SQG-LABS-1

April 2014

Final Report

Laboratory Waste
Management Guide

Dave Waddell
Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County

This report was prepared by the Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King
County, Washington (LHWMP.) The program seeks to reduce hazardous waste from
households and small quantity generator businesses in King County by providing
information and technical assistance to protect human health and the environment.
This report is available for download at www.labwasteguide.org
For more information or to order printed copies of this report contact:

130 Nickerson Street, Suite 100

Seattle, WA 98109
206-263-3050 TTY Relay: 711
Fax 206-263-3070
www.lhwmp.org

Publication Number SQG-LABS-1 (9/94) rev. 4/14

Waddell, Dave. Laboratory Waste Management Guide. Seattle, WA: Local Hazardous Waste
Management Program in King County, 2014.

Alternate Formats Available

Voice: 206-263-3050 or TTY Relay: 711
2014_LabGuideFinal.doc

Printed on Recycled Paper

CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 2
Facility Management...................................................................................................................... 3
Drain Protection ......................................................................................................................... 3
Safety Showers .......................................................................................................................... 3
Chemical Storage ....................................................................................................................... 4
Components of a Safe and Effective Chemical Storage Area ............................................. 4
Storing and Handling Chemicals......................................................................................... 5
Incompatible Chemicals ...................................................................................................... 5
Corrosives............................................................................................................................ 6
Oxidizing Chemicals ........................................................................................................... 6
Water-Reactive Compounds ............................................................................................... 6
Waste Accumulation Containers in Fume Hoods ............................................................... 7
Systematic Storage of Lab Chemicals ................................................................................. 8
Preparing Your Laboratory for Earthquakes............................................................................ 10
Inventory Management ............................................................................................................ 11
Planning for Renovation and New Construction ..................................................................... 11
Water Conservation ................................................................................................................. 12
Nanotechnology ....................................................................................................................... 12
Training.................................................................................................................................... 14
Chemical Spill Management........................................................................................................ 15
Managing Hazardous Chemicals On Site................................................................................... 16
Potentially Explosive Chemicals ............................................................................................. 16
Metal Azides ..................................................................................................................... 16
Ethers and Other Peroxide-forming Chemicals................................................................. 16
Metal Picrates and Picric Acid .......................................................................................... 17
Perchloric Acid.................................................................................................................. 17
Ammoniacal Silver Staining Solutions ............................................................................. 18
Dangerous Waste Reduction and Disposal ................................................................................ 19
On-site Treatment of Laboratory Wastes ................................................................................. 20
Specific Standards for On-site Treatment of Wastes ........................................................ 20
2011 Changes to Requirements for On-Site Treatment of Wastes.................................... 21
Carbon Adsorption ............................................................................................................ 21
Evaporation ....................................................................................................................... 21
Separation .......................................................................................................................... 22
Elementary Neutralization................................................................................................. 22
Treatment by Generator Counting Requirements.............................................................. 22
Permit by Rule ......................................................................................................................... 23
LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Conditions to Qualify for Permit by Rule (PBR) Exemption............................................ 24

Example: PBR for Lab Sample Destruction...................................................................... 24
Example: PBR for Managing Acidic Glass-Washing Solutions ....................................... 25
Determining Solvent Distillation and Recycling Opportunities .............................................. 25
Acetone Used in Glassware Cleaning ...................................................................................... 26
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Waste ........................................................................ 26
Ethidium Bromide Management .............................................................................................. 26
Alternatives to Ethidium Bromide .................................................................................... 26
Disposal of Pure Ethidium Bromide ................................................................................. 27
Disposal of Electrophoresis Gels ...................................................................................... 27
Disposal of Contaminated Gloves, Equipment and Debris ............................................... 27
Disposal of Ethidium Bromide Solutions .......................................................................... 27
Treatment of Ethidium Bromide Waste ............................................................................ 27
Deactivating EtBr Solutions .............................................................................................. 28
Decontamination of EtBr Spills ........................................................................................ 28
Disposal of Alcohols................................................................................................................ 29
Disposal of 3,3-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) .............................................................................. 29
Disposal of Wastes Containing Sodium Azide ........................................................................ 30
Enterococcus Agar ............................................................................................................ 31
Alkaline Iodide Azide (AIA) Reagent for the Winkler Dissolved Oxygen Titration ....... 31
Management of Aldehyde Wastes ........................................................................................... 31
Buffered Formalin ............................................................................................................. 31
Chemical Treatment of Formalin ...................................................................................... 32
Alternatives to Formalin.................................................................................................... 33
Glutaraldehyde .................................................................................................................. 33
Chemical Treatment of Glutaraldehyde ............................................................................ 33
Ortho-Phthalaldehyde........................................................................................................ 33
Chemical Treatment of Ortho-Phthalaldehyde.................................................................. 34
Aldehyde Spill Management ............................................................................................. 34
Management of Scintillation Fluid Wastes .............................................................................. 34
Management of Lab Consumables Waste................................................................................ 35
Preparing Contaminated Empty Containers for Recycling ...................................................... 36
Pollution Prevention (P2)......................................................................................................... 36
P2 Example: Liquid Chromatography ............................................................................... 37
P2 Example: Western Blotting .......................................................................................... 37
Wastewater and Solid Waste Disposal Guidelines .................................................................. 38
For More Information.................................................................................................................. 40
Industrial Materials Exchanges ................................................................................................ 40
Dangerous Waste Management In King County .................................................................. 40
Dangerous Waste Disposal Options in King County ............................................................... 40
Dangerous Waste Management Outside King County ......................................................... 40
King County Industrial Waste Program................................................................................... 41
Air Quality Management ......................................................................................................... 41
Health and Safety Programs .................................................................................................... 41
UW Field Research and Consultation Group........................................................................... 41
Resources for Reducing the Scale of Experiments and Analyses ............................................ 41
Resources for Recycling Lab Plastics ...................................................................................... 42
Local Sewer Districts in King County ..................................................................................... 42

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Appendix A King County Guidelines for Sewer Disposal ....................................................... 43

Appendix B Seattle & King County Guidelines for Solid Waste Disposal ............................. 46
Appendix C Proper Disposal of Fixatives & Stains .................................................................. 48
Appendix D Solid Waste Disposal - Common Questions ......................................................... 55
Appendix E Common Acronyms & Abbrevations ................................................................... 57

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LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Laboratory Waste Management Guides usefulness derives from the work of an ad-hoc
group of collegial public and private collaborators. The LHWMP acknowledges the
contributions of staff, agency partners and representatives from the laboratory environmental
health, safety and waste management community.
The Health, Environmental, and Safety Laboratory Professionals (HELP) Group continues to
be a key resource for technical and regulatory review and suggestions on this document.
Particular thanks go to past HELP Group chairs Jim Denovan of EIC Environmental Health
and Safety and Matthew Donelan of Seattle BioMed, and to current chair Karen Kuter of
Seattle BioMed for encouraging their members to contribute to this guide.
Principal contributors and editors to the 2011 and 2014 Lab Guides:
Chris Antony Infectious Disease Research Institute
Steve Burke LHWMP
Alice Chapman LHWMP
Michelle Gaither Pollution Prevention Resource Center
Michael Jeffers Seattle Public Utilities
Alan Jones, Ph.D Hospital Waste Management
Bettye L.S. Maddux University of Oregon SNNI
Jim Neely LHWMP
Rob Rieck Washington State Department of Ecology
David E Simpkins CellNetix
Jill Stoddard Tepe Mt. Baker Bio
Bruce Tiffany King County Industrial Waste
Michelle Underwood Washington State Department of Ecology
Steve Whittaker, Ph.D. LHWMP
Though these reviewers did not participate in the recent updates, they made significant and
enduring contributions to earlier editions:
Cathy Buller Pollution Prevention Resource Center
Jim Denovan EIC Environmental Health and Safety
Matthew Donelan formerly of Berlex Corporation
Arianne Fernandes Washington State Department of Ecology
Donna Hoskins formerly of Berlex Corporation
Shiela Lockwood University of Washington Environmental Health and Safety
Walt Loomis formerly of City of Tallahassee, Florida
Mike Radder Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Rick Renaud formerly of King County Industrial Waste
Bill Rowe formerly of University of Washington Environmental Health and Safety
Baz Stevens formerly of King County Industrial Waste
Don Wang formerly of Zymogenetics
Jenny Yoo Washington State Department of Ecology

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

INTRODUCTION
The first edition of this management guide, published in 1994, was prepared by
representatives from several groups: the King County Water and Land Resources Division,
the LHWMP, the Northwest Laboratory Coalition, and the Washington Biotechnology and
Biomedical Association. Baz Stevens from King Countys Industrial Waste Section (formerly
the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle) was one of the original authors.
The management guide is part of a comprehensive program to reduce the amount of
dangerous waste generated by businesses and the metals and chemical contaminants
improperly disposed into waters and landfills.
The 2014 revision incorporates recent changes in Washington States treatment by generator
guidelines. The practices recommended in these guidelines will help analytical, medical,
teaching, and biotechnology labs properly manage hazardous materials and reduce dangerous
waste.
The guide also helps businesses and agencies in King County decide whether their waste may
be acceptable for discharge to the sewer. For more help, see the contacts listed in the For
More Information section of this report. Although the specific focus of this guide is King
County, many of the recommendations are applicable to labs anywhere in the United States.
These guidelines were developed with the assumption that the wastes generated are from
intermittent and small-scale operations originating from laboratory processes in educational,
public, or private labs. Contact your local sewer utility with questions about the concentration
and volume of a particular discharge that may be of concern,.
These guidelines do not provide authorization under Permit by Rule (WAC 173-303-802) to
allow discharge of hazardous chemicals to the sewer. Rather, this handbook serves, in part, as
a guide to assist businesses and agencies in King County in determining whether their waste
may be acceptable for discharge to the sewer.

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

FACILITY MANAGEMENT
Drain Protection
Liquids discharged into the sewer system flow to wastewater treatment facilities that have
limited capacity to remove chemical contaminants. Most areas in King County discharge to
facilities that are maintained and operated by King County Department of Natural Resources
and Parks. See Local Sewer Districts, page 41, for more information.
Rain and other runoff into storm drains usually flow directly to creeks and waterways that
drain to Puget Sound with no treatment. It is important to protect both storm drains and the
sewer system from chemicals and other pollutants. Consequently the best management
practices in this handbook are intended to provide "drain protection" or water quality
protection.
Some commercial facilities in King County continue to discharge to on-site septic systems.
No laboratory waste can be discharged to septic tanks. Recommended best management
practices for maintenance and operation of on-site septic systems can be found at
www.lhwmp.org/home/publications/publications_detail.aspx?DocID=kiricUGmzcs%3d
Reduce the risk of accidental discharges of chemicals into sinks and drains through use of
spill and leak prevention techniques. Block floor drains in areas where chemicals are used or
stored. Store chemical containers and carboys in secondary containment tubs and trays to help
keep spills from traveling down nearby drains.
Cup sink drains in frequently used fume hoods are particularly difficult to protect from spills
and leaks. Because these drains are seldom used, unobserved spilled liquids may remain
concentrated and can react with incompatible chemicals that are spilled later.
Installing glass piping under these drains facilitates periodic inspection of the trap to
determine whether chemicals have entered the drain unnoticed. Following inspection, flush
the cup sink drain with water to prevent sewer gases from passing through a dry p-trap.
Keep enough material on hand to clean up spills. These supplies may include absorbents,
drain plugs, acid and base neutralizers, goggles, gloves, respirators with chemical specific
cartridges, and waste collection containers. Ensure that clean-up materials and copies of the
emergency response plan and emergency phone numbers are readily available. Train your
staff who will clean up chemical spills according to Washingtons Emergency Response
Standard (WAC 296-824.)

Safety Showers
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI/ISEA Z358.1-2009) recommends floor
drains be installed for emergency showers. Do not store chemicals near these or other floor
drains. Prevent spilled chemicals from reaching safety shower drains by covering or plugging
the drain when not in use or by installing a temporary plug that opens automatically when the
LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

safety shower is turned on. The lever action that activates the shower may be linked to another
lever that lifts the plug. See the Spill Management section, page 15, for information on
preventing spilled chemicals from spreading.
Should contaminants washed off a person during emergency use of a safety shower be
allowed in a drain? When hazardous chemicals are spilled on a worker, the first priority is to
flush the contaminants off the person. Steps should be taken to limit the amount of hazardous
chemicals entering the floor drain only if this does not interfere with the emergency response.
If hazardous chemicals enter the floor drain, notify the local sewer agency that there has been
a release as soon as possible. Post the local sewer agencys phone number near the safety
shower and in your spill response guide. Check in the Community Services section of your
phone book for this phone number and look for the words Sewer or Wastewater under the
name of your city or county. See Local Sewer Districts, page 41, for a list of sewer districts
and links to their websites.

Chemical Storage
Laboratories generally use a variety of toxic, corrosive, reactive and flammable materials. If
these are stored close together in fragile containers, there is a risk of breakage and spills that
release materials to the environment. Proper storage of chemicals requires the use of prudent
handling and storing practices and a well-constructed lab facility.
Components of a Safe and Effective Chemical Storage Area
Provide sufficient clearance for shelves and racks to allow removal and return of the largest
container without tipping. Tipping containers when returning them to shelves, cabinets and
refrigerators may cause the contents to drip or leak. Provide secondary containment made of
material appropriate for chemicals stored on counters and near drains.
Provide separate corrosion-free cabinets for flammable liquids, concentrated inorganic acids
and caustic liquid bases. Close and latch doors on chemical storage cabinets. Anchor these
hazardous material storage cabinets to walls. See International Fire Code Chapter 34, Section
3404.3.2.1 for flammable liquid cabinet requirements and Chapter 27, Table 2703.1.1(1) for
allowable volumes of hazardous materials stored.
Prepare for emergencies involving stored chemicals.

Keep fire extinguishers near locations where chemicals are stored or used and train
employees in their operation. Be sure to have extinguishers appropriate to the hazard class
of chemical present (ABC for most chemicals, D for metals.)

Have a stocked spill kit and train staff to the appropriate level according to the Emergency
Response Standard (WAC 296-824.)

Have a communications device, such as a telephone, or walkie-talkies, available in the

room or area.

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Dangerous waste accumulation requirements differ from hazardous material storage

requirements. EPA and the Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology) regulate the former
while local fire departments and code enforcement agencies oversee the latter.
A common area of confusion concerns the difference between waste accumulation areas and
satellite accumulation areas.

EPA answers common questions about hazardous waste satellite accumulation areas at
this site: www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/generation/labwaste/memo-saa.htm.

For information about Washington dangerous waste accumulation requirements, visit

http://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=173-303-200.

Storing and Handling Chemicals

Reduce the risk of bottle breakage. Whenever possible, order concentrated acids and
flammable solvents in plastic-coated bottles. Small containers are more durable and less
likely to break than large containers. Use rubber or plastic bottle carriers or bottle jackets
when transporting glass containers.

Keep containers closed with tight-fitting lids when not in use so contents cannot evaporate
or escape a tipped container.

Return chemicals to their proper place after use or at least before leaving the work station
at the end of the day.

Properly label containers with the chemicals name and its primary hazards. Chemical
symbols alone are insufficient identification. This labeling is not required for portable
containers that receive hazardous chemicals from labeled containers if the chemical is
used and controlled by the same employee who performed the transfer within the same
work shift.

As a general rule, avoid storing chemical containers in fume hoods. Containers may
interfere with the air flow, clutter work space, and could potentially spill into cup sink
drains.

