1 Electric Current and Ohm's Law 11. BASIC DATA ABOUT ATOM . Mass of electron = 9.11 x 10°"! kp Mass of proton. 1.67 x 10°?” kp Mass of neutron = mass of proton . _t Mass of electron = Jeep 55 of proton Diameter of nucleus is of the order of 10° m Diameter of orbits= 10° times dia of molecule Diameter of clecton = 10° m Charge on electron = - 1.602 x 10°” coulomb Charge on proton = + 1.602 x 107? coulomb: 1.2. UNIT OF CURRENT The charge on an electron is measured in terns of coulomb, The unit of current is coulomb per second and is called ampere. This Ly = coulomb _ Ag. 1 (Ampere ) = second = AT One coulomb is equivalent to the charge of 6,28 x 10! electrons. 1 emu of curent= 3 x 10! esu of current. 13. ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE Electromotive force or potential of a body is the work done in joules to bring a unit electric charge from infinity to the body. It is expressed in terms of volts, ‘The potential difference is defined as that which causes current to flowin the closed circuit. 14, RESISTANCE Resistance is the property of a substance due to which it opposes the flo v of electrons (ie, electric current) through it, The unit of resistance is ohm (Q ), Metals, acids and salt solutions are good conductors of electricity. Silver, copperand aluminium offer least resistance to flow of current and are called very good conductor of electricity. The electrons while flowing through the molecules or the atoms of the conductor, collide with other atoms and electrons, thereby producing heat. Some substances offer relatively greater difficulty or ixindrance to the passage of these clectias. ‘Such substances are called poor conductors or insulators of electricity. Some of the insulators are slass, bakelite, mica, rubber, polyvinyl chloride (P.V.C.), dry wood, ete. The resistance of a conductor depends on:ELECTRICAL ENGG (0 2 __ Ty Teng af conductor ~ it varies rectly swith the length : se Spas sectional area of the conduct ~ i aries kuversely wit the resarsechis a te vesisivity Le. the nature of composition, ef, of the material of which the conas made up ;and* fiv) Temperature of the conductor ~ it almost varies ¢->cUv with the temperature, Thus KR, resistance of acanductor is givenby = = p 4 or resistivity af the muteril ‘A = cross-sectional area of conductor. ditions remain constant, the current through ice and it remains constant. Thus where jp = speeilic: resistant 1 = length of the conductors, 1.4.1, Ohm's Lav, If the temperature and other con a conductor is proportional to the applied potential differen Applicd voltage Current = - rent = Resistance of the cizcuil Resistance = —Abilied volisee 2 exrcull © Current in Potential across resistance = Current x Resistance. 1.4.2. Conditions for Ohm's Law: 1. Ohm's law can be applied either to the entire circuit of a part of a circuit. 21, pant resistance and the potential across the par “When ohm’s law is applied to a pant ci resistance should be used. “The Oln's law can be applied to de as well as ac ciscults. However, 1m CSS of 2c cucuns impedance Z, is used in place of resistance. Thus 1 - E - —Apolied voltage —. = Z ~ Impedance in the carcuit 1.3, Conductance (G) is the reciprocal of resistance (R) an 6 OF d is measure of the case with which the current will flow through a substance. Thu The unit of conductance is mho( 1). 1.8, ELECTRICAL POWER Electrical power is expressed in terms of watts (W ) aud is given by Pe = =PR== / WeExisl r Power is also expressed in terms of kW (kilowatt) (=1000 W) ot MW (megawatt) which is 1000 LW or 100,000 W. 1.5.1. Electrical Energy is expressed in terms of kilowatt hours QgWh). Thus Wh = 1kW x Lhour = 1000 watt-hours = 1000 x 60 x 60 watt-sce. 1.6, RESISTANCE COMBINATIONS Sr eee eee in series: When resistances are connected in series, same current Movs B Fesistances, and overall resistance R, is given by R= Ry + Ry + Rs. «Also, Vey . = Vy) + Va + Vs = IR) +4Ra + IRs.ELECTRIC CURRENT ANO OnN'S | Fay 2, are joined in parallel, following relations bold. GOLDS % -— BAND O TOLEAA BaNOOTOLERNCE SOLOS BANOC DECIMAL MULTIPLIER, BAND B SECOND DIGIT BANDA FIRST OIGIT Fig.9, 1.6.3, Effect of Temperature on Resistance. Resistance of all materials is affected Dy-the variations in temperature. The effect of temperature in general is as follows : (i) Resistance of most of the metallic conductors increases with rising temperature, Gi) Resistance of non-conduciors or insulators usually decreases with rising temperature, 164. Temperature coefficient of resistance is defined as the increase in resistance per obm original resistance per *C rise in temperature. Thus @ = fa where Ro is resistance at O°C, R; is resistance at 1°C, J is temperature rise in *C. Usually a: is of the order of 10“ Q/0°C for most of the metals, Incase of insulators and electrolytes, c is usually negative. Temperature coefficient of carbon és negative. 1 in size and colow. codes 3.05. Resistor colour coding. Carbon resistors are physically sail a eee used to represent their value in obms, The scheme is shoaw in Fig. 3. Veri given in the table below :a 4 _ ELECTRICAL ENGG. (OBJECTIVE Type Colour Code Colour Value Black 0 Brown 1 Red 2 Orange 3 Yellow 4 Green s Blue 6 Viclet 7 Grey 8 White 9 1,7, DRIFT VELOCITY ‘The drift velocity ve of charge carriers is related to current by the equation 1=naevg where, n = density of charge carriers in conductor, @ = area of cross-section of conductor, € = charge on each carrier. A large amount of enerey has to be supplied to pull an electron from inside to outside of the metal surface, This cnergy is called work function. This energy is the characteristic of the metal. 1.8. SUPER-CONDUCTIVITY As temperature of metallic conductor decreases, their resistivity decreases. In certain metallic conductors as temperature decreases, the resistivity falls to zero at a certain temperature called super-conducting temperature. It happens for mercury at 4 K and for tin at 3.72 K. This phenomenon is called super-conductivity. Resistivity of semiconductors decreases with increaso in temperature Pr = po Fe, skhere E, is band gap energy, pr = resisttvity at TK, & is Boltzman constant. 1.9. NON LINEAR DEVICES. The devices for which potential difference V Vs current) curve is not a straight line afe called non-linear devices. They don not obey Ohm's law and resistance of these devices is a function of V or / e.g. vacuum tubes, junction diodes, thermistors etc. The dynamic resistance of such devices is given as where AV is the change in pd.ELEGTING CURRENT AND OHMS LAW. ONJECTIVE TYPE QUEST J. Redistivity of w wire depends on ° bi (A) power 1) : (A) tength (B) material Giese, = ‘oan aa (C) cross section area (1) none of th i ss a he above, 10. ing is 2. When n tesistances each of value r ne eat Of the following is not the same as connected in parallel, the : then ; resistance is. When thesen mesistmesrye (AD dulesee (B) amperedvolt connected ia series totalresisance ig (C) amperes x volts (A) ne (B) mr (D) (amperes)? x ohm. wz (D) ns, IL. One kilowatt hour of electrical energy is the a same as 3. Resistance of a wire is r obms, The wire is (A) 36 x 10° watts (B) 36 x 10° ergs streched to double its length, then its (C36 x 10% joules (D)36 x 10" BTU. resistance in chnisis 12. Aneleetric current of 5 A is same as (A) 72 (B)4r (A) SUC (B) 5 VIC {Cin (Dy r74, (C) 5 Cisee (D) 5 wisec. %. Kirchhoff's second law is based on law of 13, An electron of mass m kp aod having a conservation of charge of © coulombs travels from rest (A) charge (B) energy through a potential difference of V volts. Its (C) momentum —— (D) mass. Kinetic energy will be 5. The diameter of the nucleus of an atom is of (A) eV Joules (BYine¥- Joules the order of (OVAF Joules wy x Joules. (A107 (B) 10% m n ot 14, ‘The value of the following is given by tQ0""m (D) 10m. 100 (kilo ampere ) x (micro ampere) 6, The mass of proton is soughly how many 100 milli ampere x 10 ampere fimes the mass of an electron ? aonta (BOA (A) 184, 000 (B) 184, 00 nevis (D)10A. (©) 1840 (Dy 184 15, A circuit contains «wo un-equal resistances 7. The charge on an electrotr is Ynawa to be in pavatlel 16 x 10°? coulomb. In a cicun she (A) current is same in both cafrent fowing:ts 1 A. How many.ciec (8) large current Rows im farger resistor wall be through the cimait s ei mn (C) potential difference across each is same cote x10 (By L616" (D) smalier resistance has smaller (A) 1.6 x ~ 6 > anti te: 2 eyo! / (0.625 x 107 (DIOS XIN". 16 Conductance is expressed in terms of B: Mwo bulb ‘i 4) obmi'm (B) mobm Flog wat250 vai are joined mn series to 250 ‘cage iano? ae an ni 17. Which of the following could be the value of (B) 67 wa fae , : oa Ly of copper ? (CT) 100 watt (D) 300 want. viel J he the unit of second Anipe!Whos 10 2 oman «ote» 10° ohm-an (yt s 10° oun A copper wire of lenpth 1 and diameter 4 bus polenttal difference 1 applied at ts wo 1s 7 ends. The drift velocity is vv. If the g Gitmeter of wire 18 made ¢/3, wea drift : Aelocity becomes (a9 ve op wo WwW) vs. 19, Too resistances ft) and Ay ive combined { rocistanice Of 4.5 ohune whet In series and 1 ohn whew lu parallel. The resistances are (A) 3 ohms and 6 ohms (B) 3 obms and 9 ohms {C) 1.5 ohms and 3 ohms (D) 1.5 ohms and 0.5 ohms. 20. We have three resistances of values 20, 30 and 62. Which of the following combiuatioa will give an effective resistance of 4 ohms? (A) All the three resistances ia paratlel (B) 20 resistance in series with parallel combination of 3 ohm and 6 ohm resistance 3 ohm resistance in series with parallel combination of 2 ob and 6 ohm resistance 6 olin resistance in series with parallel combination of 2 ohm and 3 ohm resistance. al «) 21, Three equal resistors connecied in series across a source of emf together diesipate 10 watts of power, What would be the power dissipated in the some resistors when they are connected in parallel across the same source of emf 7 (A) 10 watts (B) 30 watts (C) 0 wats (D) 270 wats, 22, Current "in the figure is ELECTRICAL ENGG. (WEG AYE TYPE) (AVIA (B05. (C350 (D) 25.4. \ ” we = » 4 1 1 ™ yd 23. Fout identical resistors are firet Conoected tn fparallel ond thea Wm series. The resultant resistance of the fitst combination to the sezoud will be (ay 4 umes (B) } Alans (C) 4 times (D) 16 mes. Twelve wires of same kengtb and same ‘cross-section are connected in the form of a ‘cube as shown io Fig. 5. If the resistance of cach wire is A, then the effective resistance between P and Q will be 24. e ‘a Fin. 5 (AYR (BER 3 (ZR (Dd) $R, 25. When P = Power, V = Voltage. Current, R = Resistance and G = Conductence, which of the following relation is incorrect ? (A) = YPR (yP=VG28. The ratio of the resistarice of a 100 W, 220 V 27, Which of the following bu: ELecA RENT AND OHMS LAW 7 OG = oe The unit of electrical conductivny as (Ar nihotmetee (BY mhovsa. mw (CO) ohavimetne (D) ohavsg. m, bs will : least resistance ? A have the (A)220V,60W (By 220, 100 w : (USV.60W (Dy 115 Vv, 100W, Fig 6 34, How many different combinalions may be obtained with ihre resistors, each having the tesistance R? lamp to that of a 100 W, 110 V Lamp will be nearly (Ay (m2 (Ay3 (By wot Bid (os (Dre a Mt 35. A wire of O14 num dlanelet and specitic 29, The resistance of a 100 W, 200 V lamp is resistance 9,6 micro ohm-cny is 420 emt long, (A) 100.2 (B) 2000 ‘The resistance of the wire will be (C) 400.2. (D) 1609 2, (A) 9.62 (B) It (13.79. (027.40. 30. Two 1 ki ! esis mer ilo ohm, 7 W _fesistOrs F236, Ohm's law is not applicabie to connected in series. Their combined (Asc ciel, iB) high eureans restarice Valea wate wil be (Co small resistors © (D) semi-conductors. eA 2k. Pw BTL Ww 37. A metal resistor has resistanve of 102 at O°C and 11 ohms at 160 C, the temperature 1 {C)2kQ, 2W (D)TkQ, FW. coufficientis BI. Which method can be used for absolute (A) 0.006257 C (8) 0.0625C measurement of resistances ? «C) 0.000625" (D) 0.625"°C. (A) Ohm's law method Questions 38 to 40 refer to Fig.7. 5 ‘ Fixe resistances are connected as shown 2 (B) Wheatstone bridge method the combination is connected 10 2 40 V (© Releigh method supply. (D) Lorientz method. ANN — 32. Three 3 ohm resistors are connected to form ea, Hi P M8 R 3 tnangle, What is the resistance between any two of the comers ? (A) 2 ohms (B) 3 ohms (C} 2 ohms (D) Zohm. ices are connected as shown in Five 1s: ot Fig 6 The equivalent resistance between the en 9 sili he 38 Voltare betucen point P and O points and B will be 38, Voltage Petwcen Pol sey tay ov 1g)225 (A) 35 ohms (B) 25 ohms” ——ELECTIIGAL ENG, (OWM/NOTIVE TYPE (cy 20¥ (D) 17.3 Vs 39, The current Ia 4ohm resistor will be (A2IA (B)2.7A (C)3.0A (D) 3.5. 40, Least curreat will flow through (A) 25 obm resistor (B) 18 ohm resistor (C)10 ohm resistor (D) 5 ohm resistor. 41. Total power loss ia the circuit is (Ay10W (8) 90.2W (c) 205 W (D) 410 Ww. 42. A resistance of 5 ohms 1s further drawn so that its length becomes double. Its resistance will now be (A) 5 ohms (B) 7.5 obms (C) 10 ohms (D) 20 obms. 43, Specific resistance of a substance is measured in {A) ohms (B) mbos (C) ohm-cm (D) covobm. 44. A wire of resistance R bas it length and cross-section both doubled. Its resistance wall become (A4R (B)2R & (OR my 45. Ohm's law is not applicable in all the following cases Except (A) Elecuolyies ——(B) Arc lamps (C) Insulators (D) Vacuum ratio values. 46, The clenveat of electric heater is made of Lh —— te = Fig. 8. (A) figure A (B) figure B (© Gigurec (D) igure D. 49, Three clements having conductance G; , Ga and Gy are connected in parallel. Their combined conductance will be 1 As, te dt GQ’ a’ G GAG +aG+ GG" OT Gat 1 GQatG MG+a+G. Questions $0 to 53 refer to Fig. 9. 50, The variation of resistance of iron and some alloys with temperature is shown i The variation of carbon ¥ (a) © (A) copper (8) steel by (L) carbon (D) aichrome. 57. 5. 10° electrons Pass across the section of «AY curve A @reuves a conductor in | minute 20 sec. The current (OQ cuveC (D) curve D owing is 51. Curves A and B represent the properties for (A) ma (3) 0.1 mA materials which have (C0101 ma (Shab aw, (A) low resistance “Which of the fcliowing figures represents oe conductance. effect of temperature d (C) negative resistance 0a resistance forFLUOT IMO CURRENT AND OFM LAW (D) cegative temperature coethelent. ce Te TeMPEnATUNE Fig. 0, 52 Which of the followi temperature coefficient ? (A) Brass (B) Mercury (C) Electrolytes «,-(D) Silver, 53. All of the following have negative temperature coefficient EXCEPT (A) Paper (B) Gold (©) Rubber (D) Gutta percha, $4, For-the circuit shown below the current / flowing through the circuit will be (ata (C)2A 48. A cube of material of side 1 cm has a Resistance of 0,002 ohm between its oppevile fees. Ifthe same volume of the mater . 228 3 leagih of 8 cm and a uniform cross-section, the msistance of this lengih will be (D) 4A. (A) 0.032 ohm (B} 0.064 ohm (00.096 obrm (D) 0.128 ohm. \ sandind 60 W bulb is in series vaith a beater and connected across the mains. has negative 38. 59, 61. 