tiir

As stated on
It

is

p. 31, the

tlic

p. 13.

date of the death of Sacrobosco

1244 or 1256, according

either

tomb

For a discussion of the authenticity of

De Morgan,

Algorismus, see

451

de aiini ratione: sen vl vex aHis work on the Sjjhere was ])iib-

Libellvs,

ecclesiasticus.'

at Venice.

1488

lished in

as

we

is

uncertain.

interpret certain lines on his

M. Christi bis C ciuarto dcno {|uater anno

De Sacro Bosco discrevit tempora ramus,
Gratia cui dederat nomen divina Johannes.'
'

MARO ANTONIO
Title.

ROZINO.

ologie magri et papie

99

This

legentis.'

on the theory
spective.

it

semi-mathematical and

it is

of proportion.

It is

(F.

i, r.)

11.

not an arithmetic, and

is

because

32-33

ff.,

phiam

FoL, 20.3 X 28.1 cm., the text being 13.7 X 24

Description.

cm.

Latin MS., 1447.

Qoiies Marci Antonij rozoni artiu // doctoris sacro thc-

'

It is a

has been included in this

is

list

bound with Bradwardin's

only

treatise

Latin treatise on the theory of per-

written in a clear Italian hand, and was part of a volume

numbered 493

in the

Boncompagni

sale,

containing four manuscripts.

Some dealer has removed the first of these manuscripts, the Perspectiva
communis of John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury. A memorandum in the Boncompagni catalogue, probably from a leaf removed
'

'

with the
'

first treatise,

scripte per

The other manuscripts bound with

M"ccccxlvij.'

diii

shows that the manuscript was copied in 1447

confaronesium ut (vocatur?) de lavilata Anno

me antonium

below and on

p.

THOMAS BRADWARDIN.
See
Title.

15

None.
'

Latin MS., i447-

treatise

on proportion.
thomi brardi //scripte p me.'

Expliciiit propores

r.)

Description.

cm.

described

p. 61.

Colophon.
(F. 115,

this are

452.

ff.,

33

Fol., 20.3

28.1 cm., the text being 13.7

X 22.8

11.

This forms part of the volume last mentioned, and is written in the
Bradwardin's treatise on proportion was published in

same hand.
Paris,

1495

(p. 61).

KARA ARITHMETICA

452

ANONYMOUS.
Title. A treatise

FoL, 20.3 X 28.1 cm., written

Description.

X 22.9 cm.

each being 6.6

on

Latin MS., 1447.

on lenses.
7

ff.,

24-33

in

two columns,

H-

This rather early work on optics forms part of the volume mentioned
p. 451, and is written in the same hand.

BERNARD OF

ST.

SIENA.

Latin MS.,

1450.

c.

Massa, Tuscany, in 1383; died at Aquila in 1444. He was a

zealous founder of monasteries, and wrote various religious treatises.

Bom

at

This book of sermons begins as follows: S"! .33.9 .de

.q. in quadrageffla ordo dicendo:^ p feptimana
'

Title.

reftitutioe.// Doiii

fequetes

I li

de x'ana re//ligione
(F.

mino:^ edito.'
Colophon.

Bnardini5

(?)

Explicit tra//ctatuf de ufsif

'

de

de fenif ordonif

5ctib5

(F. 129,

fenif. ordlf minor:^.'

Description. 4, 14.8

5115

Bntu5 //

13.8 cm.

r.)

19.8 cm., the text being 10

part vellum and part paper.

After

129
arranged in double columns, each being
ff.,

S. B."^

.a. R'!" p.

i, r.)

f.

60 the pages are

44-46

i4-5 cm.,

11.

This beautifully written manuscript of c. 1450 is included in this

mercantile
list because it contains several sermons bearing upon the

customs of the time, including De usuris,' De cambiis,' De contractibus,' and De mercatoribus.'

Part of this work was translated into Italian in the fifteenth century,
as appears from a codex in the BibUoteca Comunale at Siena. One of
the sermons was published by Riccomanni, in the Scelta di Curiosita Letrare (no. 13) of Romagnoli, Bologna, 1862. This serterarie inedite
'

'

'

'

mon,

'

Sulle Soccite di Bestiami,' contains considerable information as

to the business
tury.

copy

problems of monastic institutions of the fifteenth cenmade by one Eustachio da

of several of these sermons,

Feltre in 1469,

is

mentioned on

p. 466.

ANONYMOUS.
Description.

47

pp.,

This

18-40
is

paper, in a

Latin MS.,

On

None.

Title.

4,

c.

1450-

the Quadrivium.

14.7

21 cm., the text being 14.5

17 cm.,

11.

a Latin manuscript on the Quadrivium. It is written on

German hand of about 1450. It includes a brief treatment

MANUSCRIPTS

453

of arithmetic (5 ff.
i
blank, the text occuj)ying ff. iS
brief treatment of the calendar and the zodiac (ff. 15, r.

22, v.), and a

17, v.), 'I'he

geometry begins with modifications of Euclid's definitions

pars

no

prim9

eft/I-inea e longi^"

liber euclidis

fii

latitu"^

pfuditate.'

Title.

(F.

'

'CKxplicat

cu ometo capani.'

JOHANNES SACROBOSCO.
Seep.

Pvncf eft c^

'

It closes

Latin MS.,

c.

1450.

31.

Spera mundi .secundum J()ha//nnem dc facrobofco.'

I, r.)

Colophon.

am.'

'

Explicit tractat'^ dc fpa I'm //

Johem de facrobofco

(F. 35, V.)

Fui. 225.

Description.

From sacrobosco's

Fol., 35

ff.,

Spera., c.

1450

written on vellum.

Printed works of this kind have not been included in

tliis

catalogue.

This manuscript, however, shows the state of the numerals about 1450,
and therefore is mentioned.

The

treatise begins (f.

gui9 // dicentes p'mo quid

/et quid fit po//lus.'

The

first

a later hand.

i, r.)
fit

'

De

fpera in quatuor capitula diftin-

fpera/quid eius // centrum/ quid axis fpere

four folios have a marginal commentary, closely written in

The

figures are carefully

drawn throughout

(see Fig. 225).

RARA ARITHMETICA

454

There is nothing to show the exact date of the MS., but the handwriting
and numerals indicate the last half of the fifteenth century.
Sacrobosco's Sphere was published in 1 488, and often thereafter. It
was the great mediaeval work on astronomy.
'

'

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

'

Description.

70

ff.

man

4,

unnumb.

hand,

This

Latin MS.,

Incipiut floref Arifmetrice.'

c.

15

x 21.8 cm., the

2 blank

72

ff.,

45

(F.

text being 8.4

11.

1450.

c.

i, r.)

Latin MS.,

15.5 cm.
in a

Ger-

1450.

a theoretical treatise on arithmetic and algebra, written

is

respectively on the Boethian

and Al-Khowarazmian models.

Only a

elementary treatment of the fundamental operations (chiefly multiplication) is given, the writer devoting most of his attention in the
first part of the work to subjects like progressions, ratios, and proporlittle

The latter part of the book is algebraic and may prove to be a

some mediaeval work of importance. It resembles in some

tions.

copy

of

places the

one

in the

work of al-Khowarazmi, a manuscript

same volume.

MOHAMMED

IBN

of

which follows

this

MUSA AL-KHOWARAZML

Abu 'Abd Allah Mohammed

ibn

Latin MS., 1456.

Musa al-Khuwarizml Born in

the province of Khwarazm (whence his name), died c. 831. The most celebrated algebraist of his time, and the first to write a book bearing the title
Algebra. Yxom. his name comes the word algoristn (see p. 7).

Title.

et oppof.'

'

Liber mahometi de Algebra et almuchabila x comparif

(See Fig. 226.)

Colophon.

There

is

none, but

f.

numb. 85 bears the date 1456,

and the forms of the numerals and

Description.

23

ff.

man

unnumb.

4,

15

letters are of that period.

X 17.2 cm.
MS. in Ger-

21.8 cm., the text being 12

blank

24

ff.,

44-48

Latin

11.

hand, 1456.

This interesting manuscript of the first book bearing the name algebra is more complete than the one found by Libri in the Bibliotheque
Nationale

(^ffistoire des sciences

mathhnatiijues,

I,

note XII).

It

more

found in the Columbia University

Library in 1904, and showed to be in the handwriting of Scheubel.
The two deserve to be edited and compared with the Rosen translation

nearly resembles the one which

MANUSCRIPTS

cf^r^

ft

,*r-**^

Jf^JJZ.*^

Fig. 226.

W^^

^^^'^

-^.

T-**^

' -^^

t ~.ni^.*yi*^/&V*

or~/i.

455

^^,^ ^^^ i-sAK^r^

First page of thk 1456 al-khowarazmi

RARA ARITHMETICA

456
(London,

831

This manuscript

).

is

particularly valuable because, unlike

has the Arabic numerals and the mediaeval

as to
algebraic symbols. The et used for plus so closely resembles the
Like
leave little doubt that the latter was derived from this Latin word.
the one published by Libri,

it

Regiomontanus, the writer uses

for minus.

i9

numb. 97) by a brief treatise on rhetoric, and

by three manuscripts on mathematics of 1501, c. 1475, and c. 1550,
This

is

followed

(ff.

described on pp. 480, 468, 486.

ANONYMOUS.
Title. A treatise

Italian

MS.,

c.

1450.

on mensuration, roots, and algorism.

21.6 X 30.3 cm., the text being 10.5 X 15.8
FoL,
Description.
cm. 177 pp. (2 blank), 20-25 11. Written on paper, in a Florentine hand,

c.

I450-

a general treatise on mathematics, with divisions as follows

(ff. 2-1 1); fractions (ff. 13-16); square
'praticha de Geometria

This

is

'

root

(ff.

algebra

cube root (ff. 19, v., 21); ratios (ff. 22-26);

26-30); mensuration (ff. 31-46); algorism (ff. 47-177).

17-19,
(ff.

r.)

and
is evidently the work of some Florentine teacher,
It
the handwriting is that of the middle of the fifteenth century.
includes the usual applications of the period, such as profit and loss,
partnership, and interest, and it makes prominent the rule of three and

The algorism

the rule of false position.

PETER PAUL VERGERIUS.

Born

at

Capo

sibly in 1444.

Title.

'

De

d'Istria,

Venice,

Bishop of Capo

c.

1350

Latin MS.,
;

died in

Hungary

c.

1450-

1420, or pos-

c.

d'Istria.

Ingeniis Moribus et liberalibus Studiis.

Francis-

cvs//fenior auus tuus cui9 ut extant //plurime res magnifice gefte

.'
ita//et multa paffim ab eo fapieter i// dicta memorantur.
.

(F.

i,r.)

Colophon.

'

Petrj pauli uergerij de uiftinopoli ad uber-//tinu5

Cararienfem de ingenijs moribs

liber felici-//ter.

Description.

Explicit.//

4,

14

//liberalibs ftudijs adolei'centie

Amen.'

(F. 23, v.)

20.3 cm., the text being 8.8

13.6 cm.

23 ff. (10 vellum, 13 paper), 26-36 11. The first 10 (vellum)

in
folios are in Gothic script; the last 14 are plainly written
cursive characters.

MANUSCRIPTS
The

treatise refers to

the Hberal arts.

It is

'

arifmelicha

bound with

and

'

'

Title.

on

as
'

I.ri.i,.

Latin MS.,
Born

in Palnia,

Majorca,

1450.

c.

c.

Doctor ilhiminatus.'

'

Ars

A note by a somewhat later hand, written

Brevis.'

reads

I, r.,

15, r.) anioiif,'

(f.

1234; died
was a Catalan alciieniist, pliilosojiher, and missionary, and was
l.i;i.i,Y,

He

in 1315.

known

Ramon

'

several other manuscripts.

RAYMUNDUS LULLIUS.
R.WMo.M)

457

geumetria

quam

'Ars breuis Raymundi Lull

scripsit Pisis

//in monasterio Sancti Dominici anno 1307. a. c.23.' The Ars

brevis begins on f. 5, r.
'Deus cu tua gra fapla et amore Incipit
:

que

ars breuis
fb'tili

eft

Colophon.

ab intelectu

ifta fata

Raymundus arte breuen pifis

Anno ab incarnati(jne diii. 1307.//

'Finiuit

dominici

citer.'

{. 23.)

Description.

24

This
the

Na

artis ghalis.

et fun//dato ipe pot fcire gnale arte.'

fric//ti

cm.

//ymago

4,

28

ff.,

15.4x20.8 cm., the

in monaft'io
E.xplicit feh-

text being 9.9

13.2

11.

the second part of a manuscript of 59 folios, of which

is

the Sensnale of Lullius.

first is

The Ars

This and several other man-

bound with the Vergerius already described

uscripts are

(p.

456).

was originally written in 1307 this copy was made

Although not an arithmetic, the work contains several

brevis

about 1450.
mathematical definitions.

JOHANNES
A
Title.

es unus

ROS.

Valencian

Artificium artis arithmeticac.'

'

Latin MS., 1450.

priest.

InciJD artifi"V atis alfmet'ce

Colophon.

'

Ad laudem

De

(F.

i, r.)

'[DJEusqui

alphabeto.'

(F. 24,

// olpotentis dei et uirginis marie

r.)
.

Johanis ros de Valencia puincie aragonii hoc //

arifmetice pad ... I loco fratrum mino^ de ofpitali //

fi//niuit frat'
artificiQ

1450 die

.5.