Avoid storing chemicals on bench tops.

Avoid storing chemicals under sinks.Moisture may cause labels to deteriorate and
incompatible cleaning materials may be placed there unwittingly.

Do not store flammable liquids in domestic refrigerators or freezers. Use only lab-safe
equipment with external thermostats, manual defrosting, etc.

Incompatible Chemicals
Incompatible chemicals may react by releasing toxic or flammable gases, exploding or
spontaneously igniting. Segregate and store chemicals by hazard class to minimize the risk of
reactions between incompatible chemicals and label storage cabinets and cupboards with the
hazard class of the stored materials. Material safety data sheets (MSDSs) should be available
LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

for all chemicals on site. Review them for information about incompatibilities. The following
is a partial list of common incompatible chemicals that can react with each other.
Corrosives

Many acids can have additional hazards beyond corrosivity. Consequently, acids may require
particular care when assigning a storage location to avoid incompatibilities.

Store concentrated acids and bases separately in enclosures made of corrosion-resistant

materials. Separate organic acids from oxidizing acids, such as sulfuric, nitric and
perchloric. Glacial acetic acid and other combustible organic acids should be stored with
flammable liquids.

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dehydrating acid and can release chlorine gas in contact
with hydrochloric acid and fluorine gas in contact with hydrofluoric acid. Both chlorine
and fluorine gases are highly toxic.

Hydrofluoric acid is highly toxic, readily dissolves glass, and is quickly absorbed through
the skin on contact. These unique characteristics create significant health risks during
storage and handling. Special procedures must be developed to prevent accidental
exposures and prepare for emergency response to hydrofluoric acid releases.

Oxidizing Chemicals

Oxidizers are materials that yield oxygen readily to stimulate the combustion of organic
matter. When oxidizers come in contact with organic liquids, they can start or fuel fires.
Typical oxidizing agents found in labs include chromates and dichromates, halogens and
halogenating agents, peroxides and organic peroxides, nitric acid and nitrates, perchloric acid,
chlorates and perchlorates, permanganates, and persulfates.

Store oxidizers away from alkalis, azides, nitrites, organic compounds (including
concentrated organic acids), powdered metals, and activated carbon.

Avoid contact between oxidizers and common combustible materials such as paper,
cardboard, cloth, and wood.

Water-Reactive Compounds

Water-reactive compounds include alkali metals such as lithium, potassium and sodium,
sodium borohydride, calcium carbide, and sodium peroxide. A more descriptive list of
common water-reactive compounds can be found at the University of Georgias website
www.esd.uga.edu/chem/pub/waterreactivemat.pdf.
Solutions containing water, such as acids and alcohols, should be separated from these
chemicals during storage and use.

Store water-reactive compounds away from aqueous solutions, inorganic acids, base
solutions and alcohols. Though some chemical storage systems recommend water-reactive

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

solids be stored in flammable storage cabinets, this would not be prudent since these
cabinets often contain containers of aqueous alcohol solutions.

Keep a Class D fire extinguisher near storage and use areas for these compounds.

Store these compounds in locations protected from automated sprinklers.

Alkali metals should be stored in areas where they are free of moisture and contact with
oxygen is prevented. In the case of lithium, prevent contact with nitrogen gas.

Only the amount of water-reactive materials necessary to perform the work should be
removed from storage. Spare materials should be returned to the appropriate storage
container, and the closed container returned to its appropriate location.

Storage containers should be labeled with their contents, hazardous properties, and type of
oil or gas used to render the metal inert. Furthermore, these containers should be stored
individually or in a manner that allows visual inspection for container integrity.

Storage areas should be free of combustibles and of ignition sources.

The portions of the building dedicated as storage area for alkali metals should not be
equipped with automatic sprinklers. No other source of water (e.g., showers, sinks) should
be in the immediate proximity of the metal.

Storage areas should be prominently labeled to indicate the presence of alkali metals.

Waste Accumulation Containers in Fume Hoods

In some situations, chemical collection containers in fume hoods serve as satellite
accumulation sites for wastes generated by instruments. These working containers are small
waste containers (i.e., two gallons or less), managed under the control of key staff, used at a
bench or work station, and emptied into satellite container(s) located at or near the point of
generation at the end of every work shift. The following guidelines, developed by EPA
Region I in collaboration with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection,
provide parameters for proper use of collection containers in fume hoods.
These working containers must be:

Closed except during active use. Containers on bench tops or in fume hoods should be
considered to be in active use during those parts of the work shift when they are being
filled, but need to be covered when not in use.

Managed in a manner so as to prevent spills and minimize releases.

Emptied into a larger satellite container either when full or at the end of the work shift,
whichever comes first.

Marked and labeled as hazardous waste and with a description of the nature and hazard
of the waste.

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Located on an impervious surface.

Located at or near the point of generation.

Under the control of staff directly responsible for the process generating the waste
collected in the working container(s.)

Systematic Storage of Lab Chemicals

We suggest following the storage and handling guidelines found in Prudent Practices in the
Laboratory by the National Research Council's Committee on Prudent Practices in the
Laboratory, Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards (National Academies Press,
Washington, DC, 2011) available on-line at www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12654#toc
Many universities publish diagrams of their chemical storage system on their Web sites.
These storage systems are often based on those published in the first edition of Prudent
Practices. Flinn Scientific Inc. has a system for chemical storage that incorporate the concept
of related and compatible storage groups found in Prudent Practices with a focus on
secondary school laboratories.
These systems are based on a series of codes for functional classes of chemicals. Organic and
inorganic chemicals are separated, with sub-groups further separated. The related and
functional storage groups listed in Prudent Practices and the shelf storage codes often
assigned to these groups are listed below. I refers to inorganic compounds and O refers to
organic compounds.
I-1

Metals, hydrides

I-2

Halides, sulfates, sulfites, thiosulfates, phosphates, halogens

I-3

Amides, nitrates (except ammonium nitrate), nitrites, azides

I-4

Hydroxides, oxides, silicates, carbonates, carbon

I-5

Sulfides, selenides, phosphides, carbides, nitrides

I-6

Chlorates, perchlorates, chlorites, hypochlorites, peroxides

I-7

Arsenates, cyanides, cyanates

I-8

Borates, chromates, manganates, permanganates

I-9

Inorganic acids

I-10

Sulfur, phosphorus, arsenic, phosphorus pentoxide

O-1

Organic acids anhydrides, peracids

O-2

Alcohols, glycols, amines, amides, imines, imides

O-3

Hydrocarbons, esters, aldehydes

O-4

Ethers, ketones, ketenes, halogenated hydrocarbons, ethylene oxide

O-5

Epoxy compounds, isocyanates

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

O-6

Organic peroxides, hydroperoxides, azides

O-7

Sulfides, polysulfides, sulfoxides, nitriles

O-8

Phenols, cresols

O-9

Non-flammable stains, dyes, indicators

Flammable liquids must be stored in flammable storage cabinets or fire safety cans.
Alphabetical storage is discouraged except within compatible groups.
Most guidelines have adapted this list to create a systematic shelf storage system.
Unfortunately, this system is confusing to implement. For example, many of the listed
chemicals are hazardous liquids that should be stored in specialized cabinets rather than on
shelves. The system is also difficult to implement for secondary schools and other labs with
limited storage space. Many stockrooms are too small to accommodate a system that has 19
separated shelves (plus storage cabinets.)
For labs with restricted storage spaces, compatible storage can be provided by grouping
chemicals with similar hazards together. These labs could use a simplified system like that
illustrated in Table 1.
TABLE 1 SHELF STORAGE PATTERN FOR SMALL STOCKROOMS
Inorganic Shelves

I-1 & I-10 Sulfur, phosphorus, arsenic, metals, hydrides

Organic Shelves

(store all away from water!)

O-1 Dry and dilute organic acids, anhydrides,

peracids

I-2 Halides, sulfates, sulfites, thiosulfates, phosphates,

O-5 & O-7 Organic peroxides, azides

halogens

I-5 & I-7 Sulfides, selenides, phosphides, carbides,

nitrides, arsenates, cyanides

I-4 Dry hydroxides, oxides, silicates, carbonates

I-3, I-6 & I-8 Nitrates, nitrites, borates, chromates,
manganates, permanganates, chlorates, chlorites,
inorganic peroxides

O-6 & O-8 Epoxy compounds, isocyanates,

sulfides, sulfoxides, nitriles
Cabinets for Liquid Storage
Flammable Storage Cabinet O-2, O-3, O-4
Hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones, amines,
halogenated hydrocarbons, aldehydes,
alcohols, glycols, phenol, cresol,
combustible organic acids, combustible
anhydrides
Corrosive Acid Storage Cabinet I-9 Inorganic
acids. Nitric acid stored separately in this or
another cabinet
Corrosive Base Storage Cabinet or Cupboard
I-4 liquids Inorganic hydroxides

Notes: Keep water reactive metals away from aqueous solutions and alcohols. Use secondary containers to
separate yellow and white phosphorus, which are stored under water, from water-reactive metals.

The LHWMP maintains a School Chemicals List website at www.schoolchemlist.org that

provides chemical hazard and storage information for over 1,100 chemicals. This resource
provides storage codes for each chemical that correspond to those listed above.
LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

The Department of Energy released an excellent technical paper titled Chemical Storage:
Myths vs. Reality in 2007. It provides a thoughtful critique of many compatible chemical
storage systems illustrated by photographs from laboratory settings. It is available at
www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/wshp/chem_safety/chemicalstoragemythvrealityrevision6-2707x.pdf

Preparing Your Laboratory for Earthquakes

Lips on shelves provide some restraint for bottles in an earthquake, but are inadequate
when there is violent shaking. Having doors on chemical storage cupboards is
recommended. However, because unsecured cupboard doors can open during earthquakes,
they should be fitted with locking latches.

Shelf lips should be between one and two inches in height. Excessively high lips can make
it difficult to remove bottles. Lips that are too low do little to prevent bottles from falling
off shelves.

Shelf anchors are recommended, although they can fail. Anchors should be designed to
restrain full, rather than empty, shelves. Because many shelf clips become corroded over
time (due to exposure to acid vapors), shelf anchors should be inspected annually. Shelf
clips with more than a patina of rust should be replaced.

Anchor large laboratory equipment to walls. Incubators, biosafety cabinets, corrosive and
flammable storage cabinets, freezers and refrigerators, and storage shelves can fall over or
collapse. In addition, these items also have "movement" potential, and can prevent
emergency access to, and egress from, occupied spaces. Ensure that cylinders of
compressed gas are secured.

Small anchoring devices are available, from thumb-locking clips to industrial strength
Velcro-like strips that anchor computer printers and other large equipment.

Secure distillation apparatus and other elaborate glassware with straps.

Install refrigerator door clasps.

Following an earthquake, use caution when entering rooms with closed doors and when
opening cabinets and cupboards. Containers may have broken, and toxic, flammable or
corrosive vapors may be in the cabinet, cupboard or room. The first damage assessment
should be performed by personnel trained in emergency response while wearing
appropriate personal protective equipment.

Develop a checklist to ensure your lab is prepared for earthquakes. A good template can
be found at ohs.uvic.ca/emergency_management/eqpreplabs.pdf

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LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Inventory Management
Managing the flow of chemicals through a laboratory is a key component of the Occupational
Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA) Laboratory Standard (29 CFR 1910.450.) This
standard is administered in Washington State by the Department of Labor and Industries
(L&I.) Prior to ordering any chemical for use in a laboratory, determine anticipated rate of
use, shelf life, required personal protection and handling procedures, appropriate storage
location and disposal method.

The shelf life of a chemical may not be the same as its expiration date. Expiration dates
are based on known instabilities when stored under normal conditions of temperature and
humidity. Extended periods of storage, contamination during transfer of contents or
exposure to high heat or humidity can cause degradation of even stable chemicals.

Write the date received on each chemical container and the date opened on all containers
of peroxidizable solvents.

Maintain an inventory of chemicals stored in each lab. This inventory information should
include the chemical name, CAS number, storage location, and the size and number of
containers. Labs located within Seattles city limits will typically be required by the
Seattle Fire Department (SFD) to complete and submit a Hazardous Materials Inventory
Statement: www.seattle.gov/fire/FMO/permits/applications/8002.pdf.

The annual update of each labs inventory is a logical time to review the on-going need
for chemicals in storage. Many labs have accumulated stockpiles of old, unneeded
chemicals as procedures have changed or research projects have completed. These legacy
chemicals can degrade over time both containers and contents to a state that poses
significant risks to employees health and safety. Dont become a chemical hoarder!

Limit quantities on site to those that can be used prior to the anticipated expiration or
degradation date. Strive to purchase no more than a five-year supply of chemicals with
stable shelf lives. If the smallest commercially available container of a needed chemical
exceeds a five-year supply, purchase it.

Planning for Renovation and New Construction

Avoid placing chemical storage shelves or cabinets over sinks. Accidental spills or
breakage could release chemicals to the sewer.

If you install a house vacuum system, use dry-seal or non-contact water pumps. Pumps
that use contact water may discharge chemicals to the sewer.

If available, select a sink that has a lip to provide spill protection.

Contact a local plumbing inspector early in the process to clearly communicate to them
where acidic wastes could accidentally enter drains. This could save time and costs
associated with replacing cast-iron piping with acid-resistant materials.

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Passive acid-treatment tanks are often recommended by architects in classrooms and

laboratory spaces. For most situations, these systems are very difficult to manage and
maintain. Sulfuric acid creates a slime layer in contact with limestone that requires
physical agitation or high pressure rinsing to remove. The slime layer prevents the
limestone chips from neutralizing acidic wastewaters. Untreated acid could damage
downstream side-sewer lines and lead to very expensive pavement-cutting and sewer
repair projects.

Water Conservation
Structural measures, such as those listed below, can significantly reduce water use. In
addition, well-trained lab workers can use their ingenuity to save water on the job.

Install water-saving devices (such as flow restrictors) on sinks and rinse tanks.

Reduce rinse times if possible (without affecting product quality.)

Recycle water for example, to air scrubbers and cooling towers.

Eliminate one-pass or continuous flow cooling systems. Consider installing heat

exchangers or re-circulating cooling water systems to conserve waste cooling water.

Overhaul faulty steam traps on steam sterilizers.

Reverse osmosis (RO) water is commonly used in lab experiments, but the RO process is
very wasteful with as much as 90 percent of the water being discharged as wastewater.
Some universities recirculate this water back through the RO system or use the discarded
water as non-potable water in other areas. Possible uses of this non-potable water include
flushing toilets, watering landscape plants or as cooling water for autoclaves.

Proper steam sterilizer maintenance is an important part of many medical labs infection
control, energy conservation, and water conservation plans. A summary of the
components of a proper sterilizer maintenance program can be found at
www.24x7mag.com/issues/articles/2007-08_04.asp.

