AUDIO

PPP HiFi

Valve Power Amplifier

using KT88 valves
Design by G. Haas (Experience Electronics)

Thanks to their pleasant sound, valve-type power amplifiers continue to

enjoy uninterrupted popularity. With such an amplifier, you can eliminate
the impression of coldness, sterility and artificiality that many people experience with CDs.

The design for a power amplifier that is presented in this article is based on the PPP
principle. PPP stands for Parallel Push-Pull.
Push-pull means that the output stage is
composed of two active elements acting in
phase opposition. One of the valves handles
the positive half-cycles, while the other one

handles the negative half-cycles. In

a Parallel Push-Pull configuration, the
valves in the output stage are connected in parallel with respect to the
ac signal. The disadvantage is that
the power efficiency per valve pair is
less than with classical Class AB

push-pull operation. Otherwise the

PPP principle has only advantages.
This output stage configuration was
invented in the early 1950s, and it
was the configuration of choice in
studios. Reduced distortion, good
sound and a wide frequency

Elektor Electronics

5/2001

AUDIO
u2
n
u1
n

1
n
N1
u1

N2
u2

R g2

R g2

AB versus PPP

UB

000118 - 11

Figure 1. Basic circuit of a conventional Class AB push-pull output stage.

Ra

Ra

Ri

Ri
UB

000118 - 12

RI1 = 2Ri + 2Ra = 2(Ri+Ra)

Figure 2. The ac equivalent circuit of Figure 1.

UB

1
n
u1
UB

u2

000118 - 13

RI2 = Ri/2 + Ra/2 = 1/2 (Ri + Ra)

RI2 = 1/4 RI1(!)
Figure 3. In a PPP output stage, the signal current flows through the entire primary
winding of the transformer.

5/2001

Elektor Electronics

response were more important in this application area than high power efficiency. With
the triumphal march of semiconductor technology, PPP was unable to retain any significant territory, due to its relatively low power
efficiency and relatively high price. However,
with the aid of modern resources it is possible to construct excellent HiFi PPP power
amplifiers at an acceptable price.

In order to enable you to better understand

the PPP technique, we first have to delve into
a bit of theory. The schematic diagram of Figure 1 shows the basic circuit of a classical
Class AB push-pull circuit. Each of the control grids of the power valves is driven by a
half-wave signal from a paraphase circuit.
This is shown symbolically in the figure; in
practice the two valves would naturally be
driven by positive half-wave signals, since
otherwise the circuit would not work. Here
the left-hand valve is responsible for the positive half-cycle and the right-hand valve for
the negative half-cycle. The output transformer combines the two half-cycles to form
the complete sine wave. The figure shows the
polarities of the voltages that appear in opposite phases across two halves of the primary
transformer winding (N1 and N2). They generate a voltage on the secondary side of the
transformer that is reduced by the transformer ratio n. From the figure, you can also
see the response of the power stage to hum
components in the supply voltage. If a hum
voltage is superimposed on the supply voltage UB, it will be fed into the two windings
N1 and N2 in equal measure. If the circuit on
the primary side of the transformer is completely symmetric, which means that the
windings, output valves and quiescent currents are identical, the hum voltages cancel
each other out due to the antiphase feed into
the transformer. Unfortunately, perfect symmetry cannot be achieved in practice, so UB
must be adequately filtered.
Figure 2 shows the ac equivalent circuit of
the basic circuit of Figure 1. The power supply UB represents a short circuit for ac signals. The ac internal resistance is given by
the series connection of the internal resistances of the two valves and the two windings N1 and N2 with their equivalent resistances Ra. Both output valves are operated
with a non-zero quiescent current, in order to
avoid cut-off distortion when the sine wave
signal passes through zero.
The situation with a PPP output stage is different, as can be seen in Figure 3. You will
notice that there are two supply voltage
sources and that the valves are connected to

AUDIO

UB

RL

UB

000118 - 14

Figure 4. The ac equivalent circuit of Figure 3.

