Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Peri-endoscopic Management of
Antithrombotics & Anticoagulants
ACG Postgraduate Course, Nashville, TN
Dec 5, 2015
Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
g
Segal-Watson
Professor of Medicine
Chief of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
University of Rochester Medical Center
[email protected]ACG 2015 Nashville Regional Postgraduate Course
Copyright 2015 American College of Gastroenterology
Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Objectives
Review Bleeding Risk: Endoscopic Procedures
and Interventions
Risk Stratification of Low & High risk
Thrombotic Conditions Encountered in Clinical
Practice
Review Newer AntiPlatelet Therapy Options
and
d Novel
N l Oral
O l AntiCoagulants
A tiC
l t
Discuss current concepts & best practice
principles based on available data
Balancing Risk of GI Bleeding vs Risk of
Thromboembolic Events
GI Bleeding @ Endoscopy
Thromboembolic
Event
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Anti-Thrombotic Agents
Anticoagulants
Warfarin
Heparin
Low molecular weight heparin
Novel Oral AntiCoagulants (NOAC)
Anti-platelet agents
p
Aspirin
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents
(NSAID)
Thienopyridine (clopidogrel, ticlopidine)
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors
Focus On
Aspirin
Warfarin (vit K: II,VII, IX, X)
Clopidogrel
NOACs
Apixaban (Xa)
Rivaroxaban (Xa)
Dabigatran (Thrombin)
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
ASGE and ESGE Guidelines on Endoscopy and Antithrombotic Agents
ACG 2015 Nashville Regional Postgraduate Course
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
So How Should We Approach This?
What do we know right now? (questions that
have been answered)
What to do with anti thrombotic agents pre
and post elective endoscopy?
What to do with anti thrombotic agents in a
patient with GI bleeding?
Review our best practices for now while we
gain more experience with newer
agents/more data becomes available
Surgical Interventions: Risk Stratification By
Bleeding Risk
Low risk
Endoscopy
biopsy
doscopy with
t b
opsy
Prostate or bladder biopsy
Electrophysiological study or
radiofrequency catheter ablation for
High risk
Complex left-sided ablation: pulmonary vein
i l ti
VT ablation
bl ti
isolation,
Spinal or epidural anesthesia; lumbar
diagnostic puncture
Thoracic surgery
Abdominal surgery
puncture)
Major orthopedic surgery
g g p y
Angiography
p y
Liver biopsy
Pacemaker or ICD implantation (unless
Transurethral prostate resection
Kidney biopsy
supraventricular tachycardia (including left
sided ablation via single transseptal
complex anatomical setting e.g. congenital
heart disease)
www.escardio.org/EHRA
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Endoscopic Procedures:
Bleeding Risk
Risk Factors: GI Bleeding
Older age
Cigarette smoking
Sleep apnea
Male gender
CVA, DVT
Prior GI bleeding
Renal Insufficiency
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ISTH: Definitions of Bleeding
Cardiovascular Conditions: Risk Status
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Risk of Thromboembolic Event in
Peri-endoscopic Period
Atrial Fibrillation with h/o
/ embolic events or
valve disease
Prosthetic Valve
Coronary artery disease and stents
Deep Venous Thrombosis/Pulmonary Embolus
Stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack
Hypercoagulable states
Prosthetic Valve
High risk conditions for thromboembolic events
Bio prosthetic valve <3 months old
Mechanical valve in mitral position
Mechanical valve with previous
thromboembolic event
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Coronary Artery Disease and Stents
High risk conditions for thromboembolic events
Recent acute coronary event <4-6
<4 6 weeks
Discontinuing dual antiplatelet therapy
in:
Drug-eluting stent < 1 year
Bare metal stent < 1 month
Stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack
High risk conditions for thromboembolic events
Cardioembolic events
Carotid artery disease
Recent carotid
endarterectomy
Hypercoagulable state
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
It is therefore strongly
recommended that the gastroenterologist /endoscopist never
be the one to instruct the patient to stop any anticoagulant or
antiplatelet therapy. This should be a recommendation pending
the patient finalizing approval by the prescriber of these
agents typically the cardiologist, neurologist, and vascular
surgeon or primary care provider.