Nanotechnology
Materials of between 1.0 and 100 nanometers in size exhibit unique properties that can affect
physical, chemical, and biological behavior.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides excellent resources for
working with nanomaterials at www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/. CDCs National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) urges caution when working with these
materials:
As with any new technology, the earliest and most extensive exposure to hazards is
most likely to occur in the workplace. Workers within nanotechnology-related
industries have the potential to be exposed to uniquely engineered materials with
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novel sizes, shapes, and physical and chemical properties. Occupational health risks
associated with manufacturing and using nanomaterials are not yet clearly understood.
Minimal information is currently available on dominant exposure routes, potential
exposure levels, and material toxicity of nanomaterials.
There are strong indications that particle surface area and surface chemistry are
responsible for observed responses in cell cultures and animals. There are also
indications that nanoparticles can penetrate through the skin or move from the
respiratory system to other organs. Research is continuing to understand how these
unique properties may lead to specific health effects.
NIOSH provides a cost-free field assessment program where they work with companies to
develop safe working environments for nanoscale products. NIOSH has also published a
comprehensive guide for working with nanomaterials, Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology
Managing the Health and Safety Concerns Associated with Engineered Nanomaterials. This
document is available for download at www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/pdfs/2009-125.pdf.
Due to the rapidly emerging nature of nanomaterials research and production, specific
regulatory guidance for proper disposal of nanomaterials was not available at the time this
revision was published. Many university environmental health and safety websites
recommend disposal of nanomaterials waste as a hazardous chemical waste.
Harvard University has posted an excellent set of guidelines for working safely with
nanomaterials at http://www.uos.harvard.edu/ehs/ih/nanotech_control.shtml. These are their
guidelines for disposal of nanomaterials waste:

Never dispose of nanoparticle waste in regular trash or down the drain.

When disposing of dry nanoparticle waste, use a sealable container that remains closed.

Dispose of all nanoparticle waste, including contaminated debris, as you would the base
material (i.e., carbon nanotubes should be disposed of as carbon, metallic particles
consistent with the base metal.)

If the nanoparticles are in solution, they should be managed as a solution of the solvent
and the parent nanomaterial (e.g., flammable solvents are handled as flammable waste
materials.)

All nanoparticle waste must be labeled with the base metal or solute and identified as
containing nanomaterial.

Though neither King County nor the State of Washington have adopted Harvards disposal
guidelines, they serve as a basis for prudent management of nanomaterials waste while state
and local regulatory guidance is being developed.

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Training
All laboratory staff should understand the importance of using best management practices for
waste reduction and environmental protection. Training for new employees and refresher
training for all staff are important.

Keep your lab's Spill Response Plan updated and available to employees.

Post emergency numbers.

Train lab workers in the components of the Chemical Hygiene Plan covering proper
chemical handling, storage and disposal.

Emphasize a commitment to waste prevention and proper chemical management.

Encourage employees to develop waste prevention and waste stream efficiency ideas and
then to implement them.

Provide regular training in water conservation.

Under Chapter 296-824 WAC, any business using hazardous chemicals must develop an
emergency plan that anticipates and develops responses to emergencies. The plan must be
written and must address pre-emergency planning and coordination with all potential
responders. The plan must also define personnel roles and ensure that employees working
with hazardous chemicals receive the minimum mandatory training required for awareness of
chemical hazards and/or responding to spills. These requirements are enforced by L&I. For
more information about these requirements, visit
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=296-824-30005.
Labor and Industries has published a flow chart that helps define when training is mandated
under Chapter 296-824 WAC at
http://www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/rules/emergencyresponse/HTML/296-824-300.htm#WAC296824-30005.

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CHEMICAL SPILL MANAGEMENT

Spill management plans are very dependent on the size and complexity of the facility and the
diversity and comparative hazards of the chemicals being used in the lab. Excellent examples
of spill management plans are available on the websites of several university environmental
health and safety programs. A few key components should be part of every laboratorys spill
response procedures:

Differentiate between major (uncontrolled release) and minor (incidental) chemical spills.
Incidental Release a release that can be safely controlled at the time of the release
and does not have the potential to become an uncontrolled release. Limited response
action is required.
Uncontrolled Release a release where significant safety and health risks could be
created. This includes large-quantity releases, small releases that are highly toxic, or
airborne exposures that could exceed a published permissible exposure limit if
employees arent adequately trained or equipped to protect themselves.

Prepare for major spills by working with your local emergency responders to develop a
notification and evacuation plan. At some facilities, initial response to major spills may be
by the facilitys trained emergency response team. At many other labs, these spills may be
beyond the capacity of their staff to handle.

Minor spills are typically cleaned up by laboratory staff or facility-based emergency

response teams.

Only clean up minor spills when you can identify the chemical and are aware of the
potential hazards. You should be wearing appropriate protective equipment and be
equipped with appropriate spill kits

Spill response training should be carefully designed to distinguish between major and
minor spills and between similar chemicals with different hazards. Many lab staff can
easily clean up a spill of 500 milliliters of 25 percent sodium hydroxide solution. Few lab
staff can safely clean up a similar spill of ammonium hydroxide. Both are corrosive bases,
but ammonium hydroxides intensely irritating vapors pose a unique hazard.

Small labs, such as a high school science lab, should have simple, easy-to-use spill kits.
The kit should contain citric acid for spills of liquid bases, sodium carbonate for acids, and
granular absorbent for organic solvents. Sand is sometimes applied to increase traction in
spills of slippery compounds like sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide.

Contact your local sewer agency to learn how and when they should be notified of a spill
entering the sanitary sewer. See Local Sewer Districts, page 41, for a list of districts and
links to their websites.

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MANAGING HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS ON SITE

Potentially Explosive Chemicals
Several classes of chemicals may become explosive when they react with other compounds or
may become unstable during storage. These include peroxidizable solvents, potentially
explosive dinitro- and trinitro- organic compounds and elemental potassium. Question
whether you need these compounds in your facility.
Metal Azides

Inorganic azide compounds, such as sodium azide, can react with metals and their salts to
produce explosive metal azide crystals. For example, when azide solutions are poured down
drains, the dilute solution can react with lead solder and copper pipes to produce explosive
lead or copper azide salts.

If you must use azide solutions, replace metal pipes with PVC or other non-metal piping
materials.

If sodium azide solutions have been discharged to drains having metallic pipes or solder,
you should assume your pipes may be contaminated with metal azide salts. Contact the
Business Waste Line at 206-263-8899 or Ecology at 425-649-7000 for assistance in
determining the proper disposal procedures.

Ethers and Other Peroxide-forming Chemicals

Certain ethers are particularly susceptible to peroxide formation. Peroxides are formed by
oxygen that reacts with ethers: R-O-R is ether; R-O-O-R is peroxide. The oxygen-to-oxygen
(-O-O-) bond makes ether unstable. Generally, the larger the hydrocarbon chain (R), the more
readily the ether will form peroxides. Ethyl ether and isopropyl ether can react with air to
form explosive peroxide crystals. Other solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and dioxane can also
produce peroxides.
Peroxides can explode when subjected to heat, friction, or shock. Do not disturb or open
containers in which peroxides may have formed. Dispose of any container holding a peroxideforming compound one year after the date it was opened. Label these containers with the
words DATE OPENED and add the date.
To prevent the formation of peroxides:

Avoid using peroxide-forming solvents if possible.

Purchase ether with butylhydroxy toluene (BHT) or ethanol added as an anti-oxidant.

Label ether containers with the dates they are opened.

Purchase ether in containers small enough that it is used within six months.

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Check the MSDSs for your solvents to see if any are prone to creating peroxides.

Elemental potassium is a peroxide-former that is commonly used in school labs to

demonstrate characteristics of period 1 earth metals. Potassium is a water-reactive earth metal
that reacts with moisture in air to start the peroxidation process. This process can be observed
by physical changes in the color of the potassium sticks. Originally a dull silver color,
potassium will oxidize and form white crystals on its surface. As these crystals progressively
turn yellow, orange, red and purple, the peroxidation process is advancing and the compound
is increasingly at risk of exploding when handled. [Blair, 2000]
Metal Picrates and Picric Acid

Metal picrate compounds and picric acid can become dangerously unstable as a dry powder.
Picric acid can dry out and form explosive picrate crystals when exposed to air, especially
when contaminated with even minute amounts of metals.
To prevent the formation of explosive picrate crystals:

Always keep picric acid wet or in solution.

Avoid contact between picric acid and metals. Metal picrate salts are prone to explode
when subjected to friction or shock.

Never purchase or store picric acid in containers with metal lids.

Avoid flushing picric acid solutions down drains at concentrations above 0.01 percent and
below the lower pH limit of the local sewer utility.

Dispose of more concentrated picric acid solutions as dangerous waste.

If picric acid solutions have been discharged to drains with metallic pipes or soldered
joints, assume the piping is contaminated with explosive metal picrate salts. Contact the
Business Waste Line at 206-263-8899 or Ecology at 425-649-7000 for help in finding
proper disposal procedures.

Perchloric Acid

Perchloric acid is highly corrosive and typically occurs as a 70 percent solution. When
warmed above 150 degrees Fahrenheit, it is a powerful oxidizer. Perchloric acid can form
explosive metal perchlorate crystals in combination with many metals. Any work with
perchloric acid must be done in a specially-designed fume hood with a water wash-down
system designed to prevent the buildup of metal perchlorates in the duct work. If you have
been performing perchloric acid digestions in a fume hood not specifically designed for
perchloric acid, contact Ecology immediately at 425-649-7000 for assistance in locating a
contractor to evaluate the hood for perchlorate contamination.

In the event of a perchloric acid spill, neutralize with soda ash (sodium carbonate) or
another appropriate neutralizing agent. Soak up the spill with an inorganic absorbent. DO
NOT use rags, paper towels, or sawdust and then set them aside to dry out; such materials

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may spontaneously ignite. Similarly, spills on wood may present a fire hazard after the
liquid dries.

If you must use perchloric acid solutions, replace metal pipes with PVC or other nonmetal materials.

If perchloric acid solutions have been discharged to drains with metallic pipes or solder,
you should assume that your pipes are contaminated with metal azide salts. Contact the
Business Waste Line at 206-263-8899 or Ecology at 425-649-7000 for assistance in
determining the proper disposal procedures.

Regularly inspect your containers of perchloric acid for discoloration. If the acid has
turned a dark color and has crystals forming around the bottom of the bottle, there is a
potential explosion hazard. Notify an emergency response agency such as Ecology at 425649-7000 and secure the area.

White crystals around the cap of perchloric acid containers are typically an ammonium
salt, and small amounts may be washed off the bottle to the sewer using copious amounts
of water.

Ammoniacal Silver Staining Solutions

Ammoniacal silver staining solutions are hazardous because they can form explosive silver
salts. Whether disposed or deactivated, these wastes count toward your generator status. See
Appendix C for information on these and other stains.
Safe use of these staining solutions includes the following procedures:

Dont allow silver nitrate to remain in ammonium solutions for more than two hours. Use
the staining solution or deactivate it.

Keep silver nitrate solutions separate from ammonium hydroxide solutions.

Deactivate these waste solutions by diluting 15:1 with water. Then, while stirring
frequently, slowly add 5 percent hydrochloric acid to the solution until the pH reaches 2.

Add ice if the solution heats up.

Silver chloride will precipitate out when the pH reaches 2.

Filter out the precipitate and dispose as dangerous waste, adjust the pH of the solution to 6
to 7 with sodium bicarbonate, then discharge to the sanitary sewer.

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DANGEROUS WASTE REDUCTION AND DISPOSAL

Hazardous wastes are identified by federal regulation 40 CFR Part 261. In Washington State,
hazardous waste is called dangerous waste and is primarily regulated by Ecology.
Dangerous waste includes federally regulated hazardous waste and state-only dangerous
wastes that meet Washingtons additional listed wastes and criteria for toxicity and
persistence. Several other federal, state and local agencies may regulate a laboratory's
hazardous materials and wastes. These include the federal Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), the Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I), the local fire
department, the local air quality authority, and the local sewer district.
In prior editions of this document, we used the words hazardous and dangerous
interchangeably when defining materials that could pose dangers to human health or the
environment. Because King County labs are regulated under the Washington Dangerous
Waste Regulations, this guide will use the term dangerous wastes. The Dangerous Waste
Regulations (Chapter 173-303 WAC) are found at www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/wac173303.html
Failure to comply with the Dangerous Waste Regulations can result in significant fines and
penalties. Laboratory managers must ensure that their lab complies with appropriate
regulations.

The manager of a laboratory should establish, follow and support a laboratory waste
management policy.

The policy should include written procedures and defined responsibilities.

The policy should optimize reduction of dangerous waste and minimize the waste stream
by diverting materials through recycling and other methods.

Laboratory managers should assign a staff member responsibility for coordinating

hazardous materials management and ensuring regulatory compliance. This individual
should also assist the lab to maximize recycling opportunities and the use of
biodegradable and compostable alternatives.

OSHA requires all labs to implement a written Chemical Hygiene Plan. These plans are
monitored for compliance with OSHA requirements by L&I. In 29 CFR Part 1910 191.1450,
Appendix A, OSHA lists the National Research Council's recommendations concerning
chemical hygiene in labs. Important topics that should be addressed include rules and
procedures about:

Chemical procurement, distribution and storage

Environmental monitoring

Housekeeping, maintenance and inspections

Medical program

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Personal protective apparel and equipment

Records

Signs and labels

Training and information

Waste disposal

OSHA recommends that a laboratory's Chemical Hygiene Plan include a waste disposal
program. The following are specific recommendations (29 CFR 1910 191.1450):

Comply with Department of Transportation regulations (CFR 49) when transporting

wastes.

Promptly dispose of unlabeled containers. Do not open if partially used.

Remove waste from labs to a central waste storage area at least once a week and from the
central waste storage area at regular intervals.

Do not pour waste chemicals down the drain or add them to mixed refuse for landfill
burial.

Do not use fume hoods to dispose of volatile chemicals by allowing them to evaporate.

Whenever possible, dispose of wastes by recycling, reclamation or chemical deactivation.

Before attempting to treat wastes for sewer or solid waste disposal, check with the regulating
agency to ensure that the process is acceptable. Written documentation of chemical treatment
activities may be required. Several resources are available to provide guidance in managing
your laboratory wastes. The following sections provide guidance on specific waste streams
that labs often find challenging to properly manage.

On-site Treatment of Laboratory Wastes

Laboratories are uniquely qualified to treat some of their wastes to eliminate their hazards or
reduce the amount of waste needing disposal, thereby cutting costs. Unlike the situation in
many other states, Ecology encourages on-site treatment of dangerous wastes by generators.
Ecologys Technical Information Memorandum (TIM) 96-412 (rev. February 2014) provides
guidance for treating wastes on-site at
https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/96412.pdf
Specific Standards for On-site Treatment of Wastes

20

Before initiating treatment, verify that the resulting wastes are acceptable for disposal as
solid waste or discharge to the sewer. Ensure that the treatment process does not pose a
risk to human health or the environment.

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

The container in which treatment occurs must be marked with the date on which the waste
was first accumulated and must be emptied every 180 days for medium quantity
generators or 90 days for large quantity generators.

The containers must be in good condition, compatible with their contents, properly
labeled, kept closed, and inspected weekly.

Secondary containment should be provided for wastes awaiting treatment.

2014 Changes to Requirements for On-Site Treatment of Wastes

In 2011, Ecology made a significant change to the TBG rules to bring their guidance into
conformance with RCRA. That change impacted conditionally exempt small quantity
generators of dangerous waste (CESQGs), called small quantity generators in Washington
State. For the definition of a CESQG, visit either: www.lhwmp.org/home/BHW/sqg.aspx or
www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/manage_waste/rules_for_sqgs.html.
In response to feedback from generators and local governmental agencies, Ecology has
revised guidelines for the TBG rules (while still conforming to RCRA) to allow CESQGs to
perform treatment of certain hazardous chemicals on-site. At the same time, Ecology added
two new acceptable treatment methods.
The following criteria are condensed from Ecologys Treatment by Generator (TBG) Fact
Sheets. Visit Ecology, www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/96412.html
Carbon Adsorption

Works well with aromatic solvents, chlorinated organics, phenols, polynuclear aromatics,
organic pesticides, chlorinated non-aromatics, high molecular weight aliphatics, chlorine,
halogens, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, chromium, tin, silver, mercury and cobalt.