Januarij

Description.

uigilia

4, 15.1

x 19

epiphanie domini.'

(F. 14

cm., the text being 9.2

37,

r.)

13.7 cm.

36 ff., 28 11. Bound with the Lullius and Vergerius described

above and on p. 456.

RARA ARITHMETICA

458

This rather early Spanish monastic treatise on algorism is the third

same hand, written c. 1450, of which the
It begins on f. 24, r., and
first two are mentioned on pp. 456, 457.

of three manuscripts in the

ends on f. 37, r. After some definitions, tables, and computus figures,

None f'biecta ponut i arifthe author takes up the nine subjects
metica (f. 3 = 26, v.). These are treated very briefly. This is followed
by a religious work, in the same hand (to f. 57).
'

'

'

'

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

'

Colophon.
plicit lib. 9

'

Cdeo

ff.

mundi.'

grat.

aiij.

(F. 2,

(amen

})

r.)

Aiio. dnj. 1442

de ymagine mundi deo grat

8,

Description.

158

Latin MS., 1442.

De ymagine

14.5

1 1

ff.

CEx-

21.5 cm., the text being

in the entire manuscript,

.'
.

1.5

in this portion.

x 19 cm.
The other

portions are described on pp. 477, 478.

This

is

the

in

manuscript

first

in

a collection of 156

folios,

H. S.//Cde ymagine Mundi (f. 2, r.).

Latin and treats of physical and descriptive geography.

with the lines

'

I.

'

and begins

It
It

is

written

has some

Roman numerals which

employed except in the case of large numbers. This manuscript and the others bound with it are described in Narducci's catalogue
of the Boncompagni manuscripts (Rome, 1862, no. 81 ). As there stated,
at one time it belonged to Alessandro Padovani, a celebrated collector
interest in the history of arithmetic through the

are generally

of the sixteenth century.

ANONYMOUS.
The

Title.

Description.

Ill

ff.,

Italian

title is

4,

MS.,

c.

1456.

missing.

14.6

21 cm., the text being 11

(12 with drawings), 30

11.

No. 168

in the

15.6 cm.

Boncompagni

sale catalogue.

This

is

a business arithmetic, written in northern Italy, and

pleted, as appears

from a note, July

ness arithmetics of the period, the

15, 1456.
first

As

in

most of the

combusi-

pages contain a set of tables,

these being followed by a discussion of the fundamental operations with

denominate numbers. Although written in 1456 it is probably a copy

of an earlier work of about 1420, for the examples in the equation of
payments involve dates from 1418 to 1425 (ff. 78-84). The work is
also interesting because it contains the early form of the sign % (see
Fig. 227) already mentioned on p. 439. The column tables used by

MANUSCRIPTS

459

per colonna,'

merchants in their multipHcation

Italian manuscripts of this nature, are shown
'

and common

in

the

in Fig. 228.

^2.

^
From an

Fk;. 227.

ANONYMOUS.

Italian arithmetic ok c. 1456

Italian

MS.,

c.

14C0.

Possibly by Raffaele Canacci, a Florentine mathematician.

There

Title.

is

none given, but the work

is

a general treatise

on mathematics.
Description. FoL, 28.2 x 39 cm., the text being 16.5 X 28 cm.
2 blank + 322 numbered ff. = 324 ff., 51 11. Italian manuscript,
c.

1460.

an Italian manuscript, beautifully written on vellum, with

initials in colors and gold at the beginning of each of
BonIt belonged at one time to Libri, and later to
its sixteen books.
compagni. Narducci describes it in the catalogue of the latter's manof the
uscripts (no. 14). The author begins (f. i) with a description
Come e in che modo eldetto trattato e diuifo/ cioe cio che
work
This

is

executed

finely

'

lopa cotiene.'

The

successive chapters are as follows

RARA ARITHMETICA

460

-2^

>

'i-)

MANUSCRIPTS

461

Qui chomincia el pimo libro del detto trattato, & pima ]K)ne la
diuifione del detto primo libro/ lacjuale e achapitoli/cioe c diuifo
.4.
'

I.

(F.

capitolj.'

The

I, r.)

four

'

capitoli

'

are as follows:

'El primo capitolo del pimo libro/ done fimoftra lordiiie e modo
(F. i, v.) In this
le fighure chelufano afcriuere enumeri.'

1.

del numerare

are explained the Hindu-Arabic notation, the nine

and the

The

2.
left

che

'

title

The method

r.)

primo

trattato/

modo &

is

wanting,

3 having for

f.

the addition of integers and

pimo libro/ done fitratta

numero minore del numero maggiore.'

terz(;o capitolo del

el

is

some reason been

compound numbers,

el

that

Doue

capitolo

quefto

di

libro

del

fitratta

0chare
The
v.)

hordine del

e numerj.'

(F. 6,

column form
cation

figure fignifichatiue,'

and repaying.

quarto

'El

4.

del

of chapter 2

hordine del trarre

of borrowing

'

arabia fidice gero.'

'Qui chomincia

modo &

(F. 5

It related to

blank.

3.

del

0,

of the multipli-

table

is

given,

first

and is followed by various

methods of multiplying. The
names El berichuocholo (f.
10, V.) and 'p quadrato
II, r.) show the work to
(f
'

'

be Florentine

than

rather

Venetian, and the handwriting and the

numerous

ences to

Florence

this fact.

The method

229. Multiplication 'per

quadrato,' c. 1460

refer-

confirm
'

per quadrato

'

is

of multiplication tables are given, such

been rather
treated in

common

Book

shown in Fig. 229. Five pages

an elaborate treatment having

in the arithmetics of that

city.

Division

is

not

I.

Nelquale fi conticne la
prima come e diuifo ^: aprj lontel(F. 17, r.) This is divided into two chapters:
letto.'
1.
'El pimo capitolo del fjo libro/ Nelqual fitratta la natura che a
(F. 17, r.) This relates to such ancient
ife el nuo con diffinitionj fapute.'
classifications of number as odd and even, prime and composite.
2.
El fecondo capitolo del f>o libro/ Doue fitratta de numerj nomi(Figurate numbers.)
nati per nomj apropiati alle fighure geometre.'
'El fecondo libro del detto trattato.

II.

&

natura

'

proprieta

De

numerj.

&

KARA ARITHMETICA

462

'El terzgo libro della praticha darifmetricha. Nelquale fitratta el

modo di partire p nuj. & pima 1 che forma e modo el detto libro e diuifo.'
(F. 23, r.) The subject of division is now taken up in three chapters
I. By the use of the table, el modo di partire per gli numerj fcripti
III.

'

(F. 23, v.)

fulle librettinj.'

The

2.

'

ripieghi

'

method

(f.

28, v.), by the

successive factors of the divisor.

Long

3.

(F. 32,

division.

The author

r.)

gives not only the galley method, but an early

description of the
tially

method

'

a danda,' substan-

our present plan (see Fig. 230).

This treats of

IV.

V.

Ratios,

'

common

quantita

(F.

fractions.

(F.

proportional].'

46, V.)

Mercantile arithmetic

VI.

numerous references
tine merchants.

to the

58, v.), with

(f.

customs of Floren-

Sixty-six large folios (132 pp.)

are given to this book.

VII.
libro

The

rule of false position

diquefto

modo

delafoluere de chafi

delchatain che

From an
230.
italian manuscript

Fig.

OF

1460

C.

nelquale

trattato

'

El feptimo
del

fitratta

p lofemplice modo

moltj fidicono principij del

chatain.'

(F. 124, v.)

VIII.

Simple and

compound

interest

(f.

134, v.), with 2 pages (4 incomplete) of tables

giving the interest on ^100 for 1-21 yrs. at
(f.
100. laiio (f. 140, v.) to 40 p 100. lafio
'

from 5 p
Equation of payments is also presented in this book (f. 152,
v.), the dates ranging from 1458 to 1464.
v.)
IX. False position as treated by Leonardo of Pisa. (F. 170,

rates varying

150,

'

'

'

v.).

Leonardo

is

mentioned

in PI. IX.

(F. 176, r.) These are largely tradiand include the hare and hound, finding numbers satishusbands, and
fying given conditions, problems about eating, the jealous

X.

Miscellaneous problems.

tional examples,

the testament complication.

XI.

Proportion, based on Euclid V.

(F. 225,

r.)

della regola della algebra.' (F. 233, v.) Unfortunately

few of the figures for this book were drawn. The treatment is rhetorical, practically no symbolism being used.

XII. Algebra,

'

CCUx^v

^^
anui/c uiU|[vnxt <^\*A^i cornc vL5u.nto

rvclla l\T,*-a..'

"'

1
0-bi*inE (Vruj ^tt
-nui (\T\pUce/'?po
^ cattle (IcopoTigoTui ftilamSVc Vv
-^
,
^.-

LL
.

^\

TiA atCo riflertto iUiCC^/ Tveall* ti( c-uoe >>> K-V-nvio ftofc)

Wl

lo-nvCo (Vr^pliet ctx>>>wifr :aHt

mbotMAtJa.eio'r rop>

c*>rtpaToU ^l*<

6>ICTV<^ (^LLOftUoTlO

i>\,T>r.*o

fpC- U^TltWb. C^vU^^-

t\o loc!uiV <lLaiialiTn>rnVo

fm^Uo-

papuK U

woV

O^Vul*j-\ ct>tipc(Vi

(\pv\P fa

Otv^^

vnai'bx'tK

Platk IX.

From an anonymous manlsckif

1460

MANUSCRITTS
Algebra continued,

XIII.

This

r.)

mo

de

'

la

regola dc Algebra amiuabale.'

a very interesting treatment of the subject

is

and

lunis'

'

Lionardo pifano,' and

bra as studied in the fifteenth century.

('

463

it

'

K. 279,

fecondo ghugliel-

throws some

light

upon

alge-

(See Plate IX.)

XIV. Algebra continued (f. 295, v.), according to Master Hiagio

che ferine m? biagio nel fuo trattato di i^ratica') of 1340,

certj cafi

Master Gratia de Castellani

and Leonardo

('

fecodo che ferine

m.' gratia

de

caftellanij,

of Pisa.

(f.
312, r.), according to certain maeftrj
Maeftro paolo,' m? Antonio,' ' m'.' giouaiij,' leonardo
m'.' paolo fiorj che
pifano,' 'm? biagio che circha al. 1340. anj morj,'
circha al. 1360. duro,' m'.' michele padre di m mariano,' ' m" lucha,'

XV. Algebra continued

antichi,' viz.

'

'

'

'

'

and

'

un

altro

m'.'

XVI. This

is

biagio.'

f.

i, r.,

there

is

mentioned the

chapter, and this might have contained the

work been

name

Title.

'

had the

of the author

finished.

EUCLID.
See

Book XV not
fedecimo e ultimo'

missing, the manuscript ending with

On

quite completed.

Latin MS.,

c.

1460.

p. II.

The

None.

ColopJion.

first

book of the Elements.

CExplicat prim'

'

liber euclidis cii

omcto

capani.'

{F. 14, V.)

Description.

22

ff.,

18-40

4,

14.7

2 1.2

cm., the text being 9.9

5.8

cm.

11.

This manuscript of the first book of Euclid, with the commentary by

Campanus, has been included on account of the forms of the numerIt is written in a German hand of c. 1460, and is bound
als used.
(fif. 1-14) with the two manuscripts next described.

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

None.

Description.
of the

Latin MS.,

treatise

c.

1460.

on the calendar.

See the preceding manuscript.

This

is ff.

15-17

volume

This manuscript, bound with the Euclid just described, was probably
It is a brief treatise on the calendar, and

written by the same hand.

was intended, as
1460.

usual, for the

Church

schools.

In

it

occurs the date

RARA ARITHMETICA

464

ANONYMOUS.
None.

Title.

Descriptio7i.

This

is

a chapter

Latin MS.,

On
See

463.

This

is ff.

18-22

of the volume.

a general treatise on the quadrivium, and therefore contains

on arithmetic,

Florentine arithmetician of the

Title.

'

Inchomincia

Italian

first

el trattato

didio.'

(F. 11,

MS.,

c.

1460.

half of the fifteenth century.

darifme//tricha efpelialmete

quella pte // che e fotto pofta alia mercatatia // e

alnome

1460.

the Quadrivium.

p.

BENEDETTO DA FIRENZE.
A

c.

r.)

>

-t

comminciando

MANUSCRIl'
preceding the printed works.

The author

rs

465
with several

Ijcgins, as usual,

pages of tables (see Fig. 231), the multiplication table including the

prime numbers below

fifty.

There

is

also a table of scjuares

compound numbers.

the multiplication of

and one

for

Benedetto presupposes that

the reader is able to perform the fundamental operations with integers,

and he begins at once with operations on compound numbers and fractions. The a])plications include exchange, partnership, and ecinatioii of

(iUiW^V>>Axa*;U7>i'ntt

Fig. 232.

payments, the dates

in the

y*bu.(i>t?.i-iuj^M80o

"bile

From Benedetto da firenze

problems including the years from 1460 to

1464. The latter part of the book contains a number of such traditional
problems as those of the grains of wheat on a chess-board, the couriers,
the hare and hound (see Fig. 232), the jealous husbands, and the testa-

ment

of the

dying man.

The author

closes with a brief treatment of

mensuration.

