ME2134-2
Analysis of Pipe Flow
Assumptions:
Applies to homogeneous fluid
of constant viscosity and
density; & gases provided
density changes are small
Darcy-Weisbach Eqn; LOSS in straight
pipe cos of friction
-Using V (average) = Q/A
-Using energy eqn & momentum eqn (prev. chapter)
Laminar:
Turbulent/V:
hf =
LAMINAR Flow in Circular Pipe [SMOOTH/ROUGH]
-Velocity of a real fluid at a fixed boundary is always zero to
satisfy no-slip condn. r=R, u=0.
Velocity Profile (Parabolic)
Pressure Drop (+ve value)
(Hagen-Poiseuille Flow)
Umax (max velocity)
Red DETERMINES TYPE OF
FLOW, INTEGRAL STEP
Laminar Pipe Flow
-Motion of fluid in layers//to
boundary surface (Red<2300)
Transitional Pipe Flow
- (Red~2300)
Turbulent Pipe Flow (Red>>2300)
-Random, irregular & unsteady
motion of fluid particles
Shear Stress
Valid for duct flow of ANY x-section &
both laminar/turbulent flow
= 2V (average velocity)
AND Darcy Friction Factor,
Entrance Length: distance from
entrance of pipe flow travels before
fully developed
Head Loss, h (Darcy)
Friction Factor, f (Red<2300)
[Le]
Laminar:
Turbulent:
TURBULENT Flow in SMOOTH Circular Pipe
- Turbulent flow has random eddies that
dissipate KE into heat. (Dragturbulent > Draglaminar)
- Turbulent flow (3 regions) is affected by
surface roughness unlike laminar.
- Wall Layer, Outer Layer & Overlap Layer
- Friction velocity =
& (R-r) = y
Velocity Profile:
TURBULENT Flow in ROUGH Circular Pipe
- EDDIES can form in rough+turb since protrusions
*Extent of submersion of roughness elements into
laminar sublayer of turbulent boundary layer
1. Hydraulically Smooth Walls:
- turbulent flow similar to in smooth pipe
[Velocity Profile:]
2. Hydraulically Rough Walls:
- protrude into main flow
[Velocity Profile:]
Friction in noncircular pipes
- Replace diameters; d or D with
hydraulic diameter, DH
Frictional Loss & Factor
3. Transitional Roughness:
- Some submerged some protrude
Average Velocity, V:
[Velocity Profile:]
B from B -
Max Velocity, Umax
; f from Darby
graph
*as Re increases, turbulent sublayer dominates
while laminar sublayer increasingly thins
(hydraulically smooth to rough transition)
Moody Diagram (Friction Factor)
flaminar=64/Red (Red<2300) ; fsmooth pipe or hydrau smooth
RHS of AB, fhydrau rough :
Not so accurate for laminar flow since V is not a
good approximation of velocity profile unlike
(Independent of Red)
turbulent which is mostly uniform (flat part)
Between AB & EF (smooth):
MINOR LOSSES explaning eddy losses
OR
Minor loss with
Loss coeff, K
Multiple Pipe System [for head losses, take darcy
& minor losses in each pipe [all networks]
1. Pipes in Series: Q=Q1=Q2=Q3; HL=HL1+HL2+HL3
Loss in sudden expansion:
1. Exit Loss: k=1; tank is
big, A2 is v big compared
Loss in sudden contraction:
(general)
(after venaC)
Ac is area of vena contracta; Cc=Ac/A2,
[Between
vena
contracta
&
downstream narrower section 2]
MINOR LOSSES explaning eddy losses
Loss in sudden contraction:
2. Gradual Expansion
1. Entrance Loss: Ksc will vary
depending on whether got
protrusion of smaller d pipe
2. Gradual Expansion
- KL includes frictional loss
- >60o, sudden expansion better
- 6o is optimum angle; 8o in
rougher pipes
3. Losses in Bends (=loss from flow
Diffuser reduces losses fr certain angles
separation,wall friction+secondary flow)
2. Pipes in //:
- Q=Q1+Q2+Q3; HL=HL1=HL2=HL3 (unless got pump Q1=Q2=Q3)
3. Branching Pipes: (Q&H&Hloss=HL)
Generally, Head/
energy at a point
3. Losses in Bends =
- if R/d=0, K~1.1
- K includes frictional loss
Regardless of pipe network,
must satisfy: Continuity, only
one energy level (head) at given
point & friction eqn must be
satisfied for each pipe. (Diff in
head = head loss between 2 pts)