Works poorly with alcohols, low molecular weight ketones, organic acids, aldehydes, low
molecular weight aliphatics, nitrates, phosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, lead,
nickel, copper, cadmium, zinc, barium and selenium.

Is allowed when treated effluent and backwash are properly managed and disposed, spent
carbon is regenerated or disposed properly, spills and releases are promptly cleaned,
equipment is decontaminated as needed and sufficient time is provided for the carbon to
adsorb contaminants.

Evaporation

Allowed if only inorganic waste mixed with water is treated, all organic vapors from
organic solutions are captured, some water content is left to prevent over-cooking of
sludges, remaining sludges are properly disposed and secondary containment is provided
for the evaporator.

Many school science labs can evaporate water from waste copper sulfate and other metal
solutions as a waste-reduction and cost-cutting technique. By lining the evaporation

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container with a closable plastic bag, the waste sludge can be easily removed and placed
in a small dangerous waste collection container for eventual removal.
Separation

Separation processes must not change a chemicals structure, except to form a precipitate,
and cannot generate toxic or flammable gases unless all vapors are captured.

Elementary Neutralization

This process can only be used on wastes that are regulated solely because they exhibit the
characteristic of corrosivity from having a pH of less than or equal to 2.0 or greater than
or equal to 12.5.

The neutralized waste must have a pH between 6 and 9 and meet the sewer discharge
guidelines listed in Appendix A prior to discharge.

Neutralizing large volumes of concentrated mineral acids is discouraged, since it

generates significant heat and fumes which pose serious safety risks.

Passive limestone acid-neutralization tanks are not recommended. Sulfuric acid

significantly reduces the limestones effectiveness unless it is frequently scrubbed clean.
These tanks are hard to maintain, the chips are hard-to-reach, and sediments must be
removed and characterized before disposal.

Aldehyde Deactivation

Visit https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/1404003.pdf for access to

Ecologys Fact Sheet 14-04-003 for detailed guidance.

This guideline only applies to chemical treatment of waste formalin, glutaraldehyde, and
ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in accumulation tanks or containers.

Deactivation only includes chemical treatment of spent aldehyde solutions for purposes of
removing the state-only toxicity characteristic. Unused formalin cannot be treated using
this guidance because it is listed waste U122.

Approval must be obtained in advance from the local sewer authority prior to discharge to
the sewer. Discharge to storm drains or septic tanks is not allowed.

On-site Polymerization

Visit https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/1404002.pdf for access to

Ecologys Fact Sheet 14-04-002 for detailed guidance.

On-site polymerization is appropriate for treating ignitable resin wastes originally

intended for commercial manufacture of plastics. This treatment method is limited to only
those reactions initiated by a polymerizing component or catalyst.

Other methods of polymerization, such as thermal processes, do not qualify.

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Small Quantity Generators Treating Dangerous Waste

Visit https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/1404004.pdf for access to

Ecologys detailed guidance on TBG for CESQGs.

CESQGs must treat wastes only in containers and tanks that meet Ecologys specified
standards,

A written log must be maintained that includes date of treatment and the amount of each
dangerous waste treated.

Containers and tanks must be labeled or marked with the words Dangerous Waste or
Hazardous Waste and must identify the major risk posed by the contents.

The CESQG must establish an emergency coordinator, post emergency response

information and respond to any emergencies.

SQGs are only allowed to use the eight treatment methods published by Ecology

Treatment by Generator Counting Requirements

Prior to conducting TBG activities, regulated generators and CESQGs with active RCRA
ID numbers must notify Ecology of their plans. Visit
www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/waste-report/notification.html for instructions and forms.

TBG activities will not reduce a labs dangerous waste generator status, but can
significantly reduce disposal costs. For annual reporting and generator status
determinations, the total quantity (as wet weight) of waste generated prior to treatment
and the weight of any remaining material that designates as dangerous waste after
treatment must be counted. The waste before treatment and materials remaining after the
process must be designated and managed properly.

All generators must maintain a written log of the quantity of each dangerous waste
managed on site, the treatment method and the date treatment occurred.

All TBG activities for the year must be reported to Ecology by regulated generators and
CESQGs with active RCRA ID numbers in their Dangerous Waste Annual Report, found
at www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/waste-report/index.html.

Permit by Rule
Permit by rule (WAC 173-303-802) is a second regulatory allowance for on-site treatment of
dangerous wastes before disposal. One of the common areas of regulatory confusion regards
the difference between permit by rule and treatment by generator. Both are available
options for labs wishing to manage wastes on site. For a full description, refer to the Permits
by Rule regulation at http://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=173-303-802.
There are two primary benefits derived from receiving a permit or written authorization that
qualifies a process for permit-by-rule exemption.
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The waste that is treated under Permit by Rule is exempt from being counted toward your
generator status.

Waste disposal costs are reduced because your waste is not hauled off-site

Conditions to Qualify for Permit by Rule (PBR) Exemption

You must have written permission to discharge the waste to the sewer from the Publicly
Owned Treatment Works (POTW.) Acceptable forms of permission include National
Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, state waste discharge permit, or
a pretreatment permit or written discharge authorization. The permit must cover the
specific waste stream and constituents being discharged.

NOTE: This document does not constitute permission under the PBR guidance in WAC 173-303-802.

The permit application must include the waste stream as a source of wastewater with an
estimate of flow; its chemical characteristics; whether it is batch or continuous discharge
and the specific treatment it will receive.

Wastes must be properly designated at the point of generation before mixing with any
other waste streams.

If treatment will be in an elementary neutralization unit, wastes must designate as

hazardous only because of the corrosivity characteristic.

In order to qualify as an elementary neutralization unit, treatment must take place in a tank
or container.

The waste must be treated immediately upon being generated. An example of this is a
hard-piped system connecting the process that generated the waste to the treatment tank.

The generator must notify Ecology that wastes are being treated on-site and indicate on
the annual report that PBR activity is being conducted.

The facility must have a contingency plan and emergency procedures.

Weekly inspections of the treatment tanks integrity must be done and good housekeeping
practiced in the area.

Staff training must be documented.

Activities must comply with the permit requirements as well as those of the Dangerous
Waste Regulations for management of wastes prior to treatment.

Example: PBR for Lab Sample Destruction

24

You must meet all the requirements listed above under Conditions to Qualify for Permit
by Rule (PBR) Exemption.

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Laboratory samples are kept under chain-of-custody protocols for an established length of
time before being disposed. Some of these samples are of water that has been acidified
before analysis to preserve the sample.

When the protocol no longer requires a sample to be stored, it can be disposed. If the
sample is hazardous only for the corrosivity characteristic, it can be neutralized and
discharged to the sewer. This neutralization can be viewed as treatment by generator or
permit by rule depending on the circumstances.

When treated in batches by adding a neutralizing solution to the sample, it is considered

treatment by generator (TBG) and the waste must be counted towards the labs generator
status. This is because the sample becomes a waste as soon as it begins to be treated and
the treatment is done in a batch process. For larger labs doing water quality analyses, this
could cause them to become large quantity generator.

It is considered immediate treatment under PBR if an entire acidified liquid sample is

poured or siphoned directly into a neutralization tank that already contains a basic
neutralizing solution. This is considered PBR, and does not count as generated dangerous
waste, because the liquid is a viable reference sample until it comes into contact with the
neutralizing liquid via a continuous hard-piped system.

Example: PBR for Managing Acidic Glass-Washing Solutions

You must meet all the general requirements listed above to qualify for PBR consideration.

Laboratory glassware is often acid-washed in tubs. This acidic wastewater must be

neutralized before discharge to the drain. This wastewater is subject to regulation as
dangerous waste if its pH is less than 2.0.

This waste stream, which can also be a significant portion of a labs entire generated
waste, can be viewed as treatment by generator or permit by rule depending on the
circumstances.

If the wastewater from the glass washing tub is directly piped to an elementary
neutralization tank, neutralized, then directly piped to the sewer, it will qualify as
immediate treatment under PBR and not be counted as generated waste.

If the glass washing wastewater is treated in batches by adding a neutralizing compound,

the process is considered TBG and counts towards the labs generated dangerous waste.

Determining Solvent Distillation and Recycling Opportunities

Additional guidelines to assist in determining if a hazardous solvent waste can be recycled:

Most onsite systems can separate solvents from solids (like in a paint shop) but are less
able to separate different solvents. Be aware of product guidelines at purchase.

The higher the concentration of solvent the more likely a reclaim option is acceptable.

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The higher the value of the virgin solvent the more likely there is a reclaim option.

Acetone Used in Glassware Cleaning

Analytical labs often use acetone when cleaning glassware. Acetone is ignitable and is a listed
dangerous waste (waste code F003.) Acetone may not be rinsed off glassware into a drain
because flammable liquids are prohibited from sewer disposal. Acetone rinsate should be
collected and disposed as ignitable dangerous waste.

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Waste

High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses are typically done with a mixture of
water, acetonitrile and methanol. Both acetonitrile and methanol are flammable solvents.
Some methods add 0.1 percent trifluoroacetic acid to the mixture. Acetonitrile concentrations
in the resulting liquid waste range from 10 to 40 percent and are prohibited from discharge to
the sewer.
There are a number of methods to reduce the volume of solvent waste from HPLC analyses.
Such methods include modifying the size of columns used in the process, distilling and
reusing acetonitrile, and separating water from the solvent waste. If the water remaining after
separation contains <100 milligrams/liter of acetonitrile, it may be discharged to the sewer in
King County. This separation technique falls under the guidance found in TIM 96-412,
Treatment by Generator.
If possible, avoid using trifluoroacetic acid or other halogenated hydrocarbons in HPLC
mixtures. These compounds designate as a persistent dangerous waste in Washington State at
a concentration of 100 ppm or more.

Ethidium Bromide Management

Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is commonly used in molecular biology research and teaching labs.
While it is not regulated as dangerous waste, the mutagenic properties of this substance may
present a hazard when poured down the drain or placed in the trash.
Alternatives to Ethidium Bromide

Since the publication of the first edition of the Lab Guide, many alternatives to EtBr have
been developed for detection of nucleic acids. The Massachusetts Institute of Technologys
(MITs) Green Chemistry/Pollution Prevention Program provides an excellent summary of
the characteristics of ethidium bromide and eight commercially available alternatives at
https://ehs.mit.edu/site/sites/default/files/files/BCS_etbr_alts_apr2k9.pdf.
MIT provided the information in their Green Chemistry publication to help their laboratories
evaluate alternatives. At the time of this printing, the listed disposal methods have not been
evaluated; therefore, the disposal column in the chart is not King County guidance and
Massachusetts Water Resource Authority (MWRA) approval may not be used as a basis for
permission to discharge those materials to the King County sewer system.

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LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Alternatives to UV light for transillumination include expansion into other wavelengths for
detection. For example, Blue Light transilluminators using LED lights have longer bulb lives.
Disposal of Pure Ethidium Bromide

Unused EtBr should be collected for disposal with a hazardous waste vendor.
Disposal of Electrophoresis Gels

Trace amounts of EtBr in electrophoresis gels should not pose a hazard. Higher
concentrations (i.e., when the color of the gel is dark pink or red) should not be placed in
laboratory trash. The disposal recommendations for gels are:

Less than 0.1 percent EtBr: dispose as solid waste with clearance from the waste
characterization program at Public Health Seattle & King County
www.kingcounty.gov/healthservices/health/ehs/toxic/SolidWaste.aspx#wc

More than or equal to 0.1 percent EtBr: place in sealed bags and label for disposal similar
to dangerous wastes

Disposal of Contaminated Gloves, Equipment and Debris

Gloves, test tubes, paper towels, etc., that are contaminated with more than trace amounts of
EtBr should be placed in sealed bags and labeled for disposal similar to dangerous wastes.
Disposal of Ethidium Bromide Solutions

Aqueous solutions with <10 g/L (<10 ppb) EtBr can be discharged to the sewer.
Aqueous solutions containing >10 g/L (>10 ppb) EtBr must be chemically treated using the
decontamination procedures listed below and disposed to the sewer or collected for disposal
similar to dangerous wastes or nonhazardous waste (depending on concentration.) All
aqueous solutions released to the sewer must meet local sewer discharge requirements for
metals, pH, etc.
Solvent solutions containing any amount of EtBr should be disposed as ignitable dangerous
waste. Ethidium bromide mixed with a radioactive isotope is restricted from discharge to the
sewer and should be disposed as mixed waste. More information on mixed radioactive and
hazardous waste requirements can be found at
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=70.105E&full=true.
Treatment of Ethidium Bromide Waste

Ethidium bromide waste solutions can be treated to reduce their volume before disposal,
thereby reducing disposal costs. These solutions may also be deactivated to eliminate their
hazardous characteristics before discharge to the sewer. Most universities recommend
filtration over deactivation. Filtration and neutralization of EtBr falls under the guidance
found in TIM 96-412, Treatment by Generator.

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

27

Filtering aqueous EtBr waste solutions through activated charcoal is simple and effective. The
filtrate may then be poured down the drain. Commercially available filtration systems include
FluorAway, the S&S Extractor and The Green Bag Kit.

Filter the EtBr solution through charcoal filter.

Pour filtrate down the drain.

Place charcoal filter in a sealed bag (e.g., ZiplockTM) and collect for disposal similar to
dangerous wastes.

A safety note: if using a residential vacuum to speed filtration, do not use a standard
Erlenmeyer or side-arm filtering flask. A filtration flask capable of withstanding vacuum must
be used to prevent implosion.
Deactivating EtBr Solutions

Deactivated EtBr solutions should be neutralized and poured down the drain with copious
amounts of water. Treatment may be confirmed using ultraviolet (UV) light to detect
fluorescence. Continue treatment until fluorescence is no longer detected in the deactivated
solution. There are two recognized methods for deactivation, the Lunn and Sansone Method
[Lunn and Sansone, 1994, p. 185] using hypophosphorus acid and sodium nitrate, and the
Armour Method using household bleach. [Armour, 1996, p. 214] Although the Armour
Method is the simplest, traces of mutagenic reaction mixtures were found using this method.
[Lunn and Sansone, Analytical Biochemistry, 1987, vol. 162, p. 453]
Decontamination of EtBr Spills

EtBr spills can be decontaminated with a solution of 20 ml of hypophosphorus acid (50

percent) added to a solution of 4.2 g of sodium nitrate in 300 ml water. Prepare fresh solution
the day of use in a fume hood. Wear rubber gloves, lab coat, and safety glasses. Turn off
electrical equipment before decontamination to reduce the risk of electrocution.

Soak a paper towel in decontamination solution, then place the towel on the contaminated
surface and scrub.

Scrub five more times with paper towels soaked in water, using a fresh towel each time.

Place all towels in a container and soak in fresh decontamination solution for one hour.

Test liquids squeezed from the final towel scrub and mixture for fluorescence; repeat
procedure with fresh decontamination solution if fluorescence is present.

Neutralize with sodium bicarbonate and discard as nonhazardous aqueous waste.

This procedure has been validated for EtBr-contaminated stainless steel, Formica, glass,
vinyl floor tile surfaces and filters of transilluminators.