62. JE th 60 W hulb ts replaced by 106 (A) tho fiewter quiput will torres (D) the heater output val redioce (e) the heater output wall wearing THO alwnintiny entuctors Length, ‘The crocsseetional we conductor fy four tines that of th sar the conductor having simaiter er q area has a resistance of VOO ghia 1h resistance of other cuaductor will be (8) 109 oti (D) 25 obi ter coil has (A) 400 oh, (C) 50 ohms A nichrome wire used as I the resistance of 1 2/m. For 2 heater of 1000 W at 200 V. the length of wire required will be (A) 10m (8) 20m (©) 40m (D) 80m The hot resistance of 9 tungsten lump 1 about 10 times the cold resisiznce, 100. Accordingly, cold nce of a 200 V lamp will be (A) 4000 2 (Cc) 402 Variable resistors are (A) Wire wound resistors (B) Thin film resistors (C) Thick film resistors (D) All of the above. Low resistance can be accuratel by (A) Kelvin bri (B) Wheat stone bridge (B) 409 © (Dp) 4.9. -(C) Wein's bridge (D) None of the above. A heating clement of a tat plat coking range draws 12 Vo mains. How many BWP i: electric from onsumed in ope hour (Ay 12 (ays (C60 0) 72 oo om10 63. Tempersture coefficient of mesistance is expressed in terms of (A)ohnisfohms'C — (B) mhoy/cim'C (Cymbos'c (D) okmmss"C, 64. ICR, is the resistance of 3 coil of copper at 1°C and Rr is the resistance at TC and also the resistance temperature coefficient of 70. copper per degme centigrade at O'C is 1 then 2 is piven by wr ir Lee z 1+ 234.451 wi Ty Baas T 2344541 234.45 + 2 OnssT! Ose r 65. Resisivit{ is usually expressed in terms of (Ar mho (B) ohm °C ™ (c)chms'cm-square (D) ohms/cm-cube. 2 65. Which nuterial is expected to have least resistivity ? (A) Copper (B) Lead (C) Mercury (D) Zine, 2B. 67. The shunt winding of 3 motor has a resistance of 85.0 at 22°C. When the moto, Funs at full load, its resistance increases to 100 ohms. The resistance temperature caxfficient of winding per O°C is 0.004. The rise in tsmperature ot the winging will be 74, early (ay20C 1B) 50°C (70'C (D) 100°C. 68. The resistance temperature coefficient is defined as (A) inctease in resistance per degree centigrade * (B) decrease in resistance per degree centigrade {C) the ratio of increase in resistance per degree centigrade to the resistance at orc t , {D) the ratio of increases in resistance per 75. degice centigrade t0 the rate of rise of resistance at OC. 69, Two coils connected in series have ELECTRICAL NGG, (OBJECTIVE TYPE) resistances of C1 ots and 300 ohms and lempereture coefficienis of 1 and 0.45 Fespectively, The resistance of the combination at 50°C will be {411050 ohms (B) 1001 ohne (C) 1600 ohms (1D) 999 obs, 4 300.W, 200 V filament lamp has operatiog femperatuie of 2000'C. The filameat material has resistance temperature coefficient of 0.095 at O'C per “C, The current taken by the Lamp at the instant of switching with 200 V supply with Miemeot temperature of 20°C will be (AVIA (B)3A (C)SA (D) 0A. A fuse Is always installed in a circuit is (A) Series (5) Parallel, ‘The rating of fuse wire is expressed in terms of (A) Ohms (B) Mos, (C) Amperes (D) Watts, Which of the following material is not used as fuse material ? (A) Silver (B) Copper (C) Aluminium (D) Carbon. Questions 74 to 78 refer to Fig. 11. ‘The voltage drop across the resistor 9 will be za 8 “et 2 Fig 11. (AI (By 12 (Q9V (D6 Vv. The voltage drop will be least in. which resistor? (Ay2a (B32 (6v (D)3.2 and 62. BLL Fee a 0; 82 The ai] 0: 83. Tot (ay 7 84 A 10 Foon16. The ilibe We RA 6. The current through 6 ohm resistor will be the bub is replaced by v G2) wy (TA B)2A (3A it 3A a Heater op will 77. The ratio of power dissipated { yer clad mall dere ramen or nawes dispsted in creuit ADA (C) Heater output will remain unghaaged wt (ys (D) Bulb will not plow (©)0.67 wiz 85. An immersion rod heats a bucket of water t : ee 15 minutes, tn order dha the water stool) 78. raya asspated in the cre i boil in 10 minutes (A) 80.'W (B) 100 W *(A) length of heaung element of tbe red (cy 120 W (D) 150 w. — should be increased 79. ‘The current carrying capacity of the fuse , (8) length of heating clement of the rod material depends on should be reduced (A) cross-sectional area ._ (C) supply voltage should be reduced (B) length (D) heating clement of larger diameter (C) material should be used. (D) all of the above. 86. A lamp of 100 W at 200 V is supplied 80. According to the fuse law, the current current at 100 volts. It will be equivaleat to camying capacity varies as the lamp of . (A) dismeter (B) (diameter (A) 50 (8) OW 1 1 (C25 w (D) 10 w. (Q) Gometer ©) Gomer? 87. Two electric bulbs of 100 W, 200 V are put in series and the combination 1 supplied 100 Questions 81 to 83 refer to Fig. 12, V. The power consumption ofeach bulb will 81. For the circuit shown in Fig. 12. the ve'"e of be current {will be (a) 102.W (B) 1004. W bad 20 2a (C) 1008 W (D) 100/16 W. 1 ‘Questions 88 to 91 refer to Fig. 13. a 88. Taree lamps are in circuit as sbows in ‘0: Fig. 13. The lamp of 100 W will bave maximum brightness when (A): key kr is closed, kz is open and by is closed = Fig. 12. (A)10A (B)ISA (2A (D)25A. 82. The combined resistance of the circuit is (A) 10 ohms (B) 5 ohms (©) 4 ohms (D) 2 obms. y 83. Total power dissipated in the circuit is (A) 25 EW (B) S.0kW (C)7.5 kW (D)10kW, 84. A 100 W bulb is connecied in series with a room heater of 750 W. What will happen if Fig. 1310 «o Wop. dy fs elased and ky Is open (C) 4) Ivopsn, As is closed an Ay bs ator clase wt open closed, da is open and ty As ako 89, When switches &) and ky are open aid ky fs closed (A) 160, Wo lamp vill glow brighter th 20W lamp (B) <0 Wo lop will glow brighter Uh 100 W lamp AC) Botte will glow at thetr full brightness {Dy Bott will glow at tess thaw their f ® nan their Fl gy oar beighmess. 90. Which of the Following statements necessarily correut ? is (A) <0 W bulbs will always glow at full brightness: {B) 100 W bully will ahvays glows at full brightness (C) Whatever be the position of keys, at least one 40 W bulb will always plow (D) 91. 40.W bulb A will be n least bright 1 (A) only keys ky and ke are open (B) only keys (C) only keys (Dall keys ane closed. 92. The power consumption of the circuit will be maximum when (A) key ki and 4 are closed and kz is open (B) key &; isclosed, kz and ky are open (C) key fr aud ky are closed and ks is open (D) all he keys are closed. 93. Which of the following Jamps will have least resistance af room temperature ? (A) 200, 2209 (C) 60 W, 220 (B) 100 W, 220V (D) 25 W. 220 V. lever current flows through the ‘circuit, 100 W bulb will always glow. _BLILOTANGAL ENGG, (OEIEOT! 94, Pilanwents of vleetle bulbs are qatally ride of CAD Nichirome: (8) Tungsten 1) Copper {01 Carbon, 45, The value of supply voltage for $00. % Sohn Hoi bs (Ay S00 (By 100 1c) 50 (D) 10. 96, Whicl resistor will be physically larger ia size? 1ar10, 50 Ww (B) 100.0, 10 W 11k, 1 DP 1OM2, £ conn resistances Ry Ra Mo and Re ‘J in series against 220 V. supply. tw. ‘The resistances are such that Ry > Ry > Ry > Re. The least power consumption in (Ay esistor Ri (B) resistor Re (C) resistor Rs (D) resistor Ra «will be 98. 100 resistors of 100 ohms each ar connected in parallel. Their equivalent resistances will be . (A) 10,000 ohms (B) 100 ohms (C)1 ohm (Dy 1 70.000 oh 99. For a fixed supply voltage the current Mowing through a conductor will when decrease (A) cross-sectional area ef the conductor is, increased (B) length of the conductor is increased (C) length of the conduetor is reduced (D) cross: fength is decreased. ctional area increased and 100, When current flows through heater coil it glows but supply wiring does because, not glow (A) supply wiring is covered with insulation layer (B) current through supply Tine flows st slower speed. (C) supply wires are made of superior 101. Thee eos, mete te ik Ore 102. Io tee Vales Rist the a Sure Weat circuit A © 103.5 | 105.RIG CURRENT Ante oy 0D) resistive hacsunpty O8. The resi ‘ lon. sh Fesistance of 1 Meter fener COPPER Wine ts | obm. The chs Meer lenvih of 24 fauge 6 pre OF heater eit Hi no, Mee OF ome PP Wine SiH he £ fAY> £ ebm 38 1 aim 106. THT hita NGI igs ian In corte The ices mess tie a D) more thant ohm ANA wattage Al ha on a ‘sou SHOWN, the resistance R bate XAv Qa . Bis 20 RPE Om the cure. Shectat ) 2 ohms wreath cure ie. IAN Want ae the amount of SC in tsi 107. The resin 100 aan sistance he resistance af 160) 8 Fe aly c2¥) 19 ones Be cumeak ANNO EE (By) 16 t © value of the current in the (O) 4000 Fog. 14 (A) 8.33 A (B) 10.04 (C)125A (D) 504, 103. If the length and diameter of a conductor is tripped, the resistance will increase approximatley by (A) 62% (B) 332% (Q- 62% (D)- 334%, 104. If the resistance of an incandescent light bulb changes as the voltage across the bulb is changed, which of tie following is wue ? (Ay Tbe intermal inductano: of the bulb causes this change (8) The bulb is said w have a tow fonization potential (C). The bub has cons curva! thryngh the bully is changed (DB) The bulb is a type af pow-linear resistance. 105. Which exxthod cam be used for absolute resistance of the 2108. A cylindrical i 109. Three resistance of 6 by 10%. The per resistance will be (A) 18% (C) 20% as shown io Fig 15 resistance between ¥, Fy. 13. (ay20 ‘Baa (8a re 110. The unit of conductance is (A) per obin (a) oda (Cy mba, (DY ade, VL, Ghin's Law ts Got apple following caver ewepe (A) Bles taty sts (8) Ave Laps (E) tasulaions (0) Vassar gailion valves TPQ. bia whiiety al the Gutkaning alhags: sauce pales Ov ant adie AD UD y actor a HY tn ah oe(8) 10 ¥ across two 10 2 resistance in seres ©) 10 V across Wo 10 2 resistances in paratiel (D) 1006 °F across MQ resistance, NBA pi of shiver wire has a resistance of 12. A manganin wire has specific resistance 30 times that of silver. The resistance of a mapganin wire of one fourth length and one third diameter will be (A); ohm (B) ohm (C) 67.5 ohms. (D) 86.75 ohm. 114. cube of material of side 1 am has a resistance of 0,002 ohm between its opposite faces, If the same solunw of the material has hoof S cm and 2 uarfonn cross-secuon, alen, the resistance of Uus length will be (4) 0.032 ohm (B) 0.064 ohm (©) 0.096 oam (D) 0.128 otun. 115, The unit of conductivity ts (A) mho/meure (B) mhorsg. Mm (© chnvmene (D) obm'sg. m. 116. For the circuit shown in Fig. 16. the meter will read oy 1ca Fig 18. (AVLA (B)SA (C) LOA (D) 25. 117, For ihe circus’ shown in Fig. 17. the reading 19) the ammeter 4 will be (A)2A (B) 0.54 (C)0.4A (D) 0.24, According to Joule law bat produced by a current / while in flowing through 2 material of resistance R for a length of time T, is proportional to (A) T only (B) (RT) (C) CRT) (0) (PAT). In the colour code for resistances black colour represents the number (Apo (BE (C2 In the colour code while the number (Ayo (88 (c)6 — (D)S. 121. In the colour code number 3 1s represented by (Ay blue (B) orange (O ery (D) violet. The condition for the validity under Ohm's law is (A) Temperature at positive end should be more than the temperature at negative cad . Current should be proportional to be size of resistance (C)_ Resistance must be wire wound type (D) Resistance must be uniform. 123, In which figure the relationship between 118, 119. (D) 3. 120. colour represents (By ' 1 ®) eZESTRIC CURRENT ANO Ot 5 tay vollage V la vt (A) Figure 4 (C) Figure c 124, Production of heat du by which law (A) Ohm's taw (B) Joule’s taw (C) Relvin’s law , Wvin's La (D) Maxwell's taw, 1510 aconance (8) Fipure B (0) Figure b. Ye {9 CUFTENE js related between volta BC and resistance represented in which group? eeUY LO ZV (A) 8; Fig 19. (A) Group A .(B) Group B (©) Group C (D) Growp D. 126. The maximum power that can be distributed in the load in the circuit shown tn 30 10 tN % 60 2 “joao Fig 20 (A) 3 watts (B) 6 watts (C) 6.75 watts (D) 13.5 watts. tA Variable resistance R is connected across 4 source of voltage V. If the value of the 15 resisuince Ky ai the Felationsinjs ty nit be sented hy which ue 1\ Fig.21 (8) Figure B (D) Figure D. AU, 1 W resistor can safely pass a current of (A) 30 mA (B) 100 ma iCd SO. mA (D) SOO mA, 129, The resistance to the flow of current through a copper wire (A) Figure A, (C) Figure C FA) increases as the length of wire decrease (B) decreases as the diameter of wire deereases (C) increases as the length of wire creases (D) decreases as the increases. 130. For the same voltage, the ratio Resistance of 100 W lamp Resistance of 25 W lamp (B)4 (Dy. length of wire (A) (C) 16 131, The voltage drop across a resistor of 02 is 10 volts. The wattage of the resistor mi be (ayiw ewAo ca ww volt buth tag a Reckoner of 00 The auaber ef hones th ean wart for Co FW opeonysy conenined wae eo rose «oy 69 133. A seani-condeeter is AA) one which e volure rystevion hase enauhactivity 16. sane is betecen that af a eenduetor anit an ts only ball of applied tasulste cat mode of alienate layers of recites ervebemad al inenttabor yo has comfvctrsaty jnchysty of tasulator R= a7 1 Wand are connected to parallel Lc oonhined value wai fe IW 1B) S7kQ, 2W SESW (DOLAIW, ayy ect tha! (2) rosop.at has targe number of turws ® laser aumber 1 offers of (C) ect fas lower wattage rating (0) rhrostat bas higher wattage cans The equivalent sesistanur at the outs Xp +3 on the cacull shaw belay ao tise 1 Aide ar ede 16) G9 ce Dy UNS ary stecerical resi cag ie vont as chunpaned: | ne 19 120, The ¢ vat tay is thy a ty devon Mee Wore ay i foe fone wa f coniBevent ate citi Reside 1B) Ae (CV Non. mera (1D) Teenie arcut as The iota! not Serwee t= av i oe (ay id = 2 comune (c) 292 5 Sauibentin Questions 142 20d 2 ether oo he em given bel A certns passive chars, acme Ly a wuby of ee Me The prnver Deng vasoopuiny « Notre wll - : arin BAe WINWIW rasa se Whe foniet BeiDg Gtnnttraiue eran tive Willig (Maw ve BY wesw WY, WN 1 Be AWME iy A AS gn he Pe We vee a ge Phen ita re 4B), HARRY, wry sELECTRIC C1 17 144, fo the above pp ob a inust Ber hove problem, the tenmunal voltage (A) dielectrics, —o Tee (O15 my wisy (B) supar-coudveror (sy (ys0Y, (Ch semi conductors 14S. The charge of an electron jg noun t0 be 150, ye eestor: 150. We have three 1 istances each of 1 chm. How many different valves of resistance cau , PS obtained by different senes-parallel 16% 10°C. How mua Pot L make it C of charpe 7 (A) one BY electron docs (B) one mi f (62 x 19H ne million Combinations if all the three resistavces are we (D)16 x 19°, remain in the exrcutt ? "clement et, Cmtering the terminal of an -~ (A) Three (B) Four ‘nt is Riven by the equation (C) Five (D) Six. m FU) = 10°? ~ 10" ra, 151. A resistor has the value of 349 and the € total charge Nowing into Us current through it is measured to te 0.3' ma. ¥ © clement Tye conductance is : between? = 1's ands = ‘2s will be nearly (A) 30000 mb 1B) 30 mh 3 mho. (B) we (A)22X 10°C (By LE rs G06 410% ‘ 10" = (©)0.33 milli mho (Dy 30 micro mio (D)06 x 10°C. 152, Resistance between X and Xr is 147, An electron in a vacuum tube is observed to fase 1.6 x 107° 5 of energy in moving te from point A to point B. ‘Tae voltage of —— point B with respect of point A is * 8 (A)-1V (B)+1V (C)-O1V (D) +0.1-V. Fig24 148. In electronic micro-cireuits, a resistor may (ay 10a (B) greater than 102 (C10 (1) less than 10.2, be fabricated from a constant-thickness layer Of semi-conductor material with conductor 153, When checked with an ohm meter an open connections at the edges as shown in Fig, 23, resistor reads If the resistor shown has resistance R, then a (A) zero similar resistor 0.2 millimeter by 0.2 () nigh: vaca wzrance millimeter has a resistance of {Gilow buivetzer ea (D) infinite. F 154. current of 1 mA flows through a1 MQ, OF mm 2.W carbon wsistor. The power dissipated as heat in the resistor will be fT 2W (BIW Fig 2st (0.5 W (D)0.1 ¥ cons . i wing carbeo (se man % wir Sas sal 0 XQ with 20% (C)R ome. tolerance ? es and silver stripes 149. Certain substances lose their electrical (A) Red, red, green resistance completely at finite low stripes temperatures, Such substances are called “1C) Orange, orange, black and gold stripe (B) Yellow, violet, yellow and silver stripsELECTRICAL ENGG (OWEGTIVE TYPO, (D) Brown, black, orange and no tolerance (A) 10,000 2, 10 W isa — iste lk (8) 100,000.82, 1 . A carbon resistor has to meet the following y Fequirements e {C1501 100 W if copia (D) 10.9, s0.w Gurrent: 100A. 163. A resistor iy to be connected across a 35 V . hallery t provide 1 nA of current. The Safety factor for power dissipation : 2 Fequired resistance vata a stulable wattage Which of the following wsistors will be rating 1s, table ? Suitable ? (A) 45.2, 10. (BIAS Q. IW ican ow (B) 0.52, 100W (C) 450k, 2 W (D) 45 KO, LW. 10 W 0 i 37 Y — @)509,1 w, 164. In the circuit shown below, heat produced in - A 10 ohm resistor with a 10 W power rating 5.2 resistance is 10 eal’sce. Heat developed is expected to be a ingQis {A) carbon resistor TA) 1 ealisee (3) 2 eadlsce + (B) wire wound resistor (C) 2 calisen (Dd 3 case. +) either F Wire wi sistor (C) either carbon or wire wound re Aen We eu (D) neither carbon nor wire wound resistor. au 158. Two 10 KQ, 5 W resistors in parallel have oO is Jent resistances of 5k and power wen | rating of wine (Ay2sw (BSW Fig 25 (O10W (D) 25 W. 165. For a cabor composition reasiyr colour 159. Which of the following is typical resistance coded with yellow, stoke Soames and ster and power dissipation value for a wire stripes from left to myble the vale af wound resistor ? resistance aid tolerapcy are, @jimnaw (B) 50kQ, 1 W (A) $702 + 10% 11470 + WOR, 3 * (C) 74902 + 50% (Dy TED = 5g {€) 5002, 1 W (BD) 10.2, 50 W. 166. For a carbon-composition resistor cole 160. A 100 k @ resistor with a1 W power rating coded with green, black, gold and silver is likely to bea stripes from left to right the resistance and tolerance an: (A) carbon resistor (A)50Q2 410% BS O = Su (B) wire wound resistor (C) either carboa or wire wound resistor (C)SQ + 10% (DOS O + 6%, (D) neither carbon nor wire wound resistor. 167. A resistor with the colour coded value of 161. Two 5 kQ, 5 W resistors in series have 1000 ohms and + 10% tolerance can tave equivalent resistance of 10 kQ with power an actual resistance between (A) 990.Q and 1010 rating of (A)25W (B)SW (B) 9002 and 110 Q (O10 W (D) 25 W, (C) 10002 and 1100 2 62. Which of the following are typical resistance (D)900.Q and 1000 2. and power-dissipation values for a carbon- 16¢ For carbon resistors what 1s the colour for composition resistor ? 49ohms £ 5% 10% 172 The tolerance for silver stnpe is (A) + 5% (B) + 10% (2 36 (D) * 10% 173. Which of the tollowing can have positive or Ocgative charge 7 (A) Electron (8) Iron (2 Hole (D) Neutron. cb of the following parallel resistances will have the highest value of equivalent Teststance ? (A) 10K and 2540 (B) 152, 242 and 34 (C) Tso S00 kL resistors (D) Four 401.2 and two 1040 resistors. 