SITI KUSMARDIYANI
SCHOOL OF PHARMACY ITB
FA2205 General Pharmacognosy (2 credits)
This course covers natural resources used in medicine: introduction, preparation of crude drugs;
knowledge of crude drugs containing carbohydrates, lipids, resins, volatile oils, alkaloids, and
other natural product compounds such as steroids, enzymes, antibiotics, and their uses as
medicinal substances. Definition, classification, nomenclature, and biosynthesis of each compound
will also be covered.
References:
Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R., Robbers, J.E., 1988, Pharmacognosy, 9th ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
Trease, G.E., Evans, W.C., 2006, Pharmacognosy, 12th ed., Balliere Tindal, Oxford.
Bruneton, J., 1995, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants, Intercept Ltd., Hampshire.
FA 2205
GENERAL PHARMACOGNOSY
SEMESTER II 2012 / 2013
Monday, 15.00 16.40
Topic
Date
Introduction
2x
21/1, 28/1
Carbohydrates
2x
4/2, 11/2
Volatile Oils
2x
18/2, 25/2
Lipids
2x
4/3, 11/3
Mid-Term Examination
1x
18/3
Alkaloids
2x
25/3, 1/4
Resins & Tannins
1x
8/4
(Other Topics and) Group Presentations
2x
15/4, 22/4
30%
Final Examination
1x
29/4
30%
Reevaluation
1x
(ITBs schedule)
30%
16 x
Class activities
10%
- Syllabus -
A study of natural resources used in medicine:
introduction, preparation of crude drugs, knowledge of
crude drugs containing carbohydrates, lipids, resins,
volatile oils, alkaloids, and other natural product
compounds, and their uses as medicinal substances.
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION / PRODUCTION
SOURCES
USES
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION
SOURCES
FIXED OILS, FATS, WAXES
CH2 O CO R
CH2 O CO R
CH2 O CO R
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION / PRODUCTION
SOURCES
USES
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION
SOURCES
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION
SOURCES
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION
SOURCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
General Introduction
Carbohydrates and Related Compounds
Glycosides and Tannins
Lipids
Volatile Oils
Resins and Resin Combinations
Steroids
Alkaloids
Peptide Hormeones and the Endocrine System
Enzymes and Other Proteins
Vitamins and Vitamin-containing Drugs
Antibiotics
Biologics
Allergens and Allergenic Preparations
Poisonus Plants
Herbs and Health Food
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Find more terminologies related to this special topic and explain.
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THE STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
APPROACHES:
ALPHABETICAL
Crude drug monographs in national pharmacopoeias of many countries
TAXONOMIC
Based on an accepted system of botanical
classification.
MORPHOLOGICAL
Groups of plant parts: leaves, flowers fruits,
seeds,
PHARMACOLOGICAL or THERAPEUTIC
Pharmacological action of the most important
constituent or therapeutic use.
CHEMICAL or BIOGENETIC
Important constituents or
their biosynthetic pathway.
FA2205
Trease, 5-6 OR
1. Tyler, V.E., L.R. Brady, and J.E.
Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th ed.,
Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. Evans, W.C., Trease and Evans
Pharmacognosy, 16th ed., Elsevier,
Edinburgh, 2009.
3. Bruneton, J., Pharmacognosy,
Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants,
Intercept Ltd., Hampshire, 1995.
4. Wade, A. and P.J. Weller (Eds.,),
Handbook of Pharmaceutical
Excipients, 2nd ed., Am. Pharm. Assoc.,
1994.
5. Others related to topics
Varro Tyler, 1926-2001
LAFAYETTE, IND.Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D., an internationally
renowned expert in the field of pharmacognosy and
botanical medicine, died Aug. 22. He was 74.
Tyler was the author of more than 30 books and 350
scientific and educational articles. He had a 30-year career at
Purdue University, located here, serving as the dean of the
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences and as the Lilly
Distinguished Professor of Pharmacognosy. He retired in
1996.
