!

Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

w&m;emy&dowftwGuf taxmuftuljyK w&m;pmpOf

c ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd?

'getm;vH;k udk "r'geu atmifEikd \
f /

oA&oH "r&aom Zdemwd/

t&omtm;vHk;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/

oA&w "r&wd Zdemwd?

arGUavsmzf ,
G t
f m;vH;k udk w&m; arGUavsmjf cif;u atmifEikd \
f /

wPSua,m oA'kuH Zdemwd/

'kut
m;vH;k udk wPSmukejf cif;u atmifEidk \
f /

pd&H wd|wk o'arm? "ar a[mE K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"Ge&Yf n
S pf mG wnfygapownf;/
o'ro
;kH jzm dak oav;pm;jcif; &SMd uygapukeo
f wnf;/

]]"r'ge}}
w&m;pmpOfukd "r'getjzpf rnforl qdk ul;,lciG hf yHEk ydS cf iG hf &So
d nf/

rmwdum ! *

earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/

Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

rmwdum
pmrsufESm

pmrsufESm

1 avmb-'d|d tkyfpk IykHpepf

38
orm"dokwef
1 (puKtMunf"mwftmkH)
Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif - ykyokwef 2 "rmkHvdkif;-raem'Gg&0Dxd-raumif;tkyfpkZ,m; 39
lygkHvdkif; taumif;tkyfpk Z,m;
40
kyfur|mef;ydkif;
5
lygkHvdkif; taumif;tkyfpk pdwfapwodufZ,m; 41
kyf (28) yg; Z,m;
5
lygkHvdkif;-raumif;tkyfpk tukodkvfaZm0Dxd
kyftppf (18) yg;
7
Z,m;
42
tedyEkyf = kyftwk (10) rsKd;
8
t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif;
43
(6) 'Gg& wnf&Sdaom kyfuvmyfrsm;
10
ul#m*g&okwefaumufEkwfcsuf
43
raem'Gg& [lonf
11
'kuopm[lonf - cEokwef
44
(6) 'Gg& kyfur|mef;Z,m;rsm;
12-17
ork',opm[lonf
45
(42) aum|mo - "mwfur|mef; tus,fenf; 18
eda&m"opm[lonf
52
urZkyfuvmyf (9) pnf;
21
r*opm[lonf
57
pdwZkyfuvmyf (8) pnf;
22
OwkZ kyfuvmyf (4) pnf;
25 tcef; (2) ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}} 63
tm[m&Z kyfuvmyf (2) pnf;
25 r[mowdy|meokwef
63
Ak'tbd"rm\ kyfydkif;qdkif&m t,ltq
26 0ifoufav-xGufoufavukd
64
emrfur|mef;ydkif;
27 Iqifjcifjcif;tcef;
67
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m odrSwfp&m
27 tmemyge orxydkif;
tEkykAeda&m"okwef
67
apwodufydkif;qdkif&m odrSwfp&m
apwoduf (52) vkH;
27 tmemygewd orm"d bm0emu
68
0dwuf-apwem-reodum&
30 NyD;pD; jynfhpkHvmaomtcg
69
twpGJ (2) rsKd;
31 tmemyge 0dyemydkif; - yxrtqifh
70
arm[ESifh 'd|dudk twdkcsKyf cGJjcm;rSwf&ef
32 "mwfur|mef;tusOf;enf;
73
rm,mESifh omaX,s
35 0dyemydkif; - 'kwd,qifh
0dyemydkif; - wwd,qifh
74
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkH - "rmkHvdkif; 75
raem'Gg& psmeormywd0DxdZ,m;
36 0dyemydkif; - pwkwqifh
PfpOf (16) yg;
75
uodkPf; y#dbm*edrdwftmkH - "rmkHvdkif; 77
raem'Gg& psmeormywd0DxdZ,m;
36 yXr ty&dZmeeokwefaumufEkwfcsuf
"rmkHvdkif; raem'Gg&0Dxd taumif;tkyfpkZ,m; - azPyd@LyrokweftwGuf BudKwifodrSwf&ef 78
79
kyftppfudk tmkH,l IykH
37 azPyd@Lyrokwef

tcef; (1)

rmwdum NyD;\/

C ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

jrifjh rwfaom touf&iS jf cif;

a,m p 0owH ZDa0? 'kDavm torm[dawm?
{um[H ZD0dwH aoa,sm? oDv0E psm,daem/
tMuifolonf ..
udk,fusifhoDv r&SdbJ
Oypm& tyem ESpfjzmaom pdwfwnfMunfrI orm"d r&SdbJ ..
ESpfaygif;wpf&m umvMumatmif touf&Sifav&m\/
xdkyk*dKvf\ ..
ESpfaygif;wpf&m umvMumatmif touf&Sif&jcif;xuf ....
uodP
k ;f ynwfpaom tmku
H kd uyf IwwfaomaMumifh
tm&rPlyedZmepsmef trnf&aom orxpsmef
ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedppaom vuPmudk uyf IwwfaomaMumifh vuPlyedZmepsmef
trnf&aom 0dyempsmefwdkYudk 0ifpm;avh&Sdaom ..
oDv&Sad om olawmfaumif;\ ..
wpfaeYwpf&uf wpfeHeufrQ touf&Sif& jcif;onf omvGef jrifhjrwfvSay\/
("ry'? *gxm?110/)

a,m p 0owH ZDa0? 'kyanm torm[dawm?

{um[H ZD0dwH aoa,sm? yn0E psm,daem/
tMuifolonf ..
orx 0dyem ESpfjzmaom ynm r&SdbJ
Oypm& tyem ESpfjzmaom pdwfwnfMunfrI orm"d r&SdbJ ..
ESpfaygif;wpf&m umvMumatmif touf&Sifav&m\/
xdkyk*dKvf\ ..
ESpfaygif;wpf&m umvMumatmif touf&Sif&jcif;xuf ....
uodP
k ;f ynwfpaom tmku
H kd uyf IwwfaomaMumifh
tm&rPlyedZmepsmef trnf&aom orxpsmef
ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedpp aom vuPmudk uyf IwwfaomaMumifh
vuPlyedZmepsmef trnf&aom 0dyempsmefwdkYudk 0ifpm;avh&Sdaom ..
orx 0dyem ESpfjzmaom ynm&Sdaom olawmfaumif;\ ..
wpfaeYwpf&uf wpfeHeufrQ touf&Sif& jcif;onf omvGef jrifhjrwfvSay\/
("ry'? *gxm?111/)

!1

earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/

tcef; (1)
orm"dow
k e f 1
om0wded'gef;/y/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... pdwfwnfMunfrI ]orm"d}udk yGm;rsm;Muukefavmh? cspfom;
&[ef;wdkY... pdwfwnfMunfrI orm"d&Sdaom &[ef;onf [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odjrif\/ tb,fodkYvQif [kwfwdkif;
rSefpGm odoenf;
1/ ]]um; 'kujzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kut&d,opmw&m;}wnf;}}[k [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm
orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrif\?
2/ ]]um; 'kujzpfaMumif;jzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kuork', t&d,opmw&m;}wnf;}}[k
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrif\?
3/ ]]um; 'kucsKyf&mjzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kueda&m" t&d,opmw&m;}wnf;}}[k
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrif\?
4/ ]]um; 'kucsKyf&m (edAmef) odkY a&mufaMumif; tusifhjzpfonfh ]'kueda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g t&d,opm
(= r*t&d,opm)w&m;}wnf;}}[k [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf
xGif;azmuf odjrif\?
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY ... pdwfwnfMunfrI ]orm"d}udk yGm;rsm;Muukefavmh? cspfom; &[ef;wdkY ...
pdwfwnfMunfrI orm"d&Sdaom &[ef;onf [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odjrif\/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...xdkYaMumifh omoemawmf ..
1

om0wded'geH/ orm" bdua0 bma0x? orm[dawm bdua0 bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ ud ,xmblwH
yZmemwd? ]]'H 'ku} }Ed ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ ]]t,H 'kuo
rk'a,m}}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ ]]t,H 'kue ad &ma"m}}wd
,xmblwH yZmemwd/ ]]t,H 'kue ad &m"*grdeD y#dy'g}}wd ,xmblwH yZmemwd/ orm" bdua 0 bma0x? orm[dawm
bdua0 bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd/
wom wd[ bdua0 ]]'H 'ku}}Ed a,ma*g u&PDa,m? ]]t,H 'kuork'a,m}}wd a,ma*g u&PDa,m? ]]t,H
'kueda&ma"m}}wd a,ma*g u&PDa,m? ]]t,H 'kueda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g}}wd a,ma*g u&PDa,m/ (oH?3?363/)

2 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

1/ ]]um; 'kujzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kut&d,opmw&m;}wnf;}}[k odatmif BudK;pm;

tm;xkwf&rnf/
2/ ]]um; 'kujzpfaMumif;jzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kuork', t&d,opmw&m;}wnf;}}[k
odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rnf/
3/ ]]um; 'kuc sKy&f mjzpfonfh t&d,mwd\
Yk trSew
f &m; ]'kue ad &m" t&d,opmw&m;}wnf;}}[k odatmif
BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rnf/
4/ ]]um; 'kucsKyf&m (edAmef) odkY a&mufaMumif; tusifhjzpfonfh ]'kueda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g t&d,opm
(= r*t&d,opm)w&m;}wnf;}}[k odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rnf}}[k rdefYMum;awmfrl\/

" " "

Mumyef;ESihf yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif
ykyo
w
k e 2f
om0wded'gef;/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...igbk&m;&Sifonf avmuESifh rjiif;cHkyg? avmuBuD;uom
igbk&m;&SifESifh vma&mufum jiif;cHkaeay\/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...w&m;twkdif; "rudkom a[majymwwfolonf avmu wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom olESifhrQ rjiif;cHkyg/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY ... avmu ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkYu r&Sd[k ac:qdkorkwftyfonfukd igbk&m;&Sifuvnf; ]]r&Sd}}[kyif ac:qdkorkwftyfyg\? cspfom; &[ef;wdkY ...avmu ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkYu
&Sd\[k ac:qdkorkwftyfonfukd igbk&m;&Sifuvnf; ]]&Sd\}}[kyif ac:qdkorkwftyfyg\/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...avmu ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkYu r&Sd[k ac:qdkorkwftyf igbk&m;&Sif
uvnf; ]]r&Sd}}[kyif ac:qdkorkwftyfaom t&mum; tb,fygenf;
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...jrJaom ckdifchHaom wnfwHhaom azmufjyefjcif;oabm r&Sdaom kyfw&m;ukd
avmu r&Sd[k ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkYu ac:qdkorkwftyfyg\? xkdkyfw&m;rsKd;ukd igbk&m;&Sifuvnf;
]]r&Sd}}[kyif ac:qdkorkwftyfyg\/ a0'emukd/y/ onmukd/y/ ocFg&wdkYukd/y/ jrJaom ckdifcHhaom wnfwHhaom
azmufjyefjcif;oabm r&Sdaom 0dnmPfukd avmu r&Sd[k ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkYu ac:qdkorkwftyfyg\?
xkd0dnmPfrsKd;ukd igbk&m;&Sifuvnf; ]]r&Sd}}[kyif ac:qdkorkwftyfyg\/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...avmu
2

om0wded'geH/ em[H bdua0 avmaue 0d0'grd? avmaum0 r,m 0d0'wd/ e bdua0 "r0g'D auepd avmuo
0d0'wd/ ,H bdua0 ewdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]ewD}wd 0'grd/ ,H bdua0 twdorwH avmau
y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]twD}wd 0'grd/
ud bdua0 ewdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? ,r[H ]ewD}wd 0'grd lyH bdua0 edpH "k0H owH t0dy&dPmr"rH
ewdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]ewD}wd 0'grd/ a0'em/y/ onm/y/ ocFg&m/y/ 0dnmPH edpH "k0H owH
t0dy&dPmr"rH ewdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]ewD}wd 0'grd/ 'H acg bdua0 ewdorwH avmau
y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]ewD}wd 0'grd/
ud bdua0 twdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? ,r[H ]twD}wd 0'grd lyH bdua0 tedpH 'kuH 0dy&dPmr"rH
twdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]twD}wd 0'grd/ a0'em tedpm/y/ onm/y/ ocFg&m/y/ 0dnmPH tedpH
'kuH 0dy&dPmr"rH twdorwH avmau y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]twD}wd 0'grd/ 'H acg bdua0 twdorwH
avmau y@dwmeH? t[rd wH ]twD}wd 0'grd/
twd bdua 0 avmau avmu"arm? wH wxm*awm tbdorKZwd tbdoarwd? tbdorKZw
d mG tbdoarwGm
wH tmpduwd a'aowd ynaywd y|aywd 0d0&wd 0dbZwd OwmeDua&mwd/

tcef; (1) - ykyokwef ! 3

ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;wdkYu r&Sd[k ac:qdkorkwftyf igbk&m;&Sifuvnf; ]]r&Sd}}[kyif ac:qdkorkwftyfaom

t&mum; onfyifwnf;/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...avmu ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkYu &Sd\[k ac:qdkorkwftyf igbk&m;&Sif
uvnf; ]]&Sd\}}[kyif ac:qdkorkwftyfaom t&mum; tb,fygenf;
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...rjrJaom qif;&Jaom azmufjyefjcif;oabm&Sdaom kyfw&m;rsKd;ukd avmu
&Sd\[k ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkYu ac:qdkorkwftyf\? xkdkyfw&m;rsKd;ukd igbk&m;&Sifuvnf; ]]&Sd\}}[kyif
ac:qdkorkwftyfyg\/ rjrJaom a0'em/y/ onm/y/ ocFg&/y/ rjrJaom qif;&Jaom azmufjyefjcif;oabm
&Sdaom 0dnmPfukd avmu &Sd\[k ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;wdkYu ac:qdkorkwftyf\? xkd0dnmPfrsKd;ukd ig
bk&m;&Sifuvnf; ]]&Sd\}}[kyif ac:qdkorkwftyfyg\/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...avmu ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;
wdu
Yk &S\
d [k ac:qdo
k rkwt
f yf igbk&m;&Siu
f vnf; ]]&S\
d }}[kyif ac:qdo
k rkwt
f yfaom t&mum; onfyif
wnf;/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...avmu ysufpD;wwfaom w&m; (avmu"r)[l &Sd\? xkdw&m;ukd wxm*w
trnf&awmfrlaom oifwdkYq&m igbk&m;onf orm'd|dPfynmjzifh xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrl\? orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifawmfrl\/ xkdw&m;udk orm'd|dPfynmjzifh xdk;xGif;
odjrifawmfrlNyD;vQif orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifawmfrlNyD;vQif xkdw&m;udk
tusOf;tm;jzifhvnf; a[mMum;ay;awmfrl\? tus,ftm;jzifhvnf; a[mMum;ay;awmfrl\? okyfxkwfum
uGu
J jJG ym;jym; odatmifvnf; a[mMum;ay;awmfr\
l ? xkw
d &m;udk oifcspo
f m;wd\
Yk todPf wnf&v
dS matmif
usiphf Ofukd Tejf yvsuv
f nf; a[mMum;ay;awmfr\
l ? teuft"dym ,fuv
kd nf; zGiq
hf jkd yay;awmfr\
l ? uGu
J jJG ym;jym;
odatmifvnf; cGJjcm;a0zefum a[mMum;ay;awmfrl\? Oyrmxkwfaqmifum ay:vGifxif&Sm;atmifvnf;
jyKvkyfay;awmfrl\/
cspo
f m; &[ef;wd.Yk ..wxm*wtrnf&awmfral om oifwq
Ykd &m igbk&m;onf orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh
xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrlNyD;vQif orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odjrifawmfrlNyD;vQif
tusOf ; tm;jzif h v nf ; a[mMum;awmf r l t yf a om tus,f t m;jzif h v nf ; a[mMum;awmf r l t yf a om
okyfxkwfum uGJuGJjym;jym; odatmifvnf; a[mMum;ay;awmfrltyfaom oifcspfom;wdkY\ todPf
ud bdua0 avmau avmu"arm? wH wxm*awm tbdorKZwd tbdoarwd? tbdorKZdwGm tbdoarwGm
wH tmpduwd a'aowd ynaywd y|aywd 0d0&wd 0dbZwd OwmeDua&mwd lyH bdua0 avmau avmu"arm?
wH wxm*awm tbdorKZwd tbdoarwd? tbdorKZdwGm tbdoarwGm tmpduwd a'aowd ynaywd y|aywd
0d0&wd 0dbZwd OwmeDua&mwd/
a,m bdua 0 wxm*awe {0H tmpdu,
d rmae a'od,rmae ynyd,rmae y|yd,rmae 0d0&d,rmae 0dbZd,rmae OwmeDu&d,rmae e Zmemwd e ywd? wr[H bdua0 AmvH ykxkZeH tEH tpuKuH tZmeEH tyEH
udEd ua&mrd a0'em bdua0 avmau avmu"arm/y/ onm bdua0/y/ ocFg&m bdua0/y/ 0dnmPH bdua0
avmau avmu"arm? wH wxm*awm tbdorKZwd tbdoarwd? tbdorKZw
d mG tbdoarwGm tmpduw
d a'aowd
ynaywd y|aywd 0d0&wd 0dbZwd OwmeDua&mwd/
a,m bdua 0 wxm*awe {0H tmpdu,
d rmae a'od,rmae ynyd,rmae y|yd,rmae 0d0&d,rmae 0dbZd,rmae OwmeDu&d,rmae e Zmemwd e ywd? wr[H bdua0 AmvH ykxkZeH tEH tpuKuH tZmeEH tyEH
udEd ua&mrd
ao,sxmyd bdua0 OyvH 0g y'krH 0g yk@&DuH 0g O'au ZmwH O'au oH0H O'um tpK*r Xmwd tEkyvdwH
O'aue? {0ar0 acg bdua0 wxm*awm avmau Zmawm avmau oH0am avmuH tbdbk,s 0d[&wd
tEkyvdawm avmauemwd/ (oH?2?113-114? pmydk'f?94/ ykyokwef/)

4 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

wnf&Sdvmatmif usifhpOfudk Tefjyvsufvnf; a[mMum;ay;awmfrltyfaom teuft"dym,fudkvnf;

zGifhqdkjyay;awmfrltyfaom uGJuGJjym;jym; odatmifvnf; cGJjcm;a0zefum a[mMum;ay;awmfrltyfaom
Oyrmxkwfaqmifum ay:vGifxif&Sm;atmifvnf; jyKvkyfay;awmfrltyfaom avmu ysufpD;wwfaom
w&m; (avmu"r) [lonf tb,fenf;
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...kyf (a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf)w&m;onf avmu ysufpD;wwfaom
w&m;wnf;? xkdw&m;ukd wxm*wtrnf&awmfrlaom oifwdkYq&m igbk&m;onf orm'd|dPfynmjzifh
xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrl\? orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifawmfrl\/ xkdw&m;udk
orm'd|dPfynmjzifh xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrlNyD;vQif orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
odjrifawmfrlNyD;vQif xkdw&m;udk tusOf;tm;jzifhvnf; a[mMum;ay;awmfrl\? tus,ftm;jzifhvnf;
a[mMum;ay;awmfrl\? okyfxkwfum uGJuGJjym;jym; odatmifvnf; a[mMum;ay;awmfrl\? oifcspfom;wdkY\
todPf wnf&Sdvmatmif usifhpOfudk Tefjyvsufvnf; a[mMum;ay;awmfrl\? teuft"dym,fudkvnf;
zGifhqdkjyay;awmfrl\? uGJuGJjym;jym; odatmifvnf; cGJjcm;a0zefum a[mMum;ay;awmfrl\? (kyfonf
a&jrKyfpdkifESifh yrmwl\? a0'emonf a&yGufESifh yrmwl\? onmonf wHvQyfESifh yrmwl\? ocFg&wdkYonf
iSufaysmwkH;ESifh yrmwlMu\? 0dnmPfonf rsufvSnfhkyfESifh yrmwl\..ponfjzihf) Oyrmxkwfaqmifum
ay:vGifxif&Sm;atmifvnf; jyKvkyfay;awmfrl\/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY...tMuifolonf odkY igbk&m;&Sifu orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh xdk;xGif;odjrifawmf
rlNy;D vQif orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmufojd rifawmfrNl y;D vQif avmu"r trnf&onfh
,if; kyf (a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf)w&m;udk tusOf;tm;jzifhvnf; a[mMum;ay;awmfrltyfonf
jzpfygvsuf tus,ftm;jzifhvnf; a[mMum;ay;awmfrltyfonfjzpfygvsuf okyfxkwfum uGJuGJjym;jym;
odatmifvnf; a[mMum;ay;awmfrltyfonfjzpfygvsuf oifcspfom;wdkY\ todPf wnf&Sdvmatmif
usiphf Ofukd Tejf yvsuv
f nf; a[mMum;ay;awmfrt
l yfonfjzpfygvsuf teuft"dym ,fuv
kd nf; zGiq
hf jkd yay;awmf
rltyfonfjzpfygvsuf uGJuGJjym;jym; odatmifvnf; cGJjcm;a0zefum a[mMum;ay;awmfrltyfonf jzpfygvsuf
(kyfonf a&jrKyfpdkifESifh yrmwl\? a0'emonf a&yGufESifh yrmwl\? onmonf wHvQyfESifh yrmwl\?
ocFg&wdkYonf iSufaysmwkH;ESifh yrmwlMu\? 0dnmPfonf rsufvSnfhkyfESifh yrmwl\..ponfjzihf) Oyrm
xkwfaqmifum ay:vGifxif&Sm;atmifvnf; jyKvkyfay;awmfrltyfonfjzpfygvsuf avmu"r trnf&onfh
,if;kyf (a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf) w&m;udk Pfynmrsufpdjzifh rod? Pfynmrsufpdjzifh rjrif/
cspo
f m; &[ef;wd.Yk .. ynmrsupf d r&So
d nfh ynmrsupf d umPf;aeonfh (kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfu)kd
rodrjrifonfh xkdykxkZef irkdufom;ukd igbk&m;&Sifonf tb,fokdY jyKvkyfay;EkdifygtHenf;/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY ... jzpfoifhjzpf&m EIdif;cdkif;zG,f&m avmu Oyrmaomfum; MumnKdyef;onfjzpfap?
Mumy'krmyef;onfjzpfap? Mumyk@&dufyef;onfjzpfap a&xJyif jzpfay:cJh&\? a&xJyif BuD;yGm;cJh&\?
a&xJrS a&rsufESmjyifay:odkY wufa&mufum yGifhvef;vmaomtcg a&ESifh vdrf;usHrI r&SdbJ a&ay:yif
&yfwnfaeEdkifcJh\? a&ESifh vdrf;usHrI r&Sd/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... Oyrmtwlyif wxm*w trnf&awmf
rlaom oifwdkYq&m igbk&m;onf MoumoavmuBuD; arG;zGm;vmcJh&\? MoumoavmuBuD;yif BuD;yGm;vmcJh&\? MoumoavmuBuD; arG;zGm;vmcJh&aomfvnf; MoumoavmuBuD;yif BuD;yGm;vmcJh&aomfvnf;
avmuBuD;udk ausmfvTm;vTrf;rdk;um avmuBuD;ESifh Niduyfvdrf;usHrI r&SdbJ oDwif;okH;aexdkifEdkifyg\}}3 [k
a[mMum;awmfrl\/
3

oifcspfom;wdkYonf xdkcEmig;yg;udk rodMuaomfvnf; ..igbk&m;&SifrSm oifcspfom;wdkYESifh NiduyfrI vdrf;usHrI r&Sdyg