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LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Disposal of Alcohols
Alcohols, such as ethanol, methanol and isopropanol, are common organic solvents used in
labs. All are flammable liquids and are regulated as ignitable dangerous waste at
concentrations above 24 percent in water. Additionally, methanol and isopropanol are
category D toxic dangerous wastes under the Dangerous Waste Regulations at a concentration
above 10 percent in water.
Alcohol solutions that characterize as dangerous wastes are prohibited from discharge to the
sewer. Dilution of waste alcohol solely to bring its concentration below these levels is
prohibited. Dilution of alcohol as part of the industrial process at the lab is allowed and
its concentration is not evaluated for waste characterization until the process is complete.
For example, in teaching labs, waste ethanol can be mixed with water to demonstrate the
Particle Theory. The final volume of the solution is less than the predicted sum of the volumes
of the separate solutions because the alcohol and water molecules arrange in a different
geometry that is more closely packed. At the point the demonstration is completed, the
ethanol concentration is determined. If the final ethanol concentration is below 24 percent, it
will not be considered an ignitable waste and is acceptable for discharge to the sewer.
Technologies are available for removing stains, dyes and cell debris from reagent grade
ethanol, methanol, and isopropanol used in Cytology and Histology stain lines, thus
permitting the same alcohol to be reused indefinitely. In addition, these systems will remove
lipids (fats) and marker inks commonly found in tissue processor waste alcohol.
Commercially available systems include the filtration-based Benchtop Alcohol Recycling
System from Creative Waste Solutions and fractional-distillation-based systems from B/R
Instruments, CBG Biotech and CMT Environmental Services. Suncycle Systems has also
developed an alcohol cartridge recycling system for tissue processors.
Descriptions of these systems can be found by visiting the Sustainable Hospitals website at
www.sustainablehospitals.org/cgi-bin/DB_Report.cgi?px=W&rpt=Cat&id=30. Carefully
review the On-site Treatment of Laboratory Wastes section of this guide to determine if the
system you are using falls under Ecologys TBG guidelines or is an exempt solvent recovery
method.
Isopropanol is often used as a disinfectant in medical labs. Surfaces are wiped down with a
cloth or paper towel holding isopropanol, with much of the isopropanol evaporating off the
cloth and counter. When the cloth wiper is no longer useful, put the rag in your shop towel
collection container for laundering, or wring out the free liquids into an ignitable dangerous
waste collection container. The remaining cloth or paper wiper will typically be acceptable for
disposal as solid waste. See Appendix E, Solid Waste Disposal Common Questions, for
important information on receiving clearance for disposal of solid waste in King County.

Disposal of 3,3-Diaminobenzidine (DAB)

3,3-Diaminobenzidine is a potent mutagen and should be handled with care. Contact with the
skin causes burning pain and itching and inhalation can cause cyanosis. Because it poses a
LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

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serious risk to health on contact, DAB is restricted from discharge to the sewer or septic tank.
DAB should be be disposed similar to dangerous wastes or detoxified prior to discharge to the
sewer.
Any detoxification procedure must result in a final DAB concentration below 10 g/L (ppb)
for the waste to be acceptable for discharge to the sewer. Detoxification of DAB falls under
the guidance found in TIM 96-412, Treatment by Generator.
Do not try to detoxify DAB with chlorine bleach (sodium hypochlorite) because the products
remain toxic. One method is described as follows: [Dapson, 1995, p. 162]
1. Prepare the following aqueous stock solutions:

0.2 M potassium permanganate (31.6 g KMnO4 /liter)

2.0 M sulfuric acid (112 ml concentrated acid/liter)

2. Dilute the DAB solution until its concentration does not exceed 0.9 mg/ml.
3. For each 10 ml of DAB solution, add:

5 ml 0.2 M potassium permanganate

5 ml 2.0 M sulfuric acid

4. Allow the mixture to stand for at least 10 hours. It is now considered non-mutagenic.
5. Adjust the pH to meet local sewer limits
6. Submit a sample to an analytical laboratory to test the final DAB concentration
7. If results show that DAB is below 10 g/L, the solution can be discharged to the sanitary
sewer.

Disposal of Wastes Containing Sodium Azide

Some commonly used laboratory reagents contain sodium azide. Sodium azide is a categoryB toxic dangerous waste due to oral-rat LD50 data, so in a waste mixture it will designate at a
concentration of 0.1 percent. Any waste containing over 0.1 percent sodium azide must be
disposed as a dangerous waste.
If sodium azide is unused and is the sole active ingredient (dilute solution) or discarded
chemical product (unusable or spill cleanup) it cannot be treated for disposal to the sewer and
must be disposed as a dangerous waste. In this case, sodium azide would designate as a
discarded chemical product with dangerous waste number P105. Sodium azide can also form
explosive metal azides, as discussed in the Managing Hazardous Chemicals On-site section.

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LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Enterococcus Agar

Although enterococcus agar contains sodium azide as a preservative, the remaining sodium
azide concentration is below 0.1 percent after use. Consequently, it does not have to be
counted or disposed as dangerous waste.
Alkaline Iodide Azide (AIA) Reagent for the Winkler Dissolved Oxygen Titration

Here is a common list of constituents and concentrations in the AIA reagent before being
added to a water sample for dissolved oxygen analysis:
Water ......................................................... 50 percent
Potassium Hydroxide................................. 40 percent
Potassium Iodide ......................................... 9 percent
Sodium Azide .............................................. 0.6 percent
Because the sodium azide concentration is greater than 0.1 percent with a pH greater than
12.5, expired or unused stock reagent will be regulated as a corrosive, Washington-state-only
toxic dangerous waste. When used as a titrant, the sodium azide is sufficiently diluted during
the analytical process to fall below the 0.1 percent concentration limit. Although the waste
solution generated by the Winkler Method must be counted as a corrosive dangerous waste if
the final pH is over 12.5, it may then be neutralized under the treatment-by-generator
guidelines.
Because aqueous azide solutions can form potentially explosive metal azide crystals when in
contact with laboratory drainage systems that contain metal components (e.g., copper pipes or
lead solder), King County Industrial Waste has placed specific restrictions on sanitary sewer
discharges, depending on the composition of the laboratory drainage system:
Glass or PVC Drainage System Components and Verified Metal-Free: must be <0.05
percent (<500 mg/L) sodium azide.
Unknown Composition of Drainage System Components: must be <0.01 percent
(<100 mg/L) sodium azide.

Management of Aldehyde Wastes

The most common aldehyde wastes coming from labs are ten-percent buffered formalin. twoto-four percent glutaraldehyde solutions and 0.5 percent ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA)
solutions (typically Cidex OPA.) Ten-percent buffered formalin is a tissue preservative
containing 3.7 percent formaldehyde in a mixture of water and methanol with sodium
phosphate dibasic. Glutaraldehyde and OPA are used as cold sterilants.
Buffered Formalin

Spent formalin solutions are regulated in Washington State as toxic category C dangerous
waste. Based on equivalent concentration criteria, spent formalin solutions designate as
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31

dangerous wastes at concentrations of 1.0 percent or more formaldehyde. However, due to

concerns about worker exposure to formaldehyde vapors, the discharge limit to the King
County sewer system is 0.1 percent formaldehyde. Formaldehyde solutions may not be
discharged to septic systems or storm drains. Solutions that are more than 1.0 percent
formaldehyde must either be disposed as dangerous waste or chemically treated to reduce the
formaldehyde concentration to acceptable levels for sewer discharge.
Unused buffered formalin should not be treated for disposal to the sanitary sewer. Unused
formalin contains formaldehyde (waste code U122) as a sole active ingredient, which is a
listed dangerous waste. Treatment of a listed waste results in a treatment residue that is still a
listed dangerous waste and is prohibited from sanitary sewer disposal.
Chemical Treatment of Formalin

Spent buffered formalin found in histology labs is readily treatable. Deactivation of formalin
falls under the guidance found in TIM 96-412, Treatment by Generator.
Some commercially available chemical treatment products that will "detoxify" formalin are
listed below:

Neutralex

VYTAC 10F

Aldex

D-Formalizer

According to product data, these compounds will reduce the concentration of a treated sample
of formalin to under 0.1 percent formaldehyde, although the times required for this vary.
According to product literature, both "Neutralex" and "D-Formalizer" will reduce the
concentration to less than 25 parts per million (ppm) formaldehyde in 15 minutes.
For Neutralex, one packet is described as treating one gallon of buffered formalin to 15
ppm. However, because the sewer limit is 1000 ppm formaldehyde, the packet can actually
treat 50 times as much formalin and still have the resulting solution meet the local sewer limit.
Therefore, both "Neutralex" and "D-Formalizer" can be pre-diluted up to 50:1 with water
before being mixed with waste formalin. Because formalin treatment is covered under the
treatment by generator guidelines, log sheets must be kept indicating the amount of formalin
treated and the dates the treatment occurred. The amount of formalin generated before
treatment must continue to be counted toward your generator status. Please review the
Treatment by Generator section of this guide prior to undertaking treatment activities for
chemical wastes generated in your lab.
One laboratory in King County has reported using technical grade sodium sulfite to deactivate
spent formalin solutions. Based on the labs test data, a ratio of 35 grams sodium sulfite/liter
of formalin, when mixed, will consistently reduce the residual formalin concentration well
below the sewer limit of 1000 ppm. The lab also reports a 75 percent reduction in treatment

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LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

costs per liter of formalin using these bulk reagents rather than the much more expensive
commercial products.
The required quantity of commercial product or sodium sulfite used to treat formalin can vary
greatly depending on the amount of secondary wastes in waste formalin. Inks, dyes, and tissue
decomposition by-products, may impede treatment. For formalin that is particularly "dirty", it
is suggested that the treatment mixture sits 10 to 12 hours prior to treatment.
There are commercial products that employ the Purpald test to assay formalin (waste) for
content prior to disposal. The efficacy of the Purpald test has been called into question when
utilized in a variety of conditions. When formalin has a high level of secondary wastes and no
longer is opaque, it is suggested that a target of zero ppm is appropriate using a qualitative
Tollens test for formaldehyde.
Alternatives to Formalin

Another option is to request less hazardous preservatives from suppliers. Safer substitutes for
formaldehyde can reduce the risk of harmful exposures and potentially eliminate disposal
problems. Review the MSDS for products before purchasing a "safer substitute" to ensure that
it is less hazardous.
Propylene glycol is often the primary ingredient in soaking solutions for specimens that have
been preserved in formalin. In histology settings, Prefer or Safe-Fix have been used as
effective substitute preservatives to formalin on small specimens. However, these products are
less effective on larger tissues due to their slower penetration rate.
Glutaraldehyde

Glutaraldehyde solutions are regulated in Washington State as category C dangerous waste.

Based on equivalent concentration criteria, glutaraldehyde solutions designate as dangerous
wastes at concentrations of 1 percent in water. However, 2-to-4 percent glutaraldehyde
sterilant solutions have been shown to break down readily to nonhazardous by-products in the
sewer system. [Balogh, 1997] Therefore, cold sterilant solutions containing less than 4 percent
glutaraldehyde are acceptable for discharge to the King County sewer system. Glutaraldehyde
solutions may not be discharged to septic systems or storm drains. Solutions of over 4 percent
glutaraldehyde must either be disposed as dangerous waste or chemically treated to reduce the
glutaraldehyde concentration to acceptable levels for sewer discharge.
Chemical Treatment of Glutaraldehyde

Glutaraldehyde is readily treatable using the same methods described above for formalin.
Deactivation of glutaraldehyde falls under the guidance found in TIM 96-412, Treatment by
Generator www.ecy.wa.gov/biblio/96412.html.
Ortho-Phthalaldehyde

Ortho-phthalaldehyde is commonly used as a substitute for glutaraldehyde in sterilization. It

works more quickly, remains bioactive longer and is much less of an irritant to the eyes and
nasal passages. OPA solutions are regulated in Washington State as category A toxic
LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

33

dangerous waste due to aquatic toxicity (Keith Holtze, 2002.) Based on equivalent
concentration criteria, OPA solutions designate as dangerous wastes at concentrations of 0.01
percent in water. Therefore, cold sterilant solutions containing more than 0.01 percent OPA
are not acceptable for discharge to the King County sewer system. O-phthalaldehyde solutions
can never go into septic systems or storm drains.
A commonly used OPA-based cold sterilants is Cidex OPA. Cidex OPA contains 0.55
percent OPA which exceeds the allowable discharge limit.
Chemical Treatment of Ortho-Phthalaldehyde

O-phthalaldehyde is readily treatable by adding the amino acid glycine to it at a rate of 7

grams per gallon of waste o-phthalaldehyde (half a tablespoon per gallon.) Once OPA has
been deactivated, typically after five minutes contact with glycine, it is acceptable for
discharge to the King County sanitary sewer.
Deactivation of OPA falls under the guidance found in TIM 96-412, Treatment by Generator.
Aldehyde Spill Management

Glutaraldehyde and formalin spills can be deactivated with one of the commercially-available
treatment chemicals listed above. O-phthalaldehyde spills can be deactivated by adding
glycine to the spilled material as described above. A spill of unused formalin is listed waste
(U122), so it and the contaminated cleaning materials must be disposed as dangerous waste.

Management of Scintillation Fluid Wastes

Scintillation fluids are used to detect weak alpha and beta-emitting radionuclides. This is
typically done by mixing the fluid with the radionuclide, which causes the fluid to become
radioactive.
If the stock fluid contains hazardous materials, the waste produced is by definition mixed
waste (both hazardous and low-level radioactive waste.) If the radioactive material
concentration is sufficiently low, the fluid can be disposed as a hazardous waste.
In guidance published between 1993 and 1995, the Department of Ecology approved three
spent scintillation fluids for discharge to the sewer:

Packard / Perkin Elmer (PE) Microscint O

Packard / PE Optifluor

National Diagnostic's Ecoscint Original

At this time, no other spent scintillation fluids have been approved by Ecology for discharge
to the sewer. Generally, if the samples are radioactive, they are disposed as either a mixed
waste or a radioactive waste. Those samples with no detected radioactivity (or very low levels
of radioactivity) would be disposed in the sewer if non-hazardous or disposed as a
hazardous/dangerous waste or if toxic.

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LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

For radionuclide sewer disposal acceptance criteria within the King County sewer system, see
the Washington State Department of Health regulation WAC 246-221-290 Appendix A
Table III. Discharge restrictions are provided per radionuclide in units of micro-curie per
milliliter (Ci/mL) on a monthly average concentration basis. Proper recordkeeping of the
concentration and volume of radionuclides in sewer discharges is essential in order to remain
compliant with the monthly average requirement,
Caution: scintillation wastes may be expensive to dispose even if the material is not
considered radioactive by a regulatory agency. Even slightly higher radiation levels can cause
a substantial problem at a hazardous waste disposal facility and greatly increase waste
disposal costs if the waste is rejected at the gate. Work closely with your hazardous waste
vendor to assure waste acceptance in advance of any shipments.
Many other scintillation fluids are available, as presented in this list at The University of
Illinois at Chicago (UIC) website:
www.uic.edu/depts/envh/RSS/Radwaste.html#Biodegradable_and_Nontoxic_Fluids
Please note that the UIC guidance on acceptability for discharge to the sanitary sewer is based
on EPA hazardous waste regulations, rather than Washington States Dangerous Waste
Regulations. Unless listed above, these fluids have NOT been approved for discharge to the
sanitary sewer by King County Industrial Waste.
The compounds listed below designate as dangerous waste and are prohibited from discharge
to the sewer. The surfactants in many scintillation cocktails contain alkyl phenoxy ethoxylates
(APEs) or tergitol. Both of these compounds are Category D toxic dangerous wastes. Other
cocktails contain xylene, pseudocumene, or other solvents that cause them to be regulated as
ignitable dangerous wastes.