ALBERT OF SAXONY.
See
7/V/r.

Latin MS.. 1462.

p. 9.
'

Tractatus proportionum.

dno albertutio.// [ ] Roportio coitr da

unico//ad imiice hitudo.' (F. i, v.)
Colophon.

'

Incii)iut pportioef copo^^ a

duo^

;Dperito^ in a^" t'rio

Explicat pportioef ppo'*^ // p reucdo

defifona // Finis //

'

(F.

12, v.)

nirt)

alberto

RARA ARITHMETICA

466

4,

Description.

cm.

(varies).

19

ff.,

14.5

23

11.

21.8 cm., the text being 11.8

Bound with the Vergerius and

Lullius

13.8

mentioned on pp. 456, 457.

This

is

the treatise on proportion that was printed without date, probc. 1478 (p. 9). It is followed by another treatise in the

ably at Venice

same hand, 'De

ST.

latitudinibus formarum,'

BERNARD OF
See

Title.

ff.

SIENA.

Latin MS., 1469.

p. 452.

None. Sermons

Description.

130

which bears the date 1462.

4,

15

(12 blank), 28

Editions.

of St.

X 20.6

Bernard (Bernardinus) of Siena.

cm., the text being

1.5

X 14 cm.

11.

The works

of

St.

Bernard were

first

printed in

Venice in 1591, 4, and again in Paris in 1636, 2 vol., fol. Some

of his sermons were, however, printed in Florence, and some in
Venice, in 1495.
This manuscript, containing several of the sermons of St. Bernard,
was copied by one Eustachio de Feltre in 1469. Two dates are given
showing the completion of parts of the work, September 22, 1469, and
October 6, 1469. For the reasons for including this manuscript, see
p. 452.

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

'

Description.

cm.

190

Italian

Trattato della Arithmetica.'

ff.,

35

Fol.,

16.7

(F.

i,

MS., 1473.

r.)

23.7 cm., the text being 10

16.2

11.

This treatise was composed, as the first folio states (P'ig. 233), in the
1473. I^^ the examples in partial payments the dates given are
about 1490, and this particular manuscript may have been copied about

year

that time. There is, however, one example with the date 1392, which
would seem to indicate that at least part of the book was copied from
some earlier writer. There is also (f. 183) a brief treatment of the
calendar with two dates 1443. On f. 180 there are also the dates 1452
and 1453. In the margins some sixteenth-century dates have been added
by a later owner.
The work is beautifully written on vellum. The first part consists
entirely of arithmetic, treated from the mercantile standpoint. That it
is a copy of an earlier work also appears from the fact that a few pages

MANUSCRIPTS

/LAverruD ovinctpio

nt<iAva AX $CA

AlnOWC

MM'i\

c-Ii

467

dio "^clc wfAnijxiniX

'^dai bcxtfo

(lie

m^ ic^ Gioiuixmi

bci^ilh. '^c-lelo axX)oihAo o^clcl aaan(7o.lifh\-'^clcl q\o

i-iQ(?XiTno

iondpc_ddi ct^oihoU A^i^Scb

pu'.ti-o

Sfo CvcfoLntio AtxCxyio SAxtino <=')f\xttovio

poxA
J310

vncxa. jyiA

h uttxtCL ?

^nciipnn'pio mc^o

titWx c|itjJ!i n-iodt

QytcTo

i(i^^rrJ>fxmX. i-CJuiierLfxX di

<^fTTia acDnoidi-no ai-dtix

<=\dal

KtHa I^^

Jthinae-

cb fitno dllovo UtttlaQ^ve.tte.renj/\ $Hn+i)a"'

/?A

co/Jji! -ftittL Iuntrji;i li

R^Komlt

liijrjifi

iitimc

_tD cUIa. ncifiii-xJiiiolcve. ifhi built: uLovo'\)i

rlt+Jtuii

^eza'HA_xliiic2yLjTi'i(| ita.lt .illino hcz,e

M-nti

rvecMi
e.-

V)iii.'/rA fill.lCJi

nicnhi dmturio Uiiofit-mjofcv di cmdlj

piiv clj(e.(7niuv(z.cjuGlLo cF/i^ loi'o

WiU

wlormiA

iootuTviiA_-c(Wc?iidL.

cLa_dG.viofpcim\Ynenhi.

iG.

233.

c>i

fpivi

d^fo dA

(cmpic

Un<^'K\.iv\

cociala

iia?ia_j<ujii(ulx

(omio cIcLbiUTmijmo

First page of the 1473

^^\

ciypohi.-z.tf-

Tmttato

KARA ARITHMETICA

468

are left blank for subsequent insertions, the scribe having written

'

Hie

quatuo // chartse q non funt//i exemplario (f. 65, v.) The

second part of the work consists of practical geometry and mensuration
The third part (f. 129) relates to irrational numbers.
(ff. 103 to 128).
'

dificiunt

On

135 begins the Regole de la Arcibra,' a chapter on algebra.

nothing to indicate the name of the author or the copyist.
'

f.

There

is

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

'Be

Description.
(varies).

ff.

1 1

man hand

of

Mohammed

Latin MS.,

duplirj Arti Viforir.'

4,

X 21.8

blank

Musa

(p.

ff.,

c.

1475.

i, r.)

cm., the text being 10

=12

1450-1475.

c.

ibn

15
i

(F.

40-45

Written

11.

Bound with

the

17 cm.

in a Ger-

manuscript of

454).

This manuscript gives some account of gauging, and closes with a

The medifeval numeral forms are used
throughout. A copy also appears in the 1501 manuscript described on

brief treatment of trigonometry.

p.

480.

LUCA DA FIRENZE.

Italian

MS.,

c.

1475.

and was the son

of the celebrated Florentine arithmetician Matteo, who was born in the
Maestro Luca da Firenze lived

in the fifteenth century,

fourteenth century.
Title.
*

'

Inprencipio darte dabaco.'

Inprencipio darte dabacho fecondo

eftro luca di

Matteo da

Description.

cm.

46

ff.,

29

4,

16.8

fiflrenge.'

(F.

loftile

i,

r.)

F. 2 begins:

dinfegniare del ma-//

(Fig. 234.)

23.3 cm., the text being 11.7

13.8

11.

Although Fabbroni's Sforia dcIP Universita di Pisa (I, 97) says that
Luca's son Giovanni went with Lorenzo dei Medici to the University
of Pisa in 15 15, thus putting his birth about 1495 and Luca's birth
perhaps about 1450, I feel that either this is incorrect, or it is to some
other Giovanni and Luca that he refers. One of the best evidences of
the date of an arithmetic is found in the dates given in its problems.
Authors usually mention years that are not remote from the time when
they write, and in the examples in equation of payments (f. 29, v.) Luca
I therefore think that either he copied

uses dates from 1410 to 1441.

a problem from his father (Matteo), or, what

is

more probable, he him-

wrote about that time, say c. 1425, and that in either case
vanni was a descendant but not a son.
self

this

Gio-

MANUSCRIPTS

469

arithmetic resembles numerous others written in Florence about

The author
this time, such as those described on pp. 443 and 464.
begins with the fumlamental operations and follows thc-se by a treatment

The

trxotfa roflt crocz. 'rrwtlh-a'tAen-zJc, Jivii<iat.a ZCTcji/Mg-nicto. p>tfr-

tnnno-tt dliWj
JVmocjUo -no

2.^'^^'^

-pn-ic.

''*''3*'^'^ "'^^''^"^

in. .\_

rrvo

Jrja.iU^'

avitntv

maAa.^rmo/ ^aprv\^Ayn^

f^T<vio*\icvno ftMpexA jvntB/nda-ia fa J irfa

noV'Tw.hflticifllno

ctjcUw

Fig.

of fractions

l>'2A7r<v

:34-

^^ww

ttat-'

tvioga <vrr<M-io 'nevrtcl)Fu prttvicndo i-jvm*

fticB-ntitvprh,

f^ana.

doUcp

-7

)a^\a'mo l^patA

fa-

Pclja^ qiie-fHi r+jofi-

cDO'""pgvic. Jx.nt+fZa.Tno p-ziTntv

nK.(Ji.Jte

ttof>n/ <ifvmcvn<i1^/^^^^

I'CA

^cv '\-nirt,

-p^yrra. rorifoTo ^^iSjv

Bopa pa-lo-tdvnc vnfVnc

^M-^n-

^icoio

evndciTiio M<n-(i

DA FH^ENZF,

and denominate numbers, closing with a

series of applica-

the business problems of the time. Subjects like ecpiation

of payments, partnership, and exchange are given the most attention.
The handwriting indicates that the manusc-ript is a copy made about
tions

to

RARA ARITHMETICA

470

may

some light on the

one seriously considers
such fanciful theories as the combination of U and S, or the Spanish
banner about the Pillars of Hercules. The symbol first appears in print
in T/ie American Accomptant, by Chauncey Lee (Lansingburgh, ijg"]),
but in a very different form from that now used. It was common
among merchants for some time before it was cast in type form, for
a note in one of the early American arithmetics says that the symbol
was in use, but that there was no type for it. The third edition of
Pike's arithmetic (1798) uses m., c, d., D., and E., for mills, cents,
dimes, dollars, and eagles, but DaboU's School)nafter''s Affiftant (4th ed.,
1799, p. 20) gives the symbol % very nearly in its present form. Now
whence come symbols like this ? If they are invented de novo it is
usually easy to find their first appearance, as in the case of symbols like
But mercantile symbols usually develop slowly,
TT, c, and / (for \J \).
from libra, /- from the old s (/) from soldi or solidi, and d from
like
denarii. So it is probable that $ was simply developed from some
earlier symbol of value, such as that for pounds or reales. Now the
symbol for pounds (libra, lire) has various forms, appearing in England
or lb., but generally in Italy as L, or lb. with two bars across. The
as
former is seen in Fig. 243, from a manuscript of 1545, and the latter in
Fig. 216 from Dagomari's work. The latter form, in the fifteenth and
1 47 5-1 500,

The symbols

in Fig.

235

also throw

disputed origin of our symbol for dollars, $.

No

sixteenth century manuscripts, appears as practically our dollar sign, as

shown in Figs. 235, 237, 246, and it is not improbable that our early
American merchants used it for the new unit of value, the dollar, just as
the /- for shilling is still used in many parts of our country for 12^ c,
although the original meaning is entirely lost. The symbol came into
general use in printed books between 1800 and 1825.

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

'

Latin MS., 1476.

Computus

Description.

4,

cyrometralis.'

15.5

X 20.9 cm.

volume

of

180

con-

ff.,

sisting of four treatises, the other three being elsewhere described.

The

first

of the four manuscripts

is

a computus of the usual fifteenth-

(See Fig. 236.) In it the Latin original of the verses

Thirty days hath September appears (f. 6) as follows

century type.

beginning

'

'

'

ma.

iul.

mar

aug. oc. de. deca-

trib9. et.
f3.

Ja.

vno.

alij. trigeta.

februus. octo. viginte.'

MANUSCRIPTS

<

471

RARA ARITHMETICA

472

Fic.

236.

From the 1476 Computus

cyromctralis

MANUSCRIPTS
(Sec also p.

least as far as

(see p. 45

) it

473

not start here, however,

(iocs

It

:^;i.)

Sacrobosco (13th cent., see

appears as follows

]>.

Ni
f.

31), in whose Coniinitus

fit

ma,i;is iino.

Februus minor efto duobus.'

Biffextus,

6.)

JACOBUS OBERNHEYM.
A

Niirnberg computist of

yVV/r.

'

goes Ixick at

'Sep. No. lun. Ap. triginta dato, reliquis

(1545 edn.,

l)ut

Latin MS., 1476.

1431.

c.

Computus norembergensis.'

Colophon.

'

Anno

Description.

dni 1476 completo.'

See the preceding manuscrij)!, with which

it

is

bound.
This
ing.

is

It is

German computus

statement appears on
judica

written by the same hand as the preced-

work written

evidently a copy of a

finit<)

f.

65

e liber ifte per

'Anno

in 143 1, for the following

mcccc"xxxi" quarta feria p9

diii

me Jacobu Obernheym.'

ANONYMOUS.

Latin MS., 1477.

None.

Title.

belo caro decagolo

Deseription.

cm.

14

ff.,

17

The

calendarium.

first folio

begins 'Albeto

ca'' nobilis.'

X 20.4 cm., the text being

Bound with the Vergerius and

4,

15.4

11.

10.5

16.4

Lullius de-

scribed on pp. 456, 457.

This

is

a manuscript of 14 folios on the calendar, and has two dates,

M.cccc'Mviij" and M.cccc.lxxvij, on the

first

It also

folio.

has some

lunar tables for 1364-1381, the treatise having probably been copied

about

45 8-1 47 7 from another one of a century earlier.

NICOLO DE ORBELLI.
Title.
cipit.

Matematica

Colophon.
lis

Latin MS., 1478.

'Incipit op9 fratris

On f

(F.

'

132,

26, v.

// doctoris eximini fup

'

(.?)

dorbelli fup

.'
.

(F.

i,

r.).

'

In-

r.).

Explicimt Scripta
.

//

Deo

f fs

gratias et

nicolai

de orbel-

Amen

xp6 ihu

//M?478.'
Description.

270

ff.

6, 10.5

(6 blank), 41

11.

15.6 cm., the text being 9.2

Latin

MS. on

]-)aper,

1478.