the transformer in a completely different manner. The ac signal current flows through the
complete primary winding of the transformer,
which is similar to the situation with a mains
transformer. Here the valves are connected in
parallel for ac signals, which reduces the
internal resistance of the PPP circuit by a factor of four. This has various benefits. First of
all, the transformer may have a smaller transformer ratio. This reduces the effects of stray
inductance and winding capacitance, which
yields an improved frequency response.
Besides this, a genuine ac current flows
through the complete primary winding,
instead of one half-cycle per half winding as in
the classic Class AB push-pull circuit. This
avoids the much-feared flyback effect that
occurs with Class AB push-pull output
stages, in which a half-wave voltage across
one half of the primary winding generates a
voltage that is twice as large on the plate of
the opposite valve, due to the 2:1 ratio of the
autotransformer formed by the primary winding. If the transformer core is magnetised and
the stored energy is not fully consumed on
the secondary side, the voltage on the primary side rises sharply, and to make matters
worse it is again multiplied by the same 2:1
factor. The end result is a voltage breakdown
at the weakest point valve, socket or transformer. This may be a desirable effect in an
automobile ignition coil, but in an amplifier it
is devastating. In the event of a short circuit,
a Class AB push-pull stage will become hot,
but it will not be destroyed. Such a valve output stage is thus by nature short-circuit proof,
but not open-circuit proof.
A PPP output stage, by contrast, is safe under
both extreme operating conditions. Since the
transformer is connected as previously
described, the output stage does suffer from
flyback. It can be compared to a mains
transformer, which also suffers no ill effects if

10

it is connected to the mains with no

secondary load. The PPP power
stage can be seen as a predecessor
of the standard transistor push-pull
output stage. As we have seen, a
whole series of indisputable benefits
are associated with this design, to
wit low internal resistance and tolerance of short-circuit and open-circuit loads, as well as an inherently
good frequency response.

A power amplifier in
three building blocks
Figure 5 shows the complete
schematic diagram of a monophonic
power amplifier. In consists of three
blocks, and is consequently divided
into three circuit boards. This allows
the amplifier to be built such that the
valves show to best advantage, as
can be seen from the photograph.
The transformers and the large electrolytic capacitors, in contrast to
many other amplifier designs, are
embedded in the equipment.
Block 1 is the amplifier circuit, block
2 is the power supply and block 3 is
the switch-on current limiter. At the
input to the amplifier, provision is
made for an E-1220 audio transformer. If you want to have a floating
symmetric input, you can use the
transformer together with an XLR
socket; otherwise, a Cinch socket is
adequate. Thanks to the transformer,
it is possible to use floating symmetric cabling, as is common practice in studios. This avoids earth
loops and quality losses due to the
cabling. Furthermore, the transformer can be connected either 1:1 or
1:2. In the 1:1 configuration, the
input resistance is around 34 k,
with an input sensitivity of 1.5 V for
full output power. With the 1:2 con-

nection, the input resistance drops

to 8.5 k, but the output stage can
be fully driven with only 0.75 V. Suitable wire bridges are provided on
the circuit board. If the amplifier is
wired with a Cinch socket, the input
sensitivity remains at 1.5 V.
At the input to the amplifier, the 2.2F bipolar electrolytic capacitor C1
ensures low-impedance coupling
and at the same time blocks any dc
component of the signal. Resistors
R3 and R4 block coupled-in RF interference. Valve V1a provides the main
amplification, with RF oscillations
being suppressed by C2. Valve V1b
is wired as an impedance converter,
and it serves as a low-impedance
source for the signal applied to paraphase circuit valve V2. The grid of
valve V2a is driven directly without
a coupling capacitor, since the dc
potential has been brought to the
proper level by suitable selection of
component values. The control grid
of V2b is connected to the same dc
potential as the grid of V2a via R14.
Capacitor C10 provides a short-circuit path to ground for any ac components that may be present at the
grid of valve V2b, which is driven by
the ac signal voltage via its cathode.
Valve V2 must provide the full amplitude of the output voltage, since the
output valves V3 and V4 only provide the signal with the current
needed to achieve the desired
power. The latter two valves act as
cathode followers, in the same way
as transistors are used as emitter followers in the output stage of a transistor amplifier.
This also gives an answer to the frequently hotly debated question,
How do different types of valves
sound? Since the output valves of a
PPP design do not contribute any-