Parth J. Parekh , MD , Jonathan Merrell , MD , Meredith Clary , MD , John E. Brush , MD, FACC , and David A. Johnson , MD, FACG, FASGE
Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:9 19
Antithrombotics:
Mechanisms of Action &
Current Knowledge
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
What do we know about Aspirin?
ASGE Guideline: Continue ASA for GI procedures
N
t di ASA ((and
d NSAID
Numerous
studies:
NSAIDs)) no
significant increase in risk of GI bleeding for
routine GI procedures like EGD/biopsy,
colonoscopy with polypectomy,
ERCP/sphincterotomy
For
High
bleeding
may elect
F Hi
h risk
i k bl
di GI procedures,
d
l t
to hold for 5-7 days if patient at low risk for
CV/CNS consequences or could continue it
Management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic procedures.
ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. 2009
What About Adenosine Diphosphate
Antagonists (Thienopyridines)?
The thienopyridines block the ADP-dependent
ti off platelets
l t l t b
hibiti the
th P2Y
aggregation
by iinhibiting
12 receptor.
Clopidogrel, Prasugrel
Similar to Aspirin (effect upto 7-10 days), the
effect on the platelets can last for 5-7 days
after the drug has been withdrawn
No reversal agent
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Adenosine diphosphate antagonists
(Thienopyridines)
Coagulation Cascade: Warfarin & NOAC
Sites of Action
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Novel Oral AntiCoagulants (NOAC)
NOACs work in one of two ways:
Rivaroxaban, Edoxaban and
Apixaban: factor Xa inhibitors.
Dabigatran: directly inhibiting
thrombin DTI
NOACs
(Novel Oral Anticoagulation Agents)
Stroke prevention in AF
Prevention of DVT
Treatment of DVT
Preferred over Warfarin
Quick on/quick off
No monitoring needed
Fewer interactions
Used globally
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
NOAC vs Warfarin
NOAC: Proven non-inferior or superior
No monitoring needed
Faster onset of action (2-4 hrs)
Faster out of system (normal renal/hepatic function)
Decreased risk of intracranial bleeding
Apixaban 110 mg BID dose:
Decreased risk of bleeding into any site
NOACs: associated with increased GI bleeding
Antidote??
Upper GI Bleeding: NOAC Rx
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Lower GI Bleeding: NOAC Rx
Management Guidelines
Elective Endoscopic Procedures
Acute GI Bleeding
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
General Approach to Patients on
Antithrombotics Who Need Elective Endoscopy
Delay ELECTIVE endoscopy until patient at lower risk
for thromboembolism
Discuss with patients cardiovascular or neurovascular
physician whether (or when) drugs can be stopped
Realize that only limited data exist
Guidelines from ASGE, ESGE are only suggestions Need to weigh the risks and benefits for each
individual patient
Aspirin
Stop it Rarely, if ever
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
How To Manage Warfarin Prior to
Endoscopic Procedures?
Avoid Vitamin K before elective procedures: delays
th
ti re-anticoagulation
ti
l ti after
ft procedure
d
therapeutic
Warfarin can usually be stopped for 4-7 days and then
be restarted the following day
1% risk of thromboembolic events after temporary
warfarin cessation
High risk patients for thromboembolic events: Bridge
with LMW heparin.
Example of Decision making in
Elective Endoscopy: Warfarin
Management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic procedures.
ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. 2009
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
NOACs
No definitive guidelines yet
However, the fast onset and fast offset make
cessation and resumption easier
Usually 24 hours is enough time to hold,
unless renal insufficiency or high risk
procedure,
better.
procedure in which 48 hours may be better
Check with the prescriber
NOAC: Risk Mitigation Strategies
Ensure NOAC indicated
Refer to table
Modifiable risk factors
Etoh
Nsaids
Antiplatelet agents
H Pylori
PPI cover
Colon and EGD screen
Renal function adjustment
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
When to restart NOACs after a planned surgical
intervention
Procedures with immediate and complete
Resume 68 h after surgery
hemostasis:
Atraumatic spinal/epidural anesthesia
Clean lumbar puncture
Procedures associated with immobilization:
Initiate reduced venous or intermediate dose of
LMWH 68 h after surgery if hemostasis achieved.