175. In series as well as parallel circuits the equivalent (tota!) value of certain parameter is given by NeXt Xe Ky + N+ ‘The parameter ¥ could be (A) resistance (B) current (C) voltage (D) power. "76, The resistance of 2 150-scale voltmeter is " (b) Salt solution (Germanmum yi (8) Ferronicket abloy iin iSeny-< (AVEO). botnet) ea Bia On, & On, Che Gan ha cong (Diatand, bday, ete), a 179 In the eercuat shoven tations the (ka (By (tA tia Fo 26 180.In a nickel-cadmiunr-aikal clectrolyts is (A) sulphur acid (B) potassium hydroxide (C) zine chloride (D) ammonium chloride. a cell the20 181, Which value of resistance P shown in the Circuit will allow 1080 watts to be dissipated Fig. 27, (A) 19.5 ohms (B) 145 obms (C)9.75 ohms (D) 5.55 ohms, 2. There are 8.5 x 10" fie electrons ia one cubic metre of copper, Woea the copper conductor is worked at 155 Alcm* the velocity of the axial drin will be SA) 114 x 1078 m/s #8) 1.14 x 10° (C) 1.14 x 10° m/s .D) 1.14 x 107 183, Two batteries have 2a opeo-circuit voltage of 12.8 volts cach and an interaal resistance of 0.08 ohms. The short circuit curent of ‘two batteries conzected in parallel will be (A) 80 (B) 1204 (C)160A (D) 3204. Questions 184 and 185 refer to data given below: A radiator clement supplied at 240 V + dissipates 2.4 MJ in 20 minutes, 184. The power dissipated in the elements is (A) 2000 W (B) 1000 W (c) 500 W {D) 200 w. 185, The resistance of the element is (A) 68 ohms (B) 28.8 ohms (C)14.40bms —- (D) 7.2 ohms. Questions 186 to 188 refer to data given below: Two loads X and Y, are connected in parallel to a 115 V supply. Load X takes 35 wacs and the total current is 2.6 A. 186. The resistance of X is ELECTRICAL ENGO. (OWECTIVE TreFy (A) 379 ohms (B) 291 ohms (©) 233 ohms (D) 190 ohms, 187, The resistance of Y is (A) 200 obms (B) 100 ohms (©) 0 ohms (P) 20 obms. 188. The power absorbed by ¥ Is (A) 528 (B) 264 W counw (D)66W. *- {Questions 189 and 190 refer to data gives below : A source whose no-load voltage is 220 V delivers 20 watts to 2 load when the current isO.4 A, 189. The internal resistance of the source is (A) 10 obms (B) 20 ohms (C) 50 obms (D) 100 obms, * 190. The maximum power that con be delivered by the source is “(ASW (B) 102. W ()152W (D) 242 W, 191. All good conductors have nigh (A) resistance (B) electrical conductivity: (C) electrical and thermal conductivity (D) conductance. 192. A light dependent resistor is basically'a (A) power resistor (B) non-metallic resistor (C) carbon resistor (D) variable resistor, 193. Voltage dependent esisiors are usually made from (A) graphite (B) charcoal (C) silicon carbide (D) nichrome. 194, The power rating of 2 470 ohm resistor carrying a current of 40 mA should be (iw iw (Cw (D) 2 ¥.ELECTAIO CURRENT AND OMe LAW 195. Resistance stow belowin 4 (AR (B)3.K (4K (D) 5K, Frg 28, 196, Voltaze d-pendent resistors are used (A) as curreat stabilizers (B) as heating elements (C) for inductive circuits (D) to suppress surges. 197. Metals approach super-conductivity conditions (A) near absolute zero temperature (B) near critical temperature (©) at tripte point (D) uoder the conditions of high perature and pressurp, 198.1n which of the following the resistance with riso in temperature 7 (A) LDR . (B) NTC thermtistors (C) Nichrome conductors () ACSR conductors, 199. The equivalent resistance of 2’ branches in Parallel, cach having resistance of A will be ? (A) 4ohms (B) 2 ohms (©) Lohm (D) Lohm. 200. Equivateat Resistance between X and ¥ ig (A) 500 (8) 75.0 (22750 (D) none of the above, otms Fig. 29, STATE WHETHER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F): 201. Kircboff's first law is based oa the principle of law of conservation of charge. 202. Ohm's law is applicable to’all conductors of electricity. 203. Electrons in a conductor bave 00 motion in the absence of a potential difference across it 204, A steady current passes through a cylindrical conductor. Then the electric field inside the conductor is zero. 205.3 voltx I watt= 1 HP. 206.4 volt x 1 Amp = 1 Joule-sec"', 207. 50 electric bulbs are connected scross supply of 220 volts. After ove bulb is fxd remaining 49 bulbs are agsin coonectst te same supply. The illumination si be coe with 50 bulbs than with 49 but 208. In two beating coils coe is B= otber is thicker. Both ci material and leagth. Thess == el and then wm seres eben wicker wie Res energy and in series combiaains *a 22 : ELECTRICAL BUCS (ORLLETVE YyHE liberates more energy. in cach is same. 209, Twa hulbs one of $0 watt and the other is of 210. EME of a cell as a function of is resioty 25 watts are connected in series, then current FILL IN THE BLANK WITH APPROPRIATE WORD : 211A. fuse wire should be of material that has 217. A wire of length 10 mand radivs 1 nun hag . resistivity and 3 resistance of 2 ohms. Length of wire of same material Having radius 2 mm has resistance of 2.0 bs voces 212. Illuminating power decreases by . .when current drops of 20%. 218, If two bulbs of itera powers are joined in 213.A pot. difference of V is applied across a Pi meee of watlages resistor of length Land diameter D. If . ; diameter D ishalved, vu. . 219. Iftwo bulbs of different powers are joined in paraltel, then bulb of glows brighter. wallages 214. A wire having resistance of 1 ohm is bent through 180° and twisted, the resistance is ohms. 220. An clectric bulb rated as 500 watt-100 volis is to be lighted on a 200 volt supply. Series reistance needed to deliver S00 watt is 215. 100 watt lamp has than a 40 watt lamp, 216. Resistivity of mercury at 4 K is ANSWERS 1.18) 2.00) 3.(B) 4. (1B) 5. (D) 6.(C) 7c)" 8. 0B) 9.(D) 10. (B) MC) 120C) BA) 14 By SC) 16.) 1.08) 8D) 19.) 20. (BYE) 2DWLAY.- BLA). -24. B) (C 26.4AY 2D) AY. 29.) 30.) B)-32.C) 33.(D) 34.1) 35. (D) 36. (D) 37.1) 38. B)—-39, 1D) 40, A) SEU) AD) BC) CY 45.1) 66D) 47. BY B.A) $8.00) 50.0) 51D) SRC). 53.18) 54.4) 55, (D) 56, tA) S7.(D) SRC) 58.1) GLKA ILA) 62.(8) 63 (A). co 65.(D) 664A) 67.10) BL). (D.C) 71, (A) 72.40) BAD) 788) 75.1) 16.10). (8) 89. (D) 80. (B) 51D) 82.(C) 83.14) BS. (BY 85. (B86, «C) 87.(D) 88. (B) 89. (B) 90. (D) SICA) 92.(AY 93, (Ay 94.(B) 95. (C) 96. (A) 57.(D) 98. (C) 99. (BY 100. (D) 101. (Dy 102. (B) 103. (C) 104. (D) (D) 106. (B)— 107.) 108. (B) 109.) 110. «DY 111, «C) 11, (C) (C) 114. (D) MS.(A) 116.4) 117, (C) 118. (D) 119. (A) 120. (A) 521.) 122. (D) 123. (B) 124, (By 125. (a) 126. (C) 127. (B) 128, (A) F2.1C) 130.(D) 131.13) 132.0) 133.48) 134, Dy 135, (D) 136. (B) F7. (Ey 138. (A) 139. (D) 140.) 141. (DY 44, (D) 143. (C) 144. (C) FEC) 146, (A) TAT. (CY 148. (C) 149. (BY 150, (By 151, (C) 192. (C)ELECTRIC CURRENT AND OHM'S LAW 23 ISD) 154.8) 155 «Dy 156. 1D) 157. (B) —158.(C) 159. (D) 160. 1A) 161. «Cy {BY 165.) 168, (BY 165. BY 166. (C) 167. (B) 168, (AD 169. (A) (Dy WY VTL (Dy 173, (B) 174. (C) 175. (D) 176, (D) 177. «Cy (De VIOAC) 180. 1By ASIA) 182, (C) 183. (D) 184, (A) ISS. (BY A BSAC 8. (By 189.4) 190, (DY 194. (0) 192, (D) 193. (C) AC) POX 196. (D) 197. A) 198. (BY 199, (D) 200, 1) 21. (T) iF UF) 204, (Fy 205. F) 206, CT) 207. F) 208, TY 209, (T) vy 211, Highilow Nd 30% 213, No change 214, 0.25 215. lesser 216, zero 217, 40m" 218, lower 219, higher 220, 204d,of enuf, is an arrangement WHICTH SUPPEes Aor A source trons in a conductor & particular direct movement of the free elec (a) Primary cells. An electrochemical cell which cannot b be replaced is called a primary cell. The first electrochemical cell was invented by Luigi Galva ‘Alessandro Volta in 1800 and is called simple Voltaic cell. Af Leclanche cell, Bunsen cell, Fuel cell etc. {b) Secondary cells. A sccondary cell is one in whict electrical energy but they do so only when they are charged by source. These are also called accumulators or storage cells. 1 cell) are commonly used secondary cells. NEGATIVE POST ERCAP 5 cru i; SEDIMENT SPACE Fig. 1. Battery (G 2. EMF, (Electromotive Force) of a ma is two electrodes of the cell when it is in open-circuit (i.e. Iniernal resistance of a cell ts defined as the res of the cell wheo current flows through the cell,Internal resistance *b* of a cell: (i) locreases with increase in distance between two electrodes, (ii) Decreases with coucentration of electrolyte, (ii) Decreases with increase in arva of the plates inside electrolyte, (iv) Decreases by increasing the size of electrodes, (v) Increases with age of cell. Terminal- voltage (Available p.d.) is defined as the potential difference between two electrodes of the cell when it is ia closed circuit (i.e, current passes through it). If (a) Curent 1 is drawn from it then terminal-voltage V is tess than exm.f. E by an amount equal to potential drop (/s) across the internal resistance of cell V=E-Iborb= Cu V= IR) where R is extemal resistance. (b) Curreat / is passed through cell from external source from + ve electrode to -ve electrode of cell, then V=E+lb In this case V > E (This happens when a cell is charged). - 2.1.2. Faraday's Laws of Electrolysts First Law, “The mass (Am) of ions liberated at an electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of change ( Aq ) passing through the electrolyte”. Am = ZAq = ZI At. Zis called E.C.E. (Electro-chemical eauivalent) of the substance of the electrolyte. +Fogifme£k, . Faraday's constant {s equal to the charge required to liberate the mass of sub electrode equal to its chernical equivalent during electrolysis, 2.2. PRIMARY CELLS 2.2.1, Simple voltaic cell. It consists of a glass vessel containing dilute sulphuric acid as electrolyte, ‘Two rods one of copper and the other made of zine are placed in dilute sulphuric acid. Action, Zinc atoms in contact with dilute sulphuric acid give up electrons as belo Zo —— Zn + 2° The Zn** ions pass into the electrolyte and their Concentration is very ligh near the zine electrode. As a result of the above oxidajion reaction, zinc electrode is left negatively charged and hence it acts as cathode. Fig. 2. ‘The dilute sulphuric acid and water dissociate into hydronium ions (represented 2 more commonly as H)O*) as given below: - H2SOu + 2120 + 2H)O* + SOc” Due to high concentration of Zn” ions near tre cathode, the HyO° ions are repelle copper electrode and get discharged by removing electrons from the copper atoms, reaction takes place at the anode : 2HyO" + 2e7 —-+> 2H0 +H. As a result of the reduction reaction taking place at copper electrode, copper is charged and hence it acts as anode. Voltaic cell suffers from the following two defects : Local action, The zinc rod comains impurities like iron, carbon etc. These impuriti surface of ~inc, come in contact with the acid and form minute cells. Due to this, loc produced in zinc rod which result in the wastage of zine. This defect 1s called local actic This defect can be removed by amalgamating the zinc rod with mercury. Polarisation. The positive hydrogen ions travel towards copper rod and transfe charge to copper. The hydrogen gas, then, escapes through the solution in the form of bubbles. In doing so, a part of the hydrogen gas gets deposited on the copper rod in the form of 4 a neutral layer. It, uien, stops the inflow of charge and the e.m.f. of the cell falls. This defect can be removed by brushing off the hydrogen from time to time or by using a depolariser, which will convert hydrogen gas into water. 2.2.2, Denial cell. Denial cell consists of, a copper vessel containing copper sulphate solution. The copper vessel itself acts as the positive clectrode. A porus pot containing dilute sulphuric, acid is placed in the copper vessel (Fig. 3). omalgamated zioc rod Sippiog inside the sulphuric acidsures OF ee Acts as negatlve electrode, Action, When the ctreult is com ; : pleted, dilute sulpph eacls with ais liberate hydrogen gas, The reaction takes place as cee acta in porous pot reacts wath v1 20 + HS. —— znso. + Hy, Porous pot does nto affect the working of ie cell, until crystals of tr The formation of Z0SO. in ZaSO, are deposited. ‘The hydrogen gas passes through the porous pot and reacts with CuSOx solution as below Hz + CuSO. ——_, HrSO. + Cu Copper so formed gets deposited ou the copper vessel ‘The use of amalgamated zine rod axoids the local action, while coppet sulphate solution acts as depolariser. As the concentration of copper R per sulphate solution remains constant, ils eum constant, Denial cell possesses esm.f. equal to 1.12 volt, eee 2.2.3. Leclanche cell. Leclanche cell 2 enniects ROD Consists of glass vessel comaiving a strong solution of ammonium chloride, ihe amalgamated zine rod dipping i n Bin tbe zacRCD— aous ammonium chloride solution acts as the aaa. negative electrode, The positive electrode is saxrune or a carbon rod placed inside a porous pot and Moe ReS cussain the empty space in the porous pot is filled — wancanese with manganese dioxide and charcoal DIOXIDE AND. powder. (Fig. 4). CHARCOAL Action, When the circuit is completed, 7 Zn rod and NHACI solution react as below : ‘9 Zo + 2NHsCl —~ ZnCiz + 2NH3 + Hy ‘Ammonia gas is set free, while the hydrogen gas passes into MoO: contained in the porous pt and the following reaction takes place : 2MnO; + Hy ——> Mm; + 1:0. ‘M0203 gets oxidised to MnO; by acquiring oxygen from the air according to followings schem= : Ma,0) + O——> 2Mn02. HCA SOL — arass cP The emf. of a Leclanche cell is 1.45 volt. see sea 2.2.4, Dry cell. A dry cell is a portable form of a oe ep Leclanche cell (Fig. 5). It consists of a zinc container - which acts as the negative clectrode. It contains a paste of | me, saw dust saturated with a solution chloride and zinc chloride. Acarbon rod aie ceo ae 1 asin aa ectrode is ered with a brass cap. . as the positive electrode and is covered s sotto i: 1 osely packed mixture of charcoal Lae It is surrounded by a clo Cf and manganese dioxide in a muslin bag. , i SE Action. When the circuit is completed, zinc aloms falcons 4 got oxidized by giving up clecons as below ron Zn —— Zn + 26° ‘Thus, Zarrod becomes negatively charged.NACI disseciates tate NIG ant CL toon as piven below NEV n NH tous remove elcetroits front the Carbon ral teasing Mt pastively PrEREHM around INe EHO OA! the fallow ing reaction takes p WMnOy 4 INN 2e Since carbon text is poutiycly charged and rive container Is negatively charged, #n OMS. OF 1S V is set up in a dry cell, The Gry cells are manufactured in different sires pred voeds. 23. SECONDARY CELLS A secondary cell 1s one un which chemical enemy is converted into electrical energy bet they de soonly when they are charged by passing current through them by some source Secondary cells are also called eccumulators of storage cells, These are of two types: 1. Lead acid cell.” 2. Edison alkali cell 24.1. Lead acid cell. Ht consists of a hart rubber, glass or celluloid container which ACCOMPALIES plates, separators, electrolyte ete. The positive plate consists of o thin rectangular pri The paste of lead peroride is filled 1m the grids, The negative plate consists of similar pid frame work and a paste of spongy lead is filled in the ends. Plate connectors are made of pre lead, The electrolyte is dilute sulphune acid . Mts capacity is measured in ampere-hour, which is its ability to discharpe of a curent of ope ampere continuonsly for one hour, Thus, an 80 ampere hour cell can give a continuous supply of a curreat of § ampere for 10 hours or 4 ampere supply for 20 hours. (2) Discharging. When it is Cully charged, its em, is 2.2 volt, which falls to 20 voll, when used. The sulpbunc acid dissociates into bydrogen and sulphate ions. At the anode, hydropea ‘combives with the orygen of the POO; and sulphuric acid attacks lead to fon PRSO. ic. PhO; + H:+ H,SO. — PLSO4 + 2H:0 Al the cathode, SO, ions combine with lead to form PbSO4 . Lc. Pb + SOs —— PHSO.. cathode become PSO. Due to formation of water, specific pravity and abo 4 to suit particotar Thus, both anode a the em. of the cell falls (b) Recharging. When the cell is connected to a battery charger, the hydrogen ions move to cathode, sulphate ions go to anode and the following reactions take place + At cathode: PhSO. + Hi» Ph + HiSOx, At anode : PDSO« + SO« + 2H30 —> PbO? + 2H:SO. Due to consumption of water, specific gravity of HaSO4 increases ancl the vollage poes up again te 22 volt. Since this cell needs a tot of care, when it is to be used in laboratory, it is beug replaced by alkaline cells, Also, itis heavy as compared to alkali cell, 2.3.2. Edison alkali cell (NU~Fe cell), Ils positive plate consists of a mumber of tubes of Perforated steel ribbon, wound spirally and held together by stect rings. The thes are nickel plate. The active material cousisting of Ni (OW) and Makes of metallic nickel are packed into the nkckel plated steel tubes in alternate layers. The negative plate Is made from finely perforated nicketed stect strip, stamped tuto pockets! TheSOURCES OF E ME, Pecketsare filled with powdered ing oxide, he pltes are separated from on another by hard rubber stnps. The chemical changes duriug charging and discharging can be tepneseutes by the followiug reversible equation : NiOH) + KOH + Fe = Non. The ee. of the fuly charg This cell is hight portable a; its intemal resistance is greater Charging rate. Wi capacity. It has t0 be cell voltage measures a; Sntiolled through appropriat Pproximately 2.7 y ed cell is 1.75 vottand it falls t nd does nol need special cane, {ha that ofthe fead accumulat Ith the normal rate of charging the and the specific nis approximately 10 times hi KOH + Fe(OH). 