(= 0rf;enf;rI aMuuGrJ I r&Syd g)/ igbk&m;&Si\
f edAm efoYkd oGm;&m vrf;aMumif;jzpfonfh w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;jyoay;jcif;
qdkonfh wm0ef0w&m;udk &Gufaqmifay;jcif;rQom jzpfayonf[k qdkvdkayonf/

tcef; (1) - kyfur|mef;ydkif; ! 5

kyfur|mef;ydkif;
kyf (28) yg; Z,m;
kyftppf r[mbkwf "mwfBuD; 4 - yg; (edyE-r[mblwly)
1/ yx0D"mwf
(yx0D"mwk)
2/ tmayg"mwf (tmayg"mwk)

3/ awaZm"mwf (awaZm"mwk)
4/ 0ga,m"mwf (0ga,m"mwk)

+
Oyg'gkyf 24 - yg; (Oyg'gly)
kyftppf Oyg'gkyf 14 - yg; (edyE-Oyg'gly)
tMunfkyf
1/ rsufpdtMunf
2/ em;tMunf
3/ ESmacgif;tMunf
4/ vQmtMunf
5/ udk,ftMunf

(yom'ly)
(puKyom')
(aomwyom')
(Cmeyom')
(Zd0Sgyom')
(um,yom')

tmkHkyf
1/ lygkH = tqif;
2/ o'gkH = toH
3/ *EmkH = teHY
4/ &omkH = teHY
(5/ azm|AmkH =
tawGUtxd"mwf)

(a*gp&ly)
(ly = 0P)
(o')
(*E)
(&o)
(azm|A)

bm0kyf
1/ trsKd;om;jzpfaMumif;
2/ trsKd;orD;jzpfaMumif;
1/ [',0wK
1/ kyfoufapmifh"mwf
1/ uAVDum&tm[m&
= tqDtap; = MoZm

(bm0ly)
(yk&dobm0)
(wdbm0)
([',ly)
(ZD0dwd`Ed,)
(tm[m&ly)

kyftwk Oyg'gkyf 10 - yg; (tedyE-Oyg'gly)

1/ tmumo"mwf (tmumo"mwk) trlt&mkyf
= tMum;tayguf (= y&dap'ly) 1/ ayghrI
2/ El;nhHrI
0dnwfkyf
(0dnwdly)
3/ trI
1/ ukd,ftrlt&m (um,0dnwd)
aumif;rGef
2/ EIwftrlt&m (0pD0dnwd)
chHnm;rI

(0dum&ly) vuPkyf
(v[kwm) 1/ a`ErjynfhpkHrD
a&S;OD;tpjzpfjcif;
(rk'kwm)
(urnwm) 2/ a`EjynfhpkHNyD;aemuf
tqufqufjzpfjcif;
3/ &ifhjcif; = XD
4/ ysufjcif; = bif

(vuPly)
(Oyp,)
(oEwd)
(Z&wm)
(tedpwm)

6 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

kyf (28) yg;

kyfw&m;wdkYonf blwkyf Oyg'gkyf[k tusOf;tm;jzifh ESpfrsKd;&Sd\/ tjcm;aomkyfrsm;xuf oabm
vuPmtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; txnfu,
kd jf 'yftm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; Bu;D us,x
f if&mS ;aom "mwfBu;D av;yg;ukd
blwly = blwkyf r[mblw = r[mbkwf[k ac:qdkonf/ r[mbkwf av;yg;udk rSDjzpfaom (24)rsKd;aom
kyfudk Oyg'gkyf[k ac:qdkonf? r[mbkwf"mwfBuD;av;yg;udk jzLatmif 0gatmif eDatmif odkY ponfjzifh
jc,fvS,faom trTef;wifkyfrsm;wnf;/
wpfzef .. ,if;r[mbkwfav;yg;udk "mwk (= "mwf) [kvnf; ac:qdkjyef\/ rdrdoabmudk rdrd
aqmifxm;Ekdifaom rdrdoabmtwdkif; xif&Sm;aom w&m;udk "mwk (= "mwf)[k ac:qkd\/ yx0D"mwfonf
rm-usef;-av;-aysmh-acsm-aygh[laom rdrdoabmukd rdrdaqmifxm;\/ tmayg"mwfonf ,dkpD;-zGJUpnf;[laom
rdrdoabmudk rdrdaqmifxm;\/ awaZm"mwfonf yl-at;[laom rdrdoabmukd rdrdaqmifxm;\/
0ga,m"mwfonf axmufuef-wGef;uef[laom rdrdoabmudk rdrdaqmifxm;\/ xdkaMumifh ,if;av;yg;udk
"mwf[kvnf; ac:qdkonf/

(1) r[mbkwf "mwfBuD; (4) yg;

1/ yx0D"mwf
*kyx0Dtkyfpk

v[kyx0Dtkyfpk

1/ rmrI ...oabm
3/ Murf;rI ...oabm
5/ av;rI ...oabm

2/ aysmhrI ...oabm
4/ acsmrI ...oabm
6/ ayghrI ...oabm

2/ tmayg"mwf
1/ j'0bm0 = y*&PvuPm
2/ tmAEebm0 = tmAEevuPm

= ,dkpD;rIoabm
= zGJUpnf;rIoabm

3/ awaZm"mwf
1/ (u) OPSbm0 = OPSawaZm = ylrIoabm
( c ) oDwbm0 = oDwawaZm = at;rIoabm
2/ y&dygpebm0 = &ifhusufaprIoabm

4/ 0ga,m"mwf
1/ 0dwrebm0
2/ ork'D&Pbm0

= axmufuefrIoabm
= wGef;uefrIoabm

(2) yom'kyf = tMunfkyf = tMunf"mwf (5) yg;

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

puKyom'
aomwyom'
Cmeyom'
Zd0Sgyom'
um,yom'

=
=
=
=
=

rsufpd tMunf?
em; tMunf?
ESm tMunf = ESmacgif;tMunf?
vQm tMunf?
udk,f tMunf?

tcef; (1) - kyfur|mef;ydkif; ! 7

(3) a*gp&kyf = tmkHkyf (7) rsKd;

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

lygkH
o'gkH
*EmkH
&omkH
azm|AmkH

=
=
=
=
=

tqif; = ta&mif = 0P?

toH?
teHY?
t&om?
tawGUtxd (= yx0D awaZm 0ga,m)?4

(4) bm0kyf (2) yg;

1/ wdbm0kyf
2/ yk&dobm0kyf

= trsKd;orD;jzpfaMumif;kyf?
= trsKd;om;jzpfaMumif;kyf?5

(5) [',kyf (1) yg;

1/ [',0wKkyf = raem"mwf raem0dnmP"mwf [laom todpdwfwdkY\ rSD&mjzpfaom kyf?6

(6) ZD0dwkyf (1) yg;

1/ ZD0dwda`E = ZD0dw = oufapmifhkyf = oufapmifh"mwf??7

(7) tm[m&kyf (1) yg;

1/ uAVDum&tm[m& = pm;rsKdtyfaom tpmtm[m& yg0ifwnf&Sdaom tqDtap; tESpf MoZm?8

kyt
f ppf (18) yg;
txufazmfjyyg (18)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYudk uuVw = cufrmrI paom rdrd rdrd\ Opmjzpfaom
udk,fydkifobm0vuPm = y&rw"robm0owd udk,fpDygaomaMumifh obm0kyf[kvnf; ac:onf/ (1)
4

rSwcf suf ---- yx0D awaZm 0ga,m "mwfo;Hk yg;udyk if awGUxd &aumif;onft
h wGuf azm|A"mwf[k ac:qdo
k jzifh
,if;"mwfokH;yg;ESifhwuG a*gp&kyf = tmkHkyf (7)rsKd; jzpfonf/ a&wGufNyD;onfudk xyfr,l&aom t*[dw*[P
enf;t& qdk&rl kyf (28)yg;ukd a&wGuf&m ,if;"mwfokH;yg;wdkYudk "mwfBuD;av;yg; xnfhoGif;a&wGufaomf tmkHkyf
(4)rsK;d wnf;/
5
rSwcf suf ---- a,bk,stm;jzifh trsK;d o;D trsK;d o;D jzpfaMumif;bm0kyw
f pfrsK;d om &S\
d ? trsK;d om; trsK;d om;jzpfaMumif;
bm0kyw
f pfrsK;d om &S\
d / wpfO;D wpfrsK;d pDom a,bk,stm;jzifh &Sw
d wf\/ bm0kyo
f nfvnf; wpfu,
kd v
f ;Hk ysUH EHUS
wnf\/ ObawmAsnf; = vdif = Asnf;ESpfrsKd;&Sdaom yk*dKvfwdkYvnf; &Hcg&SdwwfaomaMumifh a,bk,s[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf/
odkYaomf ,if;ObawmAsnf;wdkYvnf; bm0kyfum; wpfckaom tcsdefumvtwGif; wpfrsKd;pDom &SdEdkifayonf/
(tbd?|?1?359 - Munfhyg/)
6
ESvkH;tdrftwGif; ykef;nufaphcefY us,faom wGif;i,f wnf&Sdaom aoG;rsm; ysHUESHUvsuf jzpfyGm;aeMuaom [',
'ouuvmyfwdkYwGif yg0ifaom [',kyfonf raem"mwf+raem0dnmP"mwf[laom todpdwfwdkY\ rSD jzpf&mkyf
jzpfaomaMumifh [',0wKkyf rnf\/ ya0gum& = cEmig;yg;&Sdaom bkHudk &nfTef;xm;onf/
7
kyfum; uHaMumifhjzpfaom urZkyfuvmyfwdkif; yg0if uvmyfwl urZkyfwdkYukd apmifha&Smufay;aom
urZkyfwdkY\ toufwnf;? wpfudk,fvkH; ysHUESHUvsuf wnf&Sd\/?
8
rSwfcsuf ---- y"meenf;tm;jzifh qdjk cif;wnf;/ urZ pdwZ OwkZ tm[m&Z kyu
f vmyfwikd ;f MoZm yg0ifvsuyf if
&S\
d / urZMoZm pdwZ MoZm OwkZMoZm tm[m&ZMoZm[k toD;toD; ac:qd\
k / (kyu
f r|mef;Z,m;rsm;wGif Munhyf g)
pm;rsKdtyfaom tpmtm[m&onf cEmtdrftwGif; rysHUESHUrD OwkZkyfuvmyfwdkY\ taygif;tpkrQomwnf;/ ,if;
kyfuvmyfwdkYwGif yg0ifwnf&Sdaom MoZmudk y"meenf; ed'eenf;tm;jzifh uAVDum&tm[m&[k ac:qdkxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/

8 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

1/ jzpfNyD;vQif ysufaom tjcif;t&m[laom tedpwm

2/ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;jzifh tESdyfpufcH&aom tjcif;t&m[laom 'kuwm
3/ rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh tw r&SdrI tjcif;t&m[laom
tewwm ---odkY paom .. kyf-emrfy&rw"mwfom; tm;vkH;ESifh oufqdkifaom trsm;qdkif omrnvuPm
&SdaomaMumifh ovuPkyf[kvnf; ac:onf/ (2)
uH-pdwf-Owk-tm[m& [laom taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf jzpfaptyfaomaMumifh edyEkyf[kvnf;
ac:onf/ (3)
kyfqdkonfhtwdkif; a&S;ujzpfoGm;aom kyftpDtpOfESifh rwlbJ wpfrsKd;wpfzkH ajymif;vJ topftopf
jzpfwwfaomaMumifh = azmufjyefwwfaomaMumifh lyly = lykyf[kvnf; ac:onf/ kyfqdkrS wu,hf
kyftppf[k qdkvdkonf/ (4)
tedp 'ku tew[k vuPm,mOfokH;csuf wif okH;oyfaumif;aomaMumifh = 0dyembm0em
ur|mef; pD;jzef; IyGm; &aumif;aomaMumifh oroe = oroekyf[kvnf; ac:onf/ (5)
atmufwGif qufvufazmfjyrnfh usefkyftwk (10)rsKd;wdkYum; xdkuJhodkY r[kwf (1) tobm0kyf
(2) tvuPkyf (3) tedyEkyf (4) tlykyf (5) toroekyf = toHroekyfrsm;wnf;/

tedyE yk f = kyt
f wk (10) rsK;d
(8) y&dap'kyf (1) yg;
1/ tmumo"mwf = kyfuvmyfwdkY\ tMum;tayguf = y&dap'kyf? 9

(9) 0dnwfkyf (2) rsKd;

1/ um,0dnwf = udk,fjzifh odapwwfaom udk,ftrlt&m
2/ 0pD0dnwf = EIwfjzifh (= pum;oHjzifh) odapwwfaom EIwftrlt&m10
9

kyfuvmyfwdkYudk wpfckESifhwpfck ra&m,Suf&atmif ykdif;jcm;wwfaom kyfuvmyfwdkY\ tMum;tayguf tmumo

"mwfudk kyu
f vmyfwu
Ykd kd ykid ;f jcm;aMumif; jzpfaomaMumifh y&dap'ky[
f k ac:qd\
k / tmumo"mwfonf y&rwftppf
r[kw?f kyu
f vmyfEpS cf k odrYk [kwf kyu
f vmyftrsm;pk jzpfay:vmonft
h cg tvkv
d dk jzpfay:vmaom ynwfrQomwnf;/

10

0dnwf ---- rdr\

d twGi;f oabm tvdq
k Eukd olwpfyg;tm; odapwwf odapEdik af om trlt&mtxl;udk 0dnwfyk [
f k
ac:\/ um,0dnwf[o
l nf rdr\
d twGi;f oabm tvdq
k Eukd olwpfyg;tm; ud,
k jf zifh odapwwfaom trlt&mwnf;?
Oyrm - vuf,rf;jyac:jcif; ponfwnf;/ / 0pD0dnwf[lonf EIwfjzifh (= pum;oHjzifh) rdrd\ twGif;oabm tvdk
qEukd olwpfyg;tm; odapwwfaom trlt&mwnf;/ Oyrm - vmyg[k EIwjf zifh (= pum;oHjzif)h ac:a0:jcif;rsK;d wnf;/
vuf,rf; jy&m vmapvdak om rdr\
d twGi;f oabm tvdq
k Eukd olwpfyg;u odEikd jf cif;onf vuf,yfac:vdu
k o
f nf
wGif yg0ifaeaom um,0dnwfkyf\ tpGrf;wnf;/ vmyg[k toHudk jyK&m vmapvdkaom rdrd\ twGif;oabm
tvdkqEudk olwpfyg;u odEdkifjcif;onf xdktoHwGif yg0ifaom 0pD0dnwfkyf\ tpGrf;wnf;[k rSwfyg/ / oufrJh
t&m0wKwdkY\ vIyf&Sm;rI xdkodkY rodEdkifjcif;rSm xdk0dnwfkyfrsm;\ oufrJht&m0wKwdkY\ vIyf&Sm;rI r&SdaomaMumifh[k
tqdk&Sd\/ um,0dnwf 0pD0dnwf kyfwdkYum; pdwfaMumifhjzpf&um; oufrJht&m0wKwdkY pdwfr&SdaomaMumifh xdk0dnwf
kyfrsm;onf oufrJhkyfwdkY rwnfEdkifjcif; jzpfonf/

tcef; (1) - kyfur|mef;ydkif; ! 9

(10) 0dum&kyf (5) rsKd; (3) rsKd;

1/ ly v[kwm = (pdwZ-OwkZ-tm[m&Z) kyfwdkY\ ayghrIoabm?
2/ ly rk'kwm
= (pdwZ-OwkZ-tm[m&Z) kyfwdkY\ El;nhHrIoabm?
3/ ly urnwm = (pdwZ-OwkZ-tm[m&Z) kyfwdkY\ trI aumif;rGef chHnm;rIoabm?
(0dnwfkyf ESpfrsKd;ESifh kyf okH;rsKd;udk 0dum&kyf[kvnf; ac:qkdonf/ xl;axGjcm;em;aom trlt&m
kyfrsm;[k qkdvkdonf/)

(11) vuPkyf (4) rsKd;

1/ Oyp, = (u) b0wpfck kyftppfwdkY\ a&S;OD;tp jzpfjcif;oabm?
( c ) a`E jynfhpkHonhfwkdifatmif = b0wpfck &xdkuforQ kyfrsm; jynfhpkHonfhwdkifatmif
kyftppfwdkY\ txuftxuf wdk;wuf jzpfjcif;oabm/
2/ oEwd = b0wpfck a`EjynfhpkHNyD;aemuf kyftppfwdkY\ aU&SESifh aemuf tpOfrjywf qufpyfvsuf
txyfxyf jzpfjcif;oabm/11
3/ Z&wm = kyftppfwdkY\ &ifhjcif; tdkjcif; aqG;jrnfhjcif;oabm/
(kyftppfwdkY\ wnfrI XDumvudk qdkvdkonf/)
4/ tedpwm = kyftppfwdkY\ ysufjcif;oabm/
(kyftppfwdkY\ ysufrI = bifudk qdkvdkonf/)
tmumo"mwfEiS w
hf uG 0dum&kyf (5)rsK;d vuPkyf (4)rsK;d ? (10)rsK;d aomkyw
f o
Ykd nf vuPma&;
okH;wefodkY wifum 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfjcif;iSm rxdkufaomaMumifh toroEky*kyf = toroekyfwdkY
rnfMu\/ uH-pdw-f Owk-tm[m& [laom taMumif;w&m;wdaYk Mumifh jzpfay:vmaom edyE yk w
f Ykd r[kw&f um;
tedyEkyfwdkY rnfMu\/ wu,fh kyftppfwdkYvnf; r[kwfMuukef/ xdkwGif tmumo"mwf[lonf tE&y&dap'
rQom jzpf\/
tE&y&dap'-[lonf xkdxkd kyfuvmyfwdkY\ kyfuvmyfwpfckESihf kyfuvmyfwpfck ra&m,Sufjcif;\
taMumif; jzpfaomaMumifh kyfuvmyfwdkY\ tMum;taygufjzpfaom e,fjcm;a'o tydkif;tjcm;wnf;/12
0dnwfyk w
f rYkd mS vnf; ud,
k t
f rlt&m EIwt
f rlt&m tjcif;t&mrQom jzpfonf/ kyt
f ppfw\
Ykd trlt&m
tjcif;t&mrQomwnf;/ vuPky[
f o
l nfrmS vnf; kyt
f ppfw\
Ykd jzpfrI wnfrI ysurf I tjcif;t&mrQomwnf;/
0dum&kyf[lonfrSmvnf; pdwZkyf OwkZkyf tm[m&ZkyfwdkY\ xl;axGuGJjym;jcm;em;aom trlt&mxl;rsm;
omwnf;/ xdkaMumifh wu,fh kyftppfwdkYum; r[kwfMuay/ xkdaMumifhvnf; 0dyem rIaumif;ay/ odkYaomf
uho
J Ykd kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk kd y&rwfoYkd qku
d af tmif odr;f qnf;aeonfh emrlyy&dap'Pfyidk ;f 'd|0d o
d 'k pd cef;um;
13
,if;kyftwk (10)rsKd;wdkYudk a&maESm odrf;qnf;&ef 0dok'dr*t|uxm vnf;aumif; vuPm[m&aewd
enf;tm;jzifh r[m&m[kavm0g'okwef14paom xkdxdkokwefwdkYvnf;aumif; zGifhqkdxm;ayonf a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlayonf/
11

rSwcf suf ---- kyt

f ppfw\
Ykd jzpfru
I ydk if a0ae,sw\
Ykd tvdt
k Zmo,"mwftm;avsmpf mG tcsed u
f mvykid ;f jcm; ESprf sK;d
a[mMum;xm;awmfro
l nf[k rSwyf g/ kyEf pS rf sK;d vk;H wdo
Yk nfyif kyt
f ppfw\
Ykd jzpfjcif; Oyg'foabmw&m;om jzpfMuonf/
12
tE&y&dapa'gwd wHwHuvmygeH touF&um&Pwm, tE&blawm y&dapa'g/ (r[m#D?2?354/)
13
14
(0dok'd?2?225/)
(r?2?86/)

