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Wind Code Evaluation Colombia: Construcion)

This document provides a summary and evaluation of the 1998 Colombian Standards for Seismic Resistant Design and Construction (Normas Colombianas de Diseño y Construcción Sismo Resistente). It outlines the code's provisions for wind loads, including defining the basic wind speed map, exposure categories, importance factors, and simplified and analytical design procedures. The evaluator notes that the wind speed map lacks reliable data and recommends improving the code's wind provisions, as they are based on outdated studies with little supporting data.

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Massimo Averardi Ripari
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51 views

Wind Code Evaluation Colombia: Construcion)

This document provides a summary and evaluation of the 1998 Colombian Standards for Seismic Resistant Design and Construction (Normas Colombianas de Diseño y Construcción Sismo Resistente). It outlines the code's provisions for wind loads, including defining the basic wind speed map, exposure categories, importance factors, and simplified and analytical design procedures. The evaluator notes that the wind speed map lacks reliable data and recommends improving the code's wind provisions, as they are based on outdated studies with little supporting data.

Uploaded by

Massimo Averardi Ripari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

WIND CODE EVALUATION

COLOMBIA
Evaluation conducted by Guillermo Santana

NAME OF DOCUMENT: Normas Colombianas de Diseo y Construccin Sismo


Resistente (Colombian Standards for Seismic Resistant Design and
Construcion)
YEAR: 1998
GENERAL REMARKS: Document elaborated by technical committee AIS-100 of
the Colombian Association of Earthquake Engineering. Replaces the Colombian
Code for Seismic Resistant Constructions published in 1984. It is a large
document that covers every aspect of construction including wind loads for the
entire Republic of Colombia.
SPECIFIC ITEMS:
1. SCOPE
1.1 Explicit Concepts and Limitations [Title 1]
The norm applies to all structures, buildings and non-building structures
and parts thereof. The design involves the definition of a unique base
shear to be distributed through the height of the structure. The base shear
is the stated minimum seismic demand for the facility, which should also
comply with a maximum allowed drift based on inelastic response. No
explicit restrictions are stated for structural building materials. The norm
includes Titles that provide guidelines for structural concrete, masonry,
steel, wood, precast prefabricated structures and one and two-story
residential buildings.
1.2 Performance Objectives [Title 1, Art. 1]
No specific performance objectives for wind are given. The only mention
of performance objectives is included in Title 1, Article 1 where it is stated
that the structures designed in conformance with these Norms should, in
general, be able to: a) Resist minor level of earthquake ground motion
without damage; b) resist a moderate level of earthquake ground motion
without structural damage, but possibly experience some nonstructural
damage; and c) resist a major level of earthquake ground motion without
collapse, but possibly with some structural as well as nonstructural
damage.

2. WIND HAZARD
2.1 Basic Wind Speed [B.6.5.2]
The basic wind speed in this norm is defined according to ASCE 7-95. It is
defined as the 50-year mean recurrence interval of the 3-second gust wind
speed at an elevation of 10 m above ground in flat open country (Exposure
C). The map below presents the wind speeds defined by this norm for the
entire country.

[Figure B.6.5.1 Wind Hazard Map: Basic Wind Speed]


A very important note is given for this map. It is indicated that this map
presents wind speeds that have not been studied and a recommendations is
made to be conservative when evaluating wind forces that may be indicated
in it. Furthermore, it is stated that in lieu of more reliable data, wind forces
shall be calculated using a minimum wind speed of 100 km/h. It is this

reviewers opinion that the norm contradicts itself by using this map and then
immediately disqualifying it as an accurate source of information consistent
with the precision expressed in the rest of the chapter.
2.2 Topography [B.6.5.4]
Three different values for the topography coefficient are given. Mountain
slopes and summits are given a 1.1 coefficient value and enclosed valleys are
given a 0.9 coefficient value.
2.3 Height above Ground (Case Specific)
Included as part of the Ground Roughness.
2.4 Ground Roughness (Number of Exposure Categories) [B.6.5.5]
Four different values for ground roughness coefficient S2 are given for three
different classes and different ground levels. These values are presented in
[Table B.6.5-2].
3. WIND DESIGN ACTIONS
3.1 Importance Factors
Prescribed as the S3 factor. See section (4.2) below.
3.2 Scale Effects
Not considered
3.3 Pressure (Internal and External) [B.6.7]
Wind pressure is calculated according to the following expression:
F = ( C pe C pi ) qA
where Cpe is the external pressure, Cpi is the internal pressure, A is the
surface area of the structural element or cladding element and q is the
dynamic wind pressure.
3.4 Dynamic and Aero-elastic Effects (Gust Effects)
Not considered.
3.5 Directionality Effects
No directionality effects were found in the document.
4. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
4.1 Simplified Procedure [B.6.4]
A simplified procedure is provided. The procedure requires the computation
of a wind pressure based on tabulated coefficients. The wind pressure is
computed as

p = C p qS4
the values for Cp, q and S4 are given in the following tables.
Table 1. Dynamic wind pressure, q (kN/m)
Height
(m)
0-10
10-20
20-40
40-80
80-150
>150