Elektor Electronics

5/2001

AUDIO
C6
3p3

R10

A1

220k

R15

V3

10k

C5

D1
56V

R27
3

47
450V

C8
220n

D2
100V

* voir texte

D3
100V

R19
220k

V1b

R17

KT88

R25

22k

D4
100V

C7
220n

10k
630V

* see text

R23

V2a

10

47
450V

G1

47k

150k

C4

R11

2k7

R4

V2 = ECC81

150

R5

V1 = ECC83

M1
D1

P1
C11

C13

47
100V

47
100V

25k

1N4007

V1a

R21

50V

Tr2

10p
R8

22

M
2
0

R22
R14
33k

1N4007

100p

D6

C12

C14

47
100V

47
100V

R18
22k

50V
AP-234

P2
25k
R26
R20

C10
R1

C1
1000

C2

1000
40V

1000
40V

220n
630V

R16

R28
3

V4

R12

1N4007

KT88

10k

C3

40V
D2

R24
10k

22
100V

100
Re1

8
C9

V2b

150

D1

1N4007

M2

10

R9
47k

R6
C3

2k2

68k

R2
68k

R1

R13

33k

2k2

220k

R7
R3

2k7

C1

1M

E1220

2k7

Tr1
a

33k

630V
C2

G2

47k

A2

V1

R2

V2

100
R3

6V3

V3

V4

Tr3

47

100

47

R29

R4
100
R5

R30

100
R6
100
R7
100

Si1

R2

R8

G1

1k
200mA T

C1
100n 1000V
R1

R3

GL1

22

S1

Si3

C2

C3

470
450V

100
450V

150k

100

M1

B500C1500

2A T

A1

50V
230V

A2
50V
M2
Si4

B500C1500

2A T

R4
C6

470
450V

100
450V

GL2
C4
Si2

100n 1000V

150k

22

R6
C5

R5

G2

1k
200mA T
000118 - 15

Figure 5. A circuit according to the building-block principle: the equipment can be configured as a monobloc or stereo amplifier, with
different types of output valves.

5/2001

Elektor Electronics

11

AUDIO

COMPONENTS LIST
Power Output Stage
with KT 88 or 6550A
Resistors:
(unless otherwise stated, use metal film
types, 0.7W, 1% tolerance;
MO = Metal oxide, 5% tolerance)
R1,R2 = 68k
R3 = 2k2
R4 = 150k, MO, 2W
R5 = 2k7, MO 2W
R6 = 2k2
R7 = 1M
R8 = 2k7
R9 = 22k, MO, 2W
R10 = 390k
R11,R12 = 47k, MO, 2W

12

R13 = 2k7, MO, 2W

R14 = 33k
R15,R16 = 10k, MO, 2W
R17,R18 = 10k
R19,R20 = 220k
R21,R22 = 33k
R23,R24 = 3k3
R25,R26 = 10, MO, 2W
R27,R28 = 270, MO, 2W
R29,R30 = 47
P1,P2 = preset 25k
Capacitors:
C1 = 2F2 50V bipolar
C2 = 10pFceramic
C3 = 100pF ceramic
C4,C5 = 47F 450V axial
C6 = 10-33pF (fit only if parasitic oscillation is noticed)
C7,C8,C9 = 0F22 630V, MKS 4
C10 = 10F 100V, lead pitch 5mm
C11-C14 = 47F 100V, lead pitch 5mm

C15 = 1nF, MKH, lead pitch 7.5mm (see

text)
Semiconductors:
D1 = zener diode 56V 1.3W
D2-D4 = zener diode 110V 1.3 W
D5,D6 = 1N4007
Miscellaneous:
V1 (R1) = ECC83
V2 (R2) = ECC81
V4 (R4),V5 (R5) = KT88 or 6550 A
Tr1 (1) = E-1220 (if necessary)
Tr2 (2) = AP-234
2 off Noval (9-way) valve socket, PCB
mount
2 off Octal valve socket, PCB mount
Tr1 = Mains transformer NTR-P\7 (Mono)
or NTR-P\5 (Stereo)

Elektor Electronics

5/2001

AUDIO

COMPONENTS LIST
Power Output Stage
with EL 34
Resistors:
(unless otherwise stated, use metal film
types, 0.7W, 1% tolerance;
MO = Metal oxide, 5% tolerance)
R1,R2 = 68k
R3 = 2k2
R4 = 150k, MO, 2W
R5 = 2k7, MO, 2W
R6 = 2k2
R7 = 1M
R8 = 2k7
R9 = 47k, MO, 2W
R10 = 220k
R11,R12 = 47k, MO, 2W