Procedures with post-operative risk of
Restart NOACs 4872h after surgery upon
bleeding:
complete hemostasis
Thromboprophylaxis (e.g. with LMWH) can be
initiated 6-8 h after surgery
www.escardio.org/EHRA
EGD Procedures
Procedure
Risk Bleeding
Stop Aspirin?
Stop Clopidogrel or
Prasugrel?
EGD biopsy
Low
No
No
EGD with stricture
dilation
Low
No
No
EGD with APC
Low
No
Yes
EGD with stent
placement
Low
No
Yes
EGD with variceal
band ligation
High
No
Yes
EGD with PEG
placement
High
No
? (probably)
EGD with EMR/ESD
High
Yes
Boustiere, ESGE Guidelines: Endoscopy and antiplatelet agents. Endoscopy 2011
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Colonoscopy Procedures
Procedure
Risk of Bleeding
Stop aspirin
Stop clopidogrel or
prasugrel?
Colonoscopy
biopsy
Low
No
No
Colonoscopy with
polypectomy <1 cm
Low
No
No
Colonoscopy with
polypectomy >1 cm
High
No
Yes
Colonoscopy with
EMR/ESD
High
Yes (?)
Yes
Boustiere // ESGE Guidelines: Endoscopy 2011
ERCP Procedures
Procedure
Risk Bleeding
Stop Aspirin?
Stop Clopidogrel or
Prasugrel?
ERCP Diagnostic
Low
No
No
ERCP with Stent
Placement
Low
No
No
ERCP with
sphincterotomy
High
No
Yes
Yes (?)
Yes
ERCP with
High
sphincterotomy and
large
balloon
l
b
ll
papillary dilation
Boustiere, ESGE Guidelines: Endoscopy and antiplatelet agents. Endoscopy 2011
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
EUS Procedures
Procedure
Risk Bleeding
Stop Aspirin?
Stop Clopidogrel or
Prasugrel?
EUS Diagnostic
Low
No
No
EUS with FNA Solid
Mass
Low
No
Yes (?)
EUS FNA Cysts
High
Yes
Yes
EUS FNA
Therapeutic
High
Yes
Yes
Boustiere // ESGE Guidelines: Endoscopy 2011
Management of antithrombotic agents in the ELECTIVE endoscopic setting
Management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic procedures. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. 2009
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
M
A i Thrombotic
Th
b i
Management
off Anti
Agents in the Patient with GI Bleeding
Stopping or Reversing Antithrombotic
Agents in the acutely bleeding patient
Warfarin
Consider holding warfarin
Consider vitamin K, FFP, Factor VIIa
AHA/ACC recommendations
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) >>>>> high dose Vitamin K
Avoid high-dose Vitamin K (10 mg) in mechanical valves as may
cause hypercoag state
Low dose Vitamin K (1-2 mg) may be fine
Antiplatelet agents
Consider stopping drug
Consider platelet transfusion
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Restarting Antithrombotic Agents s/p
Endoscopic Hemostasis
Resumption of aspirin + PPI has lower rate of
recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding than switching
to clopidogrel (Chan, NEJM 2005)
Continuation of low dose aspirin after
endoscopic
hemostasis
d
i h
t i results
lt iin llower allll
cause mortality (12.9% vs 1.3%) and higher
rebleed rate (10.3% vs 5.4%) (Sung JJ, Ann Int Med
2010)
Risk of Interruption of Warfarin in
GI Bleeding
Compared with holding warfarin for 30 days, restarting warfarin
after 7 days was not associated with increased risk of GIB and was
associated with decreased risk of mortality and thromboembolism
Qureshi et al, Am J Cardiol 2013.
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Asia-Pacific Working Group Consensus on
Non-Variceal Bleeding (Sung JJ,Gut 2011)
Among aspirin users with high cardiothrombotic
risk & PUD bleeding, resume aspirin ASAP
Because risk of rebleeding is greatest in 1st 72 hours,
consider restart aspirin ~ 3 days after hemostasis
Uncertain about clopidogrel, but perhaps restart in 35 days
d
If dual therapy: No data; depends on type of stent and
when placed
Management of antithrombotic agents in the URGENT endoscopic setting
Based on Rebleeding Risk AND Thromboembolic Risk
Management of antithrombotic agents for endoscopic procedures.
ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. 2009
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Desai GIE
2013
What About Endoscopic Therapy?
After all, we are endoscopists
We should be able to fix everything!!!
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Endoloops
Endoclips
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
What is the Efficacy of Endoscopic
Therapy in This Setting?
Retrospective studies suggest endoscopic
therapy seems safe and effective (even with INR
>4)
Mechanical hemostasis (i.e. clips) preferred
Especially if will resume antithrombotic meds
Colonoscopy with polypectomy was safe in a
large cohort of consecutive patients on
Clopidogrel (Singh et al GIE 2009)
Endoscopic Techniques Can Decrease
Bleeding After Elective Polypectomy
Boustiere, ESGE Guidelines: Endoscopy and antiplatelet agents. Endoscopy 2011
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
NOACs: FIRST REVERSAL AGENT JUST
APPROVED BY FDA !!
.In
In trials,
trials a five
five-minute
minute infusion of
Idarucizumab was able to reverse
the blood thinning effects of
Dabigatran in young adults, elderly
patients and in those with mild
renal/hepatic dysfunction
Glund S, Lancet 2015
Drugs, Dec 2015
Which risk we are willing to take?
Continue
Stop
We usually can stop GI bleeding while CVA/ACS are usually
irreversible and devastating!!!
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Lets simplify a bit
and review
Warfarin
Low risk endoscopy + low cardiovascular/ low
b
l risk:
i k may nott h
t
cerebrovascular
have tto stop
If High risk procedure or high CV/CNS risk:
HIGH RISK
Strongly consider heparin bridge
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Thienopyridines
(Clopidogrel)
Always check with cardiologist/prescriber
TYPE of stent
AGE of stent
Stroke history
Usually
5-7
U ll if stopped
t
d iis stopped
t
d ffor 5
7 days
d
In nearly every instance, continue or
substitute aspirin
GI Bleeding Management: NOAC
Anemia/Guaiac + stools
Semi elective evaluation reasonable (~1
2wks)
Semi-elective
(~1-2wks)
Colonoscopy +/- EGD
Small bowel evaluation if needed
Typically would continue NOAC
Monitor
M it Hb/Hct
Hb/H t
Monitor for overt GI bleeding
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
GI Bleeding Management: NOAC
Overt/Major GI Bleeding
d as inpatient in h
Best managed
hospitall
Standard resuscitation protocols
NOAC should be held
Antiplatelet Rx: review need per case
p
y consultation
Multidisciplinary
Urgent Endoscopic evaluation
Angiographic embolization when needed
Reversal Agent for severe/life threatening
bleeding
Uncontrolled NOAC Associated GI
Bleeding
Topical thrombin & fibrin sealant
Topical hemospray powder (n/a in USA)
Systemic Tranexamic acid
Prothrombin complex concentrate
Recombinant activated factor VII
Hemodialysis & Hemoperfusion (Dabigatran)
Reversal Agent for severe/life threatening
bleeding
Surgery
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Peri-endoscopic Management: NOAC
Low risk procedure: may continue NOAC
High risk procedure: interrupt NOAC
Consult with cardiologist
Knowledge of renal function
Develop
D l plan
l ffor resumption
ti
Discuss and document risks/benefits (office visit)
ANTIDOTES
Aspirin: Platelet transfusion
Warfarin: Vit K, FFP
Heparin: Protamine Sulfate
Clopidogrel: Platelet Transfusion
Dabigatran: Idarucizumab
Other NOACs: none yet
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
Especially Difficult Scenarios!!
Jehovahs Witness patient
The recalcitrant Cardiologist
The Cardiologist cannot be found!
LVAD patients
The patient with acute MI
Summary
Low risk for bleeding from endoscopy AND High risk for
cardiovascular/CNS event favors continuing
antithrombotic agent.
High risk for bleeding from endoscopy AND Low risk for
Cardiovascular/CNS event favors holding
antithrombotic agent.
Variables: Duration of action of agent, availability of
reversing
i agents,
t ability
bilit tto more easily
il control
t l
bleeding endoscopically, local expertise/resources all
weigh in considerably
Dont under-estimate efficacy of endoscopic therapy!
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Vivek Kaul, MD, FACG
All Bleeding Eventually Stops.!!!!!!
Thank You!
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