10 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

tmumo"mwfudk rjrifu kyfuvmyfudk rjrifEdkif/ kyfuvmyfukd rjrifygu kyfuvmyfwpfcktwGif;

wnf&Sdaom y&rwkyfw&m;tppfwdkYudk rodrf;qnf;Edkif/ y&rwfodkY Pftjrif rqkdufu tewodkYvnf;
rqdkufEkdif? tewodkY Pftjrif rqdkufu ppfrSefaom 0dyemPfvnf; rjzpfEdkifay/ xdkaMumifh kyfemrfudk
odrf;qnf;aeonfh 'd|d0dok'dykdif; tmumo"mwfudk I&ef TefMum;ae&jcif;jzpf\/ kyfuvmyfwpfckwpfck\
twGif; wnf&Sdaom y&rw kyftppfwdkYukd odrf;qnf;Ekdifaomtcg ,if;kyftppfwdkY\ jzpfrI wnfrI
ysurf u
I v
kd nf; rvTrJ a&Smifom jrifawGUaernfom jzpf\/ xdak Mumifh ,if;vuPkyw
f u
Ykd v
kd nf; odr;f qnf;&\/
15
jzpfrI wnfrI ysufrIwdkYum; ocFww&m;wdkY\ ocFwvuPmwnf;/ ,if;ocFwvuPmudk jrifygrS um;
ocFww&m;wpfck um; ocFww&m;wpfck[k a&S;ocFwESifh aemufocFwudk ydkif;jcm; &Edkifrnf? oEwdCe
[laom kyftpOftwef; twkH;tcJ NydKEdkifrnf/ CeNydKrSvnf; y&rwfodkY Pftjrifqdkufrnf/ y&rwfodkY
Pftjrif qdkufygrSvnf; tewodkY Pftjrifqkdufrnf/ tewodkY Pftjrif qkdufygrSvnf; vuPma&;
okH;wefvkH; xif&Sm;um ppfrSefaom 0dyemPfonf jzpfay:vmEdkifayrnf/ wpfzef &d,myxydkif;qdkif&m
IuGuf orZOfydkif;qdkif&m IuGuf pdwZkyf OwkZkyf tm[m&ZkyfIuGufwdkY 0dum&kyfwdkYum; a&SmifvTJ
r&Ekdifaom rvTJra&Smifom awGUjrifae&rnfh ,if;kyftppfwdkY\ xl;axGuGJjym;jcm;em;aom trlt&mkyfwdkYom
jzpfMu&um; ,if;wdkYudkvnf; tydkif; a&maESm odrf;qnf;&ef ygVdawmfESifh t|uxmwdkYu TefMum;
xm;awmfrjl cif; jzpf\/ odaYk omf ,if;kyt
f wkwrYkd mS kyt
f ppfwu
Ykd dk rS
D jzpfay:vmMuaom twkta,mifwo
Ykd m
jzpfjcif;aMumifh oroePf O',A,Pfpaom 0dyemykid ;f odYk a&muf&adS omtcgum; ,if;kyt
f wkwu
Ykd kd
0dyem rI&efvnf; TefMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/

(6) 'Gg& wnf&adS om kyu

f vmyfrsm;
0do'k rd *t|uxm16um; puK'Gg& aomw'Gg& Cme'Gg& Zd0Sg'Gg& raem'Gg&wdkY (54)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;?
um,'Gg& (44)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYudk a&wGufjyxm;\/ odkYaomf ,if;0dok'dr*t|uxm17yif awaZm
aum|mo (4)rsKd;ESifh tmoymoaum|morS wpfyg;aom 0ga,maum|mo (5)rsKd;wdkY ZD0dwe0u
uvmyfkyfw&m;wdkY toD;toD; &SdaMumif;udk azmfjyxm;\/ ,if;awaZmaum|mo 0ga,maum|mo
kyfw&m;wdkYum; cEmudk,fwpfudk,fvkH; tESHYtjym; wnf&SdMuaom kyfw&m;wdkY jzpfMu\/ odkYtwGuf pdwZkyf
OwkZkyf tm[m&Zkyw
f o
Ykd nf cEmud,
k w
f pfu,
kd v
f ;Hk tESt
YH jym; wnf&adS eMuouJo
h Ykd tvm;wlyif ZD0w
d e0u
uvmyfyk w
f o
Ykd nfvnf; cEmtdrw
f pfcv
k ;Hk tESt
YH jym;yif wnf&adS eMuayonf/ xdaYk Mumifh v,fwq
D &mawmf18
bk&m;u rdrd\ y&rw'DyeD wGif um,'ouuvmyf bm0'ouuvmyf ZD0dwe0uuvmyf (3)rsKd;wdkYonf
15

(tH?1?150/)
puK'gG &o [d puK-um,-bm0'ou0aoe wo urZlyged? Oywru
med ye awoH Owk-pdwm -[m&ork|memed
pwk0DowDwd pwkyPmo a[mEd/ wxm aomw-Cme-Zd0Sg'Gga&ok/ um,'Gga& um,- bm0'ou0aoe ap0
Owkork|mem'd0aoe p pwkpwmvDo/ raem'Gga& [',0wK-um,-bm0'ou0aoe ap0 Owkork|mem'd0aoe
p pwkyPmoar0/ (0dok'd?2?259/)
17
aoaook pwkork|maeok t|ok ZD0dwe0ua0 wDPd p MoZ|rumeDwd awwo lyged ygu#med a[mEd/
(0dok'd?2?223/ pmydk'f?664/)
aoaoolwd oEyem'd0aoe ap0 O'*Frm'd0aoe p y0awok awaZm0ga,maum|maook/ (r[m#D?2?352)
18
0dok'dra* ye aoaook pwkork|maeok t|ok ZD0dwe0ua0 wDPd MoZ|rumed pmwd awwo awwo
lyged ygu#med a[mEDwd 0kwH/ ww t|olwd ygpu*dtmoymo0Zdawok wDok awaZmaum|maook
yok 0ga,maum|maoolwd t|ok/ wd umravmauyd ouvo&D&AsmyDok awaZm0ga,maum|maook
vArmewm {wH ouvo&Da&{0 '|AEd/ (y&rw'DyeD?321/)
16

tcef; (1) - kyfur|mef;ydkif; ! 11

cEmtdrfwpfckvkH; tESHYtjym; wnf&SdaeMuonfh ]]ouvo&D&AsmyD}} kyfuvmyf (3)rsKd;wdkY jzpfaMumif;udk

txufyg ,if;0do'k rd *t|uxmudyk if ud;k um; zGiq
hf x
kd m;ayonf/ odt
Yk wGuf ,if;ZD0w
d e0uuvmyfuykd g
(6)'Gg&vkH;wdkY xyfrH aygif;pyfvdkufygu um,'Gg& kyfuvmyftrsKd;tpm; (6)rsKd; kyftrsKd;tpm; (53)rsKd;?
usef 'Gg& (5)rsKd;wdkY kyfuvmyftrsKd;tpm; (7)rsKd;pD kyftrsKd;tpm; (63)rsKd;pD toD;toD; wnf&Sdaeayonf/
odkYaomf trsKd;tpm;\ ta&twGufudkom qdkvdkonf/ wpfrsKd;rsKd;um; kyfuvmyfaygif; rsm;pGm
kyftrsKd;tpm;aygif; rsm;pGm wnf&SdEdkifayonf/
xdkZD0dwe0uuvmyfwdkYwGif tpmudk aMuusufapwwfonfh *[PDtrnf&aom ygpu0rf;rD; ac:
ygpuawaZm"mwf yg0ifonfh ZD0dwe0uuvmyfkyfw&m;wdkYvnf; yg0ifMu\/ ,if;ZD0dwe0uuvmyf
kyfwdkYonfvnf; cEmtdrfwpfckvkH;yif tESHYtjym; wnf&SdaeMu\/ ,if;odkY wnf&SdaeonhftwGuf --- o&Da&
rudwm[ma&myd lyH ork|maywd/19 --- cEmudk,fay: vdrf;usHay;vdkufaom tm[m&aq;0g;onfvnf;
wpfenf;qdk&aomf cEmudk,fay: vdrf;usHay;vdkufaom tm[m&aq;0g;[k ac:qdktyfaom OwkZkyf
uvmyfwGif yg0ifaom MoZmonfvnf; ,if;vdrf;usHonfhae&mwGif toifhwnf&Sdaeonfh ,if;ZD0dwe0u
uvmyfkyfwdkYwGif yg0ifaom ygpuawaZm"mwf\ taxmuftyHhudk &&Sdojzifh tm[m&Zkyfuvmyf
topftopfudk jzpfapEdkifayonf/ xdkYaMumifh rsufpdtwGif;odkY rsufpOf;aq;udk cyfvdkufvQif em;twGif;odkY
em;qDaq;udk xnfhay;vdkufvQif tvm;wlyif tm[m&Zkyfuvmyfrsm;onf rsufpdtwGif; em;twGif;odkY
ysHUESHY jzpfay:oGm;ayonf/ (ysHUESHY jzpfyGm;oGm;ykHudk tm[m&Zkyf jzpfykHtydkif;wGif Munfhyg/) xdkYaMumifh
ZD0dwe0uuvmyfkyf\ 'Gg& (6)yg;vkH;wdkY tESHYtjym;wnf&SdrIrSm 'Gg& (6)yg;vkH;wdkY wnf&SdMuaom
pwkork|meduMoZm toD;toD;\ tm[m&Zkyu
f kd jzpfap&m r&Srd jzpfaom vdt
k yfcsuw
f pfcyk if jzpfayonf/

raem'Gg& [lonf
t&m t|uxmq&mawmf16u [',udk raem'Gg&[k ac:a0:okH;pJGxm;\/ uhJodkYaom
tokH;tEIef;ESifh qufpyf raem'Gg&taMumif;udk qufvufwifjytyfygonf/
oH,kwft|uxm20ESifh r[m#Dum21wdkY\ zGifhqdkcsufESifh tnD --1/ b0ifudkvnf; raem'Gg&[k ac:qdk\/
2/ raem'Gg&m0Zef;ESifh wuGaom b0ifudkvnf; raem'Gg&[k ac:qdk\/
3/ [',0wKudkvnf; XmEsLypm&tm;jzifh raem'Gg&[k ac:qdk\/
XmEsLypm& --- b0ifonf wpfenf; tm0Zef;ESifh wuGaom b0ifonf [',0wKudkyif rSDjzpf&\/
rSDwwfaom b0if\ wpfenf; rSDwwfaom tm0Zef;ESifh wuGaom b0if\ raem'Gg&[laom trnfudk
rDStyfaom rDS&mjzpfaom [',0wKkyf wifpm; wpfenf;qdk&aomf XmeDjzpfaom b0if\ odkYr[kwf
tm0Zef;ESifh wuGaom b0if\ raem'Gg&[laom trnfukd Xmejzpfaom [',0wK wifpm; Xmejzpfaom
(= rDS&m jzpfaom) [',0wKkyfukdyif XmEsLypm&tm;jzifh raem'Gg&[k ac:qdkxm;ayonf/
rSwfom;vG,fulap&ef 'Gg& (6)yg; wnf&SdMuaom kyfuvmyftrsKd;tpm;ESifh kyfta&twGuf
trsKd;tpm;wdkYudk Z,m;rsm;jzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/
19

(0dok'd?2?251/ pmydk'f?703/)
20
{w ye raemwd b0*FpdwH/y/ tm0ZeH b0*Fawm tarmapwGm raemwd o[m0Zaee b0* '|AH/ (oH?|?3?5??)
21
raem'Gg&H emr om0ZeH b0*/ w ed,bm0awm [',0wKH oEm, eddwa0g[ma&e ]]raem'Gga&}}wd
0kwH/ ,w raem'Ggkywd/ (r[m#D?2?410/)

puK'Gg& (= rsufpd) &Sdaom kyf (63) rsKd;

12 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

1/ puK'ouuvmyf 2/ um,'ouuvmyf 3/ bm0'ouuvmyf 4/ ZD0dwe0uuvmyf 5/ pdwZt|uvmyf 6/ OwkZt|uvmyf 7/ tm[m&Zt|uvmyf

1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
3/ awaZm
3/ aw
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5 / 0 P
5/ 0P
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
10/ bm0kyf
10/ puKyom'
10/ um,yom'
urZkyf - Munf\/ urZkyf - Munf\/ urZkyf - rMunf/ urZkyf - rMunf/ pdwZkyf - rMunf/ OwkZkyf - rMunf/ tm[m&Zkyf - rMunf/
1/ puK'ouuvmyf
2/ um,'ouuvmyf
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/

bm0'ouuvmyf
ZD0dwe0uuvmyf
pdwZt|uvmyf
OwkZt|uvmyf
tm[m&Zt|uvmyf

= lygkH\ a&S;S L dkufcwfjcif;iSm xdkufaom puKtMunf"mwfvQif (10)ckajrmuf &Sdaom (Munfaom) kyfuvmyf/

= azm|AmkH (yx0D-awaZm-0ga,m)\ a&S;S L dkufcwfjcif;iSm xdkufaom um,tMunf"mwfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&Sdaom (Munfaom)
kyfuvmyf/
= bm0kyfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&Sdaom (rMunfaom) kyfuvmyf/
= ZD0dwkyfvQif (9)ckajrmuf&Sdaom (rMunfaom) kyfuvmyf/
= ,',0wKudk rSDjzpfaompdwfaMumifh jzpfaom MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&Sdaom (rMunfaom) kyfuvmyf/
= kyfuvmyfwpfcktwGif; &Sdaom awaZm"mwf (= Owk) aMumifh jzpfaom MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&Sdaom (rMunfaom) kyfuvmyf/
= tm[m& (= MoZm)aMumifh jzpfaom MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf &Sdaom (rMunfaom) kyfuvmyf/

rSwfcsuf ---- (63)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYudk oorm&puK[k ac:qdk\/ xdkwGif puKyom'rSm yom'puKvnf; trnf&onf/

aomw'Gg& (= em;) &Sdaom kyf (63) rsKd;

1/ aomw'ouuvmyf 2/ um,'ouuvmyf 3/ bm0'ouuvmyf 4/ ZD0dwe0uuvmyf 5/ pdwZt|uvmyf 6/ OwkZt|uvmyf 7/ tm[m&Zt|uvmyf
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
3/ awaZm
3/ aw
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
10/ um,yom'
10/ bm0kyf
10/ aomwyom'
urZkyf - Munf\/
urZkyf - Munf\/ urZkyf - rMunf/ urZkyf - rMunf/ pdwZkyf - rMunf/ OwkZkyf - rMunf/ tm[m&Zkyf - rMunf/

1/ aomw'ouuvmyf

= o'gkH (= toH)\ a&S;S L dkufcwfjcif;iSm xdkufaom aomwtMunf"mwfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&Sdaom (Munfaom) kyfuvmyf/

rSwfcsuf ---- (63)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYudk oorm&aomw[k ac:qdk\/ xdkwGif aomwyom'rSm yom'aomw[laom trnfudkvnf; &&Sdonf/
um,'ouuvmyf paom usef (6)rsKd;aom kyfuvmyfwdkY\ oabmt"dyg,fudk a&S; puK'Gg& qdkcJhonfhenf;twdkif;yif rSwfyg/

tcef; (1) - kyfur|mef;ydkif; ! 13

Cme'Gg& (= ESmacgif;) &Sdaom kyf (63) rsKd;

14 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

1/ Cme'ouuvmyf 2/ um,'ouuvmyf 3/ bm0'ouuvmyf 4/ ZD0dwe0uuvmyf 5/ pdwZt|uvmyf 6/ OwkZt|uvmyf 7/ tm[m&Zt|uvmyf

1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
3/ awaZm
3/ aw
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
10/ bm0kyf
10/ Cmeyom'
10/ um,yom'
urZkyf - Munf\/ urZkyf - Munf\/ urZkyf - rMunf/ urZkyf - rMunf/ pdwZkyf - rMunf/ OwkZkyf - rMunf/ tm[m&Zkyf - rMunf/

1/ Cme'ouuvmyf = *EmkH (= teYH)\ a&S;S L dkufcwfjcif;iSm xdkufaom CmetMunf"mwfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&Sdaom (Munfaom) kyfuvmyf/
rSwfcsuf ---- (63)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYudk oorm&Cme[k ac:qdk\/ xdkwGif Cmeyom'rSm yom'Cme[laom trnfudkvnf; &&Sdonf/

Zd0Sg'Gg& (= vQm) &Sdaom kyf (63) rsKd;

1/ Zd0Sg'ouuvmyf
1/ yx0D
2/ tmayg
3/ awaZm
4/ 0ga,m
5/ 0P
6/ *E
7/ &o
8/ MoZm
9/ ZD0dw
10/ Zd0Sgyom'
urZkyf - Munf\/

2/ um,'ouuvmyf 3/ bm0'ouuvmyf 4/ ZD0dwe0uuvmyf 5/ pdwZt|uvmyf 6/ OwkZt|uvmyf 7/ tm[m&Zt|uvmyf

1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
3/ awaZm
3/ aw
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5 / 0 P
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
10/ bm0kyf
10/ um,yom'
urZkyf - Munf\/ urZkyf - rMunf/ urZkyf - rMunf/ pdwZkyf - rMunf/ OwkZkyf - rMunf/ tm[m&Zkyf - rMunf/

1/ Zd0Sg'ouuvmyf = &omkH (t&om)\ a&S;S L dkufcwfjcif;iSm xdkufaom Zd0SgtMunf"mwfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&Sdaom (Munfaom) kyfuvmyf/
rSwfcsuf ---- (63)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYudk oorm&Zd0Sg[k ac:qdk\/ xdkwGif Zd0Sgyom'rSm yom'Zd0Sg[laom trnfudkvnf; &&Sdonf/

tcef; (1) - kyfur|mef;ydkif; ! 15

um,'Gg& (= udk,f) &Sdaom kyf (53) rsKd;

16 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

1/ um,'ouuvmyf 2/ bm0'ouuvmyf 3/ ZD0dwe0uuvmyf 4/ pdwZt|uvmyf 5/ OwkZt|uvmyf 6/ tm[m&Zt|uvmyf

1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
3/ aw
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ * E
6/ *E
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
9/ ZD0 dw
9/ ZD0dw
9 / Z D0 dw
10/ um,yom'
10/ bm0kyf
urZkyf - Munf\/ urZkyf - rMunf/ urZkyf - rMunf/ pdwZkyf - rMunf/ OwkZkyf - rMunf/ tm[m&Zkyf - rMunf/

rSwfcsuf ---- (53)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYudk oorm&um,[k ac:qdk\/ xdkwGif um,yom'rSm yom'um,[laom trnfudkvnf; &&Sdayonf/ "mwfur|mef;
tus,fIyGm;enf; vm&Sdaom (42)aum|mo[lonf um,'Gg& (= udk,fXme) wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;rsm;udkyif xyfrH (42)ykH ykHum cGJjcm;pdwfjzm Ijcif;
jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf "mwfur|mef; tus,fIyGm;enf; tcsKdUtcsKdUaom aum|mo wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk a&wGufjy&m (53)[k awGUvQif txufyg
(53)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYudkyif qdkvdkonf[k rSwfyg/

raem'Gg& (= [', = ESvkH;) &Sdaom kyf (63) rsKd;

1/ [','ouuvmyf 2/ um,'ouuvmyf 3/ bm0'ouuvmyf 4/ ZD0dwe0uuvmyf 5/ pdwZt|uvmyf 6/ OwkZt|uvmyf 7/ tm[m&Zt|uvmyf
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx0D
1/ yx 0D
1/ yx 0D
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
2/ tmayg
3/ aw
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
3/ awaZm
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
4/ 0ga,m
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
5/ 0P
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
6/ *E
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
7/ &o
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
8/ MoZm
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
9/ ZD0dw
10/ bm0kyf
10/ [',kyf
10/ um,yom'
urZkyf - rMunf/
urZkyf - Munf\/ urZkyf - rMunf/ urZkyf - rMunf/ pdwZkyf - rMunf/ OwkZkyf - rMunf/ tm[m&Zkyf - rMunf/

1/ [','ouuvmyf

= raem"mwf+raem0dnmP"mwf[al om todpw
d w
f \
Ykd rS
D jzpf&m [',0wKyk v
f Qif (10)ckajrmuf&adS om (rMunfaom) kyu
f vmyf/

rSwfcsuf ---- (63)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYudk oorm&[',[k ac:qdk\/ xdkwGif [',kyfrSm [',0wK[laom trnfudkvnf; &&Sdayonf/

tcef; (1) - kyfur|mef;ydkif; ! 17

18 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

(42) aum|mo - "mwfur|mef; tus,ef nf;

yx0D"mwfveG u
f aJ om yx0Daum|mo (20)
wp yu
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

auom
avmrm
ecg
'Em
wapm

=
=
=
=
=

qHyif
arG;nif;
ajconf; vufonf;
oGm;
ta& (ta&xl+ta&yg;)

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/

qHyif ponf (53)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkY[lonfum; ..

um,'ouuvmyf
= 10
bm0'ouuvmyf
= 10
ZD0dwe0uuvmyf
= 9
pdwZt|uvmyf
= 8
OwkZt|uvmyf
= 8
tm[m&Zt|uvmyf
= 8
tm;vkH;aygif;aomf

=
=
=
=
=

53
53
53
53
53

= 53

atmufwGif qufvufazmfjyrnfh aum|mowdkY (53)rsKd;[k azmfjyvQif txufyg (53)rsKd;aom

kyfw&m;wdkYudkyif qdkvdkaMumif; oabmaygufyg/

0u yu
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/

rHoH
ESmk
t|d
t|drdH
0uH

=
=
=
=
=

tom;
taMum
tdk;
dk;wGif;jcifqD
tndKU = ausmufuyf

=
=
=
=
=

53
53
53
53
53

yygo yu
11/
12/
13/
14/
15/

[',H
= ESvkH;
,ueH
= tonf; (toJ)
udavmruH = tajr;
yd[uH
= tzsOf; = o&uf&Guf
yygoH
= tqkyf