60

70

0.20
0.22
0.27
0.33
0.40
0.50

0.27
0.30
0.37
0.45
0.54
0.68

Basic Wind Speed (km/h)


80
90
100
0.35
0.40
0.48
0.59
0.71
0.88

0.45
0.50
0.61
0.74
0.90
1.12

0.55
0.62
0.75
0.92
1.11
1.38

110

120

0.67
0.75
0.91
1.11
1.34
1.67

0.79
0.89
1.08
1.32
1.59
1.99

Table 2. Pressure coefficient for vertical surfaces, Cp


Prismatic structures with h < 2b
Elongated prismatic structures
Cylindrical surfaces
Short flat surfaces such as fences

1.2
1.6
0.7
1.4

Table 3. Pressure coefficient for inclined surfaces, Cp


Roof inclination (degrees)

Windward

Leeward

0 - 10.0
10.1 20.0
20.1 30.0
30.1 40.0
40.1 50.0
50.1 60.0
60.1 70.0
70.1 80.0
> 80.0

- 0.8
- 0.7
- 0.4
- 0.1
+ 0.2
+ 0.5
+ 0.7
+ 0.8

- 0.5
- 0.5
- 0.5
- 0.5
- 0.5
- 0.5
- 0.5
- 0.5
See Table 2

Table 4. Coefficient S4
Height
(m)

S4

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000

1.00
0.94
0.88
0.83
0.78
0.73
0.69

4.2 Analytical Procedure [B.6.4.3]


A more thorough procedure is provided and it is designated as complete
analysis. According to this procedure, the basic wind speed is affected by
three factors denominated S1, topography factor [Table B.6.5-1], S2, ground
roughness factor [B.6.5.5.1], and S3, importance factor [B.6.5.6]. The
importance factor is given in the table below:

Table 5. Importance factor S3 according to Occupancy Categories


Occupancy Categories
IV Essential Facilities

III

Special Occupancy
Structures

II

Standard Occupancy
Structures

Occupancy Type or Function of Structure


Hospitals and other medical facilities having surgery, and
emergency treatment areas; structures and equipment in
communication centers and other facilities required for emergency
response; tanks or other structures containing, housing, or
supporting water or other fire-suppression materials or equipment
required for the protection of essential or hazardous facilities, or
special occupancy structures; structures and equipment in
emergency preparedness centers; stand-by power generating
equipment for essential facilities.
Emergency vehicle and equipment shelters and garages; fire and
police stations; all facilities so designated by the municipali
administration.
Covered structures whose primary occupancy is public
assemblycapacity more than 3000 persons; buildings for
schools (through secondary) or day-care centerscapacity more
than 200 students; buildings for colleges or adult education
schools capacity more than 200 students; all structures with
occupancy more than 2000 persons; stores and shopping centers
of more than 500 m per story; all governmental buildings.
All structures having occupancies or functions not listed above.

S3
1.05

1.05
1.05

1.00

The design wind speed is then computed according to


Vs = VS1S2 S3
and the dynamic pressure q is then computed as
q = 0.000048Vs2 S4
where q is in kN/m and Vs is in kph. From there, the norm requires the
computation of the wind force as
F = ( C pe C pi ) qA
where Cpe is the external pressure coefficient and Cpi is the internal pressure
coefficient and A is the surface area.
4.3 Experimental Procedure
No experimental procedure is stated.
5. INDUCED EFFECTS
5.1 Impact of Flying Objects
Not considered.
5.2 Wind Driven Rain
Not considered.

6. SAFETY VERIFICATIONS
6.1 Structure
Wind pressure is included in the load combinations as given in sections
[B.2.3] and [B.2.4]. These load combinations are borrowed from the source
document ASCE 7-95.
6.2 Claddings and Non-Structural Elements
Claddings and Non-Structural Elements are considered by using the ASCE 795 provisions as guideline.
7. SMALL RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS[Title E]
Provisions are given for one and two-story residential buildings. The
provisions are prescriptive and cover foundations, structural walls made from
concrete masonry blocks, confining elements (columns), flooring systems,
roofing, partitions and parapets. The provisions do not give any prescriptive
rules for the wind hazard, only for the seismic hazard.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CODE IMPROVEMENT


The wind code provisions are included in this norm as merely a
chapter within Title B for Loadings. These provisions do need
refurbishing since they are based on little supporting data and studies
performed some 20 years ago by the power industry in Colombia.
Therefore it is recommended that the current chapter dealing with this
type of loading be improved.

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