10 1.2 volt after it gets discharged, Itis more durable and robust. However, for and its efficiency is low charging current should be 1/1 of the rs. Charging should be contaved ull the Eravity of electrolyte is 1.258 gmn’eu cn. lc resistoi sher. But in doing this the ‘ged Ouly t9 about 30% of its ‘apscity. namely uptd a cell voltage of 2.4 V. EINE Fate should be reduced to the hormal charging current, Charging currentat Charging current at Charging current Primary charge (amps) recharging (amps) high-rate charging (amps) -3 45 | 45 35 5 50 4 6 60 45° , _7? 70 5 | 75 | 75 6 9 90 10S iF 65 9.5 I 95 State of charge Specific gravity (gmvcu. cm) | Freezing point ‘ully charged 1.285 | -65C falf way charg 908 ‘nA . ELECTRICAL ENGS (OBJECTIVE TPE) EMF. of eombiaation = nt. cal resisluoce of cembinzuon = ab ance of circuit Ro ~ ney in K due wo n-cells, 1 Current iy & dus to one cell. fy = Reo O) If b >> Rytken hy = AMS not vusetul combinauon, > ne R is a usctul contin tion (alive Rithendy = = nh, So cclis ase connected in series when the extemal resistance Mis sery Leere am comparison to ‘aterm reastance “& of each cell . * and soternial resistance “bare ise fecch cell at the point 8, ted 19 parallel wath «ve pales of cock cell at port A aed - 5A and B we connect an eatermal tecistance K Wie a 6 F. of combination ’ siswnal resistance of combination « = rn b . emmance of circmt= R + — n C a due to m-cell, J 2 —. rat n Curreet oo 8 due to one cet,» —E , due to one cell, fy Reb Ro ls fot 2 useful combination, me b bea = =. 7 = th Wasa usefal combinanon. . a hor lonSOURCES OF EMF. 31 So cells ate connected in paratte comparison to external resistance oe TAS. Mixed grouping. If neither external r wssb (ie. R and b ar of same order), then Erouping we connect “n’ identical cells in eaet #1088 points A and B sends current through sistance R > > internal resistance b of each cell oor cells are connected in mixed grouping. 19 mixed row and here are ‘m’ such rows, The combination extemal resi ance R, pttHie= Fig. 10. Total nusnber of cells = nx m ~ E.MF. of each row = nE E.MF. of combination= nE, Internat resistance of each row = nb r (D) none of the above, 182. EMF of cell depends upon (A) Extental resistance {B) Inienial resistance (C) Electrolyte (D) Area of plates inside electrolyte, 143, Voltage required for bare! plating is usually (A)3t0S volts (b) 610 16 volts (C+ 2010 5 volts (D) $0 t0 200 volts. 144.4 cell of EMF E is connected across an © external resistance r. Terminal voltage is V. The intemal resistance b of the cell is piven be ELECTRICAL ENGG, (OBJECTIVE TYPE) E-Vv w2( Ez) E-v (ANE-Vyr Vv 145, Which of the following is plated by barrel plaung? (AD ALI pins, (B) Gems clips (C) Steel balls (D) All of the above. 146, A battery whose emf 1s 45 volts is connected, to a 20 ohm resistance and 4 current of 2.1 Amp. flows. The terminal voltage is (A) 42 (B) 45 V (C)54V (D) 40. Vv. 147, Which laws find application is electrolysis? (Ay Coulomb's laws (B) Van Allen's laws (C) Faraday’s aves (D) Ohny’s laws. 148. Dut electroplating the weight of 2 ¢ deposited depends on (A) quantity of electricity (B) shape of the article (Cd room temperature {D) atmospheric huntidity. | 149, During eléctropiating the amounts of EV ya ) (D) differem substances liberated by same quantity of electricity are proportional to their (A) atomic weights (B) atomic numbers ¢C) chemical equivalents ~~ (D) valency, 150. Electro-chemical expressed in (A) milligranis per volt (B) milligrams per kVA, «Cr mnilligrams per kW (D) milligrams per coulomb. 151. Curent efficiency usually (A) 99% (C170 10 80 percent 152. Energy efficiency Uswally in the range 1A) SO to 8oge. equivalent is usually in electroplating is (B) 90 10 98 percent {D) 50 to 60 percent. during clectroplating is (B) 80 to 85%SOURCES OF EMF, (C) 80 10 938% {D) 9010 99%, 153. Zine cadmiund and lead coauing {4 generally provided for (A) decoration . (B) electrical contacts. (©) corrosion (D) all of the above, + 154. Recommended coating for food containers is (A) zine (b) cadmium iC) tin (D) brass, 155. Coating usually recommended for electrical contacts is that of (A) chromium (By tin (C) silver (D) gold. 156. Which coating is usually recommended for reflectors? (A) Rhodium coating (B) Cadmium coating (C) Lead coating (D) Brass coating. 157. Galvanizing is the coating of (A) lead (By chromium (C) brass (D) zine, 158. Coating generally recommended for hard surfacing is generally (A) chromium plating (B) copper plating (C) lead plating (D) none of the above. 159. The best instrument for the measurement of entf of a cell is (A) voltmeter (C) potentiometer (D) wheat stone bridge. 160. The temperature recommended for brouze plating is usually (A) 1010 20°C | (B) 2010 3C (C) 40 to 60°C (D) 70 to 80°C. 161. All of the following metals are generally deposited for protection EXCEPT (B) ammeter 43 (A) Zine (By Tin (Cd Nickel (D} Gol 162. Highest cmrent density ke wevsily recommended for (A) bronze plating (C) tin plating (D) 163, Lowest density 1 recommended for the platiny ol (A) Cadmium (B) Chronunm (By chcomium pleting Uninm plating current ‘enerally (C) Bronze (0) Stlver. 164, For chromium plating the current den usually fA) 30t0 80 ampyim? (B) 100 10 200 amrs/m? (C) 300 to 800 amps 4D) 1300 to 2500 amps’, 165. Which of the following coating 15 used tor bearing surfaces ? {Ay Lead couting (Cron coating 166. Which ictal electro-forming (A) Nickel (B) Chronuum (C) Silver (D) Tron, 167. Which of the following metal is deposited to (8) Zine coating, {D) Gold coating. r dep for is provide hard w surface (A) Chromium {B) Bronze (C) Zine (D) Nickel 168, Which of the following mictal is deposited to provide an undercoat for chromium ? (A) Copper (B) Silver (C) Bronze (D) Lead. 169. Silver coating is provided for (A) protective purposes {B) decorative purposes (Cr bearing surfaces (D) all of the above. 170. The character of metal depasited is affected by \} current density{B) metal concentration (C) temperature {D) all of the above, 171, Assuming internal resistance of battery negligible, a voltmeter connected between Points A and & should reads as i ta 6v A wo ‘1 8 Lin —I 20 = Fig. 11. (ov (B)1.2V (C)3.0V (D) 4.8 Vv. 172. Oils and greases from surfaces to be coated can be removed by the belp of (A) soaps (B) hot alkali solutions (C) solvents like C.T.C. and gasoline (D) any of the above. 173, Rust, scafe and oxides can te removed with | the help of (A) various acide (B) atkali salt solutions (C) mechanical abrasion (D) any ofthe above. 174, Whica of the following substance when added to elecuolyie promotes smooth deposition? (A) Gelatine (B) Albumen (Cc) Ose, (D) Any of the above, 175. The character of metal deposited is affected STATE WHETHER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS A 181. EMF of a cell is a function of its resistance, 182, The interual voltage.drop of a voltage source opposes the generated votiage. 183. The power drawn from a battery will be ‘maximum when the load resistance is much greater than the internal resistance, +The mercury 1.35 V reference cell is 176, Addition of which of ELECTRICAL ENGG, (OWVECTIVE TYPE) by (A) stricture of the metal (B) surface preparalon (C) metal-ion cuncentration (D) all of vxe above the following substance in electrolyte helps in- producing bright finish ? (A) Dextrol (C) Glycerine (D) Any of the above. 177. Uniform thickness of plating Ga irregular surface is assisted by (A) keeping the anode and cathode farther apart (B) kceping the anode and cathode closer (C) using high current densities (D) constantly agitating the electrolyte. 178. Aluminium surface in contact with air is always cover witha thin layer of (A) nitride (B) carbide (Cy hydrate (D) oxide. 179. Aluminium is produced from bauxite by (A) electrolytic process (B) oxidation (C) rotating (D) froth Notation. 180. Highest purity copper is obtained by (A) smelting (B) roasting (Cy electroplating (D) any of the above processes. (B) Phenol RE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F) Techargeable, 185. The voltage output of nickel cadmium cell is 2.2 volts, 186. 20 hours are needed with a 5 milliamper: charging current to supply 100 Ab of charge, 187A cell rated for 250 mA will produce thisSutrent foe any save of fad wai 188. The catbontite celta 9 189. The outye a a The rer 190 A LW EL certo ro ‘ Mth corrent of 2 MA vissysick a power a 4 pae VL Denne ais + the yeentig 192 Iaternal ress tnereosing Bal chatping of 9 te SINE OF 9 Head acid hatter of elcttatyte sncre © Of Cel increate Won of elec tly 193. unig chary filler cap ig 194. For > given anyere hour eap, Of a lead acid cell 1s double 1 cell, fof ea pi open, Jac! battery th ty the weiehy Hof a Edison PILL IN THE BLANKS. 201A prinury cell of emr 2.5 volts ix shor-ciremited aid the current is 20-4, Its Internal resistance 1s... ohms, 202. Prezoclecine effect can be used to conven energy into electrical energy. 203. A photo cece cell convents ........ energy into electrical energy: 204, A thermocouple convens electrical energy. 205. In a mercury cell the anode consists of -energy into 206. The potential of a mercury cell's volt. ‘ 207. Ina silver oxide cell the positive terminal is fommed by . 208. The potential of a lithium cell is volts. 209. In a lead-acid hattery, during discharging oxygen is liberated at . 210. Voltaic cell suffers from. 211. The capacity of a battery is usually expressed in ems of 212. In a lead-acid cell sulphuric acid becomes Stronger dIFNg wee 213. Ina tcad acid cell porous rigid plastic sheets are insened between plates to prevent " bette wet Tot ' ! wid com tee t ql 197. For» given votag ' V baner that cc fe of a tead.acist bemery ti that of a nichet ath 200 Copper sulhate mts de» Demicl cet ULA teabaid cell always concrete (odd even) number of plot 215. A lead-acid cell has imoreftess) number hcpanre plates than poate plat 216. The nonunat serves soliape ef a lead 38 approvinutely, voly 217. A lead-acid battery ts cand 10 fecerve a chic charge when itis being charged at constant 218. During float charging of a battery, the . remains constant. 219. Discharging of a lead-acid banery beyond 1.Tyolts may cane 220. The capacity of a lead acid battery 16 neually reduced due 10... of plates 221. Daniel cel possesses em equatio 222. In a selenium photovolate cell, ssleniim forms the (yosilive/nepative) electepas of the cell. . 223, The phenomenon of gencraling an clectne potential in a junction of dissimilar metals due to the application ef heat ws know as eveene CMEC, ; 224, Pievo-electric material Rochelle salt is OLatt 1 lect materiate are extensively med ws the tevel of acid in 2 is added. ravity Cf acid 13 checked with cells are widely used 10 potters of cpace craft 230. The teaninal voltape of a mercury cadmuum volt tormunst of a dry cell Is aways joad cell passing occurs during sajecce hour capacity of 3 acc peetsen wy chaning of a lead noshs prantty of electrolyte ave to pes of alkaline cells namely cud battery, the ingen’ 239 aly ve 240. Tr nat of Mead aerearne'e care of 2 lead-acid baticry ce, 241.4 100. ampere-hour capacity Mastery tm 1 of newly rge will take canes tnchse chal 292. For preparing lec! is added 19 ram uolyte for versa 23. Low electrolyte, battery capacity. 244, EMF of Leclanche cell is...» 245, Expander is tised om battery. 246, When a battery is kept for long sdle pene without any recharge... forms tempersteare te plates. 247. Dry batteries thould be stored i B10 serene, PIBEC. 448. Sclf-discharge rate of a battery at 40°C oF compared to that at 20 C will be .SLB) 82.(A) 890A) 90, (By 97. (C) = 98. (By 105.(C) 106, 1B) 113. (B) 114, (By 121. (A) 122. (By 129.(C) 130. 1A) 137. (A) 138, (a) 145. (D) 146. (Ay 153. (C) 161. (D) 169. «(D) 177. (AY 185. (F) 186. (F) 193. (T) 194. (1) 201. 1.25 ohms 204. heat 207. stainless steel S3.(A) 84, DLA 92, 99. (D) 100, 107. (C) Los, NSC) | 116, 123.) 124, 131. (By 132, 139.1A) 140, 17 (Ci 14, 158.(C) 156, 163. (D) 164, ILC) 172, 179. tA) * 180. 187. (F) 188. 198. (Ty 196. 202. mechanical 205. 208. 210. local action and polarisation 212. charging 215, more 218. voltage 221. 1.12 volts 224. sodium potassium 227, hydrometer 230. 1.019 233. size of plates 216. 2 . (BY - «C) (A) 8. (D) (Cy «D) A) (a) (A) (A) «D) (D) (cy (F) (F) 93. 101 109. 7, 125, 133, 1a 149, 157. 219. buckling of plates 222. positive 225. microphones 228. solar 231, positive 234. increases 236. tess 237. half 239. Greater 240. hard nubber 22. sulphuric acid, water 243, reduces US. negative 246. PbSOz 28. more 249. more (B) c tC) (B) (D) (B) «© tC) (Cc) = (D) 165. 173. 181. 189. 197, (Ay «D) (F) (F) (F) 86. (B) 94. (A) 102. 1B) "0. (D) 18. (C) 126. (D) 134. (A) 142. (Cy 150. (Dy, 158. (A) 166. (D) 174, (D) 182. (T) 190. (Ty 198. (T) = 203. light 206.13 87.(C) 95. 1B) 103. (A) INL (A) 119. (B) 127, (Cy 135. (A) 143. (B) 151. (B) 159. «Cy 167. (A) 175. (D) 183. (F) 191. (F) 199. (Fy 209. positive plate 211. ampere hours 213, shor-circuiting between plates, 214, odd 217. current 220. sulphating 223. sccbeck 226. distilled water 22 wad peroxide 232, charging 235. Nik 238. mineral 241, 50 to 100 mA 244. 14 247. dry. volts cool 250, polarisation. 88. (A) 96. (A) 104. (D) 112. (A) 120. (A) 128. (By 136. By 144, () 152 AY 160. (Dy 168. (C) 476. (D) 184, (F) IT 200. (FYAC Fundamentals | 3.1L, INTRODUCTION An aliemating current is that which flows first in one direction in a circuit, called the positive Girecticn, the: the reverse or negative direction, repeating such cyclesof changes continuously. A graph to abase ct time shows the waveform of the currentas.a succession of instantaneous values. In general there will be peak values in both positive and negative half-cycles where the current is momentarily Greatest. The time occupied by one complete cycle iscalled the period, Thenumber of cycles of complete change repeated within one second is the frequency in cycles per second or hertz. (Hz). | An alternating voltage produces an alternating current, The alternating voltage and alternating ont May or may not be inphase. in tater case they are said to have-phase difference. The nerrt phase Cifference is meaningful only in case the alte mating quantitiesandharmonically-varying function of the time, The phase difference may be indicated by a ime interval between the zeros of the voltage and Current waves at the beginning of a positive half cycle. A sinusoidal wave be represenied by any of the following relations: e= E,sinw = E_,sin2nft (where @ = 27) a 2i L e = Bain (Lf) The instantancous value (value at any time ¢) of alternating currentis given by . T= [sin a Q” or Telcom, - Q where /,is called current amplitude or peckvaliv of alternating current.t€T is time period of alternating current nd, its frequency, then 2n oe ey, - : {may be pointed out that instantaneous value of aliemating current can bs represented by equation (1) asa sine function or by equation (2) as a cosine function of time ¢, Both the representations lead to the same result. Fig. 1 (2) shows the instantaneous current / and current: ‘amplitude [,, when equation (1) is used to represent aMecenating curent asa sine function of time. On the other hand, Fig.1 (0) @) Fig. 1. @)AC FUNOAMENTALS 4g . ee Fepresents Zand, when avalon (2)is used to represent shiamuting currentas agopine fa von of ane Sinilaty, the eanJ: (or vottoxe } whose magnitude changes wi nagnitude ¢ with time and direction teverses Periodically is known as alternating emf, eet wilh time and directo ; ‘The instamancous value of altemating e. may be represented by : 5 Eysinuy 3.2. AVERAGE AND RMS VALUES ; Mean Value of AC . ‘The steady or direct Current which transfers in the circuit the same charge 2s is transferred by the ac during the alternation is called the mean or average value Of alternating wave, ‘The A.C. voltage E at any time is given by E=E,sinor where @ is called angular frequency of AC, tf £,iscalled thepeak value, and iscalled the instantaneous ‘ value of A.C. voltage. (@) Mean (average) of A.C. voltage over © +ve first half of cycle g | 1 LP Edt 3 = +r “aon T/2 ® 3 | <1) E | 5B Ed i aE. bed =O. i (i) Full cycle , a ; vd The A.C. current/ at any times is given by 7= 1, sin (at-c) where cris phase difference between A.C. voltage and currentin the circuit, I is the peak value of A.C. current. . The mean (average) value of A.C. current over : od (i) +vehalfof cycle 2 Ly cycle = =I 0. (ii) Whole cycle Leyte rage values of A.C. voltage and A.C. current over acycle are zero so D.C. voltmeter and D.C. ae be used for the measurement of A.C. voltage and A.C, current. vnacicnt eR Jation between mean value and peak value of a.c. The instantaneous value of a. in: ela given by ema so a ener xin 5 ent continuously changes with time, tus assum ani reed aaa Rows fora small time d through the circuit. Then, small amount of charge p: i font ta ah eae in small time dr is given by _N dq=1dt dq=I,sin wt dt or— 50 ELECTRICAL ENGG. (OBJECTIVE TYFE) ‘The amount of charge passing through the circuit in time 7/2 (hi i it | 7 half time period) can be obtained b; integrating the L.H.S. of above equation between limits ¢= 00 t= 7/2 m " _ cosuxf Joos 0 za 3-2 Ico. | cos wil; TAY gi ‘ gq Ei gsinerds = 1Q"sin ordi = Ip A z 2x 1,7 = -— 2 Joos 22. F - cos 2.0] = - feos - w ofp - RIT rd 7 | ae feos x - cos 6] mal 1-3 or Aor. (5) ® IJ, is mean value of a.c., then by definition T = ly =: - 6) ’ 2 From equations (5) and (6), we have 2ly @ 1.63610 Ime = oct, = 20 ® x ‘Thus, the mean or average value of altemating current during ahalf cycle is 0.636 times or 63.6% of its peak value. Simitarly, itcan be proved thet mean value of alternating e.m.f. is im = w= (8) x hatfeycte.the mean valueofa.c. willbeequal in magnitude but coppositeindirecticn. average value of a.c, over a complete cycle is always zero. ois always defined for helf ane period and not for fulltime period (or forany ‘as in case of r.m-s. value discussed in the next section. During the next For this reason, the Note. The mean valu aru intreval of time)AG FUNDAMENTALS. 