1.9

cm.

RARA ARITHMETICA

474

The first part of the book is devoted to dialectics and logic. The
mathematics begins on f. 132, r., and consists of two folios on the theory
of numbers and three on geometry. On f. 140, r., begins a treatise on
philosophy, containing

On

fubtihs.'

liber

&

de // celo

general.

193,

f.

r.,

(f. 184, v.) a drawing of

Johs fcotus docts
begins a treatise on astronomy:
Hie // Incipit
'

'

The

mundo,'

rest of the

work

(See p. 23, 1485.)

LEONARDUS MAYNARDUS.
A

fifteenth-century mathematician of

Title.
latio.

Leonardi Cremonenfis

'

Primus

tractatus.'

Description.

24

ff.,

relates to science in

25

4,

(F. i,

x 24.4

17.2

Latin MS.,
Cremona,

artis

c.

1488.

Italy.

metri//ce pratice compi-

r.)

cm., the text being 7

10.8 cm.

figures on the margins.

11.,

This is a treatise on trigonometry, and has been included in this

catalogue because of the arithmetical nature of some of the problems.
Favaro's careful investigation of the time

He may

leaves the matter in doubt.

fifteenth century, or

may

he

when Maynard

have lived

lived

still

in the latter part of the

possibly have been the 'Leonardus de

Antoniis de Cremona, ordinis minorum, bacalarius

'

who

lived early in

the fifteenth century.

In the catalogue of the Boncompagni sale another Latin manuscript

of

Leonardo

XIV.'

is

See also Enestrom

before 1400.
p. 290,

given as 'in pelle di 33 carte membranacie del secolo

which is doubtful, Leonardo must have lived

If this is correct,

and Favaro

in the

in Bibliotheca

same journal IV

Mathematica IV

The

(3), p. 334.

(3),

latter gives

a bibliography, with some quotations.

In 1902 M. Curtze translated and edited one of the three manuscripts of this

work known

to him.

This

is

in the

Venetian dialect,

He

also consulted

the two Latin manuscripts formerly belonging to the

Boncompagni

and belongs
library,

of

to the University library at Gottingen.

which

this

is

the later by a few years.

This manuscript

belonged to the advocate Cav. Carlo Morbio, in Milan, before Boncompagni secured it. A note on f. 15, r., shows that in 1655 it belonged
to Bonifacio or Josefifo Aliprandi.

work by Franciscus

Another note, on

f. i,

refers to a pas-

Parma

in 1702. This
1488) Leonardus Maynardus
Insignis Astronomus, Physicus et Mathematicus, cuius opusculum M. S.
Mediolani servatur, mihi indicatum ab eruditissimo Viro Lazaro Augstino
Cotta I. C. amico meo nequaquam satis laudato, cui est initium (Here

sage in a

passage

is

as follows:

'

Arisius, printed at

LXXXVIII

(i.e.

MANUSCRIPTS

475

work, so nearly identical with the

follow the first
manuscript as to show that Arisius probably had this very one at hand.)
Fuit ante Blasium Lconanius Mayiiardiis, qui sue tempore non tan-

few lines of

inter nos, sed etiam inter

tum

tliis

omnes

in lis studiis tenuit principatum.'

similar passage ajjpears in the manuscript Bio^:;rafia Crcmotiese of

Vincenzo Lancetti, now

may

in the civic library at

infer that he lived before

Cremona, from which we

Cremonese

Battista Piasio, of a noble

family, a philosopher, physician,

and

astrologer,

who

flourished about

This manuscript of Maynardus is described (no. 254) in Narducci's catalogue of the Boncompagni manuscripts (Rome, 1862).
1500.

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

Italian

None.

on

manuscript

elementary

MS.,

c.

1490.

mathematics.

'Choncio fiachofa che fono noue fighure nellaba//cho.' (F. i, r.)

Description. 4, 14.5 X 21.5 cm., the text being 9 X 15.2 cm.
158

ff.

(5

blank), 26

11.

commercial type, and includes the

fundamental operations together with a considerable range of business

The

arithmetic

is

of the ordinary

It follows the general style of the Florentine arithmetics

applications.

and uses the Tuscan herichiiocholo instead of the Venetian scachero to

Volendo multiprichare .2. numeri
designate our present multiplication
p berichuocolo (f. 17). The dates in the problems in equation of payments indicate that it was written about 1490 (ff. 83-86-129). The
per-cent symbol % here appears as p c, p c", p <^, as well as p 1 00
:

'

'

(fif.

84, 86, 134,

The second

V.

See Fig. 237).

part of the

work

(f.

91) relates to algebra

fcriuerio lareghola dellarabre (dell' algebra),

'
:

Qui aprffo

m^'ochabiln" (e muqabala).'

is rhetorical, there being practically no symbolism employed.

This part of the work closes with the words, Voglia hora fare fine
enondire piu fopa a que//fta reghola delagebrem"ghabile ... (f. 109, r,).
The geometry begins on f. T09, r., and is confined to simple mensuration. The work closes (ff. 123-153) with a series of miscellaneous

The work

'

l)roblems.

ANDREA

DI

GIOVANNI BATTISTA LANFREDUCCI.

Italian

An
Title.

officer of the

None.

Republic of Pisa

treatise

on arithmetic.

che fono noue figure nellabacho.'

MS.,

c.

1490.

fia

chofa

in 1505.

(F. 3,

r.)

'Choncio

476

RARA ARITHMETICA

cdvuslU clvn^Lilcnc frtiifejpituic/^^w

i[4

ciJucllo irmis? Jtmcictc \llo ftpc^i AllajpxmA.

yJvchtzx caiiclU

'nclU

^^

QiAJ Utia

ncl

4tf

vnUti^fvJj

WcTc C^J)

.^ct*-*

l^^<f*

Jrfe

ckfi utcnc <vxij<^fr

<^

3 ifcffcn ore

237.

S^

A-t<3J? CC(JCA'-L^^<44-tttl1C

if at. Ota

del

^-

Ticlf.

wcfi -^di 4i<>

mcrimvc ^ot <iir-

pC

coc

A'-L<^4t~

iicdcr^ ^u^srihp fxmpj ccialU^vrna

Fig.

nc(li>

yatUtadU

From the anonymous manuscript of

c.

1490

MANUSCRII'TS
Colophon.

Qvefto Libro.

'

Lanfreduccj.'

96

This book

10
'

16.8

up the

'

23.4 cm., the text being 12.1 X 16.5

11.

After a brief treatment of notation the author

1490.

Librettine minore,' or the smaller multiplication table to

10, following this

le libretine

an Italian commercial arithmetic of the Florentine type

is

written about
takes

4,

(15 blank), 29

ff.

477
popia ajano. andica.

(F. 96, v.)

Description.

cm.

aitritto. tlilua.

maggiore

'

by several examples.

He

then gives

or larger table, with multiplication

'

(f.

9, r.)

pquadrato

'

names showing the work to be Tuscan.

and p
Division is followed by a large number of problems, per cent (il c-^ and
p 100) playing a large part. The problems in ecjuation of payments show
the book to have been written between 1489 and 1491 (ff. 72-74).
berichuochulo,' these

'

JOHANN NEWDORFFER.
A

Niirnberg Rechenmeister,

c.

German MS.,

1492.

14 50- 1500.

'HannsDimpfel// (Multiplication table) //Johann Ncwvnd Modift zu N.// 1492.' (F. i, r.)
Description. 8, 10.5 X 13.9 cm. 11 ff., 20 11. Written on
Title.

dorffer Rechen-//maifter

vellum.
This is a beautifully written primer apparently done under the guidance of one of the celebrated Rechenmeisters of the Newdorffer family
It was written in 1492 and is evidently the work of a
beginner in commercial arithmetic. It opens wdth the addition and
multiplication of compound numbers, and this is followed by the rule

of Niirnberg.

of three, with

some applied problems.

is doubtless that of the pupil whose work

was done under the direction of Newdorffer. As to the latter, it is not
improbable that he was the father of the celebrated Schreib- and Rechenmeister Johann Newdorffer, the founder of the German calligraphy,
who was born at Niirnberg in 1497, and died there November 12, 1563,
and whose son Johann (b. February 22, 1543, d. October 28, 1581)
was also a well-known Rechenmeister.

The name Hanns Dimpfel

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

'

De comutata

Description.

This

is

Latin MS.,
pporfie.'

(F.

c.

1500.

14.)

Fob, 14.5 X 21.5 cm., the text being- 1.5 X 19cm.

ff. 14-32 (p. 458).

the second part of the 1442 manuscript,

RARA ARITHMETICA

478
This
1500.

is

It

numbers.
ing

'

a Latin treatise

on arithmetic, apparently written about 1450-

almost exclusively to Boethian ratios and figurate

closes with a few pages on the circle, including the follow-

relates
It

Rem

quadra//tura

noiia mirabile5.

circuli velut ifcritabilej.//

apud doctof ppli' olim. f. fabile. // pure cernut ocuU vere demra//bilem
C.de quadratura circuli (f. 32, r.). The
nuc i fine feculi (f. 30, v.)
table in Fig. 238 shows some work in series such as is common in arith'

<a.

'

'

MANUSCRIPTS

479

rtmn/
tiUOJj

KTomn dcUxtt- qz ^f dL

c^ntth

.^y^;

rU'
y

niKi^

htnihxJc

ot.

4-

"ff

<j>#/ rt

/iirfu-in'i

-V;

^6
'^^l'

"V

^
'S

?i

2A \;j-

}o

4^

'^

4*

ff"' L\tT\lr- .ifint

/TO

.+>
cr-4

|]K|/|(WC

cr^

lj

-I

liw/J

/\-

Uc

wmhMv- Tap" <: -T^-nniuj u) tietho- ^.nr

Fig. 239.

From

Tdto

yma c>lJnu

n"V

>e conmtata pponie, c. 1500

/-^i

r/t

^x>wl

KARA ARITHMETICA

48o
The

fifth

and the

portion of the volume

sixth

(ff.

consists of a set of Latin,

45-52)

(ff.

The seventh

set of Italian verses.

53-58) of a

The

60) contains a brief reference to astrology.

There

a literary or astrological character.

(ff.

book

rest of the

59is

of

are, in all, thirteen different

manuscripts in the volume. For details concerning the non-mathematical

portions, see Narducci, 1. c, p, 31.

ANONYMOUS.

Italian

MS.,

c.

500.

Regole per far Orologi da sole //con le sue Figure.'

Description. 4, 16.8 X 22.3 cm. 22 ff. Bound with the VergeTitle.

'

manuscript described on

rius

p.

456, but written in a later hand.

hand

of the

Several other
sixteenth century, with well-executed figures.
scripts, not of a mathematical character, are also bound with it.

manu-

This

is

an Italian

treatise

on

dialing, written in a fine

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

Colophon.
'

Latin MS., 1501.

None.

treatise

There

is

on mensuration.

none, but one of the folios bears the date

501 adj feptembr In Niirnberg.'

Description. 4, 15

89

ff.

in a

ibn

unnumb.

German
Musa (p.

-f

21.8 cm., the text being 9.8

= 96

7 blank

Bound with

hand.

27-30

ff.,

17.1 cm.

Latin MS., written

11.

the manuscript of

Mohammed

454).

This is a treatise on mensuration, of no particular merit save as it

shows the nature of the work at the opening of the sixteenth century.
It contains a copy of the c. 1475 manuscript described on p. 468.

STEPHANO DI BAPTISTA BELLI STEPHANI DA

1522.
Italian MS., Mercatello,
MERCATELLO.
c.

An

Italian teacher,

born

at Mercatello,

and

living there in 1522.

He was

a pupil of Paciuolo.

Title.

'Svmme//Arismetice.'

(F.

i, r.)

'

Stephano.D.B.Del-

listpha//ni damercatello atvtti qve//ili liqvali in arte

.

tile.exercitare.sidilectano.'

Description.
9.1

14.3 cm.

problems show,

153

at

f.

i,

which

Mercatello,

mercan//

i, v.)

13.5x20.7 cm., the written

ff. numbered (5 blank), 29 11.

8,

on paper, except

(F.

is
c.

on vellum.
1522.

part

being

Italian

MS.

Written, as the

MANUSCRII^TS
This

is

481

manuscript on commercial arithmetic, unusually

in its appHcations,

and

also unusually well written.

Florentine type, but, as appears from a date on

at Mercatello, a

town south

of Ferrara

and east

omjilctc

of the general

It is

loi,

f.

<

was written

r.,

The name

of Florence.

of the author appears not only in the dedicatory epistle, but also at the

end of a

bill

of

exchange dated '1522

(Mercatello), in the latter case as

'

25/maggio

di./

M"
The

in

Stefano di Bap'^ Stefanj

fj.'

examples in equation of payments are dated 1371-72, showing that

these were copied from some earlier work, and in fact they were taken
from Paciuolo (' Diftinctio nona, tractatus cjuintus '), who in turn
borrowed them from some predecessor.
Stephano states in his dedicatory epistle that he was a pupil of

and that he

Paciuolo,

maxime
This

is

dal mio

R''".

is

et

chiefly indebted to

affme

ex'^'

&

him

for his material

M. Luca

pceptor'.

quite evident on comparing certain passages

for,

'
:

et

dal Borgo.'

while Stephano

does not usually copy his master verbatim, there is often a great similarity between them, and sometimes (as in the chapter De le. 2. falfe
Stephano, however, omits most
pofitioni ') there is evident plagiarism.
'

be found in Paciuolo, and confines himself to

These cover barter, partnership, various forms
of discount and exchange, and other similar topics. There are also given

of the theory of

numbers

to

mercantile applications.
a

number

of mediaeval puzzles, including the testament problem, the sale

of the eggs, the

work

in

hound and

and the guessing

hare,

mensuration and the calendar

BARTOLOMEO ZAMBERTO,
A
Title.