=
=
=
=
=

53
53
53
53
53

udavmruH --- udavmruH = tajr;onf zkH;vTrf;aom tajr; rzkH;vTrf;aom tajr;[k ESpfrsKd;&Sd\/

zk;H vTr;f wwfaom tajr; um; cEmud,
k \
f txufyikd ;f t&yf jzpfay:vsuf &S\
d ? rzk;H vTr;f wwfaom tajr; um;
cEmudk,f\ txufydkif; atmufydkif;[laom ESpfrsKd;vkH;aom t&yfwdkY jzpfay:vsuf &Sd\/ zkH;vTrf;wwfaom
tajr;um; ESvkH;om;udkvnf;aumif; tndKU = ausmufuyfudkvnf;aumif; zkH;vTrf; wnfae\/ rzkH;vTrf;

tcef; (1) - kyfur|mef;ydkif; ! 19

wwfaom tajr;um; ta&xl\ atmuftzdkYrS tom;udk zGJU,Suf ajr;&pf wnfae\/ ta&xlESifh tom;udk
uyfoGm;atmif pyfay;aom aumfwpfrsKd; jzpfonf/22 xdktajr; ESpfrsKd;vkH; kyf (53)rsKd;pD &SdMuonf/

rwvk*F yu
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/

tEH
tE*kPH
O'&d,H
u&DoH
rwvk*

=
=
=
=
=

tlr
= 53
tlodrf (tlxkH; = tlcsnfBudK;) = 53
tpmopf
= 8
tpma[mif;
= 8
OD;aPSmuf
= 53

tpmopf tpma[mif;wdkY awaZm"mwf = OwkaMumifhjzpfaom OwkZt|uvmyf wpfrsKd;om &Sdojzifh

kyfy&rwfw&m; (8)rsKd;[k txuf azmfjyxm;ygonf/ aum|mo (20)wdkYum; yx0D"mwf vGefuJaeaom
yx0Daum|mowdkYwnf;/
acGxm;aom ajcokwfBudK;0ef;\ tMum; xdkajcokwfBudK;0ef;udk csKyfpyf wnfaom BudK;ao;uJhodkY
(21)ckaom tlacGw\
Ykd tMum; xdt
k al cGwu
Ykd kd ravQmusatmif csKypf yf wnfaeaom tlord f = tlcsnBf uKd ;onf
tE*kPwnf;/ (tpmoGm;vrf;aMumif;um; r[kwfay/) taMumif;um; --- tE = tlr - t& a&rsKdtp
0pr*f = usifBuD;ayguf tqkH;&Sdaom tpmoGm;&m vrf;wpfavQmufvkH;udk odrf;usKH; ,lxm;aomaMumifh
jzpf\/23

tmayg"mwfveG u
f aJ om tmaygaum|mo (12) rsK;d
ar' qu
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/

ydwH
aorSH
ykaAm
avm[dwH
aoa'g
ara'g

=
=
=
=
=
=

onf;ajc
ovdyf
jynf
aoG;
acR;
tqDcJ

=
=
=
=
=
=

53
53
8
53
16
53

onf;ajc --- A'onf;ajc = ttdrfonf;ajc tA'onf;ajc = t&nfonf;ajc[k onf;ajc ESpfrsKd;&Sd\/

ttdrfonf;ajcrSm tonf; ESvkH;wdkY\ tMum;wGif&Sd t&nfonf;ajcrSm wpfudk,fvkH; tESHUYtjym; wnf&Sd\/
,if; t&nfonf;ajc[lonf cg;aom t&om&Sdaom t&nf"mwfrsm;wnf;/ tmayg"mwf vGefuJaom
kyfuvmyfwdkY\ taygif;tpkomwnf;/ ,if;onf;ajc ESpfrsKd;vkH; kyfoabmw&m; (53)rsKd;pD &SdMu\/24
jynf --- 0ufjcH tempdrf; ponfh temwpfckck&Sd&m 'Gg&om wnf&Sd\/ awaZm"mwfOwkaMumifhom
jzpfaom OwkZkyf jzpfojzifh kyfuvmyfwpfckwpfck kyfy&rwfw&m; (8)rsKd;pDom &Sdonf/
aoG; --- tonf;ESvkH; tl ponfwdkY\ ywf0ef;usif tdkifaeaom (oEdpdwavm[dw) aoG;wpfrsKd;
taMumtwGif; wnf&Sd wpfudk,fvkH;odkY tESHUtjym; oGm;vmvnfywfaeaom (oHo&Pavm[dw)
aoG;wpfrsKd;[k - aygif; - aoG;ESpfrsKd; &Sdonf/ wpfrsKd;pD (53)rsKd;pDaom kyfw&m;rsm; toD;toD; &Sdonf/
22

(0dok'd?2?248-249/) 23 tE*kPEd tEabm*|maeok AEeH/ (0dok'd?1?250/) (0dok'd?1?249-250 - Munhf/)

24
(0dok'd?1?252/ 0dok'd?2?223 - Munhf/)

20 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

acR; --- acR;um; pdwfaMumifhvnf; jzpf\? pdwZMoZ|rukyfrsm;wnf;/ awaZm"mwf OwkaMumifhvnf;

jzpf\? OwkZMoZ|rukyfrsm;wnf;/ odkYtwGuf kyf (16)rsKd; &Sdonf/

rkw qu
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
12/

tk
0om
acaVm
odCFmedum
vodum
rkwH

=
=
=
=
=
=

rsuf&nf
qDMunf
wHawG;
ESyf
tap;
usifi,f

=
=
=
=
=
=

16
53
16
16
53
8

rsuf&nf --- rsuf&nfum; pdwfaMumifhvnf; jzpf\? awaZm"mwfOwkaMumifhvnf; jzpf\? pdwZ

t|uvmyf OwkZt|uvmyf[laom kyf (16)rsKd;wdkYwnf;/
qDMunf --- vufqD ajcqD rsufESmqD ponfonf qDMunf rnf\/ kyf (53)rsKd;wdkYwnf;/
wHawG; - ESyf --- wHawG;-ESyfwdkYum; pdwfaMumifhvnf; jzpf\? OwkaMumifhvnf; jzpf\/ pdwZt|uvmyf
OwkZt|uvmyf ESpfrsKd; - kyfoabmw&m; (16)rsKd;pD &SdMu\/
tap; --- wHawmifqpf 'l;qpf ponfh auG;onhf qefYonfh tdk;tqpfwdkY\ tMum; wnf&Sdaom
pufqDuJhodkYaom cRJyspfaom tqD wpfrsKd;wnf;/ kyfoabmw&m; (53)rsKd;wdkYwnf;/

awaZm"mwfveG u
f aJ om awaZmaum|mo (4) rsK;d
1/
2/
3/
4/

oEyeawaZm
ZD&PawaZm
!m[awaZm
ygpuawaZm

=
=
=
=

wpf&ufjcm; zsm;jcif; ponfjzifh jyif;xefpGm ylavmifaomawaZm

tdkap &ifhusufap aqG;jrnfhapaom ylavmifaomawaZm
xuf0ef;usif ylavmifaomawaZm
tpmudkaMuusufapwwfaom ylavmifaomawaZm = ZD0dwe0uuvmyf

= 33
= 33
= 33
= 9

awaZmaum|mo (4)rsKd;um; yx0Daum|mo tmaygaum|mowdkYuJhodkY aum|mo ykHoPmef

r&Sday/ awaZm"mwf\ obm0owdpGrf;tif vGefuJaeaom rMunfaom kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;om jzpfonf/
(33)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/
1/
2/
3/
4/

ZD0dwe0uuvmyf
pdwZt|uvmyf
OwkZt|uvmyf
tm[m&Zt|uvmyf

=
=
=
=

9
8
8
8

tm;vkH;aygif;aomf

= 33

ZD0dwe0uuvmyf[lonfrSm ZD0dwvQif (9)ckajrmuf&Sdaom rMunfaom kyfuvmyftrIef

jzpfonf/ twdwfu uHaMumifh jzpfonfh urZkyfrsm;omwnf;/ ygpuawaZm"mwfum; tpmtdrf0ef;usif
ponf wnf&adS om tpmudk aMuusuaf pwwfaom tpmudk csuaf y;aom O'&*d ac:onfh urZ0rf;rD;wnf;/
ZD0dwe0uuvmyfkyfwGif yg0ifaom awaZm"mwfyifwnf;/ odkYtwGuf .. ygpuawaZmaum|mo
ZD0dwe0uuvmyfkyf wpfrsKd;om &Sdonf/

tcef; (1) - kyfur|mef;ydkif; ! 21

0ga,m"mwfvGefuJaom 0ga,maum|mo (6) rsKd;

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

O'*Frm 0gwm
ta"m*rm 0gwm
ukpdo,m 0gwm
aum|mo,m 0gwm
t*Fr*FgEkom&daem 0gwm

= txufodkY qefwufaom av
= atmufodkY pkefqif;aom av
= 0rf;AdkuftwGif; tltjyifbuf wnf&Sdaomav
= tltwGif; wnf&Sdaom av
= udk,ft*FgBuD;i,fodkY tpOfavQmufaom
taMumtwGif; wnf&Sdaom av
6/ tmaom-ymaom = 0ifoufav-xGufoufav

=
=
=
=

33
33
33
33

= 33
= 9

0dok'dr*t|uxm25\ zGifhqdkcsuftwdkif; O'*Frm-0gwmrS t*Fr*FgEkom&daem-0gwmwdkifatmif

(5)rsKd;aom 0ga,maum|mowdkY --1/
2/
3/
4/

ZD0dwe0uuvmyf
pdwZt|uvmyf
OwkZt|uvmyf
tm[m&Zt|uvmyf

=
=
=
=

9
8
8
8

tm;vkH;aygif;aomf

= 33 rsKd;aom kyfwdkYwnf;/

tmo-ymoum; pdwZo'e0uuvmyf = pdwfaMumifh jzpfaom toHvQif (9)ckajrmuf &Sdaom

kyfuvmyfwpfrsKd;wnf;/ (kyftwkwdkYESifh a&maESmaeaom o'v[kwm'd'Gg'ou uvmyfudk aemufwGif
Munhfyg/)

kyu
f vmyf trsK;d tpm;rsm;
urZkyfuvmyf pdwZkyfuvmyf OwkZkyfuvmyf tm[m&Zkyfuvmyf[k kyfjzpfaMumif; ork|mef
tm;jzifh kyfuvmyftrsKd;tpm; (4)rsKd; &Sdonf/ xdkwGif ---1/
2/
3/
4/

urZ kyfuvmyf
pdwZ kyfuvmyf
OwkZ kyfuvmyf
tm[m&Z kyfuvmyf

=
=
=
=

9
8
4
2

rsKd;
rsKd;
rsKd;
rsKd;

tm;vkH;aygif;aomf kyfuvmyf = 23 - rsKd; &Sdayonf/

urZkyu
f vmyf (9) pnf;
1/ puK'ou uvmyf?
4/ Zd0Sg'ou uvmyf?
7/ ykrm0'ou uvmyf?

2/ aomw'ou uvmyf?
5/ um,'ou uvmyf?
8/ [','ou uvmyf?

3/ Cme'ou uvmyf?
6/ wdbm0'ou uvmyf?
9/ ZD0dwe0u uvmyf?

kyfuvmyf (9)rsKd;wdkYum; twdwfu uHaMumifhjzpfaom urZkyfuvmyfrsm;wnf;/ kyftppfwdkY

omwnf;? 0dyemIaumif;aom kyfwdkYomwnf;/
25

{w p yk&drm y pwkork|mem/ tmoymom pdwork|mem0/ (0dok'd?1?345-346/)

22 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

pdwZ kyu
f vmyf (8) pnf;
1/ pdwZ ok'|u uvmyf = pdwfaMumifhjzpfaom oufoufaom t|uvmyf = MoZmvQif (8)ck
ajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf/ (6-'Gg&ESifh tcsKdU aum|mowdkY wnf&Sdaom MoZ|rukyfwnf;/)
2/ um,0dnwd e0u uvmyf = um,0dnwfkyfvQif (9)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf/
(8+um,0dnwf = 9/)
3/ v[kwma'u'ou uvmyf = v[kwm ponfvQif (11)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf/
(8+ v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 11/)
4/ um,0dnwdv[kwm'd 'Gg'ou uvmyf = um,0dnwf-v[kwm ponfvQif (12)ckajrmuf &Sdaom
kyfuvmyf/ (8+um,0dnwf+v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 12/)
5/ 0pD0dnwd 'ou uvmyf = 0pD0dnwf-toHvQif (10)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf?
(8+0pD0dnwf+toH = 10/)
6/ 0pD0dnwdo'v[kwm'd aw&ou uvmyf = 0pD0dnwf-toH-v[kwm ponfvQif (13)ckajrmuf
&Sdaom kyfuvmyf/ (8+0pD0dnwf+toH+v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 13/)
7/ (tmo-ymo) pdwZ o'e0u uvmyf = (0ifoufav-xGufoufav) pdwfaMumifhjzpfaom
toHvQif (9)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf? (8+toH = 9/)
8/ (tmo-ymo) pdwZ o'v[kwm'd 'Gg'ou uvmyf = (0ifoufav-xGuo
f ufav) pdwaf Mumifh
jzpfaom toH-v[kwm ponfvQif (12)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf?
(8+toH+v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 12/)
tbd"rwo*F[ trnf&aom oN*K[fusrf; eHygwf (1)rS eHygwf (6)txd pdwZuvmyf (6)pnf;om
azmfjyxm;\/ odkYaomf 0dok'dr*t|uxm26um; - tmoymom pdwork|mem0 = tmoymowdkYonf pdwork|mefkyfwdkYom jzpfukef\[k zGifhqdkxm;ojzifh 0ifoufav-xGufoufavum;
pdwork|mefkyfyifwnf;/
0dok'dr*t|uxm27t& tmo-ymo aum|moum; toHvQif (9)ckajrmuf &Sdaom o'e0u
uvmyfkyfwdkY\ taygif;tpkrQom jzpfonf/ ,if; tmo-ymo aum|moum; ESpfrsKd; &Sdoifh\[k
q&mjrwfwdkY t,l&SdawmfrlMujyef\/ &Hcg toufS L aumif;\? ayghyg;oGufvuf\? acsmnuf\? tcsKd;us\/
&Hcg toufS L raumif; jzpfwwfjyef\? ayghyg;oGufvufrI r&Sd? acsmarGUrI r&Sd? tcsKd;us tqifajyrI r&Sd/
odkYtwGuf tmo-ymowdkY - v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm kyfwdkY yg-ryg ESpfrsKd; jym;oGm;onf/
odkYtwGuf pdwZuvmyf (8)pnf; jzpf&onf/
kyfuvmyfwdkYudk IyGm;vdkaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom (6)'Gg&
(42)aum|mowdkYwnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;xm;NyD;ygu ydkaumif;ygonf/ tenf;qkH; (6)'Gg&
wnf&adS om kyt
f ppfwu
Ykd kd odr;f qnf;xm;Ny;D ol jzpf&ayrnf/ kyt
f ppfrsm;udk y&rwfoYkd Pftjrif qdu
k af tmif
IyGm;odrf;qnf;NyD;ygrS kyftwkrsm;udk odkYr[kwf kyftwkrsm;ESifh a&maESmaeaom kyfuvmyfrsm;udk odrf;qnf;
zdkY&ef vG,fulrnf jzpfayonf/
26
27

(0dok'd?1?346/)
wxm pdwaZ tmoymoaum|maoyd MoZ|rua0 oa'g pmwd e0/ (0dok'd?2?223/)

tcef; (1) - kyfur|mef;ydkif; ! 23

1/ pdwZ ok'|u uvmyf ---- trSwf (1)tjzpf owfrSwfxm;aom kyfuvmyfum; (6)'Gg&ESifh

(42)aum|mowdkYwGif tcsKdUtcsKdUaom aum|mowdkY wnf&Sdaom MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&Sdaom
pdwZMoZ|ruuvmyf jzpfonf/ ,if;kyfuvmyftwGif; wnf&Sdaom kyfw&m;wdkYum; kyftppf
wdkYwnf;? 0dyem Iaumif;\/ [',0wKkyfudk rSD jzpfaeaom pdwfaMumifh pdwZMoZ|rukyfrsm;
tqufrjywf jzpfaeykHudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munhf IyGm;odrf;qnf;yg/
2/ um,0dnwd e0u uvmyf ---- b0ifraemtMunfwGif pdwfpdkuf vufndK;wpfacsmif;udk auG;Munhfyg?
qefYMunhfyg/ auG;csifaompdwf qefYcsifaompdwf paom pdwftoD;toD;aMumifh pdwfwpfckwpfcku
kyfuvmyfaygif;rsm;pGm jzpfxGef;ay:aygufaponfudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfhyg/ xdkpdwZkyf
uvmyfrsm; wpfudk,fvkH;odkY ysHUESHUoGm;onfudk jrifaomtcg auG;aeaomvufndK;txd xdkpdwZkyfrsm;
ysUH ESUH oGm;onfukd Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munhyf g? Iyg/ vufnKd ;udk rawGUawmhbJ kyu
f vmyftrIerf sm;udo
k m
awGU&Sdaernf jzpfonf/ xdkkyfuvmyfaygif;rsm;pGmxJu auG;csif qefYcsifaom pdwfaMumifh jzpfxGef;
ay:aygufvmaom pdwZkyfrsm;udkom xdk auG;rI qefYrI jyKaeaom vufndK; Pfjzifh jrifatmif
qufIyg/ xdkkyfuvmyfwdkYrSm MoZ|rukyfuvmyfwdkYyifwnf;/ xdk (8)rsKd;aom kyfwdkYESifhtwl auG;csif
qefYcsifaom pdwfESifhtwl jzpfaeaom auG;onfhtrlt&m qefYonfhtrlt&m kyfwdkYudk (= um,0dnwf
kyfwdkYudk) Pfjzifh jrifatmif quf odrf;qnf;yg/ (8+um,0dnwf = 9) um,0dnwd e0uuvmyf
kyfw&m;wdkY jzpfMuonf/
3/ v[kwma'u'ou uvmyf ---- txufyg pdwZ MoZ|rukyrf sm;udk jrifatmif Munhyf g/ &Hcg xdk yk w
f Ykd
ayghyg;oGufvufrI = v[kwm El;nHhaysmhaysmif;rI = rk'kwm tcsKd;us tqifajyrI = urnwm [laom kyftwkrsm;vnf; a&maESm yg0ifaerIudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munhfyg? odrf;qnf;yg/
4/ um,0dnwdv[kwm'd 'Gg'ou uvmyf ---- txufyg um,0dnwde0u uvmyfudk jyefIyg/ wpfcg
wpf&H auG; qef
Y ayghyg;oGuv
f ufrI &S\
d ? El;nHah ysmah ysmif;rI &S\
d ? auG; qef
Y tcsK;d us tqifajyrI
&S\
d / xdt
k cg v[kwm-rk'w
k m-urnwmwdYk yg0ifae\/&Hcg xdo
k Ykd r[kwyf gu xdk yk f (3)rsK;d wdYk ryg0ifay/
xdkkyf (3)rsKd;wdkY ryg0ifaomf um,0dnwde0u uvmyf jzpf xdkkyf (3)rsKd;wdkY yg0ifaomf um,0dnwd
v[kwm'd'Gg'ou uvmyf jzpfonf/ <uif;usefaom auG;jcif; qefYjcif; oGm;jcif; paom xdkxdk udk,f
trlt&mwdkYvnf; enf;wl Iyg/ &d,myxIuGuf orZnIuGufwdkY - kyfuvmyf ESpfrsKd;wdkYum;
jy"mef;vsuf &Sd\/ aemufydkif;wGif &d,myx IuGufESifh orZnIuGufwdkYudk xyfrH azmfjyOD;rnf
jzpfygonf/
5/ 0pD0dnwd'ou uvmyf (0pD0dnwdo''ou uvmyf) ---- a,m*Dolawmfaumif;onf b0ifraem
tMunf"mwfwGif pdwfudk pdkufxm;vsuf (u-c) [k toHwdk;wdk;uav;jzifh &GwfzwfMunhfyg/ u-c-[k
&Gwfzwfcsifaompdwf &GwfzwfaompdwfwdkYaMumifh pdwZMoZ|rukyfwdkY tqufrjywf a&S;ESifhaemuf
qufpyfvsuf rsm;pGm jzpfaeykHudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Iyg/ u-cwdkYum; vnfacsmif;Xme jzpfaom
tu&mwdkY jzpfMuojzifh xdktu&mrsm; jzpfay:&m vnfacsmif;XmeodkY wdkifatmif MoZ|rukyfwdkY
ysUH ESUH oGm;yku
H kd jrifatmif Iyg/ vnfacsmif;XmewGif oEwt
d pOftm;jzifh jzpfay:aeMuaom um,'ou
uvmyf paom kyfuvmyfwdkY &SdMu\/ ,if;pdwZMoZ|rukyfwdkYwGif yg0ifaom yx0D"mwfonf
vnfacsmif; wnf&SdaeMuaom um,'ouuvmyf ponfwdkY yg0ifaom urZyx0D"mwfwdkYudk
0ga,m"mwf tultnDjzifh vnfacsmif;Xme dkufcwfrdaomtcg toH xGufay:vm\/ u-c-[k
ajymqdkaeaom EIwftrlt&m 0pD0dnwfvnf; &Sdae\/ odkYtwGuf (8+toH+0pD0dnwf = 10) 0pD0dnwd
'ouuvmyf jzpfonf/ useaf om tu&mwdYk vnf; xdx
k kd &Gwq
f v
kd u
kd af om tu&mwd\
Yk jzpf&mXmeodYk
wdkifatmif vdkuf enf;wlyif IMunhfyg/