5/2001

Elektor Electronics

R13 = 2k7, MO, 2W

R14 = 33k
R15,R16 = 10k, MO, 2W
R17,R18 = 22k
R19,R20 = 220k
R21,R22 = 33k
R23,R24 = 10k
R25,R26 = 10, MO, 2W
R27,R28 =150, MO, 2W
R29,R30 = 47
P1,P2 = preset 25 k
Capacitors:
C1 = 2F2 50V bipolar
C2 = 10pF ceramic
C3 = 100pF ceramic
C4,C5 = 47F 450V axial
C6 = 10-33pF (fit only if parasitic oscillation is noticed)
C7,C8,C9 = 0F22 630V, MKS 4
C10 = 10F 100V, lead pitch 5mm
C11-C14 = 47F 100V, lead pitch 5mm

C15 = 1nF, MKH, lead pitch 7.5mm (see

text)
Semiconductors:
D1 = zener diode 56V 1.3 W
D2,D3,D4 = zener diode 100V, 1.3W
D5,D6 = 1N4007
Miscellaneous:
V1 (R1) = ECC83
V2 (R2) = ECC81
V4 (R4),V5 (R5) = EL34
Tr1 (1) = E-1220 (if necessary)
Tr2 (2) = AP-234
2 off Noval (9-way) valve socket, PCB
mount
Tr1 = Mains transformer NTR-P\6 (Mono)
or NTR-P\3 A (Stereo)

13

AUDIO
thing to the voltage gain, they have a secondary influence on the sound. With a conventional Class AB push-pull output stage,
the characteristics of the output valves
affects the sound much more, due to their
voltage gain. The component values shown
in the schematic diagram have been selected
for the KT88, with which a power of 45 W per
channel can be achieved. A different set of
component values is also shown in the components list for use with the EL34. With this
type of valve, 35 W per channel is achievable.
Capacitor C15 is an important component.
The frequency response drops slightly at high
frequencies, due to unavoidable stray circuit
capacitances. With C15, the negative feedback can be slightly reduced at the uppermost frequencies. A value of around 1 nF
(guideline) should be used for C15, depending on the circuit construction. The frequency
response of the completed amplifier must
anyhow be checked. When C15 has the
proper value, the frequency response at
20 kHz will be absolutely flat, and it may drop
by around 1 dB at 100 kHz. However, it is very
important to avoid making C15 too large,
since otherwise the high-frequency response
may become exaggerated.

High voltage
and filament voltage
The wiring of the second block, the power
supply, appears to be fairly complicated.
Since the valves in the output stage are
cross-coupled with each other, two separate
secondary windings are needed in addition
to the filament winding. The grid bias voltage G is generated from the two 65-V windings. The 50-V windings are intended to be
used with the EL34, which can manage with
a lower grid bias voltage. With 50 V, there is
still a good adjustment range for the two
trimpots. Each of the screen grids receives
its voltage from the opposite half of the
power supply. This is necessary to allow the
output-stage pentodes to actually operate as
such. When either one of the valves is driven
fully on, the voltage between the anode and
the cathode drops to a low value. If the
screen voltage were to also drop by an equivalent amount, the output signal premature
would be prematurely limited by the valves
themselves.
Each of the screen grid voltages is filtered by
1 k in combination with 100 F. The driver
valve V2 is fed from theses two voltages. The
supply voltage for V1 is tapped off via R11
and R12, and additionally filtered by C5. The
supply voltage for V1 is stabilised and filtered
using the Zener diodes D1D4. This is particularly important, due to the fact that V1a pro-

14

COMPONENTS LIST
Power-on Delay
R1 = 100
R2-R8 = 100, MO, 4.5 W
C1,C2,C3 = 1000F 40V, lead pitch

vides the main amplification. A stable voltage at this location contributes to the consistency of the
amplification characteristic.
There are RC networks located in
front of the high-voltage rectifiers to
suppress spikes generated by the
rectifiers. If they are not suppressed,
these very narrow spikes, with their
very broad frequency spectrum, are
objectionably audible in the tweeter.
If necessary, the values of these
components may be modified.
The high voltages are individually
and separately fused. When an output valve draws its final breath (and
these valves fail the most often), it
often draws a high current surge in
the process. The fuse prevents any
additional damage and interrupts
the anode current. Fusing is also a
good idea to protect against possible
failure of a rectifier or electrolytic
capacitor.
There are two versions of the power
supply one that can provide