Venetian scholar of
'

c.

1500.

is

numbers.

of

little

given at the end of the book.

Latin MS.,

editor.

He was

born

c.

c.

1525.

1473.

Evclidis // Megarenfis graeci philofo-//phi ex

Theone

graeco com-//metare Interprete Zaber-//to veneto triplex prici-

pioru //gentis pn'mu diffinitiones: // Signv//est cuius pars nulla:

// Linea vero, lon-//gitudo ilia tabilis.// Lineae autem limites, funt

figna. // Recta linea, est quae ex aequa-//li fua interiacet figna.
Superfi-//cies, est

habet.

quae longitudinem latitu//dinemq5 tantuni

Super-//ficiei extrema, funt lineae.

est quae ex aecjua-Z/li,

Description.

12,

fi-ias

8x

Pla-//na fuperficies,
(F. 2,

interiacet lineas.'

11.7 cm.

152

ff.

r.)

(2 blank),

16-20

11.

Written on parchment.
This beautifully written manuscript has been included in
alogue of arithmetics without

much

justification,

since

it

this cat-

does not

RARA ARITHMETICA

482

contain even Book V.

It is,

however, valuable in showing the influence

upon written numerals. It is a copy of a translation of the

first three books of Euclid made by Bartolomeo Zamberti of Venice in
1513. The complete translation was first printed in Venice in 15 13,
the statement of some bibliographers that it appeared in Paris in 1505
of printing

being unsupported by any evidence.

It also

appeared in Venice in

1517, in Paris in 1516, and in Basel in 1537, 1546, and 1558. See
Riccardi, II, i, 644; Weissenborn, Die Uebersetzungen des Euklid
durch Campano taid Zamberti, Halle, 1882. This manuscript was evidently written about 1525 for some noble family, for
three illuminated coats of arms,

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

it

has

(f.

Latin MS., 1533.

Declaratio Calendarii et // Almanach huius

'

2, r.)

Cifte.'

Ars supptitandi cum Denariis.' (F. 66, r.)

Description. 4, 16.6 X 23.3 cm., the text being 11.8x16.3 cm.

(F.

81

I, r.)

ff.

'

unnumb., 18

11.

Latin MS., written on vellum, in 1533.

This beautifully written Latin manuscript consists of two distinct

works. Of these the first is a computus in twenty-three chapters, written
apparently in Salisbury cathedral in 1533. The second part is a treatise

on counter reckoning, and consisted originally of six chapters, De

Numeratione, Additione, Subftractione, Multiplicatione, Diuifione, Frac'

tione minutiis.'
is

was used

in

last of these

England early

being written in
is

The

chapters

particularly interesting because

illustrated

it

The manuscript

missing.

in the sixteenth century, the

Roman when

they are not represented

by numerous diagrams representing the

manuscript closes with five pages

De Proba regule Detri.'

and

is

gives the counter reckoning as

De

'

'

numbers

on the

line.'

line abacus.

it

all

It

The

proportione vel regula Detri,'

'

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

Description.

148

ff.,

Italian

'Trattato d'Aritmetica, e del Misure.'

23-27

MS.,
(F.

c.

1535.

i, r.)

FoL, 18 X 23.8 cm., the text being 14.5 X 21 cm.

11.

This is an Italian manuscript, written, as the dates on folios 67, 68

show, about 1535. It is a commercial treatise, beginning, as was frequently the case, with the fundamental operations with compound
numbers. The method of division a danda is preferred to that per
'

galea,'

although both are given

'

II

'

partir a galea e

'

molto legiadro et

MANUSCRIPTS
fpeditiuo,

danda'

(f.

ma non

tanlo ficuro per un

il

partir a

problems are generally of a practical

merchants' apprentices in the north of Italy. (Fig. 240.)

Qipm^9tC^.

Sut.

(|]piBf?9ffx Air
(afif8^ 9ff ;*

Pur

^umn">f -^^ovfi

34.

();

o.

-i.

-u-

Fig. 240.

8b-

-I.

5
J

Much

([uanto

'I"he apjjlied

19, v.).

type useful to

483

])riii(i|)iantL'

T.

P'rom the anonymous Trattato ok

c;

c.

% 4 ^

1535

of the latter part of the treatise relates to mensuration.

A set

and some notes are given at the end. Among the notes
celebrated problem of the horseshoe. (Fig. 241.)
tables

is

of

the

RARA ARITHMETICA

484

A ^^^

ok

^vi^^ c/:<.^'^^ ^ ^u^c^^/ j^^

A/^x/s '^'^^y

y ? 'tr/c

n.0

A^ /^^ /u 2^ e

^^ S >o

"^^
Notes

The manuscript

in

^:

the anonymous manuscript of

^;^; r^
c.

no. 23 in Narducci's catalogue of the

is

pagni manuscripts (Rome, 1862,

LUDOVICO ALT
Title.

jc^A

^.^

'ir'tir-

Fig. 241.

c,

V<^

1535

Boncom-

p. 16).

DI SALISPURGO.

Italian

MS., 1545-

sixteenth-century student.

'.M .D.

Description.

XLV.// Ludouicho alt

8,

12.6

17.8 cm.

92

de Salifpurga.'
ff.

(F.

i, r.)

MANUSCRIPTS
This
author

is

485

some stmlent in 1545. 'I'he

the fundamental operations with denominate num-

a business arithmetic written by

first

treats of

bers, following this

by a treatment

(Fig. 242.)

of fractions.

The

last part

'ciu

^5%l..lii,V.

^^^l ^*

Fic. 242.

of the

work

is

'

praticha

arithmetic of the time.

'

^'^^

ru^tc^

(toe

oPCo

x^

From the ludovico alt

(f.

48), and considers the ordinary business

uses almost the same form of the per-

The author

(see
cent symbol as the writer of 1456 referred to on p. 458, viz. p
Fig. 243). The manus( ript is described in Narducci's catalogue, p. 152.

RARA ARITHMETICA

486

^<^

l\
1

/^

fl

^^-

^il^^l,.^'^?^-?'^^-^'
Fig, 243.

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

'

ff.

man

unnumb.

hand,

Latin MS.,

c.

1550.

Introducoriu breue fup elementa Euclidis.'

Description.

23

From the ludovico alt

c.

4, 15

X 21.8 cm., the text being 14.2 X 19 cm.

= 25 ff., 28-33 H- Written in a Ger-

2 blank

1550.

MANUSCRIPTS
This manuscript
of

Mohammed

book, to
MSf

(for

is

the last one in the volume containing the algebra

Musa
books I-XV of

ibn

It consists o( introductions, book by

(p. 454).
(for -), ^T", and
Euclid. The symbols +,

are used.

Latin MS.,

IIONORATUS.
A

Venetian

Title.

monk

'Optts Arithnicticfi
(F.

Fk;.

Description.

Ill

8,

c.

550-1600.

of the sixteenth century.

cocnobij S. Latirclij.'

15.8 cm.

487

10.9

D. Ilonorati vcnc-//t-i

nionachj

i.)

Yuo-si

2.

HONOR.VrUS

16 cm., the text being about 9.5

ff.

This manuscript was written by a pupil of a \'enetian monk named

Honoratus evidently about 550-1 600. It is a practical arithmetic,
1

KARA ARITHMETICA

488

the author taking up rather fully the fundamental operations with integers and denominate numbers. He also treats of such common applica-

The illustrations are those which a

and prove the manuscript to be the work
of an immature hand. The common galley method of division is given,
with the ship in full form (Fig. 244), and the sign % appears as per
tions as partnership

and

barter.

pupil would be likely to make,

cr-

(see p. 439).

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

'

MS.,

Italian

c.

1560.

Dichiarazione per intelligentia de Principiantj // del

vso, che merchantilmente tiene la Citta dj Firenze // sopra le

pesi, e Misure.'

monete,

of the Angelotti

Description.

166

cm.

Fol., 18.7

(3 blank),

ff.

(F. 2,

family

(.?)

is

8-42

r.)

On

f.

the coat of arms

i, r.,

painted on parchment.
25.5 cm., the text being 12.5

x 20

11.

a very clearly written Florentine manuscript on commercial

The 8's are all made like S on its side, thus (c/D), a feature
not infrequently seen in the second half of the sixteenth and even in the
seventeenth century. As was often the case, the author presupposed a
knowledge of the fundamental operations, reviewing them only briefly

This

is

arithmetic.

compound numbers. The problems are of the common mercantile

type of the period. The manuscript seems to have been written about
1560. (See Fig. 245.)

with

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

Latin MS.,

Description.

Sm.

4,

1.9

16.8 cm.,

c.

1565.

(Cover.)

'Trattato d'aritmetica mercantile.'

279

ff.,

20-25

11.

appears by the problems that this mercantile arithmetic was

written at Bologna about 1565. Like so many similar treatises, it opens
It

with a set of column multiplication tables. The first operation is parreductiri piccoli,' or short division, this being necessary for the simple
tions in the addition of denominate numbers. This is followed by the
'

addition of pounds, shiUings, and pence ('Sommare di lire e fs e de').

The next operation is multiplication, several methods being given. The
') ! the second, from
first is cross multiplication (' modo di mcare p

left to

right

ing as

'

('

modo

multriply,'

'

erence to the tables

'

bericuocolo

'

di multrip''S per la dirieto,' multiply always appearmultripich,' in this manuscript)

('

p colonna

')

the fourth, our

of the Florentines, but here called

'

the third, by ref-

common

modo

form, the

per bilicuocolo

'

ir

MANUSCRIPTS

\ no

^la

489

n'cearo d'^nv^rzssf
fi opbi_ib-cr,

pzvo a ragione di^y

^J'^'* ^-oo-sj domaru
cLa ciun^ue quanro joi il JTJndo.

xoo 00
1000
-100

7-^

I^

o>fr.jfco'

^'.

C/y ..-4-

070

000

(To o o

100

>

Cyo

6^00

CofzcOS- f3

CO

4:

/X IIQ.0:^ >

3 7

IJ

2^0

^^B

Fin. 245.

From an

Italian manuscript of c. 1560

RARA ARITHMETICA

490

This is followed by the subtraction of denominate

by a more extended treatment of multiplication.
Division follows, at first per ripiegho,' and then per danda' (Fig. 246),
the galley method not being given. This is followed by a treatment of
fractions, percentage (' Commicano e centi dalcuna merchantia '), the
rule of three (' Commica lareghola del tre '), profit and loss, equation of
payments, exchange, and the other mercantile rules of the period. Altogether it is one of the best of the sixteenth-century manuscripts on the
commercial arithmetic of Northern Italy.
(also

'

bilicocolo

numbers, and

').

this

'

'

GAUDIOSO FRASCADA.
A

MS., 1568.

Italian

schoolmaster of Brescia, about the middle of the sixteenth century.

Title.

'

Libro

Colophon.

'

di

Arithmetica //et Geometria.'

j5nte libro cioue

II

to ad // instantia de

opera

di

(F.

i, r.)

abaco et geometria

scrit-

m Bertholameo

sachetto //
habitante nella terra de' I'orala algise' scritto per mi // Camillo
figliolo di

sachetto I'anno 1568 a honor de dio et della // iiergine maria laus

deo

'

43,

(f.

But

v.).

5, v.,

f.

has the following:

Gaudioso frafcada cittadino

e ftato fcritto p

4 Nouembrio lanno 1555 laus

Description.

cm.

46

ff.

di

Questo libbro
;

// Bressa a di

dei.'

FoL, 20.2 x 28.6 cm., the text being 14.7 x 24.2

(3 blank),

17-29

made

11.

1568, of a treatise composed by Frascada,

a schoolmaster of Brescia, in 1555. The author uses both the Florentine and the Venetian forms and names for the operations, as in the

This

is

a copy,

expression

'

in

Multiplicar per fchacchiere feu baricocolo.'

of multiplication are given, as in the

only the galley method appears.

work

The examples

ordinary business nature, and the rules include

cioe position false.'

The

'

Von

are generally of the

Raggioni p lo cattayno,
few folios refer to practical geometry.

last

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

Several forms

of Paciuolo, but in division

German MS.,

KiiftHcher

Abmeffung

c.

1575.

aller groffe,//ebene,

oder

nidere, in die lenge, hohe, breite vnd//tiefte als graben Cifternen,

vnd Brunnen.'
Description.

(F.

i,

r.)

12, 10.2

15 cm., the text being 8.6

30 ff. unnumb. -f 4 blank = 34 ff., 24 11. Written

hand and in the German language, c. 1575.

in a

13 cm.

German

MANUSCRIPTS

491

<^ax^C'yn"^^'>^^7Sig>o\t^M

'2::isy
^oo.

--^|.

if^

0-0.3.

-'"

It 6$ 8

Fig. 246.

From an

Italian manuscript ok

c.

1565

RARA ARITHMETICA

492

This manuscript contains a few numerical problems in connection

with mensuration. The work is of no merit save as it throws light upon
the mensuration of the sixteenth century in Germany. Like most books
of this kind, written at that time, it has little or no explanation of the
rules used.

