(DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 1)

EXERCISE

5
DDL Queries

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Data Performed

Date Submitted

I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this exercise, students must be able to:
a) Create, alter and drop tables
b) Verify that tables exist
c) Set a table to read-only and read/write status
d) Manage constraints
e) Add, modify and drop columns
f) Perform flashback operations
II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
CREATE TABLE Statement
This statement is one of the DDL statements that are a subset of the SQL statements
used to create, modify, or remove Oracle database structures.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE [schema.]table
(column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [, ]);
Constraints
The Oracle server uses constraints to prevent invalid data entry into tables.
You can use constraints to do the following:

Enforce rules on the data in a table whenever a row is inserted, updated, or

deleted from that table. The constraint must be satisfied for the operation to succeed.

Prevent the deletion of a table if there are dependencies from other tables.

Provide rules for Oracle tools, such as Oracle Developer.

Data Integrity Constraints

Defining Constraints

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE [schema.]table
(column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[column_constraint],

[table_constraint] [, ]);

Column-level constraint syntax:

Syntax:
column [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type,

Table-level constraint syntax:

Syntax:
column,
[CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type
(column, ),

Creating a Table Using a Subquery

Match the number of specified columns to the number of subquery columns.
Define columns with column names and default values.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table
[(column, column)]
AS subquery;
Read-Only Tables
You can use the ALTER TABLE syntax to:
Put a table into read-only mode, which prevents DDL or DML changes during table
maintenance
Put the table back into read/write mode
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table READ ONLY;
ALTER TABLE table READ WRITE;
Dropping a Table
Moves a table to the recycle bin
Removes the table and all its data entirely if the PURGE clause is specified
Syntax:
DROP TABLE table [PURGE];

Inserting Data into the Table

With this syntax, only one row is inserted at a time

Syntax:
INSERT INTO table [(column [, column])]
VALUES (value [, value]);

Copying rows from another table

Syntax:
INSERT INTO table [(column [, column])]
subquery;
ALTER TABLE Statement
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table
ADD (column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[, column datatype]);
ALTER TABLE table
MODIFY (column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[, column datatype]);
ALTER TABLE table
DROP (column);
Adding a Constraint
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table
ADD (CONSTRAINT constraint_name] type column_name;
Dropping a Constraint
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table
DROP PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE (column) |
CONSTRAINT constraint [CASCADE];
FLASHBACK TABLE Statement
Syntax:
FLASHBACK TABLE [schema.]table [, [schema.]table]
TO {TIMESTAMP | SCN} expr;

III. PROCEDURES
Overview
In this exercise, you are to create new tables by using the CREATE TABLE statement,
ALTER TABLE command to modify columns and add constraints, and confirm that the new
table was added to the database. You will also set the status of a table as READ ONLY and
then revert to READ/WRITE.
Note: You will use the DEPARTMENTS and EMPLOYEES table in the HR schema. Use
a qualifier to query data from the table in the HR schema.
Syntax:

<schema>.table

Example:

HR.DEPARTMENTS

Task
Write the equivalent SQL statements for the steps that follow.
Step 1: Create a new table DEPT table based on the following table instance chart below.
Enter the syntax in the SQL Worksheet. Then, execute the statement to create the table.
Column name
Data type
Length

ID
NUMBER
7

NAME
VARCHAR2
25

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Step 2: Confirm that the table is created. Sample output is as follows:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Step 3: Populate the DEPT table with data from the DEPARTMENTS table. Include only
columns that you need.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Step 4: Create the EMP2 table based on the following table instance chart. Enter the
syntax in the SQL Worksheet. Then, execute the statement to create the table.
Column name
Data type
Length

ID
NUMBER
7

LAST_NAME
VARCHAR2
25

FIRST_NAME
VARCHAR2
25

DEPT_ID
NUMBER
7

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 5: Confirm that the table is created. Sample output is as follows.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 6: Modify the EMP2 table to allow for longer employee last names.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Step 7: Confirm your modification. Sample output is as follows.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 8: Create the EMPLOYEES2 table based on the structure of the EMPLOYEES
table. Include only the EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY, and
DEPARTMENT_ID columns. Name the columns in your new table ID, FIRST_NAME,
LAST_NAME, SALARY, and DEPT_ID, respectively.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Step 9: Alter the EMPLOYEES2 table status to read-only.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 10: Try to insert the following row in the EMPLOYEES2 table:

You get the following error message:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 11: Revert the EMPLOYEES2 table to the read/write status. Now, try to insert the
same row again. You should get the following messages:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 12: Drop the EMP2 table.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 13: Query the recycle bin to see whether the table is present. Sample output is as
follows.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 14: Restore the EMP2 table to a state before the DROP statement.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 15: Drop the first name column from the EMPLOYEES2 table.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Step 16: Confirm your modification by checking the description of the table. Sample
output is as follows.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
HINT: DROP YOUR EMP2 AND DEPT TABLE PERMANENTLY BEFORE
PROCEEDING WITH STEP 17 AND 18
Step 17: Add a table-level PRIMARY KEY constraint to the EMP2 table on the ID
column. The constraint should be named at creation. Name the constraint my_emp_id_pk
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 18: Create a PRIMARY KEY constraint to the DEPT table using the ID column. The
constraint should be named at creation. Name the constraint my_dept_id_pk.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 19: Add a foreign key reference on the EMP2 table that ensures that the employee is
not assigned to a nonexistent department. Name the constraint my_emp_dept_id_fk.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 20: Modify the EMP2 table. Add a COMMISSION column of the NUMBER data
type, precision 2, scale 2. Add a constraint to the COMMISSION column that ensures
that a commission value is greater than zero.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Step 21: Drop the EMP2 and DEPT tables so that they cannot be restored.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Step 22: Verify the recycle bin.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
What do you observe?______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
QUESTION AND ANSWER:
1. Explain why you encountered an error message in Step 10 after you inserted a row into
the EMPLOYEES2 table.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the purpose of modifying the status of your table to READ ONLY or
READ/WRITE mode?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
VI. Assessment
Department
Subject Code
Description
Term/Academic Year

Information Technology
ITEDBASE1
Database Management Systems 1
1 SY 20162017

Topic
Data Definition Language
Lab Activity No 5
DDL Queries
Lab Activity
CLO
4
Note: The following rubrics/metrics will be used to grade students output in the lab
exercise 2.

Criteria
Step 1 and step 2
Step 3

Step 4 and step 5

Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9, 10 and 11

Step 12,13, and 14

Step 15 and 16

Step 17

Descriptions
Created the DEPT table based on instance
chart given.
The table DEPT was created
Used the correct SQL syntax to populate
the DEPT table with data from the
DEPARTMENTS
table
with
the
appropriate attributes stated
Use the correct SQL syntax for creating a
new table EMP2 based on the instance
chart given.
Verify that EMP2 table is created.

Points
10

Created a correct query to modify the

EMP2 table to allow for longer employee
last names.
Verify if the query done on step 6 is made
Use of correct query statement in creating
EMPLOYEES2 table based on the
structure given.
Use of correct SQL statement to alter the
EMPLOYEES 2 table to read only,
inserting a new row on the table that
should not allow to insert based on the
previous command, and reverting the
status of the table back to read/write status.
Using the correct SQL statement to drop
EMP2 table, how to check if the table is
indeed inside the recycle bin, and restoring
the EMP2 table back to the tables tab.
Use of correct syntax in dropping the first
name column form the EMPLOYEES2
table and confirming that it was indeed
dropped.
Use of correct SQL statement to add the
table-level primary constraint to EMP
table on the ID column. The constraint
should be named at creation. Name the
constraint my_emp_id_pk

10

1
5
15

15

10

Criteria
Step 18:

Descriptions
Points
Correct SQL statement for creating a 5
primary key constraint to the DEPT
table using the ID column. The
constraint should be named at creation.
The constraint should be named
my_dept_id_pk.

Step 19:

Use of correct SQL statement to add a 5

foreign key reference on the EMP2
table that ensures that the employee is
not assigned to a nonexistent
department. The constraint should be
named my_emp_dept_id_fk.

Step 20:

Use of correct SQL statement to 5

modify the EMP2 table, to add a
COMMISSION column of the
NUMBER data type, precision 2, scale
2, to add a constraint to the
COMMISSION column that ensures
that a commission value is greater than
zero.

Step 21:

Use of correct SQL statement to drop 2

the EMP2 and DEPT tables so that
they cannot be restored.
Use of correct SQL statement verify 2
the recycle bin.

Step 22:
Total

100

V. REFERENCES
Hoffer, J.A., Prescott, M.B., McFadden, F.R. (2007). Modern Database Management 8th
Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.