7.5mm
D1,D2 = 1N4007
Rel1 = 12V coil, 2 x change-over
gold-plated contact, 8A, PCB mount,
(Celsea E3208)

power to a monobloc, and another

that can handle a stereo power
amplifier. In order to save space and
money, different values of electrolytic
capacitors are used in the two versions. The compact stereo version
employs a 220 F/47 F combination,
while each half of the monoblock
version (which has much more room
for the power supply) is fitted with
470 F/100 F. If you make your own
enclosure, you can always build a
stereo power amplifier with two
internal monaural assemblies or fit
only the larger capacitors. In principle, the design shown here is a flexible set of building blocks.
The 6.3-V filament voltage is connected symmetrically to ground via
a pair of 47- resistors. This is
essential, since the allowable potential difference between the filaments
and the cathodes of the valves is limited. In addition, this drastically
reduces the amount of hum noise
coupled in via the filaments.

Elektor Electronics

5/2001

AUDIO
COMPONENTS LIST
Power supply, mono
Resistors:
R1 = 22, MO, 4.5 W
R2 = 1k, MO, 4.5 W
R3 = 150k, MO, 2W
R4 = 22, MO, 4.5W
R5 = 1k, MO, 4.5W
R6 = 150k, MO, 2W
Capacitors:
C1 = 0.1F 1000V, MKP 10
C2 = 470F 450V (PCB mount)
C3 = 100F 450V, lead pitch 10mm
C4 = 0.1F 1000V, MKP 10
C5 = 470F 450V (PCB mount)
C6 = 100F 450V, lead pitch 10mm
Miscellaneous:
Gl1,Gl2 = B500C1500 (500V piv, 1.5 A continuous), flat case
2 off fuse, 0.2 AT (time lag)
2 off fuse holder with cap, PCB mount

Power supply, stereo (one channel)

Resistors:
R1,R2 = 22, MO, 4.5 W
R3,R4 = 1k, MO, 4.5 W
R5,R6 = 150k, MO, 2W
Capacitors:
C1,C2 = 0.1F 1000V, MKP 10
C3,C4 = 220F 450V, axial
C5,C6 = 47F 450V, axial
Miscellaneous:
Gl1,Gl2 = B500C1500, (500V piv, 1.5 A
continuous), flat case
2 off fuse, 0.2 AT (time lag)
2 off fuse holder with cap, PCB mount

Switch-on delay
The third block, the switch-on delay
circuit, is driven by the filament volt-

5/2001

Elektor Electronics

age. The mains transformer is built

with an MD core and has very lowimpedance windings. This trans-

former can deliver very high peak currents,

and like toroidal transformers, it draws a
strong magnetisation current pulse when
switched on. In addition, high-capacitance,
high-voltage electrolytic capacitors are connected to the secondaries directly after the
rectifiers, and when the power supply is
switched on these capacitors are empty and
must be charged to around 430 V. On top of
this, the filaments of the valves represent
very nearly a short circuit when cold. Just like
incandescent lamps, they exhibit PTC resistance characteristics. Without switch-on current limiting, the branch circuit fuse (or circuit breaker) would blow (trip) when the
amplifier is switched on.
Using a voltage-doubling rectifier, the necessary 12 V potential for the relay is generated from the filament voltage. At the

15

AUDIO
Technical data and measured results
Input sensitivity (for P = 43 W):

0.92 Vrms

Maximum output power (THD+N = 1%):

43 W

THD+N

(B = 80 kHz, 1 W, 1 kHz):

0.17 %

(B = 80 kHz, 1 W, 20 kHz):

0.48 %

S/N (A-weighted) at 1 W:

72 dB

Damping factor (at 1 W/1 kHz):

2.67 (output impedance 3 )

10

10

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.05

0.05

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01
20

50

100

200

500

1k

Hz

2k

5k

10k

1m

20k

2m

5m

10m

20m

50m

100m

200m

Figure A. THD+N versus frequency at 1 W

500m

10

20

50

000118 - A

100

000118 - B

Figure B. THD+N versus output level (minimum value at

100 mW: 0.063 %)
+0

+20

-10
+16
-20
-30

+12

-40
+8
-50
-60

+4

d
B
r

d
B
r

-0

-70
-80
-90

-4

-100
-8
-110
-120

-12

-130
-16
-140
-150

-20
10

20

50

100

200

500

1k

2k

5k

10k

20k

Hz

50k

100k

200k

Figure C. Amplitude versus frequency (at 25 W).

moment when the unit is switched on, the

relay contacts are open, so the current is limited to around 16 A by the seven power resistors connected in parallel. The relay is activated after a delay of around one second,
after all the critical processes have already
taken place, and it shorts out the resistors. A
printed circuit board relay with two goldplated, parallel switchover contacts has been
selected here, in order to achieve high contact reliability and thus a high level of oper-

16

20

50

100

200

500

1k

2k

5k

Hz

000118 - C

10k

20k

50k

90k
000118 - D

Figure D. Frequency spectrum at 1 W (amplitude of the 2nd

harmonic approximately 56 dB)

ational reliability.