DOMENICHO DA BIEN DE VALSUGANA.

Italian

del //

.9.

An

None.

Title.

On

Colophon.

a di

MS., 1579.

Venetian student of 1579.

mese

elementary algorism.

21 there

p.

di

marzo

is

this

statement:

in liedolo

'

L'anno. 1579-

// Per Domenicho da Bien

de Valsugana.'
12, 9.5

Description.
12.5

cm.

48

or near Venice.

14.5 cm., the text being about 7.5

pp., varying

number

Probably written at

of lines.

1579.

a student's manuscript on commercial arithmetic. It opens

with the fundamental operations, the treatment of Multipticare Per
scachiero (p. 12) showing the Venetian instead of the Florentine influ-

This

is

'

'

ence.

Division

is

performed only

Galera' Domenicho
form not appearing.

'

per galia, ouero per battello

calls it elsewhere), or

The examples are wholly mercantile, most

applications being in the rule of three.

'

('

'per Collona,' the modern

The work

also contains

of the

some

simple examples in mensuration.

FRANCESCO GIUNTINI.

Italian

MS., Lyons, 1579.

Italian student or teacher of astronomy. I judge

that he was born November 14, 1522, at Florence.

An

Title.

None.
'Di Lione adi

Colophon.

13.

di

from

his

horoscope

Maggio 1579: Francesco

Giuntinj.'

Description.

4,

15.5

21.8 cm., 32

ff.

(2 blank),

26-30

11.

Written on paper.
This manuscript

is

clearly written in Italian,

in particular to Giuntini's

arithmetic

lies

own horoscope.

and

relates to astrology,

Its interest in the history of

wholly in such symbols as that for degrees, and in the

forms of numerals.

MANUSCRIPTS
JOHANNES KLUMPIUS.
Title.

Varij Tractatus Mathematices

'

philfse/Zftudiofo excpt Ingol-//ftadij

(P.

493
Latin MS., 1598-99.

//a Joanne

Anno // 598
i

Klum])i(>

ct fequcnlj.'

I.)

At

Colophon.

the end of the

'

Arithmetica

i)ractica

are the

'

words 'Abfokum') 15 Januarij // Anno 1599.'

Description. 4, 15.3 X 20 cm., the text being 10.5 x 16.5 cm.

+ 442

70 pp. blank

(varying).

This

pp. written

German hand,

Latin MS., written in a

=512

pp.,

19-21

11.

Ingolstadt, 1598-99.

a set of lecture notes on general mathematics, including geomand astronomy. The arithmetic consists

is

etry, trigonometry, arithmetic,

of

it,

treats of the four

first

common

two courses of lectures.

fundamental operations with integers and

parts, probably the result of

two distinct

The

fractions

although

it

the second of practical arithmetic, as

roots, and a few rules

and the rule of false.

like

German MS.,

A German
Title.

'

student of

Das

c.

Flinfft Capitel.//

Not

1599.

1600.

von dem Algorifmo //oder Cofs.'

Colophon.

calls

the rule of three, partnership, alligation,

ROTH.

B.

Klumpius

simply gives the fundamental operations, j>rogressions,

entirely legible.

Item Im FunlTten Capitel

(F. 4,
It

ift

r.)

contains the date, August 4,

1599Description.

cm.

321

This

is

4,

18.8

X 24.6

cm., the text being 13.5

19.8

(13 blank), the lines varying.

ff.

German manuscript

containing the solutions of the problems

in Stifel's edition of Rudolff's Coss, beginning with

Chapter

5.

(See

This manuscript was written, as the colophon shows, in 1599.

The name of the writer is not entirely legible, but it seems to be Britenus Roth. The solutions are written in a very clear hand, and furnish
p. 258.)

an excellent example of the symbolism of that period.

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

None.

Description.

13 cm.

80

pp.,

Dutch MS., Louvain,

A
Sm.

treatise
8,

33-46

10.5
11.

c.

1600.

on mensuration.

x 16

cm., the text being about 8

Written on vellum.

RARA ARITHMETICA

494

is a Dutch manuscript on gauging and general mensuration.

gauger's tables are as clearly written as in the best Florentine

This

The

manuscripts.

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

None.

Description.

Latin MS.,
treatise

Sm.

4,

c.

1600.

on arithmetic.

10.5

14.

cm., the text being about

numb, (there have been added 8 ff. in the

back, written on vellum, making a total of 205 ff.), 22 11. (varies).
Latin MS., written in a German hand.

6x12

cm.

197

ff.

This manuscript begins with the fundamental operations after the

of algorism, and then takes up the theory of numbers according
to the Boethian system. Figurate numbers and proportions (ratios) are
treated at great length, as in the arithmetic of Boethius, although this

manner

not a copy of that work. It is not common to find manuscripts

written as late as this that go so fully into the ancient theory of pure
arithmetic. At the end of the book the author has placed eight folios
of Arithmetica tabulais et formularis,' clearly written on vellum, conis

'

taining multiplication (or

'

evenly odd

'

numbers, of

area
'

')

tables of primes, of

solid numbers,'

and the

ANONYMOUS.
Title.

oddly even

'

and

German MS.,

c.

1600.

Gebrauch//Der Weldt Kugel.' (P. 3.)

FoL, 20.5 x 33 cm., the text being 19.5 x 27 cm.

'Niitzlicher

Description.
(varies),

'

like.

160 pp. (several blank), 24-29

paper, in German,

c.

11.

(varies).

Written on

1600.

is on the terrestrial sphere,

on arithmetic as needed by cosmographers. This includes the fundamental operations, including square
and cube roots. The galley method of division is used exclusively.

Although the

first

part of this manuscript

the second part, beginning on p. 83,

is

ADDENDA
Since the completion of the manuscript for the edition
this

luxe of

tie

made to Mr.
Excluding a number of

work, two years ago, numerous additions have been

Plimpton's collection
early

of

early arithmetics.

Arabic manuscripts, these acquisitions, with references to the

pages on which they would naturally appear, are as follows

Page i6. The 1561 edition of Borghi has been acquired.

Page

The 1485

23.

de Orbelli has been acquired.

edition of Nicolo

See also page 473.

Page

There has been acquired a work on the calendar by

'Almanach magiftri Johanis//de monteregio ad anos.

36.

Regiomontanus

xviij.//acuratiffu-ne calculata.'

ten // Vindelico
interesting

is

Colophon .-...' Erhardi Ratdolt Auguf-

M.cccc.lxxxviij.'

on account of

its

This

is

not an arithmetic, but

it

mathematical treatment of the calendar.

Page 62. There has been acquired a Cracow edition of a work by

Jacobi Fa-//bri
Faber Stapulensis, containing a little arithmetic
.'
Colophon : Cracouig
Stapv-//leii T Artiu diuifione itroductio
'

1534.'

4, 13.8

'

18.7 cm., the text being

10.2x16 cm.

Page 82. The first (1503) edition of the Margarita Philosophica has
Chalchographatum primibeen acquired. The colophon is as follows
ciali hac // peffura/ Friburgi p loanne Scho//ttu Argeii. citra feftu
:

'

Margareth^ //anno gratis M:CCCCC.III.'

Page 114. An edition of Tagliente's Libro //de abaco,' Vinegia

M.D.XLIIII' has been acquired. Also the Venice edition of 1570, and
'

'

an edition

s. a.

Page 115. The 1570 Milan edition of Tagliente has been acquired
Libro // de Abbaco che inse-//gna a fare ogni ragione // mercadantile
:

'

Milano 1570.'

Page 139. The 1525 edition of Riese's first book has been acquired
Rechnung auff der linihen //gemacht durch Adam Riefen vonn Staff el:

//fteyn/in maffen

man

es

pflegt

tzu

lern

in

alien

//rechenfchulen

RARA ARITHMETICA
gruntlich begriffen

anno

15 i8.// vleyfigklich vberlefen/

vnd zum andern

mall //in trugk vorfertiget.//C,Getruckt zu Erffordt zcum//Schwartzen

Co/(?/>/iofi : ^HGedruckt tzu
M.//CCCCC.XXV. Jar.' 8, 8.8 x 14.6

durch//Mathes

Horn.// 1525.'

Erffordt/

Maler.

cm., the text being 7.1

10.7cm.

44ff., 17-20II.

Page 139. Another Erfurt edition of Riese's second work has been
Rechnung auff//der Lynihen vii Federn///Auff allerley
handthirung/ gemacht durch//Adam Ryfen.// Zum andern mal vberfehen///vnd gemehrt.// Anno M. D. XXvij.' Colophon: Gedruckt
acquired:

'

'

zum Schwartzen Horn.'

Page 148. The 1570 Venice edition

zu Erffurdt

of Feliciano has

been acquired.

+ 79ff.
Page 167. 'Ulrich Kern von Freysing Eyn new Kunftlichs wolge-//
grvifl vnnd behend // aufz rechter art der

grundts Vifierbuch/ gar

Geometria/.
23 cm.

57

ff.,

M.D.XXXI.' FoL, 18 x 27.8 cm., the

46

Strasburg, 1531.

11.

Page 181. Two more

of

editions

text being 12.7

work on guaging.

Mariani's

'

Tar iff a

have been

'

acquired, Venice 1564 and 1572.

Page 223. There

is

mentioned an arithmetic by Medlerus, 1543,

This work, recently acquired, may be

with a second edition in 1550.

all

that there

ratio

is

of the

1550 edition:

extra//hendi radicem

'

Facili-//ma et exactis-//sima

Quadratam//& Cubicam,

Doctore//

Nicolao Medlero in // gratiam ftudiofae // iuuentutis // sedita, // Anno

Impressvm VVitem- // bergae, per
Domini. // M.D.L.' Colophon:
'

Vi-//tum Creutzer.'
7ff.,

27

8,

14.8 cm.,

the. text

being

11.2 cm.

11.

Page 322. The 1575 edition of Lapazzaia has been acquired. It is

not the same, however, as the work described on page 322, either in

Opera //terza//de aritmeti-//ca et geo-//metria.

title or in contents.
//Deir Abbate Georgio Lapazaia//da Monopoli. //Intitolata il Ramaglietto.//In Napoli // Apreffo Mattio Cancer. M.D.LXXV.' 14.2 x 20
'

X 16 cm. 4 -f 169 pp., 29 11.

FamiPage 322. The 1566 edition of Lapazzaia has been acquired
liarita // d'arithmetica, e geometria // con I'vsitata prattica Napo-//
litana, Compofta & ordinata per Abbate Geor-//gio Lapizzaya Canon ico
Monopolitano // Nuouamente con fomma diligentia//Riftampata, e
cm., the text being II

corretta.// ... In

14

NapoH //Appreffo Horatio

x 16.2 cm.

22 cm., the text being 11. 2

Saluiani
2

62

//MDLXVI.'
ff.,

28

11.

4,

ADDENDA
Page 340.

L'Arithmeti(ive//milit;iire d'AlexantireZ/Vandenbussche

'

Flandrois//departie en deux liures.//.

Paris

.'

(s. a.).

8, 14.S

20.8 cm., the text being 9.8 x 16 cm. 35 ff., 34 11. Paris 1571. The
Proeme is dated " De la grolTe tour de Bourges le douziefme d'o-//

An

ctobre. 1571."

arithmetic for instruction in military circles.

Page 347. A 1590 Antwerp edition of Menher has been acquired:

Livre // d'Arithme-//tique contenant plufieurs belles que-//ftions &
demandes, bien propres & // vtiles a tous Marchans, // Par M. Valentin
Mennher //de Kempten. // Reueu par M. Melchior van Eiftaer.//
Page 375. The 1584 Cologne edition of Clavius has been acquired.
Page 383. Arithmetica // oder // Rechenbuch //
durch // An1600.' FoL, 13.6 x 18.5 cm.,
thonium Schultzen/.
Zur Liegnitz
*

.'

'

the text being

*

10.2

Buchhalten,' 30

11.

x 13.5 cm. 4 + 259!^., besides an appendix on

The first edition apjieared in 1583. A book of no

particular merit.

Page 389. In 1585

It contains 5 pp.

Fr. Barocio published a

Cosmographia,

at

Venice.

on arithmetic.

Page 391. The work

of Aurelio Marinati has been acquired:

'La

somma di tvtte // le scienze // nella qvale si tratta

liberali// ... Roma. .. 1587.' 4, 16 x 21.5 cm., the

prima parte // della //

delle//sette

arti

text being 11

17.7

cm.

The chapter

156 pp.

'

Dell' aritmetica

begins on p. 99 and ends on p. 114.

Page 408. Vila's arithmetic has been acquired: Reglas // brevs

de Arith-//metica
per Bernat // Vila,
Barcelona
Any. M.D.'

LXXXXVI.'

8, 9.8

Page 418. The 161

'

14.3 cm., the text being 7.5

1

edition of Mariana's

Page 425.

8+i36fT.

work has been acquired.

loannis // Marianae // Hifpani //, e socie. lesv, //

Mensvris. //Typis Wechelianis. //

12 cm.

De

Ponderibvs //

et

Anno M.DC.XI.'

manuscript of Zuchetta's work, copied

in

1692, has

been acquired.

Page 440. There has been acquired one

parchment,

in

folio

of manuscript on

a fourteenth-century hand, containing part of the Ety-

31 x 45.7 cm. See also p. 8.