24 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

6/ 0pD0dnwdo'v[kwm'daw&ou uvmyf ---- &Hcg u-c paom pum;oH jzpfay:vmatmif &Gwfzwf&

onfrSm ayghyg;oGufvufae\? acsmarGUae\? tcsKd;us tqifajyae\? v[kwm rk'kwm urnwm
wdkYvnf; yg0ifvmjyef\/ 0pD0dnwdo'v[kwm'daw&ou uvmyf jzpf\/ &Hcg oGufoGufvufvuf
r&SdbJ racsmarGUbJ tcsKd;rus jzpfaeygu v[kwm rk'kwm urnwmwdkY ryg0ifawmhay/ xdktcg
0pD0dnwd'ou uvmyf jzpfonf/ trSwf (5-6) kyfuvmyfwdkYum; pum;ajymqdkpOf I&rnfh
orZOfydkif;IuGuftwGuf jy"mef;aom kyfw&m;wdkYwnf;/
xdkxdk toHjzpf&m tu&mjzpf&m Xme oEwdtpOftm;jzifh jzpfaeMuaom urZkyfuvmyfwdkYwGif
yg0ifaom urZyx0D"mwfwdkYum; wkH;-ESifhwl\/ xdkxdk toHjzpf&m tu&mjzpf&m XmeodkYwdkifatmif oEwd
tpOftm;jzifh ysHUESHUjzpfay:oGm;Muaom pdwZkyfuvmyfrsm;pGmwGif yg0ifaom yx0D"mwfwdkYum; vufdkufESifh
wl\/ wkH;udk vufdkufjzifh dkufaeonfh trlt&mESifh 0pD0dnwf wl\/ xdk0pD0dnwfum; xdkxdk tu&mtoHudk
jzpfapvdkaom pdwfaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom 0ga,m"mwfaMumifh jzpfay:vm&\/ xdk0ga,m"mwfum;
pdwfaMumifh jzpf&\/ odkYtwGuf pdwfaMumifhjzpfaom 0ga,m"mwf\ obm0owd pGrf;tif vGefuJaeaom
kyw
f &m;taygif; = kyu
f vmyftaygif;\ wpfu,
kd v
f ;Hk odYk ysUH ESUH oGm;jcif;aMumifh pum;oHrsm; jzpfay:vm&\/
Pfjzifh jrifatmif I&ef jzpfonf/
7/ tmoymo - pdwZo'e0u uvmyf ---- [',0wKudk rSD jzpfaeaom pdwfwdkYaMumifh
0ifoufav-xGufoufavwdkY jzpfay:ykH odkYr[kwf 0ifoufav-xGufoufav trnf&aom o'e0u
uvmyfkyfw&m;wdkY jzpfykHudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Iyg/ toufS L vrf;aMumif;twGif; wnf&Sd
jzpfymG ;aeaom avudk a&S;OD;pGm jrifatmif Iyg/ xdak vudk orm"dvif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tifjzifh awGUjrifaom
tcg "mwfBu;D (4)yg;udk xdak vtwGi;f jrifatmif Iyg/ xd0k ifoufav-xGuo
f ufavtwGi;f "mwfBu;D
(4)yg;udk jrifatmif IEdkifygu orm"dt&Sdef&vmonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udk pwif
awGU&Sdrnf jzpfonf/ xdkuvmyftrIefrsm;udk Pfjzifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzm Iygu - toufSL oHESifh wuG
(9)rsK;d aom kyyf &rwfw&m;wdu
Yk kd awGU&SEd ikd yf gonf/ toufSL oH[o
l nf ,if;toufSL vrf;aMumif;wGif
wnf&MdS uaom uvmyfw\
Ykd yx0D"mwfEiS hf ,if;pdwZ uvmyfw\
Ykd yx0D"mwfwYkd tcsi;f csi;f du
k cf wf
ay:vmaom toHwnf;/ pdwaf Mumifh MoZ|rukyw
f Ykd toufSL av jzpfaeykH yx0D"mwfwt
Ykd csi;f csi;f
dkufcwf toH jzpfay:aeykH uvmyfwpfckwpfcktwGif; toHESifhwuG kyfoabmw&m; (9)rsKd;pD
&SdykHwdkYudk jrifatmif Iyg/
tu,f toufSL vrf;aMumif; wnf&Sdaeaom 0ifoufav-xGufoufavtwGif; oEwdtpOf
tm;jzifh jzpfaeaom "mwfBuD; (4)yg;udk Pfjzifh jrifatmif pdkufIaomfvnf; kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udk
rawGUao;bJ twk;H tcJ jzpfaeao;ygu tmumo"mwfukd jrifatmif pdu
k f v
I u
kd Ef ikd yf gu kyu
f vmyftrIerf sm;udk
vG,u
f pl mG awGU&SEd ikd yf gonf/ vif;a&mifjcnfprG ;f tif\ tultnDuu
kd m; rsm;pGm vdt
k yfaernfom jzpfayonf/
&Hcg toufSL onfrSm ayghayghyg;yg; oGufoGufvufvuf acsmacsmarGUarGU tcsKd;us tqifajyae\?
toufS L aumif;ae\? v[kwm-rk'kwm-urnwmwdkY yg0if\/ &Hcg toufSL Muyfaewwf\? av;av;
vHvH Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf; jzpfae\? toufSL tcsKd;rus jzpfaewwf\/ v[kwm-rk'kwm-urnwmwdkY
ryg0ifay/ tmoymo-pdwZo'v[kwm'd'Gg'ou uvmyfESifh tmoymo-pdwZo'e0u
uvmyfwdkY jzpfMu\/
kyfw&m;wdkYwGif um,0dnwf 0pD0dnwf v[kwm rk'kwm urnwmESifh tmumo"mwfwdkYum;
kyftwkom jzpfMu\/ 0dyem rIaumif;aom kyfwdkY jzpfMu\/ odkYaomf emrlyy&dap'Pfydkif; ,if;

tcef; (1) - kyfur|mef;ydkif; ! 25

kyftwkwdkYudkyg a&maESm odrf;qnf;&ef 0dok'dr*t|uxm28 TefMum;xm;ayonf/

OwkZ kyu
f vmyf (4) pnf;
1/ ok'|u uvmyf = OwkaMumifhjzpfaom oufoufaom MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf/
2/ o'e0u uvmyf = OwkaMumifhjzpfaom toHvQif (9)ck ajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf?
(8+toH = 9/)
3/ v[kwma'u'ou uvmyf = v[kwmponfvQif (11)ck ajrmuf&Sdaom OwkZkyfuvmyf?
(8+v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 11/)
4/ o'v[kwm'd 'Gg'ou uvmyf = toH-v[kwmponfvQif (12)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf?
(8+toH+v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 12/)
kyfuvmyfwdkYwGif ok'|uuvmyf o'e0uuvmyfwdkYum; kyftppfwdkYomwnf;? 0dyemIaumif;
aom kyfrsm;wnf;/ ok'|uuvmyfum; (6)'Gg& (42)aum|mowdkY xdkufovdk OwkZkyf jzpfcGifh&Sd&mwdkY
&&SdEdkif\/ o'e0uuvmyfum; 0rf;atmfoH paom toHygaom kyfuvmyfwnf;/ ok'|uuvmyfESifh
o'e0uuvmyfwdkYum; tZwvnf;aumif; A[d' ouf&Sdavmu oufrJhavmu ESpfrsKd;vkH;vnf;aumif;
wnf&Sd\/
trSwf (3-4) kyfuvmyfwdkYum; kyftwkrsm;ESifh a&maESmaeaom kyfuvmyfrsm; jzpfMu\/ v[kwm
rk'kwm urnwmwdkYum; 0dyem rIaumif;aom kyftwkrsm;om jzpfMu\/ ,if;kyf (3)rsKd;udk 0dyem
rIaumif;ojzifh z,fxkwfvdkufygu ok'|uuvmyfESifh o'e0uuvmyfwdkYom <uif;usefawmh\/ a&S;wGif
azmfjycJah om (6)'Gg&ESihf (42)aum|mowdw
Yk iG f tcsKUd aum|mowdYk wnf&adS om OwkZkyf u
I u
G w
f u
Ykd kd enf;rS;D
Iygav/ ,if;trSwf (3-4) kyfuvmyfwdkYum; kyfemrfudk odrf;qnf;&m emrlyy&dap'Pfydkif;om
a&maESm odrf;qnf; IyGm;&rnfh kyfw&m;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;aom kyfuvmyfwdkYum; ted`Ed,A'
jzpfaom A[d' oufrJht&m0wKwdkY r&Edkif/ tZw A[d' ouf&Sdow0gwdkY oEmefom &Edkifonf/

tm[m&Z kyfuvmyf (2) pnf;

1/ ok'|u uvmyf = tm[m&aMumifh jzpfaom oufoufaom MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf?
2/ v[kwma'u'ou uvmyf = v[kwmponfvQif (11)ckajrmuf&Sdaom kyfuvmyf/
(8+ v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm = 11/)
kyu
f vmyf ESprf sK;d wdw
Yk iG f ok'| uuvmyfum; (6)'Gg&vnf;aumif; (42)aum|mowdw
Yk iG f tcsKUd aom
aum|mowdkYvnf;aumif; &&SdEdkif\? kyftppfwdkYwnf;/ 0dyemIaumif;aom oroekyfwnf;/
trSwf (2) v[kwma'u'ou uvmyfum; v[kwm+rk'kwm+urnwm[laom kyftwkwdkYESifh
a&maESmae\? ,if;kyftwkwdkYum; 0dyem rIaumif;ay/ kyfemrfudk odrf;qnf;&m emrlyy&dap'
Pfyikd ;f om a&maESm odr;f qnf;&\/ tm[m&Z kyu
f vmyf ESprf sK;d wdu
Yk m; tZw A[d' ouf&o
dS w0gwdYk
oEmefom &&SdEdkifonf/

28

(0dok'd?2?225/)

26 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

Ak't
bd"rm\ kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t,ltq
ow0gwdkY\ cEmtdrfum; y&rmPkjrLcefY tvGefYtvGef ao;i,faom kyfuvmyftrIefwdkY\ taygif;
tpkrQom jzpf\/ ,if;kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfcktwGif; tenf;qkH; yrmPtm;jzifh yx0D-tmayg-awaZm0ga,m-0P-*E-&o-MoZm[k kyfy&rwfoabmw&m; (8)rsKd; &Sd\/ tcsKdUkyfuvmyfrsm; kyfy&rwf
oabmw&m; (9)rsKd; (10)rsKd; ponf &SdMu\/
,if;kyfy&rwfoabmw&m;wdkYum; trIef r[kwfyg? twkH;tcJ r[kwfyg/ txnf0wK oPmef j'yf
r[kwfyg? y&rwfoabmw&m;oufoufrQom jzpf\/ rmrI ,dkpD;rI ylrI axmufrIpaom oabmw&m;
oufoufrQom jzpf\/ (8)rsK;d (9)rsK;d paom ,if;kyyf &rwfoabmw&m;oufoufrsm;udk aygif;pkwnfaqmuf
vdkufaomtcg kyfuvmyfac:onfh trIefuav; wpfrIef jzpfay:vm\/ yuwdrsufpdjzifh rjrifEdkifaom
Pfrsufpdjzifhom jrifEdkifaumif;aom tao;qkH;aom kyfy&rwftzGJUtpnf; wpfckudk kyfuvmyf[k ac:\/
,if;kyfuvmyftrIefaygif;rsm;pGmudk aygif;pkwnfaqmufvdkufygrS qHyif arG;nif; ajconf; vufonf; paom
(32)aum|mo odkYr[kwf (42)aum|mo tpkta0;rsm; jzpfay:vmjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if; (32)aum|mo
odkYr[kwf (42)aum|mowdkYudk twdwfu uHpDrHonfhtwdkif; tcsKd;wus wyfqifvdkufygrS orKwdopme,fokH;
a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g ponf jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpf\/
odkYtwGuf vlom;wdkY\ cEmtdrf0,f rlvtajccHtusqkH; wnfaqmufxm;aom kyfwdkYum; rmrI
,dkpD;rI ylrI axmufrI paom oabmw&m;oufoufrQom jzpf\/ ,if;kyfy&rwfoabmw&m;wdkYum;
rjzpfcifu r&Sjd cif; jzpfNy;D aemuf r&Sjd cif;[k qdt
k yfaom r&Sjd cif;ESpcf w
k \
Ykd tv,fomvQif ,m,D tcdu
k t
f wefY
tm;jzifh jzpfay:vmMuaom "robm0wdo
Yk mvQif jzpfMu\/ ,m,D[o
l nf rnfrQtcsed Mf umonfh ,m,Denf;[k
ar;&ef&Sd\/ tajzrSm odkYwnf;/
{up&uaP aum#dowo[ocFg OyZdwGm edkZwd 29 = vufzspfwpfwGuf (= wpfpuefY)[k
ac:qdkxdkufaom tcsdeftcg umv twGif; emrfw&m;wdkYonf tBudrfaygif; uka# wpfodef;cefY jzpfNyD;
csKyfoGm;\[k zGifhqdkxm;ojzifh pdwuPac:onfh pdwfwpfck\ oufwrf; tcsdefumvum; vufzspfwpfwGuf
(= wpfpue)Yf tcsed u
f mvudk uka#wpfoed ;f ykyH gu wpfycHk efo
Y m oufwrf; &S\
d / kyw
f &m;wdu
Yk m; ,if;pdwu
P

aygif; (17)csuf touf&Snf\[k tqdk&Sdojzifh uka#wpfodef;udk (17)jzifh pm;aomf uka#ig;axmifausmf

tajzxGuv
f mojzifh wpfpue[
Yf k ac:qdt
k yfaomtcsed u
f mvudk uka#ig;axmifausmcf efY ykcH ahJ omf wpfycHk efo
Y m
oufwrf;&SMd uayonf/ rQ oufwrf; wdak wmif;vSaom kyyf &rwfw&m;rsm; jzpfMu\/ ,if;odYk tvGet
Yf vGef
oufwrf;wdkawmif;vSaom kyfw&m;rsm;udk a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm xGif;azmuf odjrifaom
tcgodkY qdkufa&mufygrS tedpmEkyemPf 'kumEkyemPf tewmEkyemPfrsm;vnf;
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmrnf jzpfayonf/ tewa&mifjcnfawmfonf wifhw,fpr,fpGm
xGef;vif;awmufyvmrnf jzpfayonf/ ,if;tewa&mifjcnfawmfum; omoemawmfwGif;om &&SdEdkifonfh
tESpfom&BuD; wpfckyif jzpfonf/
odkYaomf kyfw&m;oufoufudk 0dyemIaekHrQjzifh 0k|me trnf&aom t&d,r*fPfonf rnfonfh
enf;ESifhrQ rjzpfay:Edkifojzifh emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; qufvuf IyGm;odrf;qnf;&rnfom jzpfayonf/30

" " " " "

29

(oH?|?2?295/)

30

(tbd?|?1?271 - Munhf/)

tcef; (1) - emrfur|mef;ydkif; ! 27

emrfur|mef;ydkif;
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m odrSwfp&m
pdwfonf tmkHudk odjcif;oabmtm;jzifh wpfrsKd;wnf;om jzpf\/ odkYaomfvnf; .. pdwfESifh ,SOfwGJ
jzpfMuaom apwodufwdkY\ ta&twGuf uGJjym;rI t&nftcsif;pGrf;tif uGJjym;rIudk taMumif;jyK ..
pdwftrsKd;tpm; tusOf;tm;jzifh (89)rsKd;? tus,ftm;jzifh (121)rsKd; jzpfay:vm&ayonf/ apwodufwdkY\
ta&twGuf uGjJ ym;rI t&nftcsi;f pGr;f tif uGjJ ym;rIukd emrfur|mef;ydik ;f Z,m;rsm;udk Munfyh gu tawmftoifh
oabmaygufEdkifygonf/ odkYtwGuf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mudk tus,f razmfjyawmhbJ apwodufydkif;qdkif&m oabm
w&m;rsm;udkom wGif qufvuf wifjytyfygonf/

apwoduyf ikd ;f qdik &f m odrw

S pf &m
pdwfESifh,SOfaom apwodufwdkY\ vuPm (4) yg;
1/
2/
3/
4/

{ukyg'
{ueda&m"
{umvrP
{u0wKu

=
=
=
=

pdwfESifhwlaom
pdwfESifhwlaom
pdwfESifhwlaom
pdwfESifhwlaom

jzpfjcif; = pdwfESifh twljzpfjcif;?

csKyfjcif; = pdwfESifh twlcsKyfjcif;?
tmkH&Sd jcif; = pdwfESifh tmkHwljcif;?
rDS&m0wK&Sd jcif; = pdwfESifh rDS&m0wK wljcif;?

odkYtm;jzifh apwodufwdkY apawm,kwvuPm (4)yg; &Sd Muayonf/ rnfonfhapwodufrqdk

pdwf,SOfaomtcg umrbHk lybHk t*Fg (4)yg;ESifh nDGwf&jrJ "rwmjzpfonf/ tlybHkum; {u0wKu
t*Fgwpfyg; ,kwfavsmhayonf? rSD&m0wKkyf r&SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ,if;apwodufwdkYum; (52)vkH;
&Sdayonf/

apwoduf (52) vkH;

1/
2/
3/
4/

oApdwom"m&Papwoduf = pdwftm;vHk;ESifh qufqHaom apwoduf (7)vHk;?

yudPf;apwoduf
= NydK;>yrf;,SOfaom apwoduf (6)vHk;?
tukodkvfapwoduf = tukodkvfpdwfESifh ,SOfaom apwoduf (14)vHk;?
aombPapwoduf = wifw
h ,faumif;jrwfaom aombPpdwEf iS hf ,SOaf om apwoduf (25)vH;k ?
tm;vHk;aygif;aomf apwoduf (52)vHk; jzpfonf/

28 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

apwoduf (52) vkH; Z,m;

oApdwom"m&Papwoduf (7) vkH;
1) z
2) a0'em
3) onm
4) apwem

5) {u*wm
6) ZD0dw
7) reodum&

yudPf;apwoduf (6) vkH;

1) 0dwuf
2) 0dpm&
3) t"darmu

4) 0D&d,
5) yDwd
6) qE

tukodkvfapwoduf (14) vHk;

1) arm[
2) t[d&du
3) taemwy
4) O'p

5) avmb
6) 'd|d
7) rme

8)
9)
10)
11)

a'go
m
rp&d,
ukuKp

12) xde
13) rd'
14) 0dpdudpm

aombPapwoduf (25) vHk;

aombPom"m&Papwoduf (19) vHk;
1) o'g
2) owd
3) [d&d
4) Mowy
5) tavmb

6) ta'go
7) wMwrZswwm
8) um,y'd
9) pdwy'd

0d&wdapwoduf (3) vHk;

1) orm0gpm
2) ormurE
3) ormtmZD0

10)
11)
12)
13)
14)

um,v[kwm
pdwv[kwm
um,rk'kwm
pdwrk'kwm
um,urnwm

15) pdwurnwm
16) um,yg*knwm
17) pdwyg*knwm
18) um,kZkuwm
19) pdwKZkuwm
tyrnmapwoduf (2) vHk; ynda`Eapwoduf (1) vHk;
1) ukPm
1) ynm = tarm[
2) rk'dwm

oApw
d o
m"m&Papwoduf (7) vk;H
= pdwftm;vHk;ESifh qufqHaom = pdwfwdkif;pdwfwdkif; ,SOfaom apwoduf (7)vkH;31
1/ z
2/ a0'em
31

= tmkHudk awGUxdaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh jzpfjcif;oabm (vuP)?

= tmkHESifh todpdwfudk qufpyfay;jcif;oabm (&o)?
= tmkH\ t&omudk cHpm;jcif;oabm?

rSwfcsuf ---- pdwuPwpfck\ twGif; twl,SOfwGJ jzpfMuaom pdwfapwodufw&m;pkwdkYudk or,kwfw&m;[k

ac:qdkonf/ txufyg apwodufwdkYwGif {u*wmapwodufudk tcsKdUt&m pdwfwnfMunfrI pGrf;tifukd trSDjyK
orm"da`E orm"dAv
kd f orm"doarmZif ormorm"dr*if Oypm&orm"d tyemorm"d ponfjzifh ac:a0:oH;k pGx
J m;ayonf/ wpfzef a0'emapwodufudkvnf; owdjyKyg/ a0'emapwodufonf pdwfwdkif;pdwfwdkif; ,SOfaom oApdwom"m&P apwodufwpfrsKd; jzpf\/ todpdwf&SdaeorQ umvywfvHk; a0'emum; tjrJwrf; yg0ifwnf&Sdaernfom
jzpf\/ xdka0'emrSm okc 'ku aomre a'gre Oayum[laom a0'em ig;rsKd;wdkYwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd; jzpfEdkif\/
a0'emrygaom a0'emr,SOfaom pdwf[lonf Ak'tbd"rm r&Sdpaumif;ay/ a0'emum; csKyf\? todpdwfum;
rcsKyf[laom 0g'rSm Ak'tbd"rm\ t,ltq r[kwfay??

tcef; (1) - emrfur|mef;ydkif; ! 29

3/ onm
= tmkHudk rSwfom;jcif;oabm?
4/ apwem = tmkaH y:odYk ,SOzf uf pdwaf pwoduf = or,w
k w
f &m;wdu
kY kd a&mufatmif aphaqmfay;jcif;
= EId;aqmfay;jcif;oabm?
5/ {u*wm = tmkH wpfckwnf;ay:odkY pdwf usa&mufaejcif;oabm?
= wnfNidrfaejcif;oabm?
= or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk zkdz&J rMuJapjcif;oabm?
6/ ZD0dw
= ,SOfzuf pdwfapwoduf = or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk apmifha&Smufay;jcif;oabm?
= emrfoufapmifh"mwf?
7/ reodum& = tmkHbufodkY pdwfudk = or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk OD;vSnfh wGef;ydkYay;jcif;oabm?
= tmkHudk ESvHk;oGif;jcif;oabm?

yudP;f apwoduf (6) vH;k = NyKd ;>yrf;,SOaf om apwoduf (6)vH;k

1/ 0dwuf
2/ 0dpm&

=
=
=
=

tmkHay:odkY pdwfudk = or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk a&S;I wifay;jcif;oabm?

MuHpnfjcif;oabm?
tmHkudk xyfumxyfum oHk;oyf qifjcifjcif; = qkyfe,fjcif;oabm?
tmkHudk xyfxyf ,ljcif;oabm?

3/ t"darmu = tmkHudk qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;oabm?