Construction with flair

At the end of this article, you will
find the components lists for the various equipment configurations and
types of output valves. Please stick
to the components specified in these
lists and use only the specified components; this will help ensure that

everything goes as intended.

A seamless-welded, polished and
bright-nickel-plated chassis has
been selected for the enclosure. This
gives the finished amplifier an
attractive appearance. An aluminium chassis avoids magnetic distortions, which for example can
result from transformer excitation.
The polishing and bright nickel plating (not chrome plating) give the

Elektor Electronics

5/2001

AUDIO

STAND BY

POWER
14

12

11

10

13

Tr1

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

XLR 3p

Si3

Si4

17

Elektor Electronics

5/2001

STAND BY

POWER

= "twisted"

000118- 16

Figure 6. This wiring diagram is a nearly indispensable construction aid.

AUDIO

chassis an elegant appearance. Nickel optically emphasises the warm tone and appearance of the valves, in contrast to the coldness
of chromium with its blue cast.
A metallic enclosure that is bonded to the
safety earth (E) lead is necessary for reasons of
screening and electrical safety. All sockets
must be electrically insulated from the enclosure, and all circuit boards must be fitted such
that they are electrically insulated from the
enclosure. The safety earth lead is connected
directly to the enclosure. The mains transformer has a static screen between the primary and secondary windings; this must also
be connected to the safety earth lead. The signal ground is connected the enclosure at only

PCB Service

As with the Valve Preamplifier published last

year, ready-made printed circuit board for
the PPP Valve Power Amplifier are not available through the Publishers Readers Services. Ready-made boards, with or without
components, are available from the author:
Mr. Gerhard Haas
EXPERIENCE Electronics
Weststrasse 1
D-89542 Herbrechtingen
Germany.
Tel.: (+49) 7324 5318
FAX: (+49) 7324 2553
E-Mail: [Link]@[Link]

18

one point, at the amplifier input, for

potential equalisation. You should
wire the amplifier with pairwise
twisted stranded wires, using the
cross sectional areas specified in the
wiring diagram shown in Figure 6.
Make a copy of this drawing before
you start, and mark the connections
using a coloured pen as make them.
This will help you to avoid forgetting
a connection or making a false connection!
Once you have finished the wiring
and checked everything, you can
carry out the electrical test. Start by
removing the fuses for the anode
voltages. The filaments should glow
visibly after approximately two minutes. After this you should check
whether the negative grid bias voltages are actually present at the
valve sockets and can be adjusted
using the trimpots. Use a voltmeter
to measure the potential between
M1 and the grid of V3 and between
M2 and the grid of V4. Then adjust
the trimpots so that the maximum
negative voltage is applied to each
of the two grids.
Now you can switch off the amplifier
and install the fuses for the anode
voltages. After switching on the
amplifier, use the voltmeter to measure the voltage drops across the

cathode resistors R25 and R26. The

voltages across these resistors are a
measure of the quiescent currents.
Working back and forth, adjust the
quiescent current each valve to the
specified value. This must be
repeated several times, since the
changed load on the power supply
causes the quiescent current of the
already adjusted valve to change
slightly. Once the quiescent currents
have been set, you can use a
sinewave generator, dummy load
resistor and oscilloscope to check
the frequency response and power
output. At the very end, you will
have to once again adjust the quiescent currents to the specified values.
The quiescent currents must always
be adjusted with no signal applied.
Following this, the equipment is
ready for use.
The sample amplifier was built as a
set of monoblocks and as a stereo
power amplifier (cover picture).
With the monoblocks, there is no
channel crosstalk, which yields very
good localisation, spaciousness and
brilliance. The stereo version is
more economical, since the cost of
the enclosure has to be paid only
once and the power supply is less
expensive.
(000118-1)

Elektor Electronics

5/2001