Page 456. There has been acquired an anonymous manuscript on
astrology, with some directions for arithmetical computations. It bears no

mologies of Isidorus.

date but was written

Page 480.
in

Latin, c.

c.

1450.

A manuscript

fi.,

on paper,

of Bede,

'

De

1520, has been acquired.

in Latin, in a

German hand.

Scientia computandi,' written

Fol.,

22.7

x33cm.,

the text

RARA ARITHMETICA
being 13
is

'

In the same volume and written by the same hand

22.5 cm.

Franconis

De Quadratura

Page 487.

Circuli lib. V.'

manuscript of Boethius and Gerbert, on geometry,

written in Latin, c. 1550, has been acquired.

bert begins

Incipit

liber

geometrie

artis

The manuscript
a

seditvs

of Ger-

Dno // Gerberto

Papa et Philosopho. Qvi et Silvester // secvndvs est nominatvs.' Each

manuscript contains some interesting number work. Fol. on paper,
22

33.5 cm., the text being 15.5

As stated

23.5 cm.

in the preface, there will naturally

be found from time to

time numerous additions to the bibliography contained

The

following have recently

come

in

this

work.

to the attention of the author

Page 70. Portius. There was also an edition, Rome, 1524, 4.

Page 81. Boethius, Clichtoveus, and Stapulensis. There was also an
edition, Paris, 15 14, fol.

Page 97. There

Gottingen,

is

probably

an anonymous

'

Algorithmus

linealis,'

1513 at

Licht.

Page 106. Kobel. There was an

edition of the

'

Vysierbuch,'

Oppen-

heim, 15 19.

Page 123. Grammateus. There was also an edition, Frankfort, 1554.

Page 139. Riese. There was also an edition, 1559, and a Frankfort
edition, 1563, of

Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
in

No.

2.

There was also an

180. Albert.

edition,

Magdeburg, 1588.

an edition, Cologne, 1539.

214. Recorde. There was also an edition, London, 1658.
257. Giilfiferich. There was also an edition, Frankfort, 1561.
195. Noviomagus.

There was

also

286. There was published a small Tariffa by Marcello in 1566.

359. There

may have been

Rechenbuch by Junge published

1577-

Page 396. Lindebergius published

prsecipuorum

.,'

containing a

Page 429. There

is

also a

little

at

Rostock,

in

1591, a work

'

De

arithmetic.

work by Lachar, Algorithmus mercatorum,'

'

s. 1. a.

page ix, relating to the De Morgan

While some of the books were sold (for
example, see page 122), most of them were purchased by Lord Overstone and presented to the University of London, where they may now

The statement

library should

be seen.

in the preface,

be modified.

INDEXES

1472-80

498
1583

RARA ARITHMETICA

INDEX OF NAMES, PLACES, AND

SUBJECTS
Abacus, 7. 70. See Counters
Adriaen van der Gucht, 338
Agricola,

Alamagni, 404
Albert,

J.,

Aquila, 396
Arabic numerals,

17S

Albert of Saxony,

9, 3,

465

1
1, 447
Arabic numerals (facsimiles), 447,
VIII, et passim
Archimedes, 226

Albertus Magnus, 442

Alcala, 60, 167, 231, 310,322

Alciatus, 164

Alexandrinus, 389
Algebra, 56, 125, 132, 226, 233, 252,254,
260, 2S6, 400, 403, 454
Algebra (facsimile), 455

450, 454
7,

454

Aristotle, 15

Arithmomachia,
Arnheim, iSS

2.

.SVf

Rithmomachia

263, 322, 3?>^

Augustine, 83

Ammonius, 367, 429

Amsterdam, 325, 424
Andrea Lanfreducci, 475

Autorff, 250

Aurel, 254
Austria.
See Cracow, Vienna, etc.

Aventinus, 136, 229

Avignon, 130

Andres, 122
Andres Garcia de Lovas, 253
Angelus Mutinens, 140
Anianus, 31,7
Annaberg, 139
23, 64, 67,

71

106, 120, 126, 127, 128, 130,

178, 186, 195, 211, 212, 223,

252,

Astrological numerals, 375

Astronomical fractions. Si-e Sexagesimals
Augsburg, 8, 10, 25, 27, 37, 41, 100, 102,

Almadiano, 23
Alonso Delatore, 41
America, 286

3,

I'l.

119, 130, 152, 160, 168, 186, 190, 238,

Alligation, iS

Anonymous,

Astrolabe, 72

Algebraic symbols (facsimile), 403

Algorism, 5, 7, 10, 13,15, 28, 33^ 74, 106,

Al-Khowarazmi,
Alkmaar, 325

Antonius de Barres, 238

Antwerp, 32, 183, 200, 249, 250, 278, 281,
3'5. 345. 365. 372, 375. 38"6, 427
Apianus, 155, 62

286,311,338,340,359,

408, 429, 443, 447, 449. 45O'

456, 458, 459, 463, 464, 466,

473.475. 477.478,480,482,
493. 494

KARA ARITHMETICA

500
Barziza, 140

Budel, 396

Basel, 8, II, 27, 43, 60, 66, 70, 82, 86,

Bungus, 380

131, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 180,

182, 186, 192, 211, 226, 246, 265, 266,

269, 286, 315, 33O' 335. 338. 348, 356,

361, 372, 375' 389' 407. \-l

Beausard, 346
Bede. See Baeda
Beldamandi, 13
Belgium. Sec Antwerp, Bruges,
Belli,

Buscher, 393
Buschius, 86, 106

Buteo, 292

Caesar of Padua, 368, 402

Calandri, 47
See Counters
Calculi.
etc.

Computus

See

Calendar.
Calvino, 76

343

Camerarius, 262, 186, 211

Benedetti, 364

Camilla, 315

Benedetto da Firenze, 464

Benese, 182
Benicansa, 402
Berenguer, 359
Bergamo, 37 5, 380, 382 384

Campanus, 433
Canacci, 459
Cantone, 416
Capella, 66
Cardanus, 193, 338

Bernard, 452
Bertholio, 263

Cardanus (portrait), 194

Casanova, 292

Bilstenius, 407

Cassiodorus, 2ii

Blasius, 95

Cataldi, 356

Blundevile, 407

Bock, 229, 249

Boethius, 25, 62, 80,

4, 13,

82,

434

Bogardus, 229
Boissiere, 260, 271

Cataneo, 242
Catechism method, 197, 210, 290

Catechism method

Bologna, 61, 244, 253, 295, 356, 359

Cattaldi, 356

Bonini, 122

Champenois, 359

Bonocchio, 347
Borghetti, 407
Borghi, 16
Borriglione, 86

Boschensteyn, A., 182

Boschensteyn, J., 100
Boscherus, 393
Bouvelles (Bovillus), 89
Bradwardin, 61, 5, 86, 117, 451
Brandt, 169, 408
Brasser, 393

Braunschweig, 391
Brescia, 325, 347, 368, 425

Breslau, 139, 322, 347, 404, 412

Bruc3eus, 350

Bruges, 338
Bruno, 396
Brunus, 396

Buckley, 252
Budaeus. 99, 35, 164
Budapesth, 67

Bude.

See Budaeus

(facsimile), 199

Cathalan, 268

Ch ampler,

186

Chauvet, 359
Chiarini, 10, 56
China, 429
Chuquet, 128
Cipro, 10
Ciruelo, 58, 61

Clatovenus, 292
Clavius, 375
Clement, 375

Clichtoveus, 30, 80, 82, 94

Cognet, 346, 365

Coignet.

Cologne,

.5"^^

Cognet

23, 27, 46,74. 76, 85, 153, 154.

159, 167, 169, 180, 195, 200, 212, 231

281,367, 375, 396,402,429

Computus,

7,

31, 41, 73, 126, 443,

449

463, 473

Computus

(facsimiles), 444, 445' 472

Constantinople, 180

Copenhagen, 353
Corella, 244

INDEX
Cortes, 407
Coss, 125,226,233.260,286.

Counters,

Counters

.S'-ff

Algebra

155, 271, 412, 4cS2

7, 36,

(facsimiles), 69, 103, 156, 166,

201, 214, 215

123, 190, 260,

303

J.,

Eschenburg, 340
Espinosa, 238
II,

56,

4,

433, 435, 440,

PI.

IV,

VI

Exchange, 38

Exchange
See also Nicolaus Cusa

106.

236,

442, 463, 481, 486

Euclid (facsimiles), 436,

Everardus, 396

Curtius, 396

Cusa,

Equation of payments, 439, 446

Erfurt, 124, 139, 33S

Euclid,

Covarrubias, 396

Cracow, 32, 97,

Cuento, 60, 249
Culman, 182
Cuno, 269

501

Eciuality sign (facsimile), 288

(facsimile), 38

Eysenhut, 190

Czemy, 353
P"aber Stapulensis, 62, 80, 27, 30, 82

Dagomari, 435
Debreczin, 359
Decimal point (facsimiles),

False position, 18
Feliciano, 146

388
329, 330, 386, 388
52,

Decimals, 50,
Dee, 214
De la Roche, 128
Delfino, 275
Denmark. See

Copenhagen

Suberville, 409
Deventer, 64, 67, 76, 188, 195, 262
Dialing, 4S0
el Castillo,

46

Digges, 340
Diophantus, 348
Division (facsimiles)

danda, 47, 462, 489

Of

6, 100,

Figurate numbers (facsimiles), 27,

Finaeus, 160, 279, 82, 97, 106

Finger symbols, 34,

483, 486, 487

fractions, 485

Division of fractions, 233, 262

Dollar sign, 470

57, 95,

131. 137, 257

Finger symbols (facsimiles),

I'l.

115,

57,

121,

138

Fischer, 247
Flicker, 367

Florence,

Division, 18, 49, 449

Galley,

140, 269

Fernelius, 157
Ferrara, 143, 146, 394

De

Diego

Fermat, 348
Fernandez de Santaella,

10, 15,

122, 132, 140,

16, 47, 63, 70, 98, 99,

346

FcEniseca, 119

Fonduli, 295

Fonduli

(portrait),

296

Forcadel, 284, 316

See
Fractions, 106.

Decimals, Sexa-

gesimals, Division

See Paris, Lyons, Avignon

Dollar sign (facsimiles), 471, 491

Domenicho de Valsugana, 492

France, 284.

Dordrecht (Dort), 392

Franciscus, 15
Franci.scus de Oretio, 396
Frankfort a. ^L, 32, 53, 102, 106, 123,

Dortmund, 213
Duni, 269
Duplation, 75
Diisseldorf, 300

Francesco dal Sole, 143

139. 154. '55.

J(^9.

iSo. 200, 244, 253,

269, 290, 295, 298, 319, 330, 331, 340,

Dycke, 427

359. 368, 3^3' 393' 396, 408, 429

Frankfort a. d. Oder, 139, 247, 289

Eclipse (facsimile), 453

Frascada, 490
Freiburg, 82, 181, 1S2, 192, 391, 410

Eisenmann, 91
Eisenmenger, 3S9

Freigius, 372

Eisleben, 303
Elias Misrachi, 180

Frey, Jacob, 338

Frey, Johann, 221

England, 134, 216,327,450. See London

Freyle, 286

KARA ARITHMETICA

502

Heidelberg, 168, 266, 356, 359

Heller, 67

Fulconis, 389
Furst, 93

Galasso, 404

Gauging,

Gauging

Helm,

141, 142, 319

Helmreich, 303
Helmstadt, 393
Henry-metre, 409
Herbestus, 303
Herodianus, 60

114. M^, 221, 468

(facsimiles) 113, 222

Gehrl, 359
Gematria, 404

Gemma

Hobel, 314
Hoflein, 389
Holland. .5"^^ Amsterdam, Deventer,
Honoratus, 487

Frisius, 200

Gempelius, 391
Genoa, 416, 425
Gentil, 263

George of Hungary, 67
Sec Augsburg,
Germany.

Bamberg,

Heidelberg, etc.
Gersbach, 353
Getons. See Counters
Ghaligai, 132

Ghebelino, 325

Giovanni da Firenze, 443

Girard, 386
Gifjka Gorla z Gorlssteyna, 353

etc.

Hood, 361
Horem, 86, 117
Hornmannus, 396
Horoscope, 478, 492
Hostus, 372
Huguetan, 188, 131
Hungary. See Budapesth, Debreczin
Huswirt, 74
Hiitzler, 263
Hylles, 396

Giuntini, 492

Glareanus, 191
Gleitsmann, 427

lamblichus, 188, 186

Ingolstadt, 155

"

Instruments (facsimiles), 124, 283, 297,

Glysonius, 408

Gmunden, 117, 449

Goldammer, 269

367
Italy.

Gosselin, 279

Gouda, 386, 394, 424

Grammateus, 123
Granada, 93
Gray, 353
Gualda, 167
Gucht, 338

8, 3, 10
See Florence, Venice, etc.