4/ 0D&d,

= BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;oabm?32
= tm;wufoa&m &Sdjcif;oabm?

5/ yDwd

= tmHkudk ESpfoufjcif;oabm?

6/ qE

= tmkHudk vdkvm;awmifhwjcif;oabm?
= tmkHudk jyKvkyfvdkjcif;oabm?33

apwoduf (6)vHk;wdkYonf pdwftm;vHk; r,SOfbJ tcsKdUtcsKdUaom pdwfom ,SOfojzifh [dkwcsKdU

onfwcsKdU a&ma&m>yrf;>yrf; ,SOfwwfaom apwodufrsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh yudPf;apwoduf[laom trnfudk
&&SdMuayonf/
oApdwom"m&Papwoduf (7)vHk;ESifh yudPf;apwoduf (6)vHk;? ESpf&yfaygif; apwoduf
(13)vHk;wdkYudk tnormef;apwoduf[k ac:qdk\/ taombP-trnf&aom tukodkvfpdwf t[dwfpdwfwdkY
vnf;aumif; aombP-trnf&aom tusOf;tm;jzifh pdwf (59) tus,ftm;jzifh (91)yg;aom pdwfwdkY
32

tmkHwpfckay: ,SOfzufpdwfapwoduf = or,kwfw&m;wdkY jzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;oabm jzpfonf/

raumif;bufvnf; avmbjzpfatmif a'gojzpfatmif arm[jzpfatmif ponfjzifh BuKd ;pm;rIrsK;d ? taumif;bufvnf;
tavmbjzpfatmif ta'gojzpfatmif tarm[jzpfatmif ponfjzifh BuKd ;pm;rIrsK;d wnf;/ orm"dyikd ;f orm"djzpfatmif
BuKd ;pm;rI 0dyemydik ;f "mwfBu;D av;yg;udk odatmif BuKd ;pm;rI kyw
f &m;udk odatmif BuKd ;pm;rI emrfw&m;udk odatmif
BudK;pm;rI taMumif;w&m;wkdYukd odatmif BudK;pm;rI taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom ,if;kyfemrfwkdY\ tedptcsuf
'kutcsuf tewtcsufwkdYukd odatmif BudK;pm;rIrsKd;wnf;/
33
tmkHwpfckay: avmbjzpfvdkonfhoabm a'gojzpfvdkonfhoabm arm[jzpfvdkonhfoabm tavmb
jzpfvo
kd nfo
h abm ta'gojzpfvo
kd nfo
h abm tarm[jzpfvo
kd nfo
h abm orm"djzpfvo
kd nfh oabm ynmjzpfvo
kd nfh
oabm odkYponfjzifh t&mXmetm;avsmfpGm oabmaygufygav/ jrifvdkrI Mum;vdkrI eHvdkrI t&omodvdkrI xdvdkrI
odvdkrI oabmrsm;udk tmkHudk jyKvkyfvdkonfhoabm[k qdkvdkonf/

30 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

vnf;aumif; xdkufovdk ,SOfwGJjzpfMuojzifh ,if;apwodufwdkYonf taumif;-tqdk; ESpfbuf& apwodufwdkY

jzpfMuonf/

0dwuf-apwem-reodum&
0dwufonf or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk tmkHay:odkY a&mufatmif a&S;Iwifay;wwf\/ apwemum;
0dwufonf wifay;tyfaom or,kwfw&m;wdkYudk tmkH ,SOfpyfay;\/ reodum&onfum; or,kwf
w&m;wdkYudk tmHkay:odkY ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf a&mufatmif jyKvkyfay;\? armif;ESifay;\/

tukov
kd f apwoduf (14) vH;k
tukovom"m&P apwoduf (4) vHk; = tukodkvfpdwftm;vkH;ESifh qufqHaom apwoduf
1/ arm[

= tmkH\ oabmrSefudk rodjcif;oabm (opmav;yg;udk rodrIoabm)?

= tmkHudk todrSm;jcif;oabm? (a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g vl ewf jA[mponfjzifh
todrSm;aerIoabm)
2/ t[d&du = (u) 'kpkdufw&m; (c) avmb a'go arm[ ponfh tukodkvfw&m;wdkYrS r&Sufjcif;
oabm?
3/ taemwy = (u) 'kpku
d w
f &m; (c) avmb a'go arm[ ponfh tukov
kd w
f &m;wdrYk S raMumufjcif;
oabm?
4/ O'p
= tmkHay: pdwfrNidrfrouf ysHUvGifhaejcif;oabm/
apwoduf (4)rsKd;wdkYonf tukodkvfpdwfwdkif; pdwfwdkif; tjrJ,SOfaomaMumifh tukovom"m&P
apwoduf[laom trnfudk &&SdMuonf/

avmbtkyfpk apwoduf (3) vHk;

5/ avmb

6/ 'd|d
7/ rme

= tmkHudk jrwfjrwfEdk;Edk; ]]igh[m}}[k pGJ,ljcif;oabm?

= tmkHudk vdkvm;wyfrufjcif;oabm?
= tmkH uyfNidjcif;oabm?
= tmkHudk edp okc tw okb[k pGJvrf;,HkMunfjcif;oabm?
= tmkHudk edp okc tw okb[k t,lrSm;jcif;oabm = cH,lcsufrSm;jcif;oabm?
=]] ig ig}}[k pdwfwuf<u jrifharmufjcif;oabm?
= axmifvTm;jcif;oabm?
= tom,lvdkjcif;oabm?

xyfr&H iS ;f vif;csuf
arm[udkyif t0dZm[kvnf; ac:qdk\/ (31)bHk twGif; wnf&Sdaom ouf&Sdavmu oufrJhavmu
= ouf&Sdt&m0wK oufrhJt&m0wKwdkYudk y&rwopmodkY qdkufatmif 0dyemorm'd|d Pfynmjzifh
cGJjcm;pdwfjzm "mwfcGJMunfhEdkifojzifh -----1/ kyfw&m; tpktyHkrQom&Sdonf[k
2/ emrfw&m; tpktyHkrQom &Sdonf[k
3/ kyf+emrf tpktyHkrQom &Sdonf[k = cEmig;yg;tpktyHk tm,wewpfq,fhESpfyg;tpktyHk "mwf
wpfq,fh&Spfyg;tpktyHkrQom &Sdonf[k odonf jzpftHh? xdktodrSm rSef\/ emrlyy&dap'Pfwnf;/

tcef; (1) - emrfur|mef;ydkif; ! 31

4/ taMumif;w&m;tpktyHk tusK;d w&m;tpktyHrk Qom &So

d nf[k odt?hH xdt
k odrmS vnf; rSe\
f ? yp,y&d*[

Pfwnf;/
xdk ky-f emrf-aMumif;-usK;d w&m;pkwu
Ykd kd ocFg&w&m;pkw[
Ykd
l ac:qd\
k / xdo
k cFg&w&m;wdu
Yk m; jzpfNy;D vQif
ysufwwfonfh tedpw&m;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJrjywf tnOf;yef; tESdyfpuf
cH&onfh 'kuw&m;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh
twr[kwfonfh teww&m;wdkYom jzpfMu\/ &HG&SmpufqkyfzG,f tokbw&m;pkwdkYom jzpfMu\/ xdkaMumifh
,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk -----1/ tedpw&m;wdkYom jzpfMuonf[k
2/ 'kuw&m;wdkYom jzpfMuonf[k
3/ teww&m;wdkYom jzpfMuonf[k
4/ tokbw&m;wdkYom jzpfMuonf[k odtHh? xdktodrSmvnf; rSefae\/ 0dyemPfrsm;yifwnf;/
xdkaMumifh (31)bHk twGif; wnf&Sdaom ouf&SdoufrhJ t&m0wKwdkYudk kyfw&m;tpktyHk emrfw&m;
tpktyHk kyf+emrftpktyHk = cEmig;yg;tpktyHk = tm,wewpfq,fhESpfyg;tpktyHk = "mwfwpfq,fh&Spfyg;
tpktyHkwdkY[kvnf;aumif; taMumif;w&m;tpktyHk tusKd;w&m;tpktyHkwdkY[kvnf;aumif; tedpw&m;
tpktyHk 'kuw&m;tpktyHk teww&m;tpktyHk tokbw&m;tpktyHkwdkY[kvnf;aumif; od&Sdaeygu
xdktodudk todrSef = orm'd|d = 0dZmPf[k qdk&ayonf/
xdkodkY trSeftwdkif; rodbJ a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g vl ewf jA[m ponf[kvnf;aumif;
toufaumif vdyfjymaumif 0dnmPfaumif twaumif[kvnf;aumif; a&T aiG opfyif a& ajr awm
awmif ponf[kvnf;aumif; edpw&m;tpktyHk okcw&m;tpktyHk tww&m;tpktyHk okbw&m;tpktyHk[k
vnf;aumif; ,if; ouf&Sd oufrJh 0wKwdkYudk ajymif;jyef odjrifaeygu ,if;todudk todrSm; = t0dZ m =
arm[[k ac:qdk&ayonf/34
wGif t0dZm = arm[ESifh 'd|d = rdpm'd|dwdkY\ oabmudk ydkrdk oabmaygufap&ef 0dyeme,f
ta&;wBuD; odxm;oifhaom twpGJESpfrsKd;udk qufvuf a&;om;wifjytyfygonf/

twpGJ (2) rsKd;

avmua0g[m& twpGJ = avmuornm twpGJESifh omoemyt,ltq &SdMuonfh rdpm'd|d t,l0g'
&SdolwdkY MuHqxm;tyfaom tw'd|dpGJ[k tMurf;pm;tm;jzifh twpGJ ESpfrsKd; &Sdayonf/35
1/ avmua0g[m& twpGJ = avmuornm twpGJ ------ ouf&Sd t&m0wKwdkYudk a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf
ow0g vl ewf jA[m uRJ EGm; wd& pmef ponfjzifh pGJ,lrI oufrJh t&m0wKwdkYudkvnf; a&T aiG v,f ,m
tdk;tdrf opfyif a&ajr awmawmif ponfjzifh pGJ,lrIwnf;/
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf A[d' kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;Edkifaomtcg A[d' ouf&SdavmuodkY 0dyem
Pfudk apvTwfMunfhyg/ A[d'ouf&Sdow0gwdkY [lonfrSmvnf; kyfw&m;tpktyHk emrfw&m;tpktyHk
kyfemrftpktyHk taMumif;w&m;tpktyHk tusKd;w&m;tpktyHk tedpw&m;tpktyHk 'kuw&m;tpktyHk
teww&m;tpktyHk tokbw&m;tpktyHkom jzpfonf[k orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf
xGif;azmufum odjrifEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
34

y&rwawm t0dZrmaeok wdyk&dom'Dok Z0wd? 0dZrmaeokyd cEm'Dok e Z0wDwd t0dZm/ (tbd?|?2?127/

0dok'd?2?157/)
35
(r?#D?1?365-366/)

32 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

wpfzef A[d'o
ufrahJ vmuodv
Yk nf; 0dyemPfukd apvTwMf unfyh g/ ,if; A[d' oufrt
hJ &m0wKwYkd
(a&T aiG ...) wnf&Sdaom "mwfBuD;av;yg;udk Pfjzifh pdkufIyg/ kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;udkom awGU&Sdrnf
jzpfonf/ ,if;kyfuvmyfwdkY rSm kyfuvmyfwpfck twGif; wnf&Sdaom awaZm"mwf = OwkaMumifh qifhuJ
qifhuJ aU&SE Sihfaemuf qufpyfvsuf txyfxyf jzpfaeaom OwkZMoZ|rukyfwdkYESifh &Hcg toHygaomf
OwkZo'e0uuvmyfkyfwdkYomwnf;/ xdkaMumifh oufrhJt&m0wKwdkYudk OwkZMoZ|rukyfw&m;tpktyHk[k
vnf;aumif; toHygcJhaomf OwkZo'e0ukyfw&m;tpktyHk[kvnf;aumif; odjrifcJhaomf xdktodonf
rSefae\/ a&TaiG ponfjzifh odcJhaomf xdktodum; rSm;ae\ = t0dZmwnf;? arm[wnf;/
ouf&Sdow0gwdkYudk kyf-emrf-aMumif;-usKd; = ocFg&w&m; tpktyHk[k rodbJ tedp 'ku tew
tokbw&m;tpktyH[
k k rodbJ a,mufsm; rde;f r yk*Kd vf ow0g vl ewf jA[m ponfjzifh odcahJ omf xdt
k odum;
rSm;ae\/ t0dZm = arm[wnf;/ a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g vl ewf jA[m ponfonf wu,f
xif&Sm;&Sd\[k pGJvrf;,HkMunfchJaomf pGJ,lcJhaomf cH,lcsufrSm;cJhaomf xdk pGJvrf;,HkMunfrI pGJ,lrI cH,lcsuf
rSm;rIonfum; avmua0g[m& twpGJ = avmuornm twpJGwnf; = vlwdkY ac:a0:oHk;pGJonfhtwdkif;
wu,f xif&Sm;&Sd\[k cH,lcsufrSm;rIwnf;/ rdpm'd|dwnf;/
oufrJht&m0wKwdkYudkvnf; kyfw&m;tpktyHk[k rodbJ a&T-aiG-pdef-ausmuf ponfjzifh odcJhaomf
xdktodum; rSm;ae\? t0dZmyifwnf;/ a&T-aiG-pdef-ausmuf ponfonf ]wu,f xif&Sm;&Sdyg\? wu,f
[kwfyg\}[k pGJvrf;,HkMunfcJhaomf pGJ,lcJhaomf cH,lcsuf rSm;cJhaomf xdkpGJvrf;,HkMunfrI pGJ,lrI cH,lcsuf
rSm;rIonfum; avmua0g[m& = avmuornm twpGJwnf;/ avmua0g[m&twdkif; pGJvrf;,HkMunfrI
cH,lcsufrSm;rIwnf;? rdpm'd|dwnf;/
2/ tw'|d pd J G ------ tw'd|dpGJ ..
(u) y&rw 'd|dpJG = y&rtw 'd|dpGJ
( c ) ZD0tw 'd|dpGJ[k tMurf;pm;tm;jzifh ESpfrsKd; cGJEkdif\/
(u) y&rw = y&rtw'd|dpGJ ------ avmuBuD;ESifh wuG ow0g toD;toD;udk zefqif;aeaom
zefqif;&Siftw = y&rw = y&rtw&Sdonf[k pGJ,lrI cH,lcsufrSm;rIonf y&rw'd|d = y&rtw
'd|dpGJwnf;/
( c ) ZD0tw'd|dpJG --- ow0g toD;toD;\oEmef tzefqif;cH&aom ZD0aumif = toufaumif =
vdyfjymaumif = 0dnmPfaumif = twaumif &Sdonf[k pJG,lrI ,HkMunfrI cH,lcsufrSm;rIonf
ZD0tw'd|dpGJwnf;/
y&rw ZD0tw[k todrSm;rIum; t0dZmwnf; = arm[wnf;/ y&rw ZD0tw wu,fxif&Sm;
&Sdonf[k pGJvrf;,HkMunfrI pGJ,lrI cH,lcsufrSm;rIum; tw'd|dwnf;? rdpm'd|dwnf;/

arm[ESifh 'd|dudk twdkcsKyf cGJjcm;rSwf&ef

arm[onf (31)bHt
k wGi;f wnf&adS om ouf&o
dS ufrhJ t&m0wKwu
Ykd kd edp okc tw okb[k todrmS ;\/
'd|donf (31)bHk twGif; wnf&Sdaom ouf&Sd oufrJh t&m0wKwdkYudk edp okc tw okb[k ,HkMunfcsuf
cH,lcsufrSm;\/ edp okc tw okb[k todrSm;rIum; arm[? edp okc tw okb[k t,lrSm;rIum;
'd|dwnf;/

a'gotkyfpk apwoduf (4) vHk;

8/ a'go

= pdwfcufxef Murf;wrf;jcif;oabm?
= zsufqD;vdkjcif;oabm?

tcef; (1) - emrfur|mef;ydkif; ! 33

9/ m

=
=
=
=

10/ rp&d,

olwpfyg;\ pnf;pdrf*kPfod&f csrf;omudk jiLpl apmif;ajrmif;jcif;oabm?

udk,fhxufom remvdkjcif;oabm?
rdrd pnf;pdrfudk vQKdU0Sufjcif;oabm?
rdrd pnf;pdrfudk txdrcHEdkifjcif;oabm? 0efwkdjcif;oabm?

11/ ukuKp = (u) jyKcJhNyD; usifhcJhNyD;aom raumif;rItukodkvfESifh 'kpdkufw&m;wdkYudk jyKcJhrd usifhcJhrd

aemifwwpfzef ylyefjcif;oabm?
( c ) rjyKvdkufrd rusifhvdkufrdaom aumif;rIukodkvfESifh okpkdufw&m;wdkYudk rjyKvdkuf&
rusifhvdkuf& aemifwwpfzef ylyefjcif;oabm?

oocFg&dutkyfpk0if apwoduf (2) vHk;

12/ xde
13/ rd'

=
=
=
=

pdwfxdkif;rIdif;jcif;oabm?
pdwfr&Tifvef; rxufoefjcif;oabm/
,SOfzuf apwodufwdkY xdkif;rIdif;jcif;oabm/
,SOfzuf apwodufwdkY r&Tifvef; rxufoefjcif;oabm/

arm[tkyfpk apwoduf (1) vHk;

14/ 0dpdudpm =
(1) ormorK' bk&m;ppf bk&m;rSef
(2) ormorK' bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;ppf w&m;rSef
(3) ormorK' bk&m;&Sif\ t&d,om0u oHCmppf oHCmrSef
(4) oDvusifhpOf orm"dusifhpOf ynmusifhpOf[laom odumoHk;yg;
(5) oHo&m\ aU&StpGef;[laom twdwfb0 = twdwfcEm
(6) oHo&m\ aemuftpGef;[laom tem*wfb0 = tem*wfcEm
(7) oHo&m\ aU&t
S pGe;f aemuftpGe;f [laom twdw+f tem*wfb0 = twdwf tem*wfcEm ESprf sK;d vH;k
(8) aMumif;-usKd;-qufEG,frI = y#dporkyg'foabmw&m;36
(8)XmewdkY ,HkrSm;oHo,&Sdjcif;oabm/37

aombPapwoduf = taumif;apwoduf (25)

aombP apwoduf (25) vHk;rSm -----(u) aombPom"m&Papwoduf = aombP trnf&aom taumif;pdwt
f m;vH;k ESihf qufqaH om
tjrJ,SOfwGJjzpfaom apwoduf (19)vHk;
( c ) 0d&wd apwoduf (3)vHk;
( * ) tyrnm apwoduf (2)vHk;
(C) ynda`E apwoduf (1)vHk;
tm;vHk;aygif;aomf (25)vHk; jzpfonf/
36

rSwfcsuf ---- uH-uH\tusKd;w&m;tay: oHo,&Sdjcif;rsm;onfvnf; aMumif;-usKd;-qufEG,frI = y#dporkyg'f

oabmw&m; oHo,&SdrIwGif tusKH;0ifvsuf&Sdayonf/
37
(tbd?1?208/)

34 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

aombPom"m&Papwoduf (19) vHk;

1/ o'g

= (0dpdudpm azmfjyxm;aom &SpfXmewdkY) ,HkrI + MunfrIoabm?