Packard / Perkin Elmer: Microscint 20, Ultima Gold, OptiPhase HiSafe, OptiPhase
HiSafe 2 and OptiPhase PolySafe

National Diagnostics: Ecoscint A, Ecoscint O and Ecoscint H, Uniscint BD

Beckman Coulter: Ready Safe, Ready Protein+, Ready Gel, Ready Value, Ready Organic,
Ready Flow III and Ready Solv HP

Management of Lab Consumables Waste

Many laboratory plastics can be recycled if they are not contaminated with dangerous waste.
Diverting plastics to recycling can greatly reduce a labs solid waste disposal rate. Tracking of
these waste diversion savings helps labs demonstrate their programs effectiveness.
Labs in some areas recycle sharps, pipet tip boxes, media bottles, reagent bottles and jars,
conical tubes, sample tubes, round-bottom tubes, transfer pipets, plastic packaging materials
and even polystyrene (Styrofoam) shipping containers.

Initiating a comprehensive on-site recycling program can be daunting. Consider hiring

consultants to help institute the program in a way that allows tracking waste reductions

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

35

and reporting the benefits. An internet search may lead you to university or healthcare
pages that describe their waste reduction programs. Contact them to see if they can offer
tips to help your program get up and running.

Choose vendors with reduced shipping packaging options or reusable packaging materials.
Companies that deliver locally often use less packaging material. Use insulated shipping
containers that can be easily reused by the receiving entity, such as a cushioned
polyethylene insulated shipper (e.g., Thermosafe Insulated Shipper, the Greenbox, and
Bio ReBox, etc.)

Preparing Contaminated Empty Containers for Recycling

Lab glass and plastic contaminated with biohazardous materials can be prepared for recycling
in some cases, once they have been sterilized and dried in accordance with the CDCs
Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008:
www.cdc.gov/hicpac/disinfection_sterilization/20_00reference.html.

Pollution Prevention (P2)

Activities that reduce waste and prevent pollution are strongly encouraged. Reducing use of
chemicals reduces chemical waste. Basic pollution prevention techniques include product
substitution, reduced product usage, recycling and reuse of chemicals, modified operations,
careful inventory tracking, and water conservation.
These are some pollution prevention best management practices for labs:

When possible, use analytical methods and science classroom experiments that do not
require hazardous chemicals.

Substitute hazardous chemicals with less toxic alternatives. Although this can be a
challenge, an excellent summary has been published by EPAs Design for the
Environment Program at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es1015789.

Use the least amount of chemical required for each experiment or process so that there is
less to dispose of as waste.

Ask if your suppliers offer chemicals in small volumes and buy them in small lots. This
can reduce waste and leftover materials in case procedures are changed, expiration dates
pass or spills occur.

Reduce the scale of your experiments and analyses through use of microscale equipment
or small scale chemistry techniques. Many resources are available on-line to assist in this
process.

Mark the arrival date on containers so you can see how quickly they are used (if at all.)
Bar coding systems are now available to track inventory.

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LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Consolidate or coordinate purchasing authority to reduce duplicate purchases of chemicals

and improve inventory tracking.

Check with suppliers of your laboratory standards. Some will allow you to ship standards
back for reuse after the expiration dates have passed. If yours does not, dispose of them
properly.

Avoid stocking over 2.2 pounds or 1.0 kilograms of P-listed chemical products (WAC
173-303-9903.) This could help you stay below large quantity generator status.

Limit the size of samples you accept and guarantee your ability to return samples to the
supplier.

P2 Example: Liquid Chromatography

Solvent recycling in liquid chromatography (LC and HPLC) can be done by the
microprocessor controlled S3 Solvent Saver System. This system uses a sensitive level
sensing circuit to shunt the eluant to waste whenever the output from the system detector
exceeds a user set level. After the contaminant (normally a component from the sample) has
passed and the output from the system detector drops below the programmed level, the
uncontaminated solvent will be returned to the solvent reservoir to be used again, reducing
both solvent disposal and purchasing costs.
P2 Example: Western Blotting

Western blotting is a technique used by biochemists to electrophoretically transfer proteins

from polyacrylamide gels onto a more stable membrane substrate, such as nitrocellulose. The
standard conducting solution used during western blotting contains 20 percent methanol,
resulting in the generation of a listed dangerous waste. For many protein transfer applications,
particularly those involving high molecular weight proteins, it is possible, and even helpful, to
replace 20 percent methanol (a dangerous waste) with 20 percent ethanol (a nonhazardous
waste) in the conducting solution.

For isolation and purification of DNA, replace chloroform-phenol extractions with

techniques developed by Promega, Stratagene (Lambda DNA Purification Kit), or green
kits that exclude toxic materials like guanidinium salts and utilize biodegradable plastics
like Mt. Baker Bios SeqJack GreenGene Kits.

PVC produces dioxins during manufacture and incineration and may contain lead and
phthalates as stabilizer and plasticizer, respectively. Substitute PVC plastic labware with a
polypropylene or polystyrene alternative. Replace PVC with dust-free latex or nitrile
gloves.

The Pollution Prevention Resource Center (PPRC) has an on-line topic hub titled
Biotechnology Labs: P2 Opportunities that describes techniques for source reduction,
green chemistry, energy and water efficiency, and materials reuse and recycling at
http://pprc.org/hubs/index.cfm?page=subsection&hub_id=1005&subsec_id=13

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Label waste and recycling collection containers so it is unmistakably clear which waste or
recycling streams go in which container. Train staff and enforce proper segregation.

Locate waste and recycling tubs and containers to follow work flow and improve
accessibility.

Wastewater and Solid Waste Disposal Guidelines

All wastewater discharged to the sewer system must comply with local, state and federal
standards. These are designed to protect surface waters and to maintain the quality of
biosolids from wastewater treatment plants. Because discharge to a septic tank system is
regulated as if the discharge was directly to groundwater, virtually no wastes may be
discharged to a septic tank. Laboratory operations often generate dangerous wastes that
contain dilutions and mixtures of chemicals in very low concentrations or in small quantities.
See Appendix A for King County guidelines for disposal of liquid wastes to the sewer system.
Solid waste guidelines are designed to protect local and regional landfills, transfer stations,
their customers and their employees. Appendix B lists King County guidelines for solid waste
disposal. In general, each component of a waste stream must meet all criteria listed in the
relevant appendix to be accepted for discharge to the King County sewer system or disposal
as a solid waste.
The guidelines in the appendices are offered as a starting point for proper sewer and solid
waste disposal and should not be considered definitive. Many aspects of the Dangerous Waste
Regulations, Chapter 173-303 WAC (listed wastes, off-spec chemicals, mixtures,
formulations, etc.), are not covered in Appendices A and B. Please refer to WAC 173-303070 through 173-303-110 for waste designation procedures. The generator has full
responsibility for waste characterization and regulatory compliance.
Certain wastes that fail the criteria listed in Appendix A may be suitable for discharge to the
sewer under special rules. Under all conditions, obtain written authorization from the King
County Industrial Waste Program at 206-263-3000 or [email protected], or a local
sewer utility to discharge wastewater that falls outside these criteria. For information on solid
waste disposal, call the Waste Characterization Program at Public Health Seattle & King
County at 206-263-8528 or [email protected].
Again, these guidelines do not provide authorization under Permit by Rule to allow discharge
of hazardous chemicals to the sewer. They serve, in part, as a guideline to assist businesses
and agencies in King County in determining whether their waste may be acceptable for
discharge to the sewer.
Ecology provides two on-line resources to help waste generators better understand waste
designation:

38

Ten Designation Steps:

www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/demodebris/pages2/designat_steps.html

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Dangerous Waste Designation Tool:

www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/manage_waste/des_intro.html

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

39

FOR MORE INFORMATION

Industrial Materials Exchanges
For materials management alternatives, contact the Industrial Materials Exchange (IMEX) at
206-263-8465 or [email protected]. IMEX is a free service designed to help businesses
find markets for industrial by-products and surplus materials. Through IMEX, businesses with
materials they can no longer use can be matched with others who may need the materials.
Materials are advertised at no cost. www.lhwmp.org/home/IMEX/index.aspx

Dangerous Waste Management In King County

The Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County provides on-site
consultation services to businesses in King County. The services are at no charge to the
customer and do not have the regulatory authority of enforcement. Information is kept strictly
confidential. Call 206-263-8899 or 800-325-6165 extension 3-8899 for information or to
schedule a visit.
The Business Waste Line provides answers to questions about dangerous waste management
and provides referrals for on-site technical assistance or investigation of problem situations
with hazardous materials. The caller may remain anonymous. Call 206-263-8899 or e-mail
[email protected]
The Waste Characterization Program at Public Health Seattle & King County provides
answers about what can go into the landfills. Call 206-263-8528 or e-mail
[email protected]

Dangerous Waste Disposal Options in King County

The Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County provides dangerous waste
management information for conditionally exempt generators at
www.lhwmp.org/home/BHW/index.aspx.
The Washington State Department of Ecology provides dangerous waste management
information for regulated generators at www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/managewaste.html
Vendors that manage dangerous waste in King County can be found at
www.lhwmp.org/home/Yellowbook/material_detail.aspx?ItemID=zZk%2bT93STcw%3d

Dangerous Waste Management Outside King County

The Northwest Regional Office of the Washington Department of Ecology provides technical
and regulatory assistance to businesses throughout northwestern Washington State. In the

40

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

northwest part of the state, they can be reached at 425-649-7000. Ask to speak to a hazardous
waste technical assistance staff person. www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/hwtr/index.html

King County Industrial Waste Program

For more information on sewer guidelines in King County, call the King County Industrial
Waste Program at 206-263-3000 or [email protected], or your local sewer utility.
www.kingcounty.gov/environment/wastewater/IndustrialWaste.aspx

Air Quality Management

For more information on air quality guidelines in the Puget Sound region, call the Puget
Sound Clean Air Agency at 800-552-3565. www.pscleanair.org/contact/

Health and Safety Programs

For more information on health and safety regulations, contact the Washington State
Department of Labor and Industries. They can provide your company with no-charge safety &
health or risk management consultation. All information is kept strictly confidential. Program
description is at www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Basics/Assistance/Consultation/default.asp Contact
information is at www.lni.wa.gov/Safety/Basics/Assistance/Consultation/consultants.asp.
Specific guidelines for laboratories are found at
http://www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/rules/labs/HTML/296-828-200.htm.

UW Field Research and Consultation Group

For more than 30 years, the University of Washington Field Research and Consultation
Group (Field Group) has provided consultation services without charge to Washington state
businesses to promote the safety and health of Washingtons workplaces. Their services are
made possible by funding from the Washington State Industrial Insurance Medical Aid and
Accident funds. Visit http://depts.washington.edu/frcg/services.html or call (206) 543-9711
for more information about their consultation and research services.

Resources for Reducing the Scale of Experiments and Analyses

Microscale and small scale chemistry resources and equipment are readily found through an
internet search. Many colleges and chemistry instructors have posted resources, including
descriptions of experiments and needed equipment on their websites.
The National Small-Scale Chemistry Center is located at Colorado State University with
regional centers across the United States. The focus of small-scale chemistry is the teaching
lab. It is currently in use at secondary schools, community colleges and universities. Small
scale differs from microscale in its use of inexpensive plastic materials in place of traditional

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

41

glass apparatus. Both the volumes and concentrations of chemicals are reduced with these
substantial benefits:

Lower costs of materials and chemicals

Increased safety from use of unbreakable plastic and nonhazardous solutions

Reduced lab set-up and clean-up times, which allows more hands-on chemistry
education

Visit their website at http://www.smallscalechemistry.colostate.edu/ for more information and

free videos demonstrating the benefits of small-scale chemistry.

Resources for Recycling Lab Plastics

Many labware plastics can be recycled instead of going in to the waste stream. It is often
helpful to have a consultant visit your site to look for opportunities to recycle lab plastics or
substitute biodegradable plastics for those that must be disposed.
An internet search using the words Laboratory Plastic Recycling Consultation will bring up
several informative websites and service providers to choose from.

Local Sewer Districts in King County

King County provides wholesale wastewater treatment services to 17 cities and 17 local sewer
utilities in King, Snohomish and Pierce counties. These local agencies own and operate
independent collection systems, which include pipelines and pump stations to collect and
carry wastewater flows in their service area to King County's regional system for treatment
and disposal. The local agencies have 30-year agreements with King County for this service.
King County owns and operates the regional treatment plants, pipelines, pump stations and
other related facilities.
For information on specific local sewer districts and a map of their boundaries, visit
www.kingcounty.gov/environment/wtd/About/SewerAgencies.aspx#agencies

42

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

APPENDIX A
KING COUNTY GUIDELINES FOR SEWER DISPOSAL
King County Guidelines for Sewer Disposal
Characteristic or
Criteria

Acceptable to sewer if meets

these criteria

ALL of

Unacceptable to sewer if exhibits ANY

of these criteria

1. Flash Point

>60 degrees C or 140 degrees F

<60 degrees C or 140 degrees F

2. Heat

<65 degrees C or 150 degrees F

>65 degrees C or 150 degrees F

3. Corrosivity (pH)

5.5 to 12.0

<5.5 or >12.0

4. Solubility

Water soluble

Water insoluble

5. Reactivity

Non-reactive

Water or air reactive; explosive;

polymerizer
Creates toxic gas or nuisance stench
1

6. Radioactivity

Meets WA Dept. of Health limitations

7. Persistence
(WAC 173-303-100)

Halogenated organic compounds <0.01%

8. Toxicity
(WAC 173-303-100)

Category X <0.001%

Category X >0.001%

Category A <0.01%

Category A >0.01%

Category B <0.1%

Category B >0.1%

Category C <1.0%

Category C >1.0%

Category D <10 %

Category D >10%

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons <1.0%

Does not meet Dept of Health limits

2

Halogenated organic compounds >0.01%

PAH concentration 1.0%

No evidence or Category E =100%

9. Toxic Mixtures
(WAC 173-303-100)

Equivalent concentration <0.001%

Equivalent concentration >0.001%

Important Note: These guidelines for sewer disposal are not definitive. Many aspects of Chapter 173-303 WAC (e.g., listed wastes,
off-specification chemicals, mixtures, formulations, etc.) could not be covered in this table. Please refer to WAC 173-303-070
through -110 for waste designation procedures. These guidelines are offered as a starting point for proper sewer disposal. The
discharger must take full responsibility for waste characterization and regulatory compliance. Certain wastes that fail the criteria
listed in the above table may be suitable for discharge to the sewer under rules promulgated by the Washington State Department
of Ecology. Under all conditions, obtain written authorization from King County's Industrial Waste Program to discharge
wastewater that falls outside these criteria.
1

Chapter 246 WAC. For specific guidance, contact the Washington Department of Health at 425-576-8945. See WAC 246-221-290
Appendix A Table III.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) include acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene,
benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene,
indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, benzo(g,h,l)perylene, dibenzo [(a,e), (a,h), (a,i), and (a,l)] pyrenes, and dibenzo (a,j) acridine. Also,
carcinogens are not separately regulated.
Small quantity generators of dangerous waste should contact their sewer agency to see if they are partially exempt from the Toxic
Mixtures discharge requirements