51 RMS. value of A.C. current = virwal current = effective current evi = 2 = 0107; vz * RAMS. or effective value or virtual value ofA.C, curt entis defined as that muck D.C. current which would produce the same heat ina resistor inthe same time as is done by the .C. current in one cycle. RMS. values of A.C. voltage and A.C. current are measured by hot-wire instruments, Relation between virtual value and peak value of .¢. The instantaneous value of a.c. passing through a resistance 2 is given by 0.7 fy T= Ip sinar. ‘The eltmnating current continuously changes with time. If we assume that a constant current given by above equation ows through resistance R for a small time di , then small amount of heat produced is given by . dH =Pedt = (lysinan)tR dt = 12 R sin? ort, The amount of heat produced in the resistance in time say T/ (half ime period) can be obtained by integrating he L.H.S. of th above cquation from r= Oto r= Tie. ‘ ral costo 4 + Hm [Rss ordi = 128 [ent ords = 12 Pe 2 IGR (pa, rn or an (fl dt ~ fos 2 wer] on 9) Now, Also, 212 He IgRT (10) or : If, is cial or rms. value of .c., then by definition : Hel? Eats ew (1) From equations (10) and (11), we have TERT gy pte 12I2 2p =e i 2 4 —_—so1avy xLIg So1guy WO anynBuvtdy, aus paige aaa] “TATavL auys parfirzo4 Aven fPO]T WOJOAR AA54 ————— ELECTNIGAL ENGO.(oByecTivE TYPE) ELECTRICAL ENGG. BIECTI P| Eyl, or We Fale fr r : [cor far + 6089 fF cos 2 end) + sing {2 sin ur dt} Now, dew |[eferT-oaT , Tecan be shown that feos 2avdi = Ycos2ard: = 0 ‘Therefore, we have, Eok We ea [cos @ (7) + cos 9 (0) + sing (0)] ot w= ET acy The average power of the ac. circuit is Wo ELT L_ El R= “cos x —= —22 cos —t. = cose 4 T 2 TO 2 v2 V2 OE P,, = E,1, 008 9. ____ 33-1. Real power. In.ac circuits, reactance (inductive or capacitive) is invariably present resulting inphase difference between voltage and currents. Under these circumstances voltage may have a high value wher current is near zero of vice versa, Hence real power is less than the apparent power and is given by real power = apparent power x cos = Ef cos. where is the angle between voltage and current, * 3.3.2, Reactive power. The power taken by pure reactance (inductive or capacitive) if a circuitis called reactive power. Thus Reactive power = Appzrent power x sin = Ef'sing. The unit of reactive power is volt ampere reactive (VAR). 3.3.3. Power factor. Power factor may be defined as : (2) Cosine of angle between voltage and current. Resistance Impedance © Real power ‘Apparent power . The value of power factor (cos $) can never be morc than unity. (d) When power fector is lagging, current lags the voltage which is possible in case of inductive circuits. 5 (co) When power factor is leading, current leads the vollage, which occurs in capacitive circuits. (0) Sometimes power factor is expressed us percentage, Thus 0.8 lagying power factor can ht expressed a5 $0% lagging. 33.31. Effects of low power factor: (1) Inarder to obtain a ccrtain power, with a low power factor, total current must be increased - resulting in increase in resistive losses so that efficiency decreases. (ob) The ratio (C) The ratio“= a AS FUNDAMENTALS 65 (2) The low power fuctor Limits the output of the Loth-whe generaion and anal pert. Th happens becauso of high currents drawn out of the genarators nnd ea re pateng cause 4 transformers, resuling In 3) Low power factors cause greater fallinthe tenninal voltage, hence maketh 7 ne ge here! evolluge reguation 3.3.3.2. Speclal Cases: 1.A.C. elrcuit having R only. For such a cirevit, Therefore, Pay = E,1,cos0 = £,1 a). 2 Rk x 2. A.C. circuit having L only. For such acircuit, 6 = =, ‘Therefore, Poy =Eyly cos & = Eyl, (0) = 0. } 3. A.C. circuit containing C only, For such acircuit, 6 = ;. Therefore, Pay = Eyly cos (-2) = Eyl, (0) = 0. i seannangan ircui ob R 4. A.C, cireuitcontaining LandR, For suchacircuitstan = S so thatcos¢ = oor R E, R “ = Et — A ae, * _y, Fh _ ~ Re Bl Toe VR+ 0D ¥R+ a EZ .R “ Fo = Fa : cut Woe 5. A.C. circuit containing C and R. For such acireut, tang = ~~ so that , R cos$ = 7 RR? + ——- wo? x _e. = E,. Ee 7 x R T ~ " ae 24 — Rt+ —— : , ae Re se ae ER.R or = T Be mguy Ret wet56 ELECTRICAL ENGG. (OBJECTIVE TY 1 Olan 6. A.C. clreult containing L Cand R. For such actrcult, un =» ——lC bo that . R cos} R * ‘Therefore, TT a + (ou - 2) . y aC, E, R =E. a Ty a for - fe + (ou - +) WC, WC EZR cr = 2a fap - £ +( az) 3.4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A.C. OVER D.C. Advantages: 1, The generation of a.c. is found to be economical than that of d.c. ‘ 2. The alternating voltages can be easily stepped up or stepped down by using a transformer. 3. Thealternating currents can be regulated by usingachokeccil withoutany significant wastage of electrical energy. ° 4, Thealtemating voltages can be transmitted to distant places with only a very small loss in.a.c, power, . 5. Further, a.c. can be easily converted into d.c. by using rectifiers. Disadvantages: 1, The a.c. supply is more suidical and dangerous than d.c. in terms of shock received due to them, 2. The Sttematingcurentalways flows on the outer layer of the wire. Itis called skin effect. Due to this, instead ofa single thick wire used for d.c., the specially designed wi a aiane t lc. ir number of thin wires in used. pecially desig consisting of a 3. The alternating current cannot be used . in electrolytic processes su i electrotyping, etc. ‘yUe pi ch as clectroplating» (A) 30 sin 254 AG FUNDAMENTALS OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS a 1. The form factor in reference to alternating Current wave form represents the ratlo of (A) the average value to the R.M.S, value (B) the peak value to the R.M‘S. value (©) the RMS. value to the average value @) te RMS, value to the peak value, 2. Ifthe current and voltage are out of phase by 90°, the power is (A) Minimum @) Maximum (Q Zero @) ava. 3. The form factor of a 220 V, $0 Hz A.C. waveform is (A) 15 @) 1.14 © i ©) 08s, 4. WE\= Asin rand £, =A sin (at 0), then (A) E, lags E, by 072 (B) E, leads & by 0 (C) E, leads &,' by @ D) E, leads E, bya. For the wave shown in figure, average value Fig. 3. (AVIA @) LIA (C)15A @) 2a. For the above wave the rms value will be (A) LIA (B)15A (©) 1.528 (D) 2A. Two sinusoidal quantities are said tobe phase quadrature, whemtheir phase difference is (A) 0° (B) 30° (C) 45° (D) 90°. The equation for 25 cycles current sine wave having rms value of 30 amperes, will be (B) 30sin 50r (C) 424 sin 25 m0 (0) 42, One. 3 RMS. value of a current given by Je 10 1 $ 08 (628 1+ 30%) 5 (A) 8A (B)10 A. (WD) iS A. 10, What is the rms value of ree: u wave with en amplitude of 10 (A) s¥2v Nar voltage @ uv © nav (D) 7.7¥ ie The mean valueofa.c, related eof a. by the equation (A) I, = W215 B) fy = S71, © /, =24 (©) Ip = = z 12. In the above case, the value of diceet which produces in the same condu= same amount of heat in the (A) 100 ) © V6V () 18 13, The current in a circuit follows vie tov § = 100sin we Uf the frequency is 25 Hz how tong will it for the current to rise to $0 am 1 (A) —~sec 00 1 © io” 14. The voltage v= 90 cos (ar — 161.5°) ma represented as sine function by (A) 90 sin (we + 18.5°) (B) 90 sin (we-71.5°) (C) 90 sin (wr + 71.5%) (D) 90 sin (ar ~18.59). 15. The equation of an emf is given by’ C= In VRE + 407) sin 201 js case the amplitude is (8) 1, feo) @) fin [ao In58 ELECTRICAL ENGG. (OBJECTIVE TYPE) (© 1, (844 0222) 23, Which wave has the highest value of form @) YT, (R44 aL), ee wie 16 Intheabove problem. the frequency inhertz Is (B) Triangular wave * (A) 4a B) 20 (C) Square wave 28) ® w- (D) Half wave recufid sino weve. a o * 24, Which wave hes tho Jeast value of form factor? 12, Thonegativemaxtmum: jofnccsine waveform (A) Square wave (Occurs at (B) Rectangular wave (A) 270° ®) 180° (©) Triangular wave (D) Sine wave, (© 90° @) 0. 25, Which ofthe following waves has form factor 18. The RMS value of sinusoidal 200 V peak to of 1.02 Peak wave is (A) Sine wave (A) 200V B) 100/¥2v @) Triangular wave (C) Square wave (© By @) 10. (@) None of the above. vz 26. af one cycle of ac waveform occurs every 19. The positive maximum ofasine wave occurs milli - second, the frequency will be a : wo eas 5 ®) son ! (© 90° () 180°. ae (© 100Hz @) 1000 Hz. 20. Ba TE, fy te combined impedence of the 5 © 10 of the following frequencies has the : “al longest period ? a (A) 1H B) 10H © Vite ©) 10k. B 759 28, RMS value and the mean value is the samein case of (A) Sine wave . (B) Half wave rectified sine wave Square wave ‘4 09 @) 6622.0 © sq «) 20a (©) 200, Go) Tangles wa. 21. For the same peak value of voltage, which 29+ Wemfinacircuitis given by waveform will have the least rms value? ¢= 100 sin 6281 then maximum value of (A) Sinewave - — ) Square wave voliage and frequency are (© Triangular wave ~ (A) 100 V, 50 He - $ (D) Full wave rectified sine wave, ®) 100 V, 100 Hz 22. For the same peak valve of voluage, which v wave will have the highest rms value ? © suv, 50% i ‘ ©) Sov? V, 100 Hz, i rane rectified sine wave . 30. Forawaveform more peaky thana sine wave, (C) Square wave the form factor will be () Triangular wave, (A) more than 1.11 @) hl © 1.10 <(D) less than 1.11.AC FuNcwwenTats, 31, Foratwiangular wave, the form fector lo (a) 10s tw a2dacin oats, ‘The averge valve of the curentis (a) 424.4 @) 38a (27 Dna 34, Ferthevoligewareorm shown inFig.5 Fms value of the volinge will be. To w Sy, oS. 3 3 o+ ©) rer we wu 35, Theaverage valu ofthe sbove volage is Yous Yass ws o* a" 3 © Fhe ©) he 36. The peak factor for the above voltage is 1 a Ord ©; 3 4 2 o +. OF Is 37, The fonn factor for the above voltage is ws @) le ms value of te current will be & 104 @) 354 (0) 178A, 40. Thepeak factor ofa waveis (ay Dinu value rem.s, valve. BRinanvae ‘average valte average value ns. value rams value average value” 41, Two waves, a sine wave and a half wave rectified a, are shown in figure 6, ‘Thevalucofwhichofthefollowing parameters for half wave rectified ac will be more? (A) RMS value (8) Average value (© Form factor (D) Allofthe above. vo © oAG FUNDAMENTALS 64 (A) 2a Yai Na (By vi 5% Inthe above case when a = J the sme . 9 © mm Po dau, Value will be 2 WI r } $5. The form factor the above vallage Wo @ 2k 5 (a) a 3h F. ms (© An 2%, ot : | e OF. 60. Inthe abovecase when a = 2 the mms will 2 56. With reference to Fig. § be, ce 1g. 8 which statement is ; () fa Bin | : 2 a 3 5 ‘ (9 Ya £8, Questions 61 t0 63 refer to Fig. 9, 61. For the waveform shown in figure, the equa- Fig 8. (A) Current i, is lee ‘ing current i, (B) Current i, is leading current i + (©) Current isin phase with current i, , (D) Current i is leading current i,. Questions $7 to 60 refer to the following data: . An alternating quantity increases uniformly from Oto 0°at F at; remainsconstant from ecto (rc) and decreases uniformly from Fat : (R-a) 10 Oat. | 57. The rms value of the wave for one half cycle will be -@ (a) 8 ®) fate-9) 2 x m — Q) © a-® Blea) D 58. The average value of the wave for one half cycle will be (A) &. @) 26, (9 2% o 2, tion for volage may be written as (A) v = 2V, sin (we + 6) ®) v =V,sin (a + 4) (© v =V, sin (x - 6) >) v=V,sinar. Fi. 9. 62. In she figure shown the equation for current may be written as (A) i = J, sin (ar + 6) (B) f= Ly sin (wr - 4) © i=I,sinot (D) f= 2, sin (or - 4).53. For the above waveform the vectorical repre- (A) 205 sentation is comectly shown in which of the ) following Fig. 10: (C) 2.05 68. The average v ! _ form (6 cos 2 ~ (A) 210 —-—v (© 65 69. Aload draws (A) (8) drawing 10A (A) unity (©) 0.01 : v Questions 70 < i. 70, The vector a¢ v ' form as (Cc) (D) & Fig. 10. 5 (A) Figure A (B) Figure B g (C) Figure C (D) Figure D. . 3 &4. The period of the voltage 12 sin (800 ne + 0.125 x)V is (A) 1.33 micro-second (B) 1.33 milli-second - (© 1.33 sec (D) 133 sec. (A) {ptt 65. The period of the voltageAG FUNDAMENTALS. 74, The ms value Fig. 12 is (A) overloading of trans| A) 667 @) 577 (B) overloating ofalemeen esr See (©) reduction in power losses (©) reduction in load handling eapacty of electrical system, 81. Power factor of an inductive circuit ean be ~ Improved by connecting a capacitor to it in (A) series B) paraltel (©) either series or paraltel (©) depends on the value of the capacitor, roa) 82° Forthe sameload, ifthe power factor of load is reduced, it will 63 ; Of the waveform shown in Fp. 12. oifend (A) draw more current 75. Themultiplication of the vector(p + Jqyand @) lesseurent {r+ js) will be « same current but less power (A) pg + irs i (D) less current but more power. © @r+ es) sire ae pre ias 83. For the saw tooth current waveform, the rms ©) @r—qs) + jfgr + ps). value is 1% 126.620 iva (A) 2b/9 +8 @ernvg+e - if (© (a + 6)/98 @) ab/ 90. 71. Two sinusoidal quantities are said’to be in ‘ phase quadranure, when their phase difference | is - (A) 0° (B) 30° of ‘O0y ocd Cr (©) 45° ©) 90% | : 78. Which of the following relation is incorrect 7 Fig. 34. = . (A) 0S77A. (B) OS17A Power factor = © 5q74 © 577A, (ay Realpower gy KW 84, The effects due to electric current are “Apparent power HVA, 1. Magnetic effect Resistance U1, Heating effect © Impedance IIL, Luminous effect. Appliance working on which effect can be (py Sendacianee : used on ac as well es de supply 2 “ Suscapiance: ‘ (A) Tonly (B) Hohly 79. The: capacitors for power factor correctionare (© Mand wenly () Wand 1. raed in terms of (6) VA 85, The rms value of the waveform shown in Voltage . @ KW . (D) KVAR. Fig. 14 will be fas ; ts in all of the follow- (A) 73.3 . 80. Poor power factor resul oar ©) 377. ing EXCEPT:ELECTRICAL ENO. (OBJECTIVE TEE) terminal voltage exceeds 180 V. If the cueult is operating on sinusoids! steady voltage, the maximum mms voltage that nay be applied to the capacitor will be (A) 150N @) 127 ©97Vv (D) 67V. . Foran alternating voltage form factor is ay BMS valve (w Mesnvalue Mean value RMS value RMS value Peak value Fig. V4. © Peak val RMS value | value 36, dve to electric current are 94, Insn ac. circuit, the cizrent 1 Thermateffeet (A) is always inphase with the emf. AL Luais ra i (B) always leads the e.m.f. Ul. Chemical effect | (©) always lags the e.m.t AV. Magneticeffece. = | (D) any of the above, depentling upon the Which two effects are significant when cur- elements (L, C or R) of the circuit, rent flows through wansmission lines 95. Power factor of the magnetizing component (A) Land Hoaly (B) Hand Itt only of a transformer is (Q) Wand !Vonly —{D) Land 1V only, (A) unity (B) 0.8 legging 87. A current in a.c.circuit measures 4 A. Then, (©) always leading () zero. ‘emaximum instantanealsmagnitudeofthis 96. Which of the following statements is not current will be necessarily valid for ac current (A) 4x24 () 4x V2A Alternating current (4x2xV2A @) 4A. (A) interferes with communication lines (B) is suitable for charging baueries (C) developes eddy current losses {D) providesbeuer safety as compared todirect 88. The equation ofan ace. voltage is V=200sin SO nt. Then, the roms, value of voltage is (A) WIV (8) 2002 current. (©) 100 + @)400V. .- Questions 97 and 98 refer tothe data given 59. When ac. flows through aresistance, then below: (A) current leads emf Accurrent is given by (8) current lags emf i=45, 24 sin 3771, (C) current and em.f, are inphase im + {oy nonoat eaters 97, The maximum value of the currentis 90. The power factor of incandescent bulb is (A) 45.24V2 A (B) 45.24. (A) 0.8 lag, (B) 0.8 leading 45.24 4 (©) nity () zero, Ora * Ona 91, A incandescent bulb can work on 98. The frequency is (A) ac only (B) dc only i (C) both ae as welll as de (A) 377 Hz @) 377x = He ad on the shape of the coil. €0 92. itisknownthatagivencapacitorwillfailifthe (Cy 322 ga, © 22, 2x VinAC FUNDAMENTALS aR 99, Acircuithasimpedance (190 + /50) is ay danceof(34+). favoliage applied, Wie power in the ‘circuit will be (A) 100 Ww (8) 250 w ©) soow () 660, 100. Which will draw least Current (A) 40W lamp ®) 40 Wwbe ki (C) 40W induction motor, mbstigh Questions 101 and 102 below : Sine wave A hasa frequency of 100 Hz and an msamplitudeof 100 mA. Sine wave B hasthe some frequency, has an ems amplitude of 200 mA and lags sine wave A by 60°, 101. The instantaneous value of current i, at 1035 ms will be refer todata given (A) 10.1. ma {B) 20.5 mA (C) 205 mA (D) 101 mA 102. The instantaneous value ofcurrenti, at1=0.35 ms will be (A) 20.5 ma (B) 101ma (C) -20.6 ma @®) -101 ma, 103, What value of de voltage will produce the same average power as 150V pesk sine wave? (A) 146 @) 121V (uv. (D) 106 Vv. 104. What current will an ammeter show when connected in series with a 32 ohm load thatis dissipating a peek power of 288 W ? (A) 1.06 (B) 212A (C) 4.244 (D) 8.48 A. 105. 