Isidorus,

Jacob, 295
Jacob's staff,

no

GUlfferich, 269, 292

Jeronimo de Valencia, 269

Joannes de Gmunden, 117, 449
Joannes de Muris, 117
Johann von Gmunden, 117, 449

Gullucci, 82

Jordanus, 62,

5,

27, 82

Gutierrez de Gualda, 167

Kandleon, 368
Kaudler, 368, 396

Guyion, 130
Gyraldus, 254

Klos, 190

Haarlem, 421
Hagenau, 37,

Klumpius, 493
76, 164

Halle, 303

Hamburg, 393
Hanaellius, 228

Hangest, 87
Hartwell, 220
Heere, 421
Hegelin, 229

Kobel, 100
Kolross, 164
Konigsberg, 226, 258, 260, 314

Kopfer, 346
Krafft, 402
Lagasa, 315
Landshut, 83, 97

INDEX

503

Maginus, 399
Mainz, 23, 118

Lanfreducci, 475

Lange, 353
Lanzut. See Landshiit

Mameranus, 396

Lapazzaia, 322

Manenti, 174

Lapazzaia (portrait), 323

Laudensis, 396

Mantua, 66, 263

Manzoni, 257
Mariana, 418

Lautenschlager, 410
Lax, 121

Mariani, 180

Lazesio, 146
Leipzig, 27, 36, 37, 44, 53, 70, 83, 86, 91,
120, 138, 139, 155, 168, 171, 200, 223,

233, 247, 249, 250, 263, 290, 303, 31

1,

331. 340, 353, 361, 365, 379, 412, 421

Lemgo, 330
Leonardus Maynardus, 474
Leunbach. 86
Leyden, 66. 165, 166, 210, 254.386. See
Lugduiii
Licht, 70
Liegnitz, 383
Lillius,

63

Marinati, 391
Martin, 231
Masterson, 400
Matiieniatics, value of, 72, 127, 231, 300
Maurolycus, 348, 350
Maynardus, 474
Measures, 70, 99, 164, 171, 209, 266, 319
Mediate, 75
Medina, 229
Medlerus, 223
Melanchthon, 210, 53, 164, 226, 236
Melero, 181
Mellema, 375

Liverius, 13

Mellis, 218, 214, 391

London,

Menher, 249, 281, 346

Menochius, 396

10, 132, 134, 182, 195, 213, 214,

244, 252, 253, 286, 327, 330, 338, 340,

Lottini, 2S6

Mensuration, 478
Mercado, 335
Mercatello, 480
Meres, 408
Messina, 93, 429
Mewrer, 396
Mexico, 286
Meyer, 322

Louvain, 238, 346

Lovas, 253

Middelburg, 418

353. 368, 391. 393. 396, 400, 407, 408

Lonicerus, 253

Lopez de Corella, 244

Loritus, 191

Lortze, 91
Lossius, 289
Letter, 70

Micyllus, 265

Liibeck, 263, 393

Luca da Firenze, 468

Luca de Borgo,

Milan, 76, 114, 115, 193, 216

Military arithmetic, 343, 359, 385
Million, 17

54, 87

Lucar, 393

Million (facsimile), 19

Ludovico Alt, 4S4

Lugduni (Lyons or Leyden),

167,

200,

165, 171,

192,

286

Mohammed

Lullius, 415, 457

Luyck, 408
Lyons, 32, 93, 128, 130,
See Lugduni

Madrid, 310, 393, 404

Maffei, 86

Magdeburg,

139, 180, 290,

ibn Musa,

7,

454

Molinaeus, 396

245, 253, 269, 286, 290, 292, 314, 320,

385, 389.

Mirandula, 127
Misrachi, 180
Modena, 66

389

Monhemius, 300
Monte Regal Piedmontois, 3S5
Monzo, 292
Mordente, 415
Morsianus, 159, 1S2
Moya, 308
Mugling, 450

RARA ARITHMETICA

504

Multiplication, 56, 115, 447

Multiplication (facsimiles)

Gelosia,

393
Paolo deir Abaco, 435

116

t"anciful,

5,

Paris, 9, 27, 32, 43, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 76,

448, 461

Per quadrato,
Per scachiero,

5,

448, 461

5, 6,

Pagani, 394
Pagnini, 308
Paolini,

Complementary, 76

448, 483

82, 86, 87, 89, 93, 95, 97, 99, 106, 121,

126, 131, 134, 157, 160, 167, 168, 171,

186, 191, 192, 195, 200, 211, 223, 228,

Table, 26, 37, 446, 460, 464, 479

Multiplication table, 37, 446
Miinster, 85

269, 271, 278, 279, 284, 31

Miinster, Seb., 180

330, 340, 343> 347. 359. 382, 409. 446,

Munyos, 320
Muris,

229. 233, 237, 245, 252, 260, 263, 268,

314, 316,

45
Parley, 408

17

Mutinens, 140
Mystery of numbers, 95, 91, 199, 383

Parma, 382, 384

Partnership, 18

Pascal triangle, 155, 236

Pascal triangle (facsimile), 156
Pauerus, 286

Nabod, 281
Naples, 322, 324, 402, 416
Neander, 266

Paul.

See Paolo, Paulus

Nessen, 322

Paulinus, 393

Nevvdorffer, 415, 477

Paulus Alexandrinus, 3S9

Nicolaus Cusa, 42
Nicolo de Orbelli,

Nicomachus,

1,

Pavia,
23,

9, 10,

186, 4, 27

Nonius, 315
Norico, 44
Norry, 347

Peer, 156
Pelacani, 140

Noviomagus, 195, 159

See Arabic, Astrological,
Numerals.

Pellos, 50

Peletier, 245

Roman
Numeration, 260
Nuiiez, 315
Niirnberg, 53, 62, 86, 123, 137, 139, 151,
152, 154, 156, 160, 178,

295

Paxi, 77
Peele, 338

473

82, 193, 221,

223, 226, 231, 249, 271, 292, 300, 314,

338, 346, 391, 412,415,421

Per-cent sign, 439, 441, 458

Per-cent sign (facsimiles), 437, 440, 441,
459. 476
Perez de Oliva, 126

Perfect number, 91
Petri,

325
Petrus de Alliaco, 41
Peurbach, 53, 117

Peverone, 290

Obernheym, 473

Peverone

Obers, 238
Ofenlach, 389
Oliva, 126

Pforzheim, 36

Oppenheim, 102, 106

Oresme. See Horem
Ortega, 91
Otto, 361

Piccini,

(portrait), 291

346

Picus Mirandula, 127

Piedmontois, 385

Pirkheymer, 396
Pisa, 16

Piscator, 247

Paciuolo, 54, 87

Plus and minus, 40, 126, 1S3, 254, 456

Plus and minus (facsimiles), 40, 125,

Padovanius, 389
Padua, 9, ID, 13, 150

185, 234
Poeppingius, 391

Paetus, 343

Poitiers, 245

INDKX

505

Poland, 353. Sff Cracow

Fortius, 70
Poveiano, 375

Ringhieri, 253

Prag. 292, 359

Priscian, 319

Rithmomachia

Problems

Rocha, 316
Roche, 128

Rithmonuichia (Kithmimachia, Rythmomachia), 12, 63, 271, 340

Cistern, 48

Couriers,

(facsimiles), 64, 273

Rizzo, 298

(facsimiles)

Rodolphus Spoletanus, 122

12

Fallen tree, 49

Rodriguez, 408

Fish, 438

RoUandus, 446

Gauging, 113, 222

Hare and hound, 465
Horseshoe nails, 4S4

Roman numerals,

104, 106, 249, 3S2, 383,

Roman numerals

(facsimiles), 104, 105,

Market women,

107, 373. 382,

Rome,

Partnership, 402

Snake and well

(tree), 48,

32, 86, 91, 93, 122, 140, 236, 375,

378, 391, 415, 429

Ros, 457
Rostock, 350
Roth, 493
Rotterdam, 250, 423, 425

Thief, 438

Proportion, 46, 89, 99, 235

Proportion (facsimile), 28

Prosdocimo, 13

Rouen, 32

Psellus, 168

Pythagoras

439

3^3

(portrait),

Rozino, 451

46

Rudolff, 151, 159, 126,

Quadrans

7,

260, 493

Ruff us, 31

(facsimile), 162

Rule of

Quirini, 429

three, 18,

46

Rules, 76
Raets, 365
Raggius, 98

Sacrobosco, 31, 236, 450, 453

Salamanca, 10, 216, 238, 253, 308, 315,
335. 408

Rainer, 200

Ramus, 263, 330, 335

Raphael Franciscus, 15

Raymundus

Salignacus, 359
Salispurgo, 484

Lullius, 457

Recorde, 213, 253, 286

Recreations, 391

Regensburg,

136, 137, 396,

Saragossa, 99, 122, 140, 167, iSi, 247,

Reggio, 370
Regiomontanus, 62
Regius,

368

Santa Cruz, 404

Santaella, 140, 269
Sarafino da Campora, 429
249, 269, 359
Saravia, 229

Si

Savonne, 314
Scarufh, 370

Regnaudus, 396
Regnier, 200
Reichelstain, 169

Scheubel, 233, 246, 252, 454

Reinhard, 421
Reisch, 82

Schey, 427
Schiedam, 423
Schleupner, 412
Schonerus, J., 178

Reymers, 379
Rheticus, 211
Ricci,

429

Riese, A., 138, 171, 250,

Riese, A. (portrait), 251
Riese, I., 252, 365

Ringelbergius, 165

Schonerus, L., 330, 32,3

Schreckenberger, 389
Schreckenfuchsius (Schreckfuchs), iSo
Schreiber.

See

Schuere, 424

Grammateus

KARA ARITHMETICA

5o6

Texeda, 240

Schulze, 383

Schweder, 314

Theologoumena, 223

Segura, 322
Sekgerwitz, 347

Theoretical books, 4
Thierfelder, 391

Series (facsimiles), 88, 478

Toledo,

Seville, 41, 122, 93

Tonstall, 132

Sexagesimals,

Torrentini, 76

^^^^^

418

Toscolano, 54
Toulouse, 348
Tours, 168
Trenchant, 320
Trevisano, 408

Sfortunati, 174
Sherwood, 12

Siderocrates, 389
Siena, 367
Silicius,

1.67,

106

Slate, 13

Treviso, 3

Snellius, 330, 333

Trigonometry, 474
Tubingen, 74

Sole, 143

Solingen, 20S

Solorzano, 393
Spain, 254. See Alcala, Barcelona, etc.

Turin, 50, 86, 364

Turkey. See Constantinople

Tzwivel, 84

Spanlin, 271

Sphere, 453

Uberti, 114

Spinola, 311

Ulm, 229, 402

Ulman, 391

Spoletanus, 122
St. Albans, 186

Stephano da Mercatello, 480

Unicornus, 298, 412

Uranius, 208
Urban IV, 433

Stettin, 139, 247

Urstisius, 220, 361

St.

Bernard, 452, 466

Stevin, 386
Stifel, 223, 231, 258,

493

Valencia, 61, 122, 254, 292, 320, 407

Stigelius, 249

Valencia,

Stockmans, 392

Valerianus, 286

Strasburg, 10,32,33,42,76,82, 134, 154,

182, 197, 21

1,

233, 315, 343' 370, 389'

415

J.

de, 269

Valla, 71

Valladolid, 240, 244

Valturius, 10

Strigelius, 311

Vandenbussche, 340

Striibe, 391

Van den Dycke,

Vander
Vander
Vander
Vander

Suberville, 409

Substractio, 97

Suevus, 404
Suiseth, 10, 86

Supputandi, De Arte, 134

Swinshead. See Suiseth
See Basel
Switzerland.
Tables. 385, 400.

See Tariffa, Multi-

plication

Taf, 429
Tagliente,

14, 141

427

Hoecke, 183
Schuere, 424

Schuere (portrait), 422

Wehn, 216

Vejar, 249

Venice,

8, 9,

10, 12, 13,

15,

16, 19, 20,

21, 22, 27, 28, 32, 54, 60, 61, 62, 70,
7i> 73' 77. 82, 87, 99, 114. 115' 13O'
140, 141, 146, 148, 160, 168, 171, 173,

174, 180, 181, 195, 200, 229, 242, 253,

254, 257, 275, 278, 292, 298, 315, 340.
343' 346, 347' 348, 35O' 364. 382' 389.

Tartaglia, 275

393, 399, 404, 407. 408, 412

Ventallol, 298, 319

Tartaglia (portrait), 277

Vergerius, 456

Tariffa, 77, 180, 404, 175, 181

INDEX
Welsch

Verini, 216

Verona,

10, 148, 389,

507
practice, 152, 416

Wenceslaus, 418
Werner, 300

404

Verse, 399, 411, 100, 262

Verse (facsimile), 41
Vienna, 27, 32, 53, 61, 66, 106,

Widman,
1

17. 123,

36, 40, 44

Willichius, 197

Willsford, 216

151, 152

53, 61, 139, 168, 178,

180, 200, 223, 236, 237, 247, 269, 286,

Wittenberg, 32.

408
Vincent de Heauvais, 10
Vincento, 140
Vincenza, 66, 375
Vincenzo da Bergamo, 429

Vila,

367, 389,

429

Wojewodki, 260
Wolphius, 154

Visconti, 368

Xy lander, 356

Vittori, 61

Vogelin, 195
Von Szily, 67
Vuelpius, 231

Vciar, 247

Zamberto, 481

Wagner,

Zero, 76
Zuccantini, 367
Zuchetta, 425

12, 15

Walckl, 182
Weber, Johann, 338
Weights. See Measures
Weissenfels, 223

Zuchetta

(portrait),

Zurich, 391, 39(J

OF THE

UNIVERSITY
OF

426

186^

U.CB[RK[L[Y LIBRARIES

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