Tyler, affectionately known to his friends as Tip, was an
expert on the safety and therapeutic efficacy of herbal
products and was a popular speaker on the topic.
"Tip had a magical ability to explain something scientific
in a way that made it understandable to those outside
the field," says Marilyn Barrett, Ph.D., of Pharmacognosy
Consulting Services in Redwood City, Calif.
"He was committed to herbal medicine if the herbs had
been shown through a rational scientific process to have
safety and efficacy according to known scientific principles,"
says Mark Blumenthal, founder and executive director of the
American Botanical Council in Austin, Texas.
From The October 2001 Issue of Nutrition Science News
http://www.newhope.com/nutritionsciencenews/NSN_backs/Oct_01/news.cfm
DEFINITION
TERMINOLOGY
PHARMACOGNOSY
Greek :
pharmakon = drug
gnosis = knowledge
A KNOWLEDGE OF DRUGS OR PHARMACEUTICALS
C.A. Seydler, a medical student, Germany, 1815.
J.A. Smith, professor in Vienna, Lehrbuch der Materia Medica,1811.
PHARMACOGNOSY
DEFINITION
the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines
with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point
of view. Flukiger, 1988.
an applied science that deals with the biologic, biochemical,
and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents
Tyler et al., 1988.
the study of starting materials and substances intended for
therapeutics, and of biological origin, in other words obtained
from plants, animals, or by fermentation from micro-organisms
J. Bruneton, 1995.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
drugs and economic substances
that affect the health of humans
and animals
History
Distribution
Cultivation
Collection
Selection
Preparation
Commerce
Identification
Evaluation
Preservation
Utilization
INFORMATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
PHARMACOGNOSY
Sources
Constituents
PHARMACOLOGY
Activities
Effects
Give examples and explain in such a way to clarify the differences.
TYPES OF DRUGS
DERIVED FROM PLANTS
Herbal drugs, herbal medicinal products,
herbal remedies, phytomedicines.
Compounds isolated from medicinal plants
Nutraceuticals, functional foods
Explain:
Jamu / TM
Standardized
Herbal
Medicine
Standardized
Extract
Wild
Cultivated
Genetically
eng.
Natural
Product
Phytopharmaca
Herbal
Pharml
Product
Standardized
Crude Drug
Extract
Active
(Pure)
Compound
Inert
(Pure)
Compound
-Excipients-
Cosmetic,
Food,
Pesticide,
etc.
Pharml
Product /
Novel
Compound
Explain:
Pharmaceutical Botany
Pharmacognosy
Phytochemistry
Natural Product Tech.
Organic Chemistry
Pharml Chemistry
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacogeografi
Marine Pharmacognosy
Ethnopharmacognosy
Ethnopharmacology
Organic Chemistry
Physicochemistry
Pharml Chemistry
Pharmacology
Immunology
Toxicology
Pharmacognosy
Phytochemistry
Natural Product Tech.
Pharmacognosy Pharml Chemistry
Phytochemistry
Cultivated
Jamu / TM
Stand.
Herbal
Medicine
Stand.
Extract
Wild type
Nat.
Prod.
Pharml
Herbal
Product
Stand.
Crude Drug
Genetically
Eng.
Extract
Phytochemistry
Natural Product Tech.
Separation Method
Pharml Botany
Pharmacognosy Biosynthesis
Tissue Culture
Biochemistry
Biotechnology
Phytotherapy
Ethnopharmacol.
Pharmacology
Toxicology
Pharmacognosy
Phytotherapy
Physicochemistry
Pharml Chemistry
Clinical
Pharm.
Active (Pure)
Compound
Inert
(Pure)
Compound
-Excipient-
Phytopharmaca
Cosmetic,
Food,
Pesticide,
etc.
Pharml
Product /
Novel
Compound
Dosage Form Prep.
Pharml Chemistry
Pharmacology
Medicinal Chemistry
Tropical Rain Forest Distribution
Tropical rain forests are located near the equator where the temperature hovers around 27 C
(80 F) year-round. Although they cover less than 10 percent of the Earths surface, tropical
rain forests provide habitat for 50 to 90 percent of the worlds plant and animal species.