160 W soldering irons operated from the60 Hz power line. The resistance of the soldering iron is (A) 10 ohms * (B) 25.5 ohms (C) 51.5 ohms (D) 75.6 ohms, 106. A certain 1-KHz sine wave reaches -70 V at = 0.6 ms. The peak value of this sine wave will be (A) 100V (B) 114V (© 414Vv (D) 118 V. / 107. A certain sine wave is expressed ase = sin (40001). The frequency of this sine wave will be 109. In ac. circuits, the a.c. met 65 — 4 (A) 20112 oy 2 120x 4 (c) “000 He (D) 637 He, an ‘Asine wave of voltage producesapeak-current of l2mAina 31.0 resistor. The Power dissipated in the resist (A) S$. (B) 103. (©) 216W (D) 432 (A) rams. values (C) mean value (D) mean square values, (B) peak. values 110. Radio frequency choke is air-cored to (A) keep frequency low (B) keep frequency high (C) keep inductive reacumce low (D) keep inductive reac tance high, 111. Hot wire ammeters are used for measuring (A) botha.c. and dc. i" {C) only dc, (D) neitherac. nor de. 112. When v,= 50 sin, v,= 30 sin (@ + 25°) and v,=25 sin (890°), the resultantof (v, +¥, - ¥,) is given by (A) 43 sin (0-26) (C) 86 sin (@-26°) (B) 43 sin (6 +26°) (D) 8 sin +26"). 113. 12.230° in rectangular coordinates con be represented as (A) 6+j6 (C) 10.4+ 76 (B) 104+j104 (D) 6+j 104. 114, 270/1.7 x can be represented in rectangular coordinates as (A) 218 +f 159 (C) 159-j218 (B) 218 -j 159 (D) 159 +j218. 115. A choke coil is used for controlling current in an (A) ac.circuitonly . (B) d.c.circuitonly (C) botha.c. and dic. circuits. (D) integrated circuitAC FUNDAMENTALS: BAL yasie (A) 6A (B) SA Be in O40 ; W)3a 138.The peak instntancouspower dissipated inthe heaverage value of current for te haley no Will be oe (a) 3W @)45w A) Sa. @) 44a Osw O)9w. _, O08 (0) 304, 139, The average power dissipated in the resistor 132. The power dissipated in the sistor will be ew “ 0.5 kW (8) 1k a i (8) 09 W © 18Kw ©) 36x ) 0.6W ©) 03. Questions 133 and 13: i pete 5 refer to data given 4 conducting loop rotated ina magnetic eld hasan axial length of ! = 30m anda distance beween sidesofD =8 em. The Mux density of the magnetic field is B = 0.25 Testa, and the loop is rotated at 140 revolutions pet minute, 133. The output voltage will be , (A) 28 mv ®) 66 mv ~ (©) 4¢mv (0) 2 my. 134, If the loop has 10 tus instead of one the imum output voltage will be (A) 1760 mV (B) 880 mv (C) 440mv (D) HOmy. 135. For the generator with 10 tums the instantancaus level of voltage at 5 7/4 radians frome =0 will be (A) 031V (©) -062V 136. In theabove case the value of output voltage a 25 ms from e=0 will be : (A) 644 mV (B) 128.6 mV (©) 255.1 mV (D) 315.4 mV. Questions 137 to 139 refer to data given below : A sinusoidal waveform with an ms value of 6 Vand a frequency of 30 Hz is applied across 2.120 O resistor. . 137, The instantaneous power dissipated in the resistor at 5.5 milli-seconds from the Lime that the waveform commences to grow positively from zero, will be (A) 0.44 @®) 0.66 W (©) 0.88 W @) 1.76 W. 140, 90.233.7" x 25.5 11.3" = (A) 22952-22.4" —(B) ¢590.222.4" (C) 45902 -22.4" (D) 22952 -22.4", 141, 90.2 —33.7" © 25.5.211.3" (A) 7245" (8) 12-45" (©) 352-45" @) 3.5445". 142.When v,=47 sin Qand v,=33 sin(9$20°) then (¥,—»,) is given by 5 (A) 19.59 sin (70°) (B) 19.59 sin (9-352) (C) 19.55 sin {9 +35*) (D) 19.59 sin (@ + 70%}, 143. The average power of an ac, circuit is (A) El, (8) E,1,coso (C) Eylysing {D) zer0. Questions 144 and 145 refer todata given below: i 144, If-v, = 47 sin @ and v, = 33 sin (6 + 20°) then (, #¥,) will be equal to (A) 80 sin (8 + 6 + 20°) (B) 80 sin (6 - 9 - 20°) (C) 77.8 sin (+ 83°) (D) 778 sin (-83°). 145. (y,-v,) will be equal to (A) 19.59 sin (9 +35°) (B) 19.59.sin (9 -35*) (©) 16 sin20 {D) 16 sin (20°). i 146. A certain 50 Hz current sine wave reaches 200 mA at t= 2.5 ms. The peak value of this current sine wave isoO aon nee te wrecr. cea LE . = con Se ip. -0, =, ee beegesAC FUNDAMENTALS 69 STATE ‘ STATE WHETHER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE. ‘TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F) 158. AC volunye varies in magnitude th polarity a! and reverses 157, DC voltage has one polarity, 158. Sine wave altemating current f} ne Wave lows ina resistor with sine-wave voltage applied, tend 159. Power factor can often be use of a capacitor of ay in the circuit, improved by the PPropriate capacitance 160, The frequency fora; period of 5 micro-s wilthe 02M. ‘Smicro-seconds 161. The time delay for a phase angle of 45° ata frequency of $00 Hz will be 0.25 ‘seconds, 162. The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. 163. A lamp is first operated on 220 V dc and then 220 Vac, ims value. The heatproduced in both the cases will be the same. 164, Mean or average value of altemating current during a half cycle is 0.636 times of its peak value. 165. Theaverage power P_ equals one half the peak power in sinusoidal waveforms. 166, Average power is given by the productof rms value of voltage and rms value of current. 167. The phase angle difference between two sine waves is the angular difference between cor- responding points in the cycles of the two sine waves. 168, Waveforms that are 360° out of phase are said to have completely opposite phase. 169. Any complex waveform can be analyzed on the basis of its sinusoidal conent. 170. The 480° vector will end up in second quad- rant. 171. To measure rms value of all types of wave- forms, a tue rms meter is used. “79, Every non-sinusoidal waveformhasadccom- vonent 173, Adding two sine waves produces ar other sing wave, 174, Every non-sinusoidal waveform has large number of harmonics. 175. A square wave has only even har nonics 176. For a pure resistive load, power f ctor is zero. 177. The unis of reactive power are vars. 178. Power factor is the ratio of tue power apparent power. 179. RMS value of ac is 0.707 times of its peak value. ¥80, Ife. = 10 sin (1000 + 5) and ¢, = 5 sin (1000 + 3) then e, leads e, by 45°, 181. As two phasors rotate 21 the same frequency, their relative phase angle gradually increases. 182. Therms value of asine waveincreases with an increase in phase angle. 183. In a resistive circuit current is always inphase with the voltage. 184, A voltage (10 + 20 sin 3771) has dc component. of 10 volts. 185. Each 180° rotation of the phasor generates a complete sine wave cycle. 186, An AC currentcannotbeused for eiectrolysis. 187. When a voltage sine wave is applied toa resistor, the instantaneous power is maximum when the applied voltage is at its peaks. 188, When two waves are 90° outof phase. One has its peak value when the other i$ at zero. 189. A period of 2 micro-seconds corresponds toa higher frequency than a period of one micro- second. 190. The phase between two waveforms can be compared only when they have the same am- plitude.70 191. Thehigherthe frequency, te longer the period T. 192, Equation for instantaneous voltage forelectric mainsinahouse marked ns 220 V,$0c/sis311 sin 100 nh 193, A elne wave having peak valua of 170 will have value of =170 nt 270%, 194, Two sine waves ure always inphaso If they reach vero at the same time, 195. A 180° phase angle indicates that two sine waves have completely opposite phase. 196, If A leads B by 120°, then B lags A by 240°. 197, When two waves are inphase, they have their peak values at the same time, 198. The positive peak of sine wavecannotoccur at the same time as the negative peak. ELECTRIC LENO (onseenive 199. A wavelength of 2 metres com ponds tos higher frequancy than a w of tmeter, 200, The rms value equal to 0.707 x pe: applies to all waves. 201, The frequency for n porlod of $ mallil-sceonds will bo 200 Ha, 202, RMS values of AC voliage and AC currents fre measured by hot-wire Instruments, 203, The wavelength for a radio frequency of 39 GHz will be }. cm, 204. The differe ce in period of two frequencies of 1 MHz and 2 MHz is 0.5 micro-seconds. alue 205. The term harmonic means a sinewave thathas frequency that is equal toan integral multiple of the frequency of a basic fundamental sinewave, FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH APPROrRIATE WORDS: 206. The period of a 1000 KHz voltage is milli-seconds. 207. For the equation / = 50 cos 100 rr,of alter nating current for a circuit, the frequency of ac. applied i 202. Tke period of = second corresponds to a Frequency Of earsun HZ. 209. Forapeak valucof 10 V therms valueis.. v. 210. With 120 V rms across 100 Q R,, the rms current equals Jasna Ae 211, Foranaudiosignatoftime period0,001 second, the frequency is msn H2. 212. The frequency ior a period of 5 ns will be . GHz. 213. The frequency fora period of 0.05 second will be Hz. 214, The time delay fora phase angle of 45° at the frequency of 2 MHz will be .micro- seconds. 215. A bulb of 300 W, 120 V rating when con- nected to 120 V, 60 Hz supply will draw ampererms current. * 216. A frequency of 100 MHz corresponds to a period of micro-seconds. 217, For the rms voltage of 10 V, the peak-to-peak value is 218, For a a V peak-to-peak, the rms value is 219. For a 100 eee value, the rms value is v. 220. For a 50 Hz ac power line voltage, the third harmonic is... wes Hz 221. A sine wave having peak value of 170 V will have a value of .. at 30°. 222, Average power = x power factor. 223. Forac ‘Wave theratioof maximum value torms valuc is known as x... factor. 224. A sinusoidal voltage with peak value E,, has thesameeffectasadé voltage equal as far as average power is concerned.ac FUNDAMENTALS 225. 3m radians is equal to, degre 7 226.A ive cave has negative sage ee 241. The rms current in a 6 ohm resis having egeesandoe ens ; Peak voltage of 39 V will be., Amperes. 42. A6,, 224. Sine wave la nogaive In, 3 Vac source produces2.2.A ina vacuum quadrant, 228, 1 rodla 18 CUB vais deg 229, Acerialn sine wave hana poak voluage of and & perlod of 12 ms, The fides voltage | ms after the suart of ius cycle will be VOLS, a 230, A sinc wave having frequency of 5 kHz will have a period of 231. A sine wave having period of 16.6 ms will have frequency Of wasn H2. 232. A certain sine wave has a frequency of 1 kHz, Iisangle at¢=0.3 ms will be. 233. The 920° vector will end up in rant. degrees. .quad- 234, A vector having -430° can be represented by an equivalent positive angle as 235, A certain sine wave reaches 200 mA at1=2.5 ms, The peak value of this wave will be 236. A current sine wave has the expression i= 20 sin (3771) mA. The instantaneous current at ¢= 1 ms will be mA. 237. The average power dissipated in a 10 ohm resistor when an ac voltage of 20 V peak amplitude is applicd, would be ... 238, A 300 V peak sine wave is applicd toa 100-chm resistor. The de voltage, which will supply the same average power is Vv. 239, AC 32.V peak-to-peak willhave anrms value Of s.r VOILS. 240. The voltage waveform for sine wave having 80 V rms value and 200 Hz frequency will be tube filament, The power di Nlament will be , . van nme ‘The currants and p Eapplied oA f elrcult Ma/=2ilnwt, £62 conus, Power dissipated 243, 244, Acerutn square wave hasaperlodofé ms. tis fundamental frequency Will B¢ vss Bs 245, A ting wave has a froquency of 1.3 KH2, Th frequency of fifth harmonic will be is 246, The wave V = $+ 6.37 sin (Ant) +212 sin (6 mi) + 1.27 sin (10 mt) representa... wave, 247. The average value of a sine wave is 248. Non-sinusoidal waveforms which possess mirror-image symmety have only harmonics. 249.The power factor of a load with Z = 36 2 Z-30" WIN DE seen 250. The power factor ofa load with Z =(10 +j8) Qwillbe .. 251, When asinusoidal voltage is applied to pure inductance the current through the inductor the voltage. ‘252. A 100 Hz, 20 V waveform dissipates 10 waits in a 40-ohm resistor. The power dissipated will ..:.....when frequency is doubled. 253. When a capacitor and inductor are in series in an ac circuit, their respective vollages are sussssue OULOF Phase. . 254. The pd and current in AC circuit are E = 100 sinlOOrvplts and/= 100 sin (1001+ 2/3) mA. The power dissipated is .... 255. Rotating a vector by 180° isthe same as mak- ing its magnitude ..©: a 7. (D) 8 13, (A) 14, 19. (C) 20. 25. (C) 26. 31. (C) 32, 37. B) 38. 43. (B) 44. 49. ©) 50. 55. (D) 56. 61. ©) 62. 67. (B) 68. 73. (A) 14, 79. ©) 80. 85. @) 86. 91. © 92. 97. (B) 98. 193. (D) 104. 409. (A) 110. 115. (A) 16. 121, (A) 122, 127. (C) = 128. 133, (A) 134. 139, (D) 140, 145. B) 146. . 151. (C) 152. 157. (1) 158. 163. ©) 164. 169. (1) 170, 175. @) 176. 181. (F) 182. 187. (1) 188, 193. (1) 194, 199. (F) 200. 205. 7) 206. 211, 1000212. 217, 28.28 218. 222. apparent power 226. 90...270 227. 232. 108 233. 237. 20 238. 242. 13.86 243. 248. odd 249, 252. rema'nchanged 255. negative. «) 3, Q (9 @) 15, © 21, @) 21 (a) 33, © 39. @) 45. @) 51 (D) 37 @) 63 @) 69. (a) 75. © 81 © 87 @) 93. () 9 @) 105. © om. © ° 7 © 123, © 129, @) 135. @ AL © 147. ©) 153. om 159. m 165. oO 11. ® 177. ® 183, | 189. ® 195. ® 201. 0.001 207. 0.2 213, 120 219. 223. IIIV 228. II 234. 212” 239, zero 244, 0.866 Icading 253, ANSWERS «© 4, (c) 10, (a) 16, (© 22, (A) 28. © 34 () 40. © 46. ) 52. © 58. ©) 6. @) 70. @) 76. (A) 82. @) 88. (a) 94, © 100. (D) 106. @) 112, © 118, () 124. (D) 130, © 136. © 142, (a) 148. (A) 154, om 160. 1m 166, 1 172, 1m 178, 1 184, ® 190, qm 196, QM 22 S0c/s . 208. 20 214, lM 220. crest 224, 57.3° 229, +290° 235, 3 240. 250 245, 250. 180° 254, ELECTRICAL ENGG. (OBJECTIVE TYPE) (B) 5 MC) 6 (C) @® 1. © % @) ©) 12.6) 8 © © 23. (D) 24, (A) © 29. (B) 30. * (A) @ 3. © 3% © (A) 41. ©) 42. (© (B) 47. (C) 48. (C) @) 3 © +4. © © 59. (D) 60. ) 65. (6. © 7. @) 72. () 77. @) 7B. (A) 83. (C) 84. (A) 89. (C) 90. (D) 95. () 9%. (A) 101. B) 102. (@) 107. (D) 108. () 113. (C) M4. () 119. (D) 120. «© 125. (C) 126. (A) 131. (A) 132. @) 137. (A) @) 143. By 14s, (A) 149. B) 150. @) 155. (B) «156, MO 16. © 162, MQ 67. M168. © 13. @ 1s. M 179. @ 180, @ 185. 186, M 191. © 192. ® 92 Mm 198. M 23 mE 24. 50-209. 70.7 210. 0.0625 215. 25 216, 150 221. 85 0.707225, 540° 18 “230. 2ys 231. 282.8mA 236. 113 sin (1256 1) 241. 6.5 kHz 246, square 247. 0.78 laggin, 251. 2.5 wats * (A) @) @) @) © () @) ©) ©) «) (B) @) © QM mM ©) @M m @ qm © icy) 12 0.01 ‘0 14 3.54 zo lags4 RLC Circui 41, RESISTANCE — Series resletive ctrculty In aetles realetive clecutts there Toval resistance, Re ki + A, Only one path through which current cun fow, tear, Curent in series ciroult, 7m £. . eT . tReet Total voltage, Ee IR4 I eI ete Total power, PRA +A + Re, = = . R+R ++. OR, BPR +R AR + +R). Parallel resistive circuits . Total supply current to parallel circuit Teh tht tytn el, oe eee R RR R, Reciprocal of total parallel resistance Total parallel conductance, G = G, Gz + Gy +... + + Py Toul power supplied, P= AR +h + A+. ITANCE _ “ A are is an electrical device which consists of two metal conductor plates separated by an insu: (dielectric). ; . m A capaci has the ability wo hold charges that have been placed on it. A charged capacitot acts as oe espe tage between its plates is proportional to the mountof charge on the plates. tance, the volt QF se onthe Copan Gist meatureofhow muchchargeis required toprodue,scivenvliagebetweent tes : ? of a capacitor. myhus, cz ‘apacitarce in parallel, CHmagr+1 + ya. +c, a —_— ! 1 1 1 “apacitance in series, ===> + +4 += cg Cy C, Toul charge, Q=0= 0 = Qo... 1 Energy stored in a capacitor, We 5 CE? Joules INDUCTANCE Elecromagneticinduction occurs when a magnetic flux in motion with respec. to a single con . coil induces an emf in the conductor or coil. Ifthe same flux 6 links all M turns of acoil, then the eme uced by achange in @ will equal av & dt When achange in flux linkages inéuces anemf in a wire or a coil, the polarity of ths induced emf Wbesuch thatany current flow produced by it will developa magnetic field which opposes the original ange in flux linkages (Lenz's law). Faraday's law determines the magnitude of an induced emf, Lenz's law determines the polarity. Inductance, Le tive nee a dt dt Energy stored in inducter, w= Lip 2 Inductance in series, Lehr+h+ht... +L, Inductances in parallel, 1 1 1 1 1 —s e+e +e _ Lh hh & Lh ji —T, ResistanceR Capacitance C Inductance, L pe, re (2) vat (4), ) dt dt Opposes the flow of current Opposes any sudden change Opposes any sudden change | in voltage with t = RC in current with | eet Ra 76 ELECTRICAL ENGS. (OBJECTIVE tp, ey Instantaneous voltage in a series CR circuit, fc = E- (E ~ Ey en), Wha £,.= 9 eee E (lena) R, Cand ¢ values in series CR circuit ' i : cr 1h é “} Me Instantaneous dlscharging volige In a erles CR elrcut tg = By enmMea, . 