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

43

Toxic Category Table (WAC 173-303-100)

Data can be found in the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), NIOSH
Category

Fish

Oral (rat)

Inhalation (rat)

Dermal (rabbit)

LC50 (mg/L)

LD50 (mg/kg)

LC50 (mg/L)

LD50 (mg/kg)

Example Compounds

<0.01

<0.5

<0.02

<2

Organophosphate

0.01 - <0.1

0.5 - <5.0

0.02 - <0.2

2 - <20

Fuming Nitric Acid,

Aflatoxin

0. 1 - <1.0

5 - <50

0. 2 - <2.0

20 - <200

Phenol, Sodium Azide

1.0 - <10

50 - <500

2.0 - <20

200 - <2000

10 - 100

500 - 5000

20 - 200

2000 - 20,000

Insecticides

Sodium Cyanide
Stannic Chloride,
Sodium Fluoride
Methanol, Stannous
Chloride

King County Local Sewer Limits4

Substance

Grab Sample Max (mg/L)

Daily Average Max (mg/L)

Arsenic

4.0

1.0

Cadmium

0.6

0.5

Chromium

5.0

2.75

Copper

8.0

3.0

Cyanide

3.0

2.0

Lead

4.0

2.0

Mercury

0.2

0.1

Nickel

5.0

2.5

Silver

3.0

1.0

Zinc

10.0

5.0

<150F

------------

10.0

------------

Temperature
Hydrogen sulfide
(atmospheric)

parts-per-million-volume

Polar fats, oil and

6
grease (FOG)
Nonpolar FOG

No visible FOG floating on surface

100

-----------100

Important note: Your sewer district may have local limits that are different than those listed above. Contact your local
sewer district to learn their limits
5

Daily average is calculated from three samples taken at least five minutes apart. Businesses discharging over 5,000
gallons a day must meet the standards for daily average maximum and grab sample maximum.
6

Polar FOG is from animal or vegetable sources. Nonpolar FOG is from mineral or petroleum sources. Important note:
Many sewer districts will have FOG limits that are lower than 100 mg/L. Contact your local sewer district to learn their limits
and to verify whether their FOG limits are for Total FOG (polar + nonpolar) or for only nonpolar FOG.

44

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Additional King County Sewer Guidelines

Substance
Glutaraldehyde

1.0% in water

Formaldehyde
Formalin (treated)

Discharge Limits

0.1% in water
10

24% in water

Methanol

10% in water

Isopropanol

10% in water

Beryllium
Selenium
Thallium

8
9

None once formaldehyde concentration is under limit

and pH is adjusted as necessary

Ethanol

Barium

100 mg/L
10 mg/L
1.0 mg/L
10 mg/L

Important note: These guidelines are designed for small discharges of under 50 gallons. Your sewer district may have
local limits that are different than those listed above. Contact your local sewer district to learn their limits
8

Cold sterilant solutions containing no more than 4 percent glutaraldehyde may be discharged to the King County sewer
provided appropriate BMPs are followed. Contact King County Industrial Waste for a copy of the "Policy regarding
discharge of 2-4% glutaraldehyde disinfectant solutions to King County Sanitary Sewer".
9

Formaldehyde is a category B toxic compound and therefore designates as a dangerous waste at concentrations
above 0.1 percent.
10

See section on formaldehyde treatment options.

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

45

APPENDIX B
SEATTLE & KING COUNTY GUIDELINES
FOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Unacceptable for solid waste disposal at sites in King County

Characteristic or Criteria
1. Physical State

Liquid

2. Corrosivity (pH)

<2.0 or >12.5

3. Reactivity

Water or air reactive; explosive; polymerizer.

Creates toxic gas or nuisance stench

4. Radioactivity

Does not meet Department of Health limits

5. Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure
(WAC 173-303-090)

Must be less than Dangerous Waste limits for TCLP-listed metals and organics.

6. Persistence
(WAC 173-303-100)

Halogenated organic compounds >0.01%

2
PAH concentration >1.0%

7. Toxicity
(WAC 173-303-100)

Category X >0.001%
Category A >0.01%
Category B >0.1%
Category C >1.0%
Category D >10%

8. Formalin Preserved
Tissues & Specimens

Residual formaldehyde concentration >1.0 %

9. Toxic Mixtures
(WAC 173-303-100)

Equivalent concentration >0.001%

IMPORTANT NOTE: These guidelines for solid waste disposal are not definitive. Many aspects of Chapter 173-303
WAC (e.g., listed wastes, off-spec chemicals, mixtures, formulations, etc.) could not be covered in this table. Please
refer to WAC 173-303-070 through 110 for waste designation procedures. The guidelines provided here are offered as
a starting point for proper solid waste disposal. The generator must take full responsibility for waste characterization and
regulatory compliance. Under most conditions you should obtain a written clearance from Public Health Seattle & King
County prior to disposal of contaminated or questionable solid waste. Call 206-263-8528 or e-mail [email protected]
for more help.
1

Chapter 246 WAC. For specific guidance, contact the Washington Department of Health at 425-576-8945

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) include acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene,
benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene,
dibenz(a,h)anthracene, indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, benzo(g,h,l)perylene, dibenzo [(a,e), (a,h), (a,i), and (a,l)] pyrenes, and
dibenzo (a,j) acridine. Carcinogens are not separately regulated.
3

46

Concentration limits based on equivalent concentration calculations found in WAC 173-303-100(5)(b)(ii)

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Toxic Category Table (WAC 173-303-100)

Data can be found in the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), NIOSH
Category

Fish
LC50 (mg/L)

Oral

(rat)

LD50 (mg/kg)

Inhalation
(rat)

Dermal
(rabbit)

LC50 (mg/L)

LD50 (mg/kg)

Example Compounds

<0.01

<0.5

<0.02

<2

0.01 - <0.1

0.5 - <5.0

0.02 - <0.2

2 - <20

Mercuric chloride

0. 1 - <1.0

5 - <50

0. 2 - <2.0

20 - <200

Arsenic,

Organophosphate
Insecticides

Sodium Cyanide

1.0 - <10

50 - <500

2.0 - <20

200 - <2000

Phenol,
Sodium Fluoride

10 - 100

500 - 5000

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

20 - 200

2000 - 20,000

Sodium Chloride, Stannous

Chloride

47

APPENDIX C
PROPER DISPOSAL OF FIXATIVES & STAINS
Stain Solutions

Constituents

Disposal Option

Acid Fast Stain (for Mycobacteria)

Solution 1

Ethanol, basic fuchsin

Ignitable Dangerous waste

Solution 2

Organic cleaner

Not regulated as HW

Working solution

Mix of solution 1 and 2

Ignitable HW

Decolorizing solution

Ethanol, hydrochloric acid

Ignitable HW, check pH for

corrosivity

Methylene blue
counterstain

Methylene blue, acetic acid

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

Alcian Blue Pas Stain

1% Alcian blue solution

Alcian blue, acetic acid,

thymol

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

0.5% Periodic acid

solution

Periodic acid

Test for oxidizer, otherwise

not regulated as HW

IN Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

Shiff reagent

Basic fuchsin, sodium

metabisulfate, IN
hydrochloric acid

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

0.55% Potassium
metabisulfate solution

Potassium metabisulfate

Not regulated as HW

Alcian Blue Stain, pH 2.5

3% Acetic acid solution

Acetic acid

Corrosive HW

1% Alcian blue solution

Alcian blue, acetic acid,

thymol

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

Nuclear fast red

counterstain solution

Nuclear fast red, aluminum

sulfate

Not regulated as HW

Bluing Solution for Hematoxylin Stain

48

Ammonia solution

Ammonium hydroxide

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

Lithium carbonate
solution

Lithium carbonate

Toxic HW

Celloidin

Ethanol, ethyl ether,

celloidin (nitrocellulose,
parlodion)

Ignitable HW as a liquid,
Flammable Solid HW or
Explosive IF DRY

Glycerin water
mounting medium

Glycerin, phosphate
buffered solute

Not regulated as HW

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Stain Solutions

Constituents

Disposal Option

Congo Red Stain (Amyloid)

80% Alcohol & sodium

chloride (saturated)

Sodium chloride, ethanol

Ignitable HW

Alkaline salt solution

80% alcohol, sodium

hydroxide

Ignitable HW, check pH for

corrosivity

Stock Congo red

staining solution

Congo red, 80% alcohol

Ignitable HW

Elastic Van Gieson Stain

Acid fuchsin - 1%

Acid fuchsin

Not regulated as HW

Picric acid, saturated

solution

Picric acid

Corrosive, Flammable Solid

HW

Van Giesons solution

Acid fuchsin, picric acid

Corrosive, Flammable Solid

HW

Fites Acid Fast Stain

Ziehl-Neelsen carbolfuchsin solution

Phenol, absolute alcohol,

basic fuchsin

Toxic HW

Decolorizing solution

70% Ethanol, hydrochloric

acid

Ignitable HW

Methylene blue
counterstain

Methylene blue, acetic acid

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

Fontana-Masson Stain

10% Silver nitrate

Silver nitrate

Oxidizer HW

Fontanas silver
solution

Silver nitrate, ammonium

hydroxide

Corrosive, Oxidizer HW

0.2% Gold chloride

solution

Gold chloride

Not regulated as HW (but

reclaim the gold if possible)

5% Sodium thiosulfate
solution

Sodium thiosulfate

Not regulated as HW

Nuclear fast red

counterstain solution

Nuclear fast red, aluminum

sulfate

Not regulated as HW

Giemsa (Modified Max-Gruenwald) Stain

Stock Jenner solution

Jenner dye, methanol

Ignitable and Toxic HW

Working Jenner
Solution

Stock Jenner solution

Ignitable and Toxic HW

Stock giemsa solution

Giemsa powder, glycerin,

methanol

Ignitable, Toxic and

Persistent HW

Working giemsa
solution

Stock giemsa solution

Not regulated as HW

1% Acetic water
solution

Glacial acetic acid

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

49

Stain Solutions

Constituents

Disposal Option

Gram (Modified Brown-Brenn) Stain

1% Crystal violet
solution

Crystal violet

Toxic HW

Grams iodine solution

Iodine, potassium iodide

May be regulated as tissue

corrosive

Stock basic fuchsin

solution

Basic fuchsin

Persistent HW

Working basic fuchsin

solution

Stock basic fuchsin solution

Not regulated as HW

Gridleys Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate Solution

Ammoniacal silver
nitrate solution

Sodium hydroxide, silver

nitrate, ammonium
hydroxide,

Corrosive, Oxidizer HW.

Potentially Explosive HW, can
deactivate prior to disposal

1% Periodic Acid

Periodic acid

Test for oxidizer, otherwise

not regulated as HW

2% Silver Nitrate

Silver nitrate

Toxic, Oxidizer HW

Formalin Solution

Formaldehyde

Toxic HW

0.2% Gold Chloride

Gold chloride

Not regulated but reclaim

gold if possible

5% Sodium Thiosulfate

Sodium thiosulfate

Not regulated as HW

Grocalls Methenamine Silver (GMS) Stain

50

5% Chemical acid
solution

Chromium trioxide

Toxic HW, test for oxidizer,

check pH for corrosivity

Silver nitrate solution

Silver nitrate

Toxic Oxidizer HW

3% Methenamine
solution

Hexamethylenetetramine

Flammable Solid HW

5% Borax solution

Sodium borate

Not regulated as HW

Stock Methenaminesilver nitrate solution

3% Methenamine, 5% silver
nitrate solutions

Toxic Flammable Solid HW

Working methenaminesilver nitrate solution

5% Borax solution,
methenamine-silver nitrate
stock

Toxic Flammable Solid HW

1% Sodium bisulfite
solution

Sodium bisulfite

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

0.1% Gold chloride

solution

Gold chloride

Not regulated but reclaim

gold if possible

2% Sodium thiosulfate
solution

Sodium thiosulfate

Not regulated as HW

Stock light green

solution

Light green SF (yellowish),

glacial acetic acid

Not regulated as HW

Working light green

solution

Stock light green solution

Not regulated as HW

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Stain Solutions

Constituents

Disposal Option

Hypo (Sodium Thiosulfate)

3% Sodium thiosulfate
solution

Sodium thiosulfate

Not regulated as HW

Lugols iodine for

mercury removal

Iodine, potassium iodide

Corrosive HW

2% Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

Nuclear-fast red
solution

Nuclear-fast red, aluminum

phosphate, thymol

Not regulated as HW

Potassium ferricyanide

Not regulated as HW but not

allowed to sewer

Iron Stain (Prussian Blue)

2% Potassium
ferricyanide solution

Jones Silver Stain

0.5% Periodic acid

solution

Periodic acid

Test for oxidizer, otherwise

not regulated as HW

3% Methenamine
solution

Hexamethylenetetramine

Flammable Solid HW

Borate buffer solution

Boric acid, sodium borate

Check pH for corrosivity

5% Silver nitrate
solution

Silver nitrate

Toxic, Oxidizer HW

Working methenamine
silver solution

3% Methenamine solution,
5% silver nitrate solution,
borate buffer solution

Test for oxidizer, then test for

toxicity

0.2% Gold chloride

solution

Gold chloride

Not regulated but reclaim

gold if possible

3% Sodium thiosulfate

Sodium thiosulfate

Not regulated as HW

Mucicarmine Stain

Mucicarmine stock
solution

Carmine alum lake,

aluminum hydroxide,
ethanol, aluminum chloride

Ignitable HW, check pH for

corrosivity

Mucicarmine working
solution

Mucicarmine stock solution

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

Weigerts iron
hematoxylin, solution A

Hematoxylin, ethanol

Ignitable HW

Weigerts iron
hematoxylin, solution B

Hydrochloric acid, ferric

chloride

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

Weigerts iron
hematoxylin solution

Hematoxylin solution A and

solution B

Ignitable HW, check pH for

corrosivity

0.25% Metanil yellow

solution

Metanil yellow, acetic acid

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

51

Stain Solutions

Constituents

Disposal Option

Oil Red O Stain

Oil red O stock solution

Oil red O, 98% isopropanol

Toxic, Ignitable HW

Oil red O working

solution

Oil red O stock solution

Toxic, Ignitable HW

Periodic Acid Schiff Stain (PAS)

0.5% Periodic acid

solution

Periodic acid

Test for oxidizer, otherwise

not regulated as HW

IN hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

Schiff reagent

Basic fuchsin, sodium

metabisulfite,
IN hydrochloric acid

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

Potassium metabisulfite

Not regulated as HW

0.55% Potassium
metabisulfite solution

Periodic Acid Shiff Digested Stain (PAS-D)

0.55% Potassium
metabisulfite solution

Potassium metabisulfite

Not regulated as HW

Malt diastase solution

Diastase of malt, pH 6.0

phosphate buffer

Not regulated as HW

Phosphate buffer

Sodium chloride, sodium

phosphate monobasic

Not regulated as HW

Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin (PTAH)

PTAH working solution

Hematoxylin,
phosphotungstic acid,
potassium permanganate

Test for corrosivity & oxidizer,

otherwise not regulated as
HW. Must meet sewer limits

Eosin Y working
solution

Eosin Y, 95% ethanol ,

glacial acetic acid

Ignitable HW

Reticulin Stain (Gomoris Method)

52

10% Silver nitrate

solution

Silver nitrate

Oxidizer HW

10% Potassium
hydroxide solution

Potassium hydroxide

Corrosive HW

Ammoniacal silver
solution

Sodium hydroxide, silver

nitrate, ammonium
hydroxide,

Corrosive, Oxidizer HW.