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library
CRUDE DRUGS
Vegetable or animal drugs
that consist of natural substances
that have undergone only the processes
of collection and drying.
--- Note: in Farmakope Herbal Indonesia you will find simplisia segar. EXPLAIN ---
Sennae folium
Melaleucae folium
Caryophylli flos
Sappan lignum
Psidii folium
Alstoniae cortex
Chinae cortex
Andrographidis herba
SK
SK
KUSMARDIYANI
FOLIUM
FLOS
FRUCTUS
SEMEN
CORTEX
LIGNUM
RADIX
RHIZOMA
HERBA
SK
SK
SK
Bahan atau ramuan bahan yang berupa bahan tumbuhan,
bahan hewan, bahan mineral, sediaan galenik atau
campuran dari bahan-bahan tersebut, yang secara
turun temurun telah digunakan untuk obat berdasarkan
pengalaman.
Konsep Pengembangan Obat Asli Indonesia, Ditjen POM, Depkes RI,
2000.
Bahan atau ramuan bahan berkhasiat obat yang memiliki
komposisi sepenuhnya atau lebih dari 75% bobotnya terdiri
dari bahan tumbuhan, bahan hewan, bahan mineral atau
sediaan (sarian) galenik yang berasal dari alam Indonesia.
PP No. 17 Tahun 1986 tentang Kewenangan Peraturan, Pembinaan dan
Pengembangan Industri
Konsep Pengembangan Obat asli Indonesia, Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan
Obat dan makanan, 2000.
OBAT BAHAN ALAM INDONESIA
Obat bahan alam yang diproduksi di Indonesia
Berdasarkan cara pembuatan, jenis klaim penggunaan,
dan tingkat pembuktian khasiat :
JAMU
OBAT HERBAL TERSTANDAR
FITOFARMAKA
17 Mei 2004
A MIXTURE OF CRUDE DRUGS
to be criticized
A CRUDE DRUG:
In a mixture as seen on the previous slide:
Alstoniae cortex
How to examine the presence of all crude drugs in
such a complicated mixture?
Calcium oxalate crystal
Jamu adalah
Obat Tradisional Indonesia.
Konsep Pengembangan Obat Asli Indonesia,
Ditjen POM, DepKes RI, 2000.
Kompas, 8 January 2005
-Get information about the crude drug -
to be
discussed
in class.
-Get information about the crude drugs -
What are the sources of these pharmaceuticals?
WHERE CAN YOU FIND THESE ITEMS IN OUR SCHOOL OF PHARMACY?
SK
Explain the morphological differences!
SK
SK
Kumis kucing, Orthosiphon stamineus
Tekelan, Epatorium reptans
How would the differences contribute
to the misleading medicinal uses of these plants?
Get scientific information about
these plants!
SK
SK
Phyllanthus niruri
SK
Tinospora tuberculata (Lamk.) Beaumae ex Heyne
Orthosiphon stamineus
Wedelia calendulaceae Less.
Asteraceae
seruni.
Read and critisize !
Khasiat : untuk obat luka : 15 gram daun dicuci,
ditumbuk halus, ditempelkan pada bagian yang
luka dan dibalut kain bersih.
SK
Kandungan kimia: saponin, flavonoida, tanin.
INVENTARIS TANAMAN OBAT INDONESIA IV, 1997.
- to be discussed -
(NATURAL) MEDICINE
Explain!
SAFETY
QUALITY
EFFICACY
SK
Phaleria macrocarpa
SK
Moringa oleifera
Azadirachta indica
Get empiric and scientific informartion
about these medicinal plants.
KUSMARDIYANI
Morinda citrifolia
SK
Sida rhombifolia
Information that is organized
in personally meaningful ways
is more likely to be remembered,
learned, and used.
General Research-Based Principles for Improving Higher Learning
KUSMARDIYANI
INTRODUCTION PART I
GENERAL PHARMACOGNOSY