4S IMPEDANCE AND PHASE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A.C. VOLTAGE AND CURRENT IN CIRCUIT CONTAINING + ; () Resistance only, An A.C, voltage, EBuE,sinpt wm (1) is applied across a pure resistor of resistance R. Instantaneous velue of A.C. current at time tis given by, fia Si ~-@ R Ru ~-G) R ® F.9 Iman A.C. circuit containing only pure resistance A.C. cure rent and voltage are in same phase. ¥ Irjedance of A.C. circuit containing pure resisiance only is equal 10 the resistance ofthe resistor, a In phase diagram the peak values of A.C. current, and A.C. bf x voltage £, both are plotted along X-axis. ¥ (i) Inductance only. An A.C. voltage ; E=E, sin pt oLaes? “ is applied across an inductance coil of self-induetance L and i Negligible resistance, Instantaneous value of A.C. current at time tis given by ee =- asin (py pL pL Pt /2) - =[p sin (pt-1/2) ol vola7 In anA.C. cicuit containing pure inductance only the peakvalue E,0fA.C.volisge lease peak vate I, of A.C, current by 22. Impedance (Z) of A.C. circuit containing pure inductance only, also called indacttv is equal to the product of angular frequcncy (p) of A.C. and self-inductance (L). SJ. unit of Zis ohm. 7 Asp increases X, increases and vice-versa. Inphase-diagram the peak value of A.C. current/, is plotiedalong X-axis and the peak val voltage E, is plotted along Y-axis as E leads / by 7/2 in case of pure inductance. (ii) Capacitance only. An AC. voltage E=E, sin pt m is applied across a capacitor of capacitance C, Instantaneous value of A.C, current at time ris given by, T= EqpCoospt= At sin(pt + 0/2) = [esin(pt +x/2) -®Impedance Zz oe X_ (Capacitative reactance ) wn 9) pC @zat (i) Ze, Pp Cc Inan A.C. circuit containing capacitance only, peak value of A.C. current I, leads the peak value of ALC. voltage E, by 1/2 Impedance (2) of A.C. circuit containing capacitance only, also called capacitative reactance (X<) is equal to the reciprocal of the product of capacitance C of capacitor and angular frequency pofA.C. SH. unit of Z is ohm. Asp increases, X, decreases and vice versa. In phase diagram the peak value of A.C. curtent/, is plowed along X-axis and peak value of A.C. voltage E, is plotted along Y-axis as E, lags behind J, by #2 in case of capacitance. (iv) RC Circuit. Consider an alternating source of e.m.f. of r.m.s. value E, , connected to a series combination of a capacitor of capacitance C and a resistor of resistance Ras shown in Fig. 6 (a). A I ' ' i Fig. 6. Let/ be r.ms. value of current in the CR-cireuit and.V, and V, be r.m.s. values of Voltage across capacitor C and resistance R respectively. The magnitude of r.m.s. value of current (/,) through R and C issame, The r.ms. value of alternating ¢.m,f. of the source i.e, Eis equal to vector sum of V_ and V,. Le! us draw the phasor diagram for current and voltages. - Summary: AC Characteristics of Elements R, L and C. * ] L c Ohms Henries Farads Resistance R None (Short-cireuit) | Infinite (Open-circuit E Z [== R ResistanceR =~ + Reactance X, Reactance X, © | [ ° a re XL XC PnR iE | c None, resiswnce R at all f X_ increases with f X_ decreases with f 2nfC Rr =R +Rp +... Mer =X ope. Xcr = Xo 9X, ¢ RyRy XX XoXo. Rp a PRD Xp = —SOy Ney = Ri + Ry Xn 9X, 7G NG finphase withe flags e by 90° ileads e by 90* e=Evsin2n fe is Stsin(ana + vs Stan(rep - Xx X \ 2 E. = sin2 rfi R Ey .. — sindnft R ws through aresistor, voltage and current are inphasc with cach other, Likewis nd /y (current through R) are represented along OX, lows through a capacitor, voltage lags the current b Cen renrecanind alan mute et y phase angle n/2. Sincemy so. ELECTRICAL ENO (OWECTIVE very fu = ‘ Zz 1 and impedance = (Ra x2 = |p? and impedance Ze YR4Xe = ae rea FB cient E E ie perallel RC cirmuit, ke les Sih = iptla R Xe Ze =, 0 « angle by which, leads E A, -() cles AC circuit, the impedance Z and phase angle 0 both decrease as the applied frequency very low frequencies,a seriesRCcircuithas® — 90°,Z=X,andbehavesas purely capacitive, ics.a series RC circuithas 0-0" and Z ~ R’aiid behaves es almost purely resistive, < parallel RC circuit, the impedance Z decreases and phase angle @ increases as frequency in- very low frequencies a parallel RC circuithas Z ~R, @ - 0" and behaves as almost purely 4 very high frequencies a parallel RC circuithas Z= X¢, @ = 90° and behaves as almost purely capacitive, () LR Circuit. Consider an alternating source of e.m.f. of rm.s. value E connected to 2 series combination of an inductor of inductance Z and a resistor of resistance R as shown in Fig. 7. fa) Let/ berms, value of cuneatin the LR-eircuit and V, and V. berg / 2 n ‘ “M.S. values of voltages a indostonce Lad resistance respectively, The magnitude cfm vale of eases (through Rand Lis same. Further, the fms. value of alternating e.m.f, of the Source i.e. E is equal to vector su eV, and \’,, which can tefound by drawing phasor diagram for voltages as explained below : me Websow that when ac. flows tucugh a resistor, olage and currents we inphase with each oth ich other. Likewise, V, (voltage across R) and (current through A) are represented along Ow Further, when ac. flows through an inductor, voltage leads the ¢ ‘ a ieamenisugh EV bas been presented along OX, (chageaciees ee rates anal Sincel ted along OF, If OA and OB represent magnitudes of V, and Ve Tespectively, then OC, the resultant of OA and 0B x an represents E. Thus, from phasor diagram, we haveNow, Va = IR andV, = IX. where Xz = wLisreacunce due to inductance L Therefore, Ee VOR + UX)? @ 1 SR + x} or fe ee yas x2 VR? +o Further, front phasor diagram, it follows that in LR-circuit. ~ 10/7 ) Oathigh frequencics Zafs fr _ Sa fs fp V2R 45° RIND 45°4.6, IMPEDANCE AND PHASE-RELATIONSIILP BETWEEN A.C ae ee recat: is h ETWEEN A.C. CURREN’ VOLTAGE IN A CIRCUIT CONTAINING L,C ANDR IN SERIES L,C and Rareconnectedin series and combination isconnected in series withan A.C. source givi AG, voluge, mune E=E,sinpt > .W) Cb EF) S 5 L c R 4h 1 y @) Fig. 8. In phase diagram : @ Peak-value of A.C. current J, is plotted along X-axis. (ii) Peak-value of A.C. voltage across R is Eg = Ik. Itis inphase, with J, and so itis € plotted along X-axis. (iii) Peak-value of A.C. voltage across L Ex = [gpl Wis n2 ahead of f, and so it is plotted along Y-axis. (iv) Poak-value of A.C. voltsgeactoss C is to pc Itis x/2 behind J, and so it is ploued along Y-axis. eq amt of Et and Ef is (EE - EG ) and itis plowed along OY. Ege Fig. 8 (6) If EE > Ege Resuluuntof E,* and (Ef ~ Ef) is Ey and itis a" ahead of Jy. : Ed? + EE - ESP 1y 7 0 it + (o1- ) = [ge atest CD Impedance Z of L-C-R series A.C.circuitis given by, Ze irs (- “ay 5 BDFac cincuts @ 0 oy mf AC (EG. 7) ‘a called84 ELECTRICAL ENGG (O BJECTIVE TYPE) 1 (oh - Fe) Fig. 10. The power consumed P, atume! is given by, P, = Eglo sinpt sin (pt - a) (3) P_ isa function of time t. Average value of P, over acycle of A.C. is P= TEI, sin (pt sin pt - a)dt T = Ele cosa = é, se cosa 2 VE V2 =EJ,cosa = . (4) Actual power = Virtual power x Power factor E,L, = Virwal power ~ R see en ae SeMeieloths SAMIEUE) 6 6UL bh beg ‘Panos9 woYs 5) "y (a) Poonpor sy y (D) PaIQOD Fy uAYA (gq) posras9uy sy" aay Cy) 4 esros9 “UT THs UasOUs sIndz79 OM UF yy Uy Pedi eap aouTisissr (5) poumioede> (a) aoucionpur (y) ut Ayu0 pouinsuoa s} somod amp *nand‘s'e ur “HW g'T¢ (a) Hwee TE (D) Hu 6's (a) HU éST(¥) StSHOdaqN UeamIeq 2auE INPUT /ENIN.U. LA T St 28mjos Arepuosas 2x1 '5,:09 paydnos omy Jo Arun aig un SMOU ZHA 1 JO Aovanbaxy OMIM luoums Suneuape yw Oop c Vay ‘HI (a) HY 001 (9) HM Ot (a) . But (y) F]2O1SNP MY JO Oni oY yu 96°C 0 MOLM B sassnd ZHX 01 39 Aouanbary DM Om A OF HIM poriddns JOVPNPUE Wy “BUYQ (q) FuOWAS (5) mod o1n orn9 Buy mo103 oun Jo WIMsopun 1g Anau (@) Amoy (y) “OVA OSUTIFTOA A} OL uo f} Ooumdoosng Oanonput youn ous, srodord uy sy MOUs} sHoL90 OSmJOA OULD (a) . '9°0 49019 (a) owes ‘OP puta yy O1 wed Asta sros30 Sylow} yors yknonp qustms aut (>) “J SYOOIQ Ing = ° aed Asva sre a iuo4in9 2unos ap urin ssoy “SP SxD01q 1g ‘ot or ted Asv9 s19)79 (y) 31 WwIWws]I VO Aue \3nonp iuaums LL (a) sosedes y SNOILSAND Ad K.La ALLISLHO ae I Sindy oy nra6 oe prec tine (0) 22m (Ay a hot 14, Acapacitor passes a curreatol 16a when (MOA 6) WH hed with 2OV pewirha frequency of 22 1 tlw TAN: The eapacitance of the capacitor is (Ay S12 104 Wh r (A) 0.1 pF (8) 0.1 pF (Cp SD ever wt y sir (C) LaF (Oy LE. Questions 2! 6 a 18, Admittance is the reciprocal of below: (A) capacitive reactance 23, In wh oe (B) inductive reactance brighiest? (O) recuse poser (Aj Chesuiuch - aera P (C) Cursua o 2 e Questions 16 to 19 refer to data given es * below : i A senes circuit consists of R= 2012,L=20mH ° and an a: supply of 60 V with f= 100 Hz. 16. The current in R is (A) 127A (B) 254A (C) $08.4 (D) 10.16 A. a = (B) 30.6V (P) 50.8 V. 18. The solage across Lis 1A) 319. (8) 3.1V iC) 455V (0) 505v. Ve 19. The phase angle of cument with respect 19 © supply voltage is (A) 406° (B) 321° iC) 25.6 (D 20.2%. dimmest? (A) Clecuit A (C) Ceeuine (D) Hwa be equally bagne b Questions 25 (9 29 ref 20. Which of the.following case represents the largest mmf? (A) A20-tum coil wound arounda 10cm iron core and passing acurtent of 3 A » (B) A.60-turn coil wound around a 10cm iron Core and passing a cumentof 1A 25. What will be the effect : (C) A 100-tuin coil wound wsound a 30-em cardboard core and passing a curent of ap Maa 0.75 A. i Questions 21 ond 22 refer to data given below: ge A-certain'cast-iron cove has @ length of 10 cm ‘ean 4 ECOWOARY = and 9 cross-sectional urea of 6 cm?, A coil of 150 turns is wound around Yhe core and ig ry 1 passing o current af4 A, (A) Anereaned proniany ew 21. Themimfis (BY Mojo tly enaALC CIRCUITS (C) The amount of change in flux will be er Nf induced in the secondary will be less, in the number of primary wens will result in (A) reduction in emf producing the ux (Bj Hess flux will be produced Juction’ in secondary flux linka es (D) larger emf in secondary, ms 27. A increase in the number of 8: will result in ‘condary turns (A) larger secondary emf (B) reduction in the number Of flux linkages (C) both (A) and (B) above (D) none of the above. 28, ‘Theaverage powerdissipation in apuréinduce tance is (A) 2erc (c) (2 un) 2 29. By reversing the battery terminal (A) induced emf will increase {B) induced emf will decrease (C) polarity of induced emf will reverse (DY none of the above will happen: Questions 30 and 31 refer to three figure below: 30. In which circuit will the lamp be brightest ? @) tur 2 sov | ss Sov ex Osh wee ie 7 87 (A) Circuit A (C) Circuinc (D) The lamp will not iglow in any of the (B) Circuit B circuits, 31. In which circuit will the lamp be dimmest ? (A) Circuit A. (B) Circuin (©) Circuit 7 (D) The lamps will be equally bright ait three cases. ‘st Questions 32 and 33 refer to figures given below: Sov av 120 NO KHZ i SF aco: mH ; @ (8) 2H « Fig. 1. : 132... Which circuit will have least rmscurrent 7 ~ (A) Circuit A B) Circuit B (©) Cireuinc : (D) There will be no current in any of the » eizcuits, ; 33, Which circuit will have highestrms current? ~ (A) Circuit A (8). Circuit B (C). Circuit C (D) All ciscuits will have identical current. 34. Wattless current is possible, only in (A), resistive circuit . (B) non-resistive circuit (©) LRecircuit () LCR-ircuit. 35. Aseries RL circuitis to operate at frequencies in the range of 100 Hz, 600 Hz. It is cequired that the current lags the source voltage by at Jeast 30? over thisrange. fR = 1000 ohms, the appropriate value of L will be (A) 0.92H (B) 9.2H (C).0.92 mH (D) 9.2mH.pource it ot de foley to will gh, The increases T 1a) 248 + “es (C) 40.9" ssi 42. Ths phase le tno ‘d 3 ate &)* beeen OM (iO as 7] io ? 43, The phase eerous tet —— (A) 6).5° Fig. 16. “(OE 43° (A) Zand] (B) JandV, 44. Al mH (C) V and V, (D) Vand Z. when con 37. The values of which of the following two possess 4 parameters will decrease ? of the ac (A) Zand V, (B) /andZ (A) 10 (©) Vand, () fand V,. (©) 10 Questions 38 and 39 refer to data given 45. For a seri below: ) $VandV A sees RL circuit draws 15 mA of curren’ voltage m from 2 120-V, 60 Hz source. The current lags (A) 7¥ the volinge by 60°. . (C4 38. The value of R must be Questions (A) 1k (B) 245.2 The vanat (C2) 4kn (C) 8k. showninfi 39. The value of inductance must be teen mark (A) 18.3. mH (B) 183 mH 46, Inwhich: (©) 18.30 mH (D) 18.3H. resistance Questions 40 to 43 refer to figure below : Aseries R-L circuitcontains R= 2kN and X= 1 kM, The rms value of current in the A circuitis SmA. - Mae 2 eX x -kOLc CIRCUITS: (AP @e (QR @)s. Questions 48 to 50 refer to figure below : 48. As the fhequeney increases, the value of which of the following parameter increases ? @)z ® v. (A) E, (Ol Fig. 19. 49. As the frequency increases, the values of which of the following decreases ? (AM. ®) Vv, Ou (D) Allof the above. 50. Inaseries RC circuit as frequency increases (A) current increases (B) current decreases (Q remains unaltered. ‘The minimum and maximum valuesof power factor in an ac, circuit are (A) Oand 1 (B) Land © (© Oand < @) 0.1 and 1. Questions 52 to 56 refer to figure below : $2, When of charg (A) 20 ma (C) mA 2000 RY gue l s 51. e switch is closed atr= 0, the value fag current will be (B) 30maA @) 120 ma. Fig. 20. 56. At what rate is ute capacitor volta; ‘What voltage does the capacitor have Wy reach before the charging current has dropped to 20mA? (A) 16V ()4v (BBV (D) 29. . The initial rate of increase of capacitor voliog? is (A) 12 WS. @) 120s (C) 1200 vis (D) 12S. increasing itor voltage is 8.V 7 when the cop: (a) 4kvss B) 6kV/S (© 8kv/s (D) 10KVAS. ‘The time constant for the circuit is (A) 0.1 ms ®) OS ms (C) lms (D) 2 ms. AJOkHz voltage is applicd w acenain de: The waveforms of voltage and currenta played onthe oscilloscope and appearas shown, in Fig. 21 From the wave form which of the following conclusion can be drawn ? wav b=~ Fig. 21. (A) The device has resistor as one of the circuit elements (B) The device has 2 jiF capacitor in parallel with 2 mH inductor (C) The device is a 0.639 uF capacitor (D) The device is a 637 mH inductor. . A1OKH2 voltage is applied toa certain device. ‘The waveforms of voltage and current are dis: ed on the oscilloscope and appear as shown in figs. From the wavefvini nny. 0f the following conclusion can be draw’ (A) The device is 1.6 kO resistor (B) The devices i a 250 mH induc. (C) The device is a 250 pF capacitor , ‘ce consists of 250 mH inductor ith 250 pF capacitor.Questions 39 1 61 refer to data piven below: Indie series£CA circuitshownin figure supply Voltage is 10 vo! Pear Bape im a Fig. 23 59. The resonance frequency is (A) 2H (8) 10 kHz (C) 10OkHz (D) 1 MHz, 60. The current through the circuit will be lowest at which of the following frequency 7 (A) 800 kHz (B) SOO kHe (C) 300 kHz (D) 250 kHe. 61. The current drawn by the circuit at resonance frequency will be (A) SOA (B) 754 (Ato (D) 125A, Questions 62 to 65 reler to dala given below: A series ciscuitconsists of 8 =471,C = 1OpF andan ae supply of 100 Y with /= 300 fi, 62, The current through & ig (A) 0.141 pa (B) 141 (C) 0.141 mA (D) 1.41 a LWWOTHIGAL Eh! 1. ‘The voltage werwss H Ja (A) WhBY (8) 764 (C) 0634 (By 36,4 V. G1, “The voltnge seross Cle (A) M94 (B) 3 (C) 555 WD) & G5, ‘The phase angle ofthe current (Cc 405" Questions 66 tw below: andc Th a frequency of 200 He. 66, The circuit impotence is (A) 628-4796 (©) 334/168 67. The current through t (A) 2.03.4 (©) 333A 68, The maximum voluge + (A) Resistance (C) Capacitance. 69. The minimum voltage + (A) Resistance (C) Capacitance, 70. The voliage across ingve (A) 67V, © 7v Questions 74 below : to 7) refer to dats piven A parallel RUC circuit shown Re100,L20mH and Oye Th voltage is. 35 V with a frequeres ol S tie 2aALC CIRCUITS. 7 91 a 1, The supply current Is ‘ — (A) 323 mA r (A) 33 ohm (8) 66.chms (C) 969 ma A, to, (32am (B) 261 ohne 2, Thomaximum curreni will pass through (A) resistance B) ind (C) capacitance, @) tnduetnce The least current will pass through (A) resistance (8) inductance (C) capacitance, Questions 74 and 75 refer to data given below : Alow c =20mH andC=0,12 HF. The inpat signal amplitude is 2V peak-to- (A) 2 (8) 4 (6 (D) 10. 78. The sigral-to-noise ratio at the output is (A) 17 (B) 170 (C) 1700 (D) 17000. + Questions 76 and 77 refer to data given , below : high-pass filterhasaresistanceR =2 kA. The lowestinput frequency tobe passedis 7.5 kHe. 76. The value of suitable coupling capzcitor must be (A) 0.1 pF (B) 1 pF (C) O.1 pF (D) 1 pF. .77, The attenuation of the filter for 60-Hz frequencies willbe (A) 0.0075 (B) 0.075 (©) 0.75 (D)75. Questions 78 to 80 refer to data given below: A 100 W cleewric lamp is supplied froma - 115 V, 60 Hz source. 78. The curveat flowing is (A) 435 mA. (B) 666 mA (C) 870maA, (D) 1750ma. peak and its frequency is SkHz. An unwanted noise inputis also present with an amplituteot 0.2 V peak-to-peak and a frequency of 50 Hz. . The signal-to-noise ratio at the input is . The resistance of the filament is The peak Insuanisneous power dissipated in the lamp Mlament is (A) 40 W (B) 100w (C) 1S0W (D) 200 Ww, 81. ‘The power supplied toa $0 mH inductor from 9120 V, 60 He source will be (A) Zero (B) 756 wots (C) 766 VAR (D) -766 VAR 82. The power supplied to 333 juF capacitor from 3120 V, 60 Hz source will be (A) Zero (B) 179 watts (C) 1799 VAR (D) -179 VAR, Questions 83 to 85 refer to data given below : : A series circuit consisting of R= 12 KQand C=04 [Fis supplicd with $5 Vara frequency of 1 kHz, 83. The apparent power is (A) 1VA (B) lew (C) tate (D) 1 VAR 84. The reactive power is (A) 0.1 VAR (C) 0.81 VAR 85. The true power is (A) O.1W (8) 02 (C) 04 W (D) 0.5 86. When a.c. flows through an inductance (ro resistance), then the current (A) leads e.m-f. by n/2 (B) lags emf. by n/2 (C) is inphase with emf. (D) none of the above. 