= ,HkMunfjcif;oabm = ouf0ifwnfaejcif;oabm?38
2/ owd
= (owdy|mefav;yg; paom) owd\wnf&m tmkH or,w
k w
f &m;wdu
Yk kd Al;awmif;uJo
h Ykd
ray:apbJ ausmufzsmuJhodkY epfjrKyfapjcif;oabm?
= tmkH pdwfcdkifjrJjcif;oabm = tmkHudk rarhaysmufjcif;oabm?
3/ [d&d
= (u) raumif;rI tukodkvfw&m; (c) 'kpkdufw&m;rS &Sufjcif;oabm?
4/ Mowy
= (u) raumif;rI tukodkvfw&m; (c) 'kpkdufw&m;rS aMumufjcif;oabm?
5/ tavmb = avmuDtmkH pdwfruyfjidjcif; rwyfrufjcif;oabm?
=]] igh[m}}[k rpGJ,ljcif;oabm?
6/ ta'go = tmkHay: pdwfrcufxef rMurf;wrf;jcif;oabm?
= rzsufqD;vdkjcif;oabm?
7/ wMwrZswwm = (pdwfwuf<u jrifharmufrI rme pdwfwGefY qkwfrI xde + rd' w&m;ESpfrsKd;bufodkY
pdwu
f kd ra&mufapbJ pdw+f apwoduw
f u
Ykd kd rdrw
d Ykd udp tydt
k vGef r&Sad p&atmif)
tmkH pdwfudk tv,ftvwfxm;jcif;oabm?
= tmHkudk tnDtrQ vspfvsLIjcif;oabm?
8/ um,y'd
= apwodufwdkY Nidrf;at;jcif;oabm?
9/ pdwy'd
= pdwfNidrf;at;jcif;oabm?
10/ um,v[kwm = apwodufwdkY vsifjref ayghyg;jcif;oabm?
11/ pdwv[kwm
= pdwfvsifjref ayghyg;jcif;oabm?
12/ um,rk'w
k m
= apwodufwdkY El;nHhaysmhaysmif;jcif;oabm?
13/ pdwrk'kwm
= pdwfEl;nHhaysmhaysmif;jcif;oabm?
14/ um,urnwm = 'ge oDv bm0em ponfh xdkxdk aumif;rI apwodufwdkY cHhnm;jcif;oabm?
= tcsKd;us tqifajyjcif;oabm?
(bm0emrIjzpfvQif IvdkY tcsKd;us tqifajyjcif;oabm/)
15/ pdwurnwm = 'ge oDv bm0em ponfh xdkxdk aumif;rI pdwfchHnm;jcif;oabm?
= tcsKd;us tqifajyjcif;oabm?
(bm0emrIjzpfvQif IvdkY tcsKd;us tqifajyjcif;oabm?)
38

rSwfcsuf ---- um; jcHKiHk a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ae&mXmeodkY vdkuf cGJjcm;,lwwfzdkY vdkayonf/
1/ bk&m;*kPfudk tmkH,l&m bk&m;*kPf ,HkMunfrI
2/ w&m;*kPfudk tmkH,l&m w&m;*kPfudk ,HkMunfrI
3/ oHCmh*kPfudk tmkH,l&m oHCmh*kPfudk ,HkMunfrI
4/ oDvydkif; oDvodum oDvusifhpOfudk ,HkMunfrI orm"dydkif; psmeform"dodum = orm"dusifhpOfudk ,HkMunfrI
ynmydkif; kyfemrfy&rwfwdkY\ obm0rSefudk xGif;azmufodonfh ynmodum = ynmusifhpOf ,HkMunfrI opm
av;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odatmif usifh&onfh ynmodum = ynmusifhpOf ,HkMunfrI
5/ twdwfudk I&m twdwfcEmwdkY wu,fxif&Sm;&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfrI
6/ tem*wfudk I&m tem*wfcEmwdkY wu,fxif&Sm;&Sdonf[k ,HkMunfrI
7/ twdwf+tem*wf ESpfrsKd;vHk;udk I&m twdwf+tem*wf cEm ESpfrsKd;vHk; wu,fxif&Sm;&Sdonf[k ,HkMunfrI
8/ aMumif;-usK;d -qufE,
G rf I = y#dpo
rkyg 'fwu
Ykd kd I&m aMumif;-usK;d -qufE,
G rf I y#dpo
rkyg 'foabmw&m;wdYk ,HMk unfr?I
odkY ponfjzifh tIcHtmkHodkY vdkuf ,HkMunfrIrsm; uJGjym;yHkudk oabmaygufygav/

tcef; (1) - emrfur|mef;ydkif; ! 35

16/ um,yg*knwm = 'ge oDv bm0em ponfh xdx

k akd umif;rI apwoduw
f Ykd >yrf;wD;avhvmEdik ef if;jcif;
oabm? (= yGef;wD; ...)
= uRrf;usifvdrmjcif;oabm?
= udavom temuif;jcif;oabm?
17/ pdwyg*knwm = 'ge oDv bm0em ponfh xdkxdkaumif;rI pdwf >yrf;wD; (= yGef;wD;) avhvm
Ekdifeif;jcif;oabm?
= uRrf;usifvdrmjcif;oabm?
= udavom temuif;jcif;oabm?
18/ um,kZkuwm = apwodufwdkY ajzmifhrwfjcif;oabm?
= rm,m omaX,s tauGUtaumuf uif;jcif;oabm?
19/ pdwKZkuwm
= pdwfajzmifhrwfjcif;oabm?
= rm,m omaX,s tauGUtaumuf uif;jcif;oabm/

rm,mESifh omaX,s
xif&Sm;&Sdaom tjypfudk zHk;uG,fxm;jcif;oabmum; rm,mwnf;/
xif&Sm;r&Sdaom *kPfudk xkwfazmf csD;rGrf;jcif; = xif&Sm;jyjcif;oabmum; omaX,swnf;/39

0d&wd apwoduf (3) vHk;

1/ orm0gpm =
=
2/ ormurE =
=
3/ ormtmZD0

toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ESifh rpyfqdkifaom 0pD'kpdkuf (4)yg;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;oabm?

0pD'kpkdufudk rvGefusL;jcif;oabm?
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ESifh rpyfqdkifaom um,'kpdkuf (3)yg;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;oabm?
um,'kpdkufudk rvGefusL;jcif;oabm?
= toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ESifh pyfqdkifaom 0pD'kpdkuf (4)yg; um,'kpdkuf (3)yg;rS
a&SmifMuOfjcif;oabm?
= toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ESifh pyfqdkifaom um,'kpdkuf 0pD'kpdkufudk rvGefusL;jcif;
oabm/

tyrnm apwoduf (2) vHk;

1/ ukPm
2/ rk'dwm

=
=
=
=

'kudw ow0gudk tmHkjyK oem; Muifemjcif;oabm?

qif;&J'kurS u,fwifvdkjcif;oabm?
okcdw ow0gudk tmHkjyK Munfom 0rf;ajrmufjcif;oabm?
olUpnf;pdrfudk rjiLpljcif;oabm?

ynda`E apwoduf (1) vHk;

1/ ynda`E

= ynm = y&rw"rwdkY\ oabmrSefudk xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;oabm?

= opm (4)yg; trSefw&m;udk xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;oabm/
Pf[kvnf;aumif; tarm[[kvnf;aumif; orm'd|d[kvnf;aumif; "r0dp,[kvnf;aumif;
ac:aom ynmudkyif opm (4)yg;udk odrIudp tpdk;w&jzpfaomaMumifh ynda`E[k ac:qdkayonf/
39

oEa'goy#dpm'evuPm rm,m/ toE*kPorm0evuPH omaX,sH/ (r[m#D?1?84/)

toE*kPyumoevuPH omaX,sH/ (r[m#D?1?128/)

36 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

onfwdkYum; taumif; aombPapwoduf (25)vkH;wdkYwnf;/ wGif apwoduf(52)vkH;wdkYudk

azmfjyNyD;jzpfonf/ y&rw"rrsm;udk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l&m odrf;qnf;&m tm;xkwfp tm'durduyk*dKvfonf
obm0vuPmuaomfvnf;aumif; &o = vkyfief;udpuaomfvnf;aumif; pwif ESvHk;oGif;Edkifojzifh
tcsKdUapwodufrsm; vuPESifh &o ESpfrsKd;vHk;udkyif a&;om;wifjyxm;ygonf/

tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkH - "rmkv
H ikd ;f - raem'Gg& psmeormywd0 x
D Zd ,m;
[',&Sd rSD&m0wKkyf
yxrpsmef
'kwd,psmef
wwd,psmef
pwkwpsmef

63
r
12
12
12
12

63
y
34
34
34
33

63
O
34
34
34
33

63
Ek
34
34
34
33

63
a*g
34
34
34
33

63 ...
Z ... (psmefaZm tBudrfrsm;pGm)
34 ...
32 ... (0dwuf+0dpm& jyKwf)
31 ... (yDwd - xyfjyKwf)
31 ... (okcjyKwf - Oayum0if)

tu,f a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf uodkPf; (10)yg; ormywf (8)yg;wdkYudk yGm;rsm;xm;NyD;ol jzpfygu

,if;emrfw&m;wdkYudkvnf; atmufygZ,m;twdkif; qufvuf odrf;qnf;yg/

uodP
k ;f y#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkH - "rmkv
H ikd ;f - raem'Gg& psmeormyw0d DxZd ,m;
[',&Sd rSD&m0wKkyf
yxrpsmef
'kwd,psmef
wwd,psmef
pwkwpsmef
tmumomem,wepsmef
0dnmPm,wepsmef
tmudnm,wepsmef
ae0onmemonm,wepsmef

63
r
12
12
12
12
12
/
/
/

63
y
34
34
34
33
33
/
/
/

63
O
34
34
34
33
33
/
/
/

63
Ek
34
34
34
33
33
/
/
/

63
a*g
34
34
34
33
33
/
/
/

63 ...
Z ... (psmefaZm tBudrfrsm;pGm)
34 ...
32 ... (0dwuf+0dpm& jyKwf)
31 ... (yDwd - xyfjyKwf)
31 ... (okcjyKwf - Oayum0if)
31 ... (Oayum - {u*wm)
/
/
/
/
/
/

tmemygeyxrpsmefemrfw&m;awGudk ykHpHxkwf a&wGufjy&aomf ...

todpdwf
1-vkH;
tnormef;apwoduf
13-vkH;
aombPom"m&Papwoduf
19-vkH;
ynda`Eapwoduf
1-vkH;
tm;vkH;aygif;aomf psmefemrfw&m; -

(34)vkH;wdkY jzpfMuygonf/

tcef; (1) - emrfur|mef;ydkif; ! 37

"rmkHvdkif; raem'Gg&0Dxd taumif;tkyfpk Z,m; - kyftppfudk tmkH,l IykH

[',&Sd rSD&m0wKkyf = 63
raem'Gg&m0Zef; (1)Budrf

63
aZm (7)Budrf

63
63
o[dwfw'gkH (2)Budrf (0g) t[dwfw'gkH (2)Budrf

1/ puKtMunf"mwf[k - 12
12
12
12

34
33
33
32

34
33
33
32

(0g)
/
/
/

(12^11)
(11^11)
(12^11)
(11^11)

2/ kyfw&m;[k -

12
12
12
12

34
33
33
32

34
33
33
32

/
/
/
/

(12^11)
(11^11)
(12^11)
(11^11)

3/ tedp[k -

12
12
12
12

34
33
33
32

34
33
33
32

/
/
/
/

(12^11)
(11^11)
(12^11)
(11^11)

4/ 'ku[k -

12
12
12
12

34
33
33
32

34
33
33
32

/
/
/
/

(12^11)
(11^11)
(12^11)
(11^11)

5/ tew[k -

12
12
12
12

34
33
33
32

34
33
33
32

/
/
/
/

(12^11)
(11^11)
(12^11)
(11^11)

6/ tokb[k -

12
12
12
12

34
33
33
32

34
33
33
32

/
/
/
/

(12^11)
(11^11)
(12^11)
(11^11)

oabmayguf&ef
puKtMunf"mwfudk ..
1/ puKtMunf"mwf[k odaom pdwfapwoduf
2/ kyfw&m;[k odaom pdwfapwoduf
3/ tedp[k odaom pdwfapwoduf

38 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

4/ 'ku[k odaom pdwfapwoduf

5/ tew[k odaom pdwfapwoduf
6/ tokb[k odaom pdwfapwoduf --- pdwf+apwoduf = emrfw&m;wdkYudkom odrf;qnf;IyGm;aejcif; jzpfonfudk oabmaygufygav/

ykHpHwl I&ef kyftppfrsm;

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/

aomwtMunf
CmetMunf
Zd0SgtMunf
um,tMunf
tmayg"mwf

6/
7/
8/
9/
10/

wdbm0kyf
yk&dobm0kyf
[',0wKkyf
ZD0dwkyf
MoZmkyf

avmb-'d|d tkypf k IypHk epf (puKtMunf"mwftmk)H

1/
2/
3/
4/

vdktyfygu orm"dudk tqifhqifh jyefvnfxlaxmifyg/

b0ifraemtMunf"mwfudk = raem'Gg&udk odrf;qnf;yg/
puK'ouuvmyfudk "mwfcGJvsuf puKtMunf"mwfudk vSrf; tmkH,lyg/
xdkpuKtMunf"mwftmkHonf raem'Gg& a&S;Ixifvmaomtcg ,if;puKtMunf"mwfudk tmkH
,lvsuf raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxpd w
d t
f pOfrsm; jzpfay:vmMurnf jzpfonf/ xd0k x
D pd w
d t
f pOfwiG f yg0ifaom
raem'Gg&m0Zef;u xdkpuKtMunf"mwfudk okb[k qifjcifqHk;jzwfyg/ xdkpuKtMunf"mwfrSm tvdk
&Sdtyfaom |mkHvnf;jzpfrl ta,medaomreodum&jzpfojzifh aZm okb[k om,mwyfrufaom
avmb-'d|dtkyfpk emrfw&m;rsm; jzpfay:vmMuayvdrfhrnf/ ESvHk;oGif;rSm;rI = okb[kESvHk;oGif;rI =
ta,medaomreodum&rSm ,if;avmbaZm apm&eftwGuf teD;uyfqHk;aom taMumif;wpf&yf
jzpf\/

xdkpuKtMunf"mwfudk edp[kvnf;aumif; okc[kvnf;aumif; tw[kvnf;aumif; qifjcifqHk;jzwf

ESv;kH oGi;f &mvnf; enf;wlyif rSwyf g/ avmbrlpw
d f (8)rsK;d wGif 'd|*d wor,w
k pf w
d f (4)rsK;d wnf;/ aomre
a0'emESifh ,SOfvQif yDwdyg\? Oayuma0'emESifh ,SOfvQif yDwdryg/ oocFg&du = wdkufwGef;rI&SdvQif xderd'
yg0if\? tocFg&du = wdkufwGef;rI r&SdvQif xderd'ryg/ wdkufwGef;rI[lonf avmb (a'go) ponfh
tukodkvfw&m;rsm; jzpfay:vmatmif rdrdudk,fudkrdrd wdkufwGef;&rI odkYr[kwf olwpfyg;wdkYu wdkufwGef;&rIudk
qdkvdkayonf/ ,if; raem'Gg& 0DxdpdwftpOf\twGif; yg0ifwnf&SdMuaom pdwuPwdkif;\ pdwfapwoduf
ta&twGufudk atmufygZ,m;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
avmb-rme tkyfpk --- raem'Gg& xifvmaom puKtMunf"mwfudk y&rwfodkY qdkufatmif
]]igrdkY I&wm}}[k rdrdudk,fudk rdrdtxifBuD;vQif avmb-rme OD;aqmifonfh raem'Gg&du tukodkvfaZm
0Dxdrsm; jzpfay:vmMuayrnf/ (4)csufyif Iyg/ rmerSm u'gpdapwoduf jzpfojzifh &Hcg 'd|d-rme ESpfrsKd;vkH;
r,SOfonfvnf; &Sdwwf\/ rme rygonfh 'd|d*w0dy,kwfpdwf (4)rsKd;wnf;/
a'go --- raem'Gg& xifvmaom ted|jzpfaom puKtMunf"mwftmkH MunfhvdkYraumif;jcif;
paom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh trsufxGuf pdwfqdk;aom yk*dKvf\ oEmefvnf;aumif; pdwfrcsrf;ajrhaom
yk*dKvf\ oEmefvnf;aumif; pdwf"mwf cufxefMurf;wrf;rI 0rf;enf;aMuuGJrI a'go OD;aqmifonfh
emrfw&m;pkrsm; jzpfay:vmMuayrnf/ oocFg&du tocFg&du (2)csuyf if Iyg/ raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwt
f pOf
yifwnf;/

tcef; (1) - emrfur|mef;ydkif; ! 39

a'go-m --- ]]puKtMunf"mwfrsKd; igrSwpfyg;ukefaom olwdkYonf r&&SdMuygukefrlum;

aumif;avpG}}[k odkY jiLplapmif;ajrmif;aom pdwf"mwf&Sdaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef a'go-mtkyfpk
emrfw&m;rsm; jzpfay:vmMuayrnf/ oocFg&du tocFg&du (2)csufyif Iyg/ olwpfyg;wdkY &&Sdxm;onfh
tvGefvSywifhw,fonfh puKtMunf"mwf = rsufvkH;udk tmkH,l Iygu ydk oabmayguf jrefonf/
a'go-rp&d, --- rdrd&&Sdxm;aom puKtMunfudk olwpfyg;wdkYESifh rqufqHjzpfatmif jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh
tjcm;oltwGuf 0efwdkaeaom rdrd puKtMunf"mwfudk txdrcHEdkifaom yk*dKvf\ oEmef a'go-rp&d,
tkypf k emrfw&m;rsm; jzpfay:vmMuayrnf/ ]]eifrh supf u
d bmyJ nmyJ}} ponfjzifh wpfbufou
l ajymqdv
k mvQif
rcHcsifonfh oabmudkvnf; tmkH,l IEdkifygonf/ oocFg&du tocFg&du (2)csufyif Iyg/
a'go-ukuKp --- puKtMunf"mwfESifh ywfouf jyKrSm; ajymrSm;rdaom 'kpdkufwpfckckudk awG;rdwdkif;
pdwfraumif;jzpfrI jyKrdajymrdwm rSm;avaygh[k aemifwwpfzef ylyefrI jzpfaom a'go-ukuKp emrfw&m;
pkrsm;wnf;/ oocFg&du tocFg&du (2)csufyif Iyg/ puKtMunf"mwfudk rysufpD;atmif tcsdefrD aq;uko
zdkY&ef &nfrSef;xm;aomfvnf; aq;rukovdkuf& pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfrIrsKd;wnf;/ a,m*Dtrsm;pk uJhodkY
puKtMunf"mwf y&rwfw&m;udk tmkH,l a'go-m a'go-rp&d, a'go-ukuKp emrfw&m;pkwdkYudk
odrf;qnf;IyGm;&onfrSm tcuftcJrsm;pGm &SdwwfMu\/ y&rwfokdY Pftjrif qdkufaeaomaMumifhjzpf\/
edAme*grdedy#dy'g 'kwd,wGJwGif a&;om;wifjyxm;onfh lygkHudk tmkHjyK oHa,mZOf (10)yg; jzpfay:yHk
tydkif;udk enf;rSD; Pf&Sdovdk odrf;qnf; IyGm;yg/
0dpdudpm --- ]]puKtMunf"mwfonf owavavm = twavavm ow\ Opmavavm =
tw\ Opmavavm ow\ puKtMunf"mwfavavm = tw\ puKtMunf"mwfavavm}} - odkY
,HkrSm;aom yk*dKvf\ oEmef 0dpdudpmtkyfpk emrfw&m;rsm; jzpfay:vmMu\/ raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd pdwftpOf
yifwnf;/
O'p --- puKtMunf"mwfudk taMumif;jyK avmbvnf; rjzpfbJ a'govnf;rjzpfbJ pdwfrNidrfrouf
oufoufom jzpfaeaomf O'pjzpfae\/ O'pOD;aqmifonfh emrfw&m;pkyifwnf;/ raem'Gg&duaZm0Dxd
pdwftpOfyifwnf;/
,if;txufyg raem'Gg&0Dxd toD;toD;\ pdwu
P
wdik ;f wnf&adS om pdwaf pwoduf ta&twGuu
f kd
Z,m;jzifh atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Pf&Sdovdk odrf;qnf; IyGm;yg/ Pfudk toHk;jyK&rnfh
t&mXme jzpfonf/

"rmkHvdkif; - raem'Gg&0Dxd - raumif;tkyfpk Z,m;

[',&Sd rSD&m0wKkyf = 63
raem'Gg&m0Zef; (1)Budrf
1/ avmb-'d|d
2/ avmb-rme
3/ a'go
4/ a'go-m
5/ a'go-rp&d,
6/ a'go-ukuKp
7/ O'p
8/ 0dpdudpm

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

63
aZm (7)Budrf
20 (19^22^21)
20 (19^22^21)
18 (20)
19 (21)
19 (21)
19 (21)
16
16

63
63
t[dwfw'gkH (2)Budrf (0g) o[dwfw'gkH (2)Budrf
12 (11^12^11)
12 (11^12^11)
11 (11)
/ /
/ /
/ /
12 (11^11)
/ / /

(0g)
/
/
/
/
/
/
/

34^33^33^32
34^33^33^32
33^32
/ /
/ /
/ /
34^33^33^32
34^33^33^32

Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif ! 40

lygkH (= ta&mif) vdkif; - taumif;tkyfpk Z,m;

puK'Gg&0Dxd

raem'Gg&0Dxd

kyf = [', = 63 puK = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63
y'Gg&m0Zef; puK0dnmPf or#dp dKif; oED&P
0ka|m
aZm (7) w'gkH (2)
b0if raem'Gg&m0Zef; aZm (7)
w'gkH (2)
qifjcif
1/ lygkH[k
11
11
11
11

j rif o d
8
8
8
8

vufcH
11
11
11
11

pkHprf;

qkH;jzwf

12
11
12
11

lygkH[k
12
12
12
12

aZm (7)
34
33
33
32

w'gkH (2)
34^12^11
33^11^11
33^12^11
32^11^11

b0if
34
34
34
34

qifjcif qkH;jzwf
lygkH[k
12
12
12
12
2/ kyfw&m;[k 12

3/ tedp[k
4/ 'ku[k
5/ tew[k
6/ tokb[k

12
12
12
12

34
33
33
32
34
(33^33^32)
/
/
/
/

34^12^11
33^11^11
33^12^11
32^11^11
34
(33^33^32)
12^11
/
/
/
/

lygkH (= ta&mif) vdkif; - taumif;tkyfpk pdwfapwodufZ,m;

puK 'Gg&0Dxd
y'Gg&m0Zef; puK0dnmPf or#d pd Kif;
11

11

raem'Gg&0Dxd

oED&P

0ka|m

aZm (7)

w'gkH (2)

b0if

12

12

34

34^12^11

34

o'g-ynm

o'g-ynm

tkyfpk

tkyfpk

raem'Gg&m0Zef; aZm (7)

12

o'g-ynm todpdwf

w'gkH (2)

34

34^12^11

o'g-ynm

o'g-ynm

tkyfpk

tkyfpk

emrfw&m;

emrfw&m;

(34)

(34)

todpdwf

todpdwf

todpdwf

todpdwf

todpdwf

a0'em

a0'em

a0'em

a0'em

a0'em

emrfw&m;

emrfw&m;

onm

onm

onm

onm

onm

(34)

(34)

apwem

apwem

apwem

apwem

apwem

(0g)

apwem

(0g)