Potentially Explosive HW, can
deactivate prior to disposal

0.5% Potassium
permanganate solution

Potassium permanganate

Test for oxidizer, otherwise

not regulated as HW

2% Potassium
metabisulfite solution

Potassium metabisulfite

Not regulated as HW

2% Ferric ammonium
sulfate solution

Ferric ammonium sulfate

Not regulated as HW

Formalin solution

Formaldehyde

Toxic HW

0.2% Gold chloride

solution

Gold chloride

Not regulated but reclaim

gold if possible

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

Stain Solutions

Constituents

Disposal Option

Reticulin Stain (Gomoris Method) - continued

2% Sodium thiosulfate
solution

Sodium thiosulfate

Not regulated as HW

Nuclear-fast red
(Kernechtrot) solution

Nuclear-fast red, aluminum

sulfate

Not regulated as HW

Spirochete Stain (Steiner & Steiner Method)

1% Uranyl nitrate
solution

Uranyl nitrate

Not regulated as HW or
radioactive waste. Meets
DOH guidelines for sewer
discharge.

1% Silver nitrate
solution

Silver nitrate

Oxidizer HW

0.04% Silver nitrate

solution

Silver nitrate

Toxic HW. Test for oxidizer.

2.5% Gum mastic

solution

Gum mastic, absolute

alcohol

Ignitable HW

2% Hydroquinone
solution

Hydroquinone

Toxic HW

Reducing solution

Gum mastic solution,

hydroquinone solution,
absolute alcohol

Ignitable HW

Trichrome Stain Massons Method

Bains solution

Picric acid, glacial acetic

acid, formaldehyde

Toxic HW, test pH for

corrosivity

Weigerts iron
hematoxylin, solution A

Hematoxylin, 95% alcohol

Ignitable HW

Weigerts iron
hematoxylin, solution B

Ferric chloride, glacial

acetic acid

Corrosive HW

Weigerts iron
hematoxylin, working
solution

Solution A, solution B

Ignitable HW, test pH for

corrosivity

Biebrich scarlet acid

fuchsin solution

1% Biebrich scarlet
solution, 1% acid fuchsin,
acetic acid

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

Phosphomolybdic
phosphotungstic acid
solution

Phosphomolybdic acid,
phosphotungstic acid

Test for oxidizer, test pH for

corrosivity, otherwise not
regulated as HW, must meet
sewer limit

Aniline blue solution

Aniline blue, acetic acid

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

1% Acetic acid solution

Glacial acetic acid

Check pH for corrosivity,

otherwise not regulated as
HW, must meet sewer limit

Toluidine blue stain

solution (for mast cells)

Toluidine blue

Not regulated as HW

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53

Stain Solutions

Constituents

Disposal Option

Vonkossa Stain for Calcium

5% Silver nitrate
solution

Silver nitrate

Oxidizer HW

5% Sodium thiosulfate

Sodium thiosulfate

Not regulated as HW

Nuclear-fast red
solution

Nuclear-fast red, aluminum

sulfate

Not regulated as HW

Fixative

Constituents

Disposal Option

Miscellaneous Fixatives

Alcohol fixatives

Methanol, ethanol

Methanol is Toxic Ignitable

HW, Ethanol is Ignitable HW

B-5 Fixative

Stock solution

Mercuric chloride, sodium

acetate (anhydrous)

Toxic HW

Working solution

B-5 stock solution,

formaldehyde solution

Toxic HW

Bouins fixative solution

Picric acid (saturated), 37%

formaldehyde solution,
acetic acid

Toxic HW, check for

corrosivity

Formalin Fixatives

10% Aqueous formalin

solution

Formaldehyde

Toxic HW

10% Aqueous saline

formalin solution

Formaldehyde, sodium
chloride

Toxic HW

10% Neutral buffered

formalin

Formaldehyde, sodium
phosphate monobasic,
sodium phosphate dibasic

Toxic HW

Formalin alcohol
solution

Formaldehyde, ethanol

Ignitable Toxic HW

Hollandes fixative
solution

Copper acetate, picric acid,

formaldehyde, acetic acid

Toxic HW

Zenkers Fixative Solutions

Stock solution

Mercuric chloride,
potassium dichromate,
sodium sulfate

Working solution

Zenkers stock solution,

acetic acid

Toxic HW, test to see if oxidizer or

corrosive
Toxic HW, test to see if
oxidizer or corrosive

Ammoniacal silver staining solutions are hazardous due to their potential to form explosive silver
salts. Whether disposed or deactivated, these wastes are counted against your generator status.
Dont allow silver nitrate to remain in ammonium solutions for more than two hours.
Keep silver nitrate solutions separate from ammonium hydroxide solutions.
Deactivate these waste solutions by diluting 15:1 with water. Then, while stirring frequently,
slowly adding 5 percent hydrochloric acid to the solution till the pH reaches 2.
Add ice if the solution heats up. Silver chloride will precipitate out when the pH reaches 2.
Filter out the precipitate and dispose as dangerous waste, adjust the pH of the solution to 6 to
7 with sodium bicarbonate, then discharge to the sewer.

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LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

APPENDIX D
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL - COMMON QUESTIONS
What is Solid Waste?

Solid Waste refers to materials allowed in local municipal collection systems for
garbage and recycling.

Who do I call to find out if my waste is acceptable for disposal as solid waste?

Contact the Public Health Seattle & King County Waste Characterization Program at
206-263-8528 or e-mail [email protected] .

Who do I call to get my waste cleared for disposal as solid waste?

Contact the Waste Characterization Program at 206-263-8528 or e-mail

[email protected].

What are the guidelines for disposal of biomedical wastes? Who do I call for info?
Untreated medical wastes are NOT allowed in the landfill. For more information on
biomedical waste disposal, contact the medical waste coordinator for Public Health Seattle
& King County at 206-205-4394. See
http://www.kingcounty.gov/healthservices/health/ehs/toxic/biomedical.aspx
Where does my solid waste go for disposal?

Wastes generated within the Seattle city limits are disposed at Columbia Ridge Landfill,
Oregon.
Wastes generated in King County, outside the Seattle city limits, go to Cedar Hills
Landfill near Issaquah

What process must I go through to get a clearance for questionable solid waste?

Contact the Waste Characterization program at 206-263-8528 or e-mail

[email protected] , describe your waste and ask for instructions about the information
needed to determine its acceptability.
They will answer your questions and send you a two-page Waste Characterization Form.
Download the form at
http://www.kingcounty.gov/healthservices/health/ehs/toxic/SolidWaste.aspx#wc.
Complete the form and submit it with the appropriate data (typically material safety data
sheets and/or results of laboratory analyses.)
If the waste is from Seattle, they'll review the information and, if it is acceptable, issue a
permit.
If the waste is from King County, outside Seattle, they'll review the information and issue
a technical report. If the waste is acceptable, King County Solid Waste will issue a permit.

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

55

Can I dispose of Special Wastes at King County or Seattle solid waste facilities?
Some of these wastes can be taken to King Countys landfill in Issaquah. They have to be
solids and be dangerous wastes in Washington State only, aka: State-only wastes. Generally
these are Toxic Category D wastes or persistent wastes that are not extremely hazardous, e.g.
Paint booth filters. Contact the Waste Characterization program at 206.263.8528 or
[email protected] for more information.
What common solid wastes from labs may not be acceptable?

56

Buffers consisting of more than 10 percent toxic category D substances (e.g., potassium
hydroxide)
Drier packages with over 10 percent potassium chloride, sodium chloride or copper
chloride
Soil samples with these characteristics:
A. Contains 3 percent or more total petroleum hydrocarbons;
B. Contains contaminants which occur at concentrations at or above a dangerous waste
threshold in the toxicity characteristics list (see WAC 173-303-090 [8] [c])
Many lab stains and dyes can designate because they are halogenated organic compounds
(e.g., bromophenol blue.)

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

APPENDIX E
COMMON ACRONYMS & ABBREVATIONS
Abbreviation

Meaning

AIA

Alkaline Iodide Azide

BHT

Butylhydroxy toluene

BMBL

Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories [Handbook from CDC/NIH]

BMP

Best Management Practices

BSC

Biological Safety Cabinets

BSL

Biosafety Level [Laboratories]

CAV

Constant Air Volume

CFR

Code of Federal Regulations

CHP

Chemical Hygiene Plan

DAB

3,3 Diaminobenzidine

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DW

Dangerous Waste [WA State]

DWS

Drinking Water Standards of the Safe Drinking Water Act

EATOS

Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic Syntheses

EHSs

Extremely Hazardous Substances

EHW

Extremely Hazardous Waste[{WA State]

EIA

Enzyme Immuno Assays

ELISA

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assays

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

EPCRA

Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know Act

EtBr

Ethidium Bromide

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

FOG

Fats, oil, and grease

GHS

Globally Harmonized System [Hazard Communication replacing HCS by 2013]

GMP

Good Management Practices

GMS

Grocall's Methenamine Silver

HCS

Hazard Communication Standard [an MSDS is example of this]

HEPA

High Efficiency Particulate Air [Refers typically to air filters]

HMIS

Hazardous Material Identification System [Similar to NFPA Symbols]

HMIS

Hazardous Material Inventory Statement [Seattle Fire Dept reg. 2701.5.2]

HPCL

High Performance Liquid Chromatography

HVAC

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

HW

Hazardous Waste

HWTR

Hazardous Waste and Toxics Reduction [WA State Dept of Ecology Program]

IBC

Institutional Biosafety Committee

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IMEX

Industrial Materials Exchange

KCLWMG

King County Lab Waste Management Guide

LC

Liquid Chromatography

LQG

Large Quantity Generator [WAC 173-303]

MQG

Medium Quantity Generator [WAC 173-303]

MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheets

NaOCl

Sodium Hypochlorite

NaOH

Sodium Hydroxide

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association [Usually refers to NFPA Symbols]

NIH

National Institutes of Health

NIOSH

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

OPA

Ortho-phthalaldehyde

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PAH

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PAPR

Positive Air-Purifying Respirator

PAS

Periodic Acid Schiff

PAS-D

Periodic Acid Schiff Digested

PBR

Permit by Rule

PCB

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

PEL

Permissible Exposure Limit

POTW

Publicly Owned Treatment Works

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

PPM

Parts Per Million

PTAH

Phophotungstic Acid Hematoxylin

PVC

Polyvinyl chloride

RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act [WA State refers to ID #]

RIA

Radioimmunoassays

RO

Reverse Osmosis

RTECS

Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

SQG

Small Quantity Generator [WAC 173-303]

TBG

Treatment by Generator [WAC 173-303]

TCLP

Toxicity characteristic Leaching Procedure

TSD

Treatment, Storage, or Disposal facility

TSS

Total Suspended Solids

USDA

US Department of Agriculture

UV

Ultraviolet

VAV

Variable Air Volume

WAC

Washington Administrative Code

WISHA

Washington Industrial Safety & Health Act

58

LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Chemical Society, Task Force on Laboratory Waste Management. Less Is Better.
Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1993.
http://portal.acs.org/portal/fileFetch/C/WPCP_012290/pdf/WPCP_012290.pdf
Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology: Managing the Health and Safety Concerns Associated with
Engineered Nanomaterials (NIOSH Pub. 2009-125) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech/
Armour, Margaret-Ann. Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide, 3rd Edition. Boca Raton,
FL: Lewis Publishers. 2003. www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781566705677
Balogh, Cynthia. Policy regarding discharge of 2-4% glutaraldehyde disinfectant solutions to King
County Sanitary Sewer Seattle, WA: King County Department of Natural Resources. 1997.
Blair, David. 2000 (October.) Personal communication. Focus Environmental Services.
College of the Redwoods. No-Waste Lab Manual for Educational Institutions. Sacramento, CA:
California Dept. of Toxic Substances Control. 1989. www.p2pays.org/ref/02/01565.pdf
Davis, Michelle, E. Flores, J. Hauth, M. Skumanich and D. Wieringa. Laboratory Waste Minimization
and Pollution Prevention, A Guide for Teachers. Richland, WA: Battelle Pacific Northwest
Laboratories. 1996. www.p2pays.org/ref/01/text/00779/index2.htm
King County Industrial Waste Program. Discharging Industrial Wastewater in King County. Seattle,
WA: 2001. http://www.kingcounty.gov/environment/wastewater/IndustrialWaste.aspx
Environmental Protection Agency. Labs for the 21st Century. Washington, DC:
http://www.labs21century.gov/ 2005.
Fernandes, Arianne. 2005 (June.) Personal communication, Washington Department of Ecology.
Field, Rosanne A. Management Strategies and Technologies for the Minimization of Chemical Wastes
from Laboratories. Durham, NC: N.C. Department of Environment, Health, and Natural
Resources Office of Waste Reduction, 1990. www.p2pays.org/ref/01/00373.pdf
Flinn Scientific Inc. Chemical and Biological Catalog Reference Manual 2006. Batavia, IL: Flinn
Scientific Inc. 2006. www.flinnsci.com/Sections/Safety/safety.asp
Holtze, Keith. (2002) Ortho-Phthalaldehyde: Ecotoxicological evaluation of acute toxicity to Rainbow
Trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) Unpublished Study #S2041-02, Performing Laboratory ESG
International Inc., Guelph, Ontario, Canada for the Dow Chemical Co., Piscataway, NJ.
Lunn, George and Eric B. Sansone. Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory, 2nd
Edition. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. 1994.
www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-047157399X.html Note: 3rd edition will be
released in 2012.
Lunn, George and Eric Sansone. Ethidium bromide: destruction and decontamination of solutions.
Analytical Biochemistry 162, pp. 453-458. 1987

LHWMP - Laboratory Waste Management Guide

59

National Research Council, Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory. Prudent Practices in
the Laboratory, Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards. Washington, DC: National
Academies Press, 2011. www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12654#toc
Reinhardt, Peter, K. Leonard and P. Ashbrook. Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization in
Laboratories. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. 1996.
www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780873719759;jsessionid=gOXkuerki1ur-7pLDChrgg**
Rowe, Bill, University of Washington. Stain Solutions Guide. Seattle, WA: Unpublished handout from
the King County Medical Industry Waste Prevention Roundtable (MIRT) Seminar #4., 2000.
University of Washington. Chemical Spill Guidelines. Seattle, WA:
http://www.ehs.washington.edu/epo/spills/chemspills.shtm.
Vanderbilt Environmental Health and Safety Program. Guide to Laboratory Sink/Sewer Disposal of
Wastes. http://www.safety.vanderbilt.edu/waste/chemical-waste-sewer-disposal.php 2005.
Washington State Department of Ecology. Dangerous Waste Regulations, Chapter 173-303 WAC.
Publication No. 92-91 Olympia, WA: Department of Ecology Publications, 2009.
https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/9291.pdf Washington State Department of
Ecology. Step-by-Step Guide to Better Laboratory Management Practices. Publication No. 97431 Olympia, WA: Department of Ecology Publications, 1999.
https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/97431.pdf Washington State Department of
Ecology. Treatment by Generator Fact Sheet. Publication No. 96-412 Olympia, WA:
Department of Ecology Publications, Rev. 2014.
https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/96412.pdf

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LHWMP Laboratory Waste Management Guide