87. Threcidentically shaped segmentsof diff materials have a voltage of 120 mV applied s. Asaresult ofthe volage, current of 2500 1A, seg nt (B) B,AandC (A) A,B ana C (D) C.A and 8 (© C.Banda88. 35 pico-coulombs of charge move pasta point ina wire every 1 ms, The current in the wire will be (A) 350A (B) 350 pA ob 10700 _300_ 400 (C) 35 pa (D) 0.35 A. 89. A certain wire has a current of 35 mA. The charge passing through a given point in the ~'™ wire in Sms will be (A) 25 pC (B) 75 pc Fis (C) 125 pc (D) 175 pc. 90. Two charges q, and Qyue separated by a distance of 0.05 millimeters, Each charge is 95. Inasine wave, the (A) between 0° and Positive and has a magnitude of 2 pC. The (B) between ne, force between the charge will be (C) between 135° 2 D) no where. A) L44x 10°N ( o 144 x 107N Questions 96 and 9 iC) Léa x 109N 96. . The resistor with Ie (D) 144 x 104N, n A 91. Asweep pulse is shown in Fig. 25. The sweep ‘ ume of the pulse is ! f eran aa, Meme Fig. 25. (A) 9 seconds (B) 4.5 seconds (A) R (C) 4 seconds + (D) Oseconds, y * 92. The slope of the ramp in Fig. 26 is OR, (ay avys ®)1Vv/s ©) Allof the same ; (C) +4 WS (D) -1 V/s, 97. The resistor with hig 93. Wienac. flows through a capacitor, then the (A) RB, current . in ©) R, (B) (D) All have the samALC CIRCUITS 93 jem (A) 1009 @) 2a mH * , ee z , f © Sy i (D) 50.22, 2160 Questions 104 to 110 refer to figure below: i 104. For the circuit shown in figure, Q is neasly Fig. 28, a (A) 9 ka @) 1OkHz (© kHz (©) 12H. te0nn 100. At which of the following frequencies, the phase angle of f relative to E, will be zero? (A) Betz @) 9a ad {© 10kHz (D) 1 kHz, 101. The shape of impedance versus frequency curve for 2 parallel resonance cireuitis of the ie shape as shown in os @) 15 (D) 40. | t 2 105. The bandwidth is ! 2 (A) 80 Hz B) 800Hz (© 8K (D) 80KHZ. 106. The bandwidth of the circuit can be doubled, while maintaining resonance frequency unal- tzred, by (A) increasing L to 200 mH ! (B) reducing C 10 0.05 pF (©) reducing R 1025 2 (D) increasing R to 100.0. 107. In the circuit what will happen when L is in — 1— . Fig.20 creased 7 ” ©) figure B (A) Bandividth will increase ie ee ©) ewe 7 (B) Resonance frequency will increase iB . (© Q will decrease 102, The capacitive reactance of a capacitor of (D) Resonance frequency will decrease. 1 s 108, In the circuit what will happen when C is ée re 10H is creased? 1 (A) Resonance frequency i decrease yb xwa B= * WA — B) Qwillincresse Qn in (© Bandwiddh will increase (Q 2x x 102 (D) 10°. x 2n. (D) None of we 2. 13, The inductive reactance ofaninductance oF 199, Which ofthe following L., . input frequency is changed ? Seasons (A) Bandwidth : @B) Resonance frequency94 Zeaucuon in ievalucofR will notchange {A) Resonance frequency (8) Bandwidth @)Q (D) Ail of the above. 111. Which of the following will not change hen E 15 increased to 24 volts ? (A) Q (B) Bandwidth (C) Resonance frequency (D} All of tre above. Questions 112 to 11S refer to data given below: 4 paral resonance circuit consists of a coil 200 mH and &, = 69 ohms and a 130. PF capacitor. The circuit is connected to a 50 my source. L12 The resonance frequency wall be (A) 10kHz (B) 20 kHz (C) SOkHz (D) 1 MHz 113. Q willbe (Ay (B) 21 «cy 31 (D) 41. 114. The current from the source, J, will be (A) LOpA (B) 3.84 (C) 1.9mA (D) 3.8mA. 115. The current through conductor will be CAL_ENGG (08s — VE TYPE (A) ina (B) 40 ma, (Cy Spa (D) 40a 116. The value of inductance necessary to produce series resonance at 1OOkH2 withacapacitorat 0.001 Fis (A) 25 lt (6) 2.5mH (C1025 mh (D) 0.025 mit. 117, 200 pH cuit has a Q of 250 at resonance Irequency of 800 kHz, The effective resis.~ tunce of coil is (Ay 12 3) 20 «aa (0) 82 118. An alternating c.m-f. is applicd to a pure in. ductance such that inductive reactance is 10Q. If the frequency of ac. is doubled, the reac. tance will become (A) 9 (B) 100 iC) 152 (D) 202. 119. An altemating e.m.f. is applied to a pure ca- pact h that the capacitive reactance is 102. If the frequency of ac. is doubled, the Feactance will become (a) 52 (© 159 120. An inductor (A) allows a.c. to Pass but blocks d.c. (B) allows d.c. to pass but blocks a.c. (C) allows both a.c. and dc. to pass (D) blocks dc. nce st (B) 109 (D) 209. STATE WHETHER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F) 121. A capacitor consists of two insulators sepa- rated by a conductor. 132. A capacitor's voltage cannot change instanta- neously, 123. When a capacitor is being charged, current flows through the insulator between the capacitor's plates, 124. When a capacitor discharges the discharge curreat is produced by the capacitor's stored charge. 125. . 50 pF capacitor can store more charges than 20.00) pF capacitor for the same voltage. 126. Thethinner hedielectric, the more the capaci lance and the lower the voliage breakdowi rating fora capacitor. 127. Capacitors in series provide less capacitanc buta higher voltage breakdown rating for th combination. : 128. A good 0.01 uF paper capacitor will rea 500 MQ or more on an chmmeter. 129. Capacitors in series have the same charge an discharge current. 130. When the applied voltage increases, chargin' Current can flow as the capacitor takes 0 additional charge,2E) uce cot : in: 02. cac. ccis . the F) nacl low! anc uh rea LC CIRCUITS: 131. In series LC circvit at resonane Cc ¢, impedance becomes minimum. 132, For theeurreat in LCR circwit tobe maximum X,2X- 133. InaLCR citcult, capacitance ischanged trom C104 C. For he came resonant frequency, the inductance should be changed from Lust; 134. The strength of the magnetic field depends cnly onthe distance from the wire, 135, All magnetic materials have non-linear B-1/ curves. 136. Magnetic flux lines have direction, 137. Magee flux lines cannot pass through alt materials. 138. Magnetic polesare regions of magnet where the flux lines are most.concentrated, 139, Flux lines begin at a point and terminate at some distance from the starting point. 140. Flux lines do not intersect cach other, 141. Flas lines can be scen through microscope only. 142, Thecurrent in serics-parallc! circuitsisalways less than the tothl source input current, 143. A bridge circuit is said to be balanced when its output voltage is zero. 1d, An air gap in a magneuc circuitactsas a large eluctance in series with the low reluctance of the ferromagnetic core. 145. Ohm's law for magnetic circuitcan be stated as mmf total reluctance 8.All magnecic materials have non-linear B-H Curves because of the saturation effect. o= 1A cenain magnet produces $000 flux lines. The flux in microwebers is 80 Wo. $8.4 50 um coil is wound around a shaft iron Sore. IF100mA is passed through the coil, the ' ME Will be S Ast. 9, “A resistor Opposes ac current with the samc ountefopposivionthatitonposesde current 95 150. An inductor opposes equally the dc as wellas changing ac. 151. Aning uctor offers less of the frequency of increas, In parallel £0 ckt at comes minimum, Position tocurrentas the applied voltage is 152, 2 esonance, current bee - 153. In a voltage divider che ways some fraction of 1 Tall the resistors in are doubled, the out uit, the output is he input. 134, 8 voliage divider ciscuit ‘put voltage will double, As the value of a resistor in a series circuits decreased, the circuitcurrentincreasesand so does the resisior’s voltage, 155, 156. If any one resistor in a series ciscuit is short- Ciscuited, the voltage across each of the other Series resistors will increase, 157. Adding resistors in parallel decreases thec rent drawn from the source. 158. When two resistors are connected in parallel, decreasing one of the resistors will increase Current through the other resistor. 159, Removing one resistor from a parallel combi- nation will increase the equivalent resistance, 160. Any practical voltage source canbe converted toa practical current source and vice versa. 161, A positive value of a indicates that the resis tance will decrease as the temperature in- creases. 162. Inacapacitor, currentand voltage are inphase. ¢ conductor will have more 6 reise Bene length of SWG 22 con- ductos. 164. Resistance of most of the metals decreases with rise in temperature. ecw 165. Cutting a piece of metal into two pieces oe Feduce its resistivity to half. h tuhan 166. A24 gauge wire canhandle more curren 2.20 gauge wie istance i hase Tes! 167. A thermistor is 2 serie. * Goes not change with temRuc CIRCUITS 194. The average power dissipation in a pure inductance is 195. A capacitor offers .......£esistance to de, 196. A series RL circuit can be usedas....... filter of the output is taken asthe inductor voltage, ies RL ciccuitcan be usedas.......ilterof output is taken as the resistor voltage. 197, 198. For a parallel RL circuit Z increases as fre- quencies 199. In a porallel RL circuit phase angle.. frequency increases. 200. At......ffequencies the parallel RL circuit be- haves as almost purcly inductive. 201. At requencics the parallel RL circuit behaves as purely resistive. 202. In a series R-L-C circuit if XL > XC the circuit behaves as an . .. circuit. 203. In a parallel RLC circuit with XL>XC the circuit behaves as ........ Circuit, . as 204. In a serics resonance circuit, impedance is sso ab resonance frequency. 205. Ina parallel resonance circuit impedance is resonance frequency. 206. The resistance offered by a capacitor in a ac + circuitis given as ....... 207. Ta general, a high-pass filter can be used as sesneee MCLWOTK, 208. For sharper filtering the filter are to be con- rected in 209. Twe basic filter actions are . 210. A series LCR circuit with L a nF, R = 23 2 is connected to 4230 V variable frequency supply. The source (requency for which currentamplitude is maximum is......- 97 211. A parallel resonant | LC circuit in series with the load 212. A series resonant LC circuit in series with the load is a....... filter, 213. A wave-trap is a... filter. 214. An RC coupling circuit is effectively a .-veofilter for pulsating direct current, 215. The component of current which does not contribute to power is called... component ofac. 216, In an ac circuit with X, and R in series if fre- quency is increased, the current will. 217, Inanaccircuit withX, and R inscriesthecurrent will be 218. The volt-ampere is 2 unit of .. 219. A circuit with a phase angle of 90° dors not dissipate any ... 220. The current in whe circuit with resistance 10 ohms andacpacitance 0.1 wFand with 100V, 50 Hz. AC applied i 221. An L-type filter with a patallel resonant LC circuit in series with the load is a... filter. 222. With 120 V, and / of 10 A, and 6 of 60°, a watumeter reads A 223. An LC circuit resonant at 500 kHz has.aQ of 100. Its total bandwidth between half-power points equals........ KHz. 224. L of 100 pH and C of 400 pF has resonance frequency of ........ MHz. 225. L of 10 H and C of 40 pF has resonance frequency ..... Hz.= ELECTRICAL CHG (0 ANSWERS 2 © Ww 5.0 6 2 () 10) C2 I. ©) 16 wo) 18, a ©) 2 © © %, 2 (A) 2B. (A) © 30, 3 © @) a) 36, 3. ©) © a) 22, 55. @) @® 4 @) 3 SL © 33 @) 3. ©) @ 3 ©) a © 65. 6. (A) @ om %. ©) © 7 1 OO @ 8 s. @) @) 89. 3.) @ 95 99 (0) © 101 105. (ay © 4 nL @) o un, o 135. a 129. o 135, oO 131 137, 153. 159, 165. ' 173. 7 17, 178. ind 181, resistive 184 136. . 187 rettar 188 Copor Mion reste 192 canes 2195, at 196, high-pass 197. low-pass 198, reases: decreases eee 200, verylow 201. veryhigh 202 inductive 203, " minim 208, wax 208 207, pad cascade * 209, shuming..blocking 210. 4166.7 sadtgce 2 2H. bands 30 Redes 23. "boutsen2ls. par ais ugg A RSEP 217, reduced 218. apparentpower 29. reatponer 220, 3.42ma 221. bandstop By ees, son, 9 ma 3 33, 24, 085 Network Theory 5.1. CURRENTS ‘nin Fig. 1. A current which is constant in magnitude. - 1 (B) illustrates an alternating current (ac) which varies ped sinusoidal currents are shown in Fig. 1 (C) and (D). ' 5.1.1. Ideal voltage source. Ideal voltage source is one which has th terminal voltzge which is completly independent of the current through it, practically itis difficult to have an ideal voltage source as it implies that infinite amount of energy can be drawn through it The ideal voluge source does, however, furnish a reasonable approximation to several practical voltage sources. bilsstorage battery, for example, has a terminal voltage of say, 12 volts that remains essential constant as long as the current through it does not exceed a few amperes. Such a battery should have negligible internal resistance. 5.2, NETWORK DEFINITIONS Circuit. A circuit isa conducting part through which cither an cloctric current flows or is imended to flow. Passive elements. Resistance, inductance and capacitance are the passive clem: Linear-circuit. A passive clement having linear voltage-current relationship is known as tu clement. A circuit composed entircly of ideal sources and linear clements is known as linear circui Non-linear circuit. Acircuitcomposed of one or more non-linear elements is known as non-linear circuit, Bilateral circuit. A circuit he of a nctwork. ving. identical properties in either direction is known a5 bilateral network. circuit, - st _ Active network. A nevwork containing one or more sources of emfis known a5 a0) 1g no source of emf is known as passive network Passive network. A network contal 5,3, NETWORK GRAPHS Itisa two dimensional represen joining the 2 nodes. (1) Node. Poin iccul ement is replae ne tation of anetwork of circuit where cach element is replaced by ali 1 at which 2 or more clemenis are con ected together.— 100 oo ELECTRICAL ENGG.OBIECTE Tyee) 2) Breach. A single path ».:1 nodes at both ends. (3) Loop. A setof branches forming a closed path (4) Mesh A loop which does not contain any other loops within it (9) Tree. Any set of branches which does not contain any loop and connects every nove to every other node, (©) Cotree, Remaining branches when a tree is formed. (7) Cutset Of a connected graph is a set of minimum number of branches which when deleted will divide the graph into 2 separate sub-graphs. Planar graph : where branches do not cross each other. ‘Non planer graph : where branches cross each other: ) @) No. of branches in a tree (B) = Number of nodes ~ 1 No. of loop eqns L= B-N¢1 (1) Kirchhoff's current Law (KCL) . Algebraic sum of the currents entering or leaving a node is zero: Q) Kirchhof's votage law (KVL) a We traverse the loop in clockwise direction For ~ive gn voltage is negative For +ive sign voltage is positive The Resistance Parameter. Various relatuons for fixed resistance are given below where ¢ is time, p 1s resistivity, A is cross-sectional area The Inductance parameter Algebraic sum of the voltages around a closed path is zero,NETWORK THEOAY 101 The Capacitance Parameter cad i V, Ce x farads de Ce » farads Cae4 ve a where © is permittivity of spec ific dielectric Ais the arca of the plates, d is iclectric constant of the material between the plates of the capaciwr, the distance between the plates Type of elements Series connection Parallel connection of m elements of melements Resistors : R= Resistance G = Conductance R= yr o=-Sa, im im Capacitors : C= Capacitance S = Elastance s=¥5, c=3a tel ae are) Inductors : L= Inductance T= Reciprocal inductance L=Yu Te t 5.4. THREE BRANCH STAR-MESH CONVERSION Atany given single frequency, a three branch star network may be replaced by a3 branch mesh (delta) network and conversely. For the star network Z,, Z, and Z, be the impedances as shown in Fig. 2. For these impedances w by equivalent to impedances Z,, Z, and Z, between the pairs of terminals AB, BC and CA, the necessary condition is 54, 22-44 — ang 72 —4o * (2, +%+%) (Z,+%,+Z) (Q+h+Z) For the reverse conversion, Z,2,+%Z+ZZ. 2 2 BAt+%Z+44, a= BB*AR AA, z,0 BBP AUshe 2,2, +%2,+2,2, Pee and 2, = 22 % (a) Star. (0) Mosh (Oe Fig. 2. $.5. NODEL AND MESH ANALYSIS Node! Voltage Network Analysis, This method consists in finding the volta modes with reference to zero potential reference mode. Mesh’Loop Analysis, Here we select closed loops of currents an assigned, we apply KVL to each current loop. $6. TIME AND FRFQUENCY DOMAIN RESPONSES Transient (Time) Response. When a ciscuit is switched from one condition (OFF) to ano: citherby Be inapplied voltage orachange inoncoftheciscuitelements, there i called “wansient” during which the branch currents and voltage drops change their ones. For RL transient with loop currer R L WW ———TUOTS faci Cw veRieL ae “ 9 For v= constant direct current i v jet R Fig. 3. (a) but if the conditions are changed, the new steady state is attained through a transient con The instantaneous current for the initial conditions : = 0 i()=0. For RC transient: (th al gute R dition. R “ € Steady State Response (Frequency Domain Response), It is the response of the circuit after the transient s1_te, For the sine wave: L (1) Teun * rt