Introduction to Computer

188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 1

 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer
 Introduction
 What is a Computer ?
 History
 The Shapes of Computers Today
 Computer Systems
 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 Users
 Networks

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 What is a Computer ?
 There are many points of view to be discussed
about the definition, e.g.,
 Electronics ?
 Digital ?
 Programmable ?
 Manipulate data ?
 Automated calculation ?
 In this course, we define a computer as an
electronic device used to process data
according to a list of instructions.

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 History ~ Ancient calculators
Antikythera mechanism is
known as the 1st mechanical
calculator/computer used for
astronomical calculation.

2700-2300 BC 150-100 BC 14th century

A sumerian abacus
was capable to add and
subtract by counting

With appropriate procedures, a

chinese abacus could calculate
multiplication, division, square
root, and cube root.

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 History ~ Mechanical calculators
Pascaline - A
John Napier invented mechanical
Napier's bone. (He calculator
also discovered invented by
logarithms in 1614) Blaise Pascal.

1617 1622 1643 1694

Invented by William
Oughtred, can
calculate log, exp, Stepped Reckoner,
trigonometry. invented by G. W. Leibniz,
can compute + - x /
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 History ~ Programmable machines
Charles Babbage attempted to
build the Analytical Engine, a
general-purpose computer,
controlled by a list of instruction.

1801 1837 1887

Joseph Marie Jacquard

“programmable” loom

Herman Hollerith developed a

punched card tabulating machine,
capable to sort over 200 cards per
minute. He founded TMC, merged
with CTR which renamed IBM.
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 st
History ~ 1 Gen. (Vacuum Tubes)

Konrad Zuse's Z3 – the 1st

programmable (punched film)
turing-complete digital
computer, used relay switches.

1941

Atanasoff-Berry Computer -
the 1st electronic (vacuum
tube) digital computer. It was
not programmable, and not
turing-complete.

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 (cont'd.)
ENIAC – the 1st all-electronic turing-
complete programmable (wiring, then
punched card) computer. It weighted 30
tons, took 63 sq.m. contained 17,468
vacuum tubes, and consumed 150 kW.
Performance ~ 300 operations per sec.

1944

Havard Mark I (IBM ASCC) – the 1st large-scale automatic

digital computer, used relays, can be programmed by
punched paper tape, contained 72 storage registers.

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 nd
History ~ 2 Gen. (Transistors)
Bell Lab invented the
transistor – function like
vacuum tubes but smaller,
lower power consumption,
more reliable.

1947 1951

UNIVAC I – the 1st commercial

computer. Original priced at US$
159,000 then rose to US$ 1,500,000.
Totally 46 systems installed.

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 (cont'd.)

188 110 Computer Programming : Chapter 1.1 – Introduction to Computer 10

 (cont'd.)
Mercury Delay Line
Memory used in
UNIVAC I

Magnetic Core Memory

used in later models of
UNIVAC

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 rd
History ~ 3 Gen. (Integrated Circuits)
Jack Kilby DEC PDP-8 – started
invented the from US$ 16,000, it is
Miniaturized the first successful
Electronic minicomputer.
Circuit

1958 1964 1965

IBM introduced
System/360 – a
highly configurable,
highly backward
compatible,
mainframe
computer system.

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 th
History ~ 4 Gen. (Microprocessors)
Apple I – the 1st
PC of Apple, with
the price tag of
US$ 666.66

1971 1975 1976

MITS Altaire
8800 – the 1st
microcomputer,
based on intel
Intel 4004 – The 8080, sold as
1st commercial mail-ordered kit.
microprocessor

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 (cont'd.)
Apple II – The beginning of PC
era. It's the 1st highly successful
mass-produced PC.

1977 1981

IBM PC – Because of
the name of IBM,
business adopted
using a PC for the
office work.

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 (cont'd.)
Apple Macintosh – the
1st commercially
successful computer that
uses a GUI.

1982 1984 1985

Compaq Portable –
The first 100%
compatible IBM PC.

Microsoft Windows –
GUI for IBM PC &
Compatible.

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 (cont'd.)
Tim Berners Lee
invented WWW.

Deep Blue defeated the

world #1 G. Kasparov.

1989 1990 1991 1997

Linux – a free/open
source alternative
OS originally
written by Linus
Torvalds.
Microsoft Windows 3.0
- de facto GUI for PC.

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 (cont'd.)

AMD Athlon 64 X2 –
the 1st 64-bit dual-core
processor for PCs

2001 2005 2007

Windows XP
released.

Windows Vista
released

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 Moore's Law
1.00E+09
Intel Core 2 Quad

Intel Core
1.00E+08
Intel Pentium 4

1.00E+07 Intel Pentium III

#transistors

Intel Pentium

1.00E+06 Intel 80486

Intel 80386
Intel 80286
1.00E+05

Intel 8086

1.00E+04
Intel 8080
Intel 4004
1.00E+03
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

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 US$ per GFLOPS
1.00E+13
IBM 1620

1.00E+11

1.00E+09

Cray XMP/48
1.00E+07 Cray 1

1.00E+05 Beowulf 2x16xPentium Pro

US$

Gordon Bell Prize

“Less than US$ 1
1.00E+03 per MFLOPS” Bunyip KLAT2
KASY0
1.00E+01
ATI X1900
Ambric AM2045
1.00E-01
Sony PS3
US$ 0.2 per MFLOPS
1.00E-03
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

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 The Shapes of Computers Today
 Although the capabilities and type of computer
have changed quickly. There are the terms
describing:
 Supercomputers
 Mainframes
 Minicomputers
 Microcomputers
 All these types of computers can be connected
together to form networks of computers, but each
individual computer, whether it is on a network or
not, falls into one of these four categories.

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 Supercomputers
 Supercomputers are the most powerful
computers. They are used to process huge
amounts of data, model of complex processes
and simulate the processes.
 Nuclear fission
 Air pollution
 Weather forecast
 Astrophysics
 Fluid dynamics
 Genetic
 Chess
 Breaking ciphers
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 Mainframes
 Mainframe computer is the largest type
computer in use.
 Large memory, storage, I/O.

 They are used where many people in a large

organization need frequent
access to the same
information which is
organized into one or
more huge databases.
 Transactions

 Accounting

 ERP
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 Minicomputers
 The capabilities of a minicomputer lies
somewhere between those of mainframes and
those of microcomputer.
 But they can handle more I/O and/or more terminals.
 Obsoleted by
microcomputer.

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 Microcomputers
 The least powerful, but most widely used.
 The term microcomputer and personal computer
are interchangeable.
 PCs are intented to be operated by end users.
 Size, price, capabilities are right for individuals.
 Fastest growing ~ microprocessors, memory
chips, and storage devices keep making gains in
speed and capacity, while physical size and price
remain stable or in some cases are reduced.

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 Microcomputer – Desktop

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 Microcomputer – Notebook

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 Microcomputer – Tablet

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 Microcomputer – Handheld

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 Phone + Computer

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