{u*wm

{u*wm

{u*wm

{u*wm

{u*wm

t[dwf

{u*wm

t[dwf

ZD0dw

ZD0dw

ZD0dw

ZD0dw

ZD0dw

w'gkH

ZD0dw

w'gkH

12^11

reodum&

12^11

tkyfpk

emrfw&m; a0'em
(34)

onm

reodum&

reodum& reodum& reodum&

0dwuf

0dwuf

0dwuf

0dwuf

0dwuf

0dpm&

0dpm&

0dpm&

0dpm&

0dpm&

t"darmu

t"darmu t"darmu t"darmu

yDwd*

rSwfcsuf/

0D&d,

t"darmu
0D&d,

/ oED&P aomrea0'emESifh ,SOfaomf yDwd yg0ifojzifh pdwf-apwoduf (12) jzpfonf? Oayuma0'emESifh ,SOf yDwdrygaomf
pdwf-apwoduf (11) jzpfonf/

tcef; (1) - emrfur|mef;ydkif; ! 41

lygkH (= ta&mif) vdkif; - raumif;tkyfpk tukodkvfaZm0Dxd Z,m;

puK'Gg&0Dxd
rSD&m0wKkyf

[', = 63 puK = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63 [', = 63

Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif ! 42

raem'Gg&0Dxd

= 63 = 63 = 63
= 63
raem'Gg- aZm
y'Gg&m0Zef; puK0dnmPf or#dp dKif; oED&P
0ka|m
aZm (7)
w'gkH (2) b0if
w'gkH (2)
&m0Zef; (7)
1/ avmb-'d|d
11
8
11
12
12
20
34^33^12^11 34 12 20 34^33^12^11
2/ avmb-'d|d
/
/
/
11
/
19
33^32^11^11 /
/
19 33^32^11^11
3/ avmb-'d|d
/
/
/
12
/
22
34^33^12^11 /
/
22 34^33^12^11
4/ avmb-'d|d
/
/
/
11
/
21
33^32^11^11 /
/
21 33^32^11^11
5/ avmb-rme
/
/
/
12
/
20
34^33^12^11 /
/
20 34^33^12^11
6/ avmb-rme
/
/
/
11
/
19
33^32^11^11 /
/
19 33^32^11^11
7/ avmb-rme
/
/
/
12
/
22
34^33^12^11 /
/
22 34^33^12^11
8/ avmb-rme
/
/
/
11
/
21
33^32^11^11 /
/
21 33^32^11^11
9/ a'go
/
/
/
/
/
18
33^32^11^11 /
/
18
/
10/ a'go
/
/
/
/
/
20
/
/
/
20
/
11/ a'go-m
/
/
/
/
/
19
/
/
/
19
/
12/ a'go-m
/
/
/
/
/
21
/
/
/
21
/
13/ a'go-rp&d,
/
/
/
/
/
19
/
/
/
19
/
14/ a'go-rp&d,
/
/
/
/
/
21
/
/
/
21
/
15/ a'go-ukuKp
/
/
/
/
/
19
/
/
/
19
/
16/ a'go-ukuKp
/
/
/
/
/
21
/
/
/
21
/
17/ O'p
/
/
/
/
/
16
/
/
/
16
/
18/ 0dpdudpm
/
/
/
/
/
16
/
/
/
16
/
rSwfcsuf - a'go-ukuKp jyKNyD;'kpdkufudk tmkH,l (2)csuf? rjyKvdkufrdaom okpdkufudk tmkH,l (2)csuf? aygif; (4)csuf Iyg/

tcef; (1) - t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif; ! 43

t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif;
ul#m*g&okwe af umufEw
k cf suf40
&[ef;wdkY ...wpfa,mufa,mufaom yk*dKvfu ..
1/ ]]igonf 'kujzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kut&d,opmw&m;}ukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifbJ?
2/ 'kujzpfaMumif;jzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kuork',t&d,opmw&m;}ukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm
orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifbJ?
3/ 'kuc sKy&f mjzpfonfh t&d,mwd\
Yk trSew
f &m; ]'kue ad &m"t&d,opmw&m;}ukd [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifbJ?
4/ 'kucsKyf&m (edAmef)odkY a&mufaMumif; tusifhjzpfonfh ]'kueda&m"*grdeDy#dy'g t&d,opm (= r*t&d,
opm)w&m;}ukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifbJ?
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku\ tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;jzpfonfh edAmefodkY a&mufatmif igjyKvkyfaytHh}}----[k ajymqkdvmjim;thH? xdkyk*dKvf\ xdkuJhodkYaom ajymqdkcsufonf ajymqdkonfhtwdkif; jzpfEkdif&maom
taMumif;t&mrsKd;onf r&SdEkdifonfomwnf;/
&[ef;wdkY ...wpfa,mufa,mufaom yk*dKvfu ..
1/ ]]igonf 'kujzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kut&d,opmw&m;}udk [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifNyD;?
2/ 'kujzpfaMumif;jzpfonfh t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; ]'kuork',t&d,opmw&m;}ukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm
orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifNyD;?
40

a,m [d bdua0 {0H 0a',s ---- ]t[H 'kuH t&d,opH ,xmblwH tebdoarp 'kuork',H t&d,opH
,xmblwH tebdoarp 'kueda&m"H t&d,opH ,xmblwH tebdoarp 'kueda&m"*grde y#dy'H t&d,opH
,xmblwH tebdoarp orm 'kuEH u&dmrD}wd - aewH XmeH 0dZwd/y/
a,m p acg bdua0 {0H 0a',s -- ]t[H 'kuH t&d,opH ,xmblwH tbdoarp/y/ 'kueda&m"*grde y#dy'H
t&d,opH ,xmblwH tbdoarp orm 'kuEH u&dmrD}wd XmearwH 0dZwd/ (oH?3?394? pmydk'f?1114/)

44 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

3/ 'kuc sKy&f mjzpfonfh t&d,mwd\

Yk trSew
f &m; ]'kue ad &m"t&d,opmw&m;}ukd [kww
f idk ;f rSepf mG orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifNyD;?
4/ 'kucsKyf&m (edAmef)odkY a&mufaMumif; tusifhjzpfonfh ]'kueda&m"*grdeDy#dy'g t&d,opm (= r*t&d,
opm)w&m;}ukd [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifNyD;
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku\ tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;jzpfonfh edAmefodkY a&mufatmif igjyKvkyfaytHh}} ----[k ajymqkdvmjim;thH? xdkyk*dKvf\ xdkuJhodkYaom ajymqdkcsufonf ajymqdkonfhtwdkif; jzpfEkdif&maom
taMumif;t&mrsKd;onf &SdEkdifonfomwnf;/

'kuo
pm[lonf
cEokwef
om0wded'gef;/ &[ef;wdkY... cEmig;rsKd;wdkYudkvnf;aumif; Oyg'geuEmig;rsKd;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;
a[mMum;awmfrlaytHh ..? xkdw&m;awmfudk em,lMuukefavmh ...../
&[ef;wdkY... cEmig;rsKd;wdkY[lonf tb,fwdkYenf;
&[ef;wdkY...twdwf-tem*wf-ypKyefvnf;jzpfaom twGif;-tjyifvnf;jzpfaom tMurf;-tEkvnf;
jzpfaom t,kw-f tjrwfvnf;jzpfaom ta0;-teD;vnf;jzpfaom kyt
f m;vH;k udk lyuEm [k qkt
d yf\/ twdw-f
tem*wf-ypKye v
f nf;jzpfaom twGi;f -tjyifvnf;jzpfaom tMurf;-tEkvnf;jzpfaom/y/ a0'emtm;vH;k ud/k
y/ onmtm;vHk;udk/y/ ocFg&tm;vHk;udk ocFg&uEm[k qkdtyf\/ twdwf-tem*wf-ypKyefvnf;jzpfaom
twGif;-tjyifvnf;jzpfaom tMurf;-tEkvnf;jzpfaom t,kwf-tjrwfvnf;jzpfaom ta0;-teD;vnf;
jzpfaom 0dnmPftm;vH;k udk 0dnmPuEm [k qkt
d yf\/ &[ef;wd.Yk .. w&m;wdu
Yk kd cEmig;rsK;d wd[
Yk
l qdt
k yf\/
&[ef;wdkY...Oyg'geuEmig;rsKd;wdkY[lonf tb,fwdkYenf;[lrl - &[ef;wdkY...
1/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHkjzpf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh pJGvrf;tyfaom twdwf-tem*wf-ypKyefvnf;
jzpfaom/y/ ta0;-teD;vnf;jzpfaom kyftm;vHk;udk lykyg'geuEm[k qkdtyf\/
2/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHkjzpf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh pJGvrf;tyfaom/y/ ta0;-teD;vnf;jzpfaom
a0'emtm;vHk;udk a0'Ekyg'geuEm[k qkdtyf\/
3/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHkjzpf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh pJGvrf;tyfaom/y/ ta0;-teD;vnf;jzpfaom
onmtm;vHk;udk onKyg'geuEm[k qkdtyf\/
4/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHkjzpf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh pJGvrf;tyfaom/y/ ta0;-teD;vnf;jzpfaom
(a0'em-onmrS <uif;aom apwoduf) ocFg&tm;vHk;udk ocFgkyg'geuEm[k qkdtyf\/
5/ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHkjzpf wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh pJGvrf;tyfaom twdwf-tem*wf-ypKyefvnf;
jzpfaom/y/ ta0;-teD;vnf;jzpfaom 0dnmPftm;vHk;udk 0dnmPkyg'geuEm[k qkdtyf\/
&[ef;wdkY...w&m;wdkYudk Oyg'geuEmig;rsKd;wdkY[l qkdtyf\[k rdefYMum;awmfrl\/41
oHcdawe yKyg'geuEm 'kum/42
txufyg "rpuy0weokwef r[mowdy|meokwef ponfh xkdxkda'oemawmfwdkY vm&Sdonfh
twdkif; - lykyg'geuEm a0'Ekyg'geuEm onKyg'geuEm ocFgkyg'geuEm 0dnmPkyg'geuEmwnf;
[laom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;onf 'kuopmw&m;rnf\/ ,if;odkYjzpfvQif lykyg'geuEmponfh Oyg'geuEm41

(oH?2?39/ cEokwef/)

42

(oH?3?369/ r?1?82/)

tcef; (1) - t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif; ! 45

[lonf tb,fenf;[k ar;&ef&Sd\/

txufyg cEokwef27 a'oemawmfjrwf bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfESifh tnD ..
twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw (= udk,fwGif;) A[d' (= jyify) MoVm&du (= tMurf;) okckr (= tEk)
[De (= t,kwf) yPDw (= tjrwf) 'l& (= ta0;) oEdu (= teD;)[lonfh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh
wnfaeonfh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfMuonfh wPSm-'d|dwdkYjzifh pJGvrf;tyfaom wpfenf; - wPSm'd|dwdkYonf uyfa&muftyfaom uHonf ]]ig\tusKd;}}[k pGJ,ltyfonfh kyfw&m;tpktykHonf lykyg'geuEm
rnf\/
tvm;wlyif (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeonfh a0'emw&m;tpktykH onmw&m;
tpktykH ocFg&w&m;tpktykH 0dnmPfw&m;tpktykHtoD;toD;udkvnf; a0'Ekyg'geuEm onKyg'geuEm
ocFgkyg'geuEm 0dnmPkyg'geuEm[k toD;toD; ac:qkdaMumif;udkvnf; ,if;cEokwefa'oemawmfjrwfwGif qufvufum a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/
txufyg t&yf&yfaom a'oemawmfrsm;ESifhtnD (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeonfh
Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYonf 'kuopmrnf\/ ,if;Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYwGif lykyg'geuEmum; kyfw&m;
tpktykHwnf;? a0'Ekyg'geuEm onKyg'geuEm ocFgkyg'geuEm 0dnmPkyg'geuEmwdkYum; emrfw&m;
tpktykHwdkYwnf;/ odkYtwGuf Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY[lonf kyfemrf ESpfyg; w&m;tpktykHwdkYom jzpfMuonf[k
rSwfom;ygav/

ork',opm[lonf
bk&m;&Sifonf tbd"rm0dbif;ygVdawmf43 ..
1/ wPSmudk ork',opm[kvnf;aumif;?
2/ wPSmESifh wuGaom udavomtm;vHk;udk ork',opm[kvnf;aumif;?
3/ wPSm <uif;udavomtm;vkH;ESifh wuG tukodkvfw&m;tm;vHk;udk ork',opm[kvnf;aumif;?
4/ wPSm <uif;udavom <uif;tukodkvfw&m;tm;vHk;ESifh tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHk,l&mjzpfaom
oHo&m0#fudk vnfywfapwwfaom tavmb ta'go tarm[[laom ukovrlvw&m; oHk;yg;udk
ork',opm[kvnf;aumif;?
5/ wPSm <uif;udavom <uif;tukodkvfw&m;tm;vHk; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmHk,l&mjzpfaom
oHo&m0#fudk vnfywfapwwfaom tavmb ta'go tarm[[laom ukovrlvw&m; oHk;yg;ESifh
<uif;avmuDukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;udk ork',opm[kvnf;aumif; ----odkYvQif ork',opmudk ig;enf; cGJjcm; a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ xdkYaMumifh oarm[0daem'eD
t|uxmESifh 0dok'dr*t|uxmBuD;44wdkYu atmufygtwdkif; zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlMu\/
]]ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH rSeforQudk apwem apwemESifh ,SOfzuf or,kw"r[k txl; rajymawmhbJ
ork',opm[k txl;rr omrntm;jzihf op0dbif;ygVdawmf bk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/}}
wpfzef t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf wduedygwf wdwm,weokwef45 ork',opmudk bk&m;&Sifu odkY
a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\ ../
43

(tbd?2?112-118/) 44 ww ,om ukovmukovurH t0daoaoe ork',opEd op0dba*F 0kwH/ (tbd?|?

2?185/ 0dok'd?2?217 pmydk'f-655/)
45
(tH?1?178/)

46 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

uwr bdua0 'kuork',H t&d,opH t0dZmyp,m ocFg&m? ocFg&yp,m 0dnmPH? 0dnmPyp,m emrlyH? emrlyyp,m oVm,weH? oVm,weyp,m zam? zyp,m a0'em?
a0'emyp,m wPSm? wPSmyp,m Oyg'geH? Oyg'geyp,m ba0g? b0yp,m Zmwd? Zmwdyp,m
Z&m-r&PH aomu-y&da'0-'ku-a'grek-yg,mom or0Ed/ {0arw au0v 'kuuE
ork'a,m a[mwd/ 'H 0kpwd bdua0 'kuork',H t&d,opH/
]]&[ef;wdkY ...'kujzpfaMumif; ork', t&d,opmw&m;[lonf tb,fenf; ---1/ t0dZm jzpfjcif;aMumifh
ocFg&wdkY jzpfukef\/
2/ ocFg&wdkY jzpfjcif;aMumifh
0dnmPf jzpf\/
3/ 0dnmPf jzpfjcif;aMumifh
emrfkyf jzpf\/
4/ emrfkyf jzpfjcif;aMumihf
oVm,wejzpf\/
5/ oVm,we jzpfjcif;aMumifh
z jzpf\/
6/ z jzpfjcif;aMumihf
a0'em jzpf\/
7/ a0'em jzpfjcif;aMumihf
wPSm jzpf\/
8/ wPSm jzpfjcif;aMumihf
Oyg'gef jzpf\/
9/ Oyg'gef jzpfjcif;aMumifh
b0 (Oyywdb0 + urb0) jzpf\/
10/ b0 (urb0) jzpfjcif;aMumihf Zmwd jzpf\/
11/ Zmwd jzpfjcif;aMumifh
(12) Z&mr&P jzpf\? aomu y&da'0 'ku a'gre
Oyg,mowdkYonf jzpfay:vmMuukef\/
odkYvQif csrf;omrzuf oufoufaom 'kuwHk; 'kutpktyHk\ jzpfaMumif;w&m;onf wpfenf;
'kuwHk; 'kutpktyHk\ jzpfjcif;onf xif&Sm;jzpfay\/ &[ef;wdkY... aMumif;-usKd;-qufEG,frI =
y#dporkyg'foabmw&m;wdkY\jzpfpOfudk 'kujzpfaMumif; ork',t&d,opmw&m;[l ac:qdktyf\??}}
wdwm,weokwef taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY\ aMumif;-usKd;-qufEG,frI = y#dporkyg'f
oabmw&m;wdkY\ jzpfpOf tm;vHk;udk ork',opm[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/

y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmfenf;
txufygtwdkif; bk&m;&Sifonf ork',opmw&m;awmfudk uRwfxdkufool a0ae,s ow0gwdkY\
tZmo,"mwfcH[lonfh tvdktBudKuf pdkuf0goemodkY vdkufvnf;aumif; o'g 0D&d, owd orm"d
ynm[lonfh a`E ig;yg;wdkY\ tEkHYtxuf tEkt&ifhodkY vdkufvnf;aumif; em;vnfoabmaygufEdkif&ef
odrYk [kwf xd;k xGi;f odjrifEikd &f ef enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh ork',opmw&m;awmfukd a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl \
hJ / txufwiG f
wifjyxm;aom op0dbif;ygVdawmf vm&Sdaom enf; (5)enf;wdkYwGif a&SU(4)enf;wdkYum; ork',opmudk
t<uif;tusefESifhwuG a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom om0aooenf;rsm; jzpfMu\/ oHo&m0#fudk vnfywf
apwwfaom ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH rSeforQudk ork',opm[k a[mMum;awmfrlaom yrenf;onfum;
ork',opmudk t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif a[mMum;awmfrlaom tem0aooenf; jzpf\/ xdk
ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH rSeforQu ork',opm jzpfaeykHESifh ywfouf vufawGUIuGufudk IwwfEdkif&ef
Tejf yawmfrv
l o
kd nft
h wGuf tEkavmry#dpo
rkyg 'fw&m;awmfukd ork',opm[k txufwiG af zmfjyxm;aom
wdwm ,weokwe w
f iG f bk&m;&Siu
f a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl ahJ yonf/ xdt
k Ekavmry#dpo
rkyg 'fa'oemawmfukd
t&Sio
f m&dyMk wm ud,
k af wmfjrwfBu;D uvnf; a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vw
f Ykd orm'd|
d Pfynmjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf
xGif;azmufodjrifEdkifa&;twGuf vufawGUIuGufudk Iwwfa&;twGuf IuGuftusOf;csKyfudk y#dord'gr*
ygVdawmfBuD;46wGif odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\ ../
46

yk&drurb0o arma[m t0dZm? tm,l[em ocFg&m? eduEd wPSm? Oy*reH Oyg'geH? apwem ba0g? ar y

tcef; (1) - t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif; ! 47

twdwftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;
a&S;twdwfb00,f ypKyefb0odkY a&mufaMumif; uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhpOfu ..
1/ t0dZm = t&d,opmav;yg; trSefw&m;udk rodrI a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g vl ewf jA[m
ponfjzifh todrSm;rIoabm?
2/ ocFg& = ypKyefb0 cEmig;yg;&&Sda&;twGuf tm;xkwfaMumif;jzpfonfh ukodkvf pdwf-apwoduf
emrfw&m;tkyfpk (tcsKdUtcsKdUaom ypKyeftukov0dygufrsm;twGuf tukodkvf pdwf-apwoduf
emrfw&m;tkyfpk)?
3/ wPSm = ypKyefb0 cEmig;yg;udk wG,fwmrufarmrI eduEd?
4/ Oyg'ge = ypKyefb0 cEmig;yg;tay: pdwfuyfa&mufpGJvrf;rI (wPSm'Vw)?51
5/ b0 = urb0 = uH = ,if;ocFg&w&m;tkyfpkwGif tusKH;0ifaom ukodkvfapwem (tukodkvfapwem)?
twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg;um; ypKyefb0wGif 'kut&d,opmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmaMumif; ork',t&d,opmw&m;wnf;/ ,if;twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',t&d,opmw&m;aMumifh
b0wGif 'kut&d,opmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&\/ ,if;'kut&d,opmw&m;pkwdkYrSm odkY jzpfMu\/

ypKyeftusKd;w&m; ig;yg;
ypKyefb00,f xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&aom ..
1/ 0dnmP = b0wpfckESifh b0wpfckudk (= cEmwpfckESifh cEmwpfckukd) qufpyfwwfaom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh jzpfaom y#doEd0dnmPf?
2/ emrly = trd0rf;wGif;odkY ouf0ifbdouJhodkY jzpfaom y#doEd0dnmPfESifh twl,SOfwGJjzpfay:vmaom
apwodufemrfw&m;pkESifh kyfw&m;pk?
3/ tm,we = puK aomw Cme Zd0Sg um, rewnf;[laom twGif;tm,we (6)yg;?
4/ z = puKor aomwor Cmeor Zd0Sgor um,or raemorwnf;
[laom tawGU (= z) (6)yg;?
5/ a0'em = puKorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? aomworudk taMumif;cH
jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? Cmeorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? Zd0Sgorudk
taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? um,orudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em?
raemorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'emwnf;[laom cHpm;rI (= a0'em) (6)yg;?
tusKd;w&m;ig;yg;um; twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',t&d,opmw&m;aMumifh xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vm&aom ypKyeftusKd;w&m;ig;yg; 'kut&d,opmw&m;pkwnf;/

ypKyeftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;
ypKyefb00,f tm,we (6)yg;wdkY\ &ifhusufvmjcif;aMumifh jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufaom ..
1/ t0dZm = t&d,opmav;yg; trSefw&m;udk rodrI a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g vl ewf jA[m
ponfjzifh todrSm;rIoabm?
"rm yk&drurb0o " y#doEd,m yp,m/
" y#doEd 0dnmPH? MouEd emrlyH? yoma'g tm,weH? zka|m zam? a0',dwH a0'em? ar y "rm
"lyywdb0o yka&uw ur yp,m/
" y&dyuwm tm,wemeH arma[m t0dZm? tm,l[em ocFg&m? eduEd wPSm? Oy*reH Oyg'geH? apwem
ba0g? ar y "rm " urb0o tm,w y#doEd,m yp,m/

48 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

2/ ocFg& = aemiftem*wf0,f cEmig;yg;&&Sad &;twGuf tm;xkwaf Mumif;jzpfonfh ukov

kd f pdw-f apwoduf
emrfw&m;tkyfpk (tukodkvf pdwf-apwoduf emrfw&m;tkyfpk)?
3/ wPSm = aemiftem*wfb0 cEmig;yg;udk wG,fwmrufarmrI eduEd?
4/ Oyg'ge = aemiftem*wfb0 cEmig;yg;tay: pdwfuyfa&mufpGJvrf;rI?
5/ b0 = urb0 = uH = ,if;ocFg&w&m;tkyfpkwGif tusKH;0ifaom ukodkvfapwem (tukodkvfapwem)?
ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg;um; aemiftem*wfb0wGif 'kut&d,opmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm
aMumif; ork',t&d,opmw&m;wnf;/ ,if;ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',t&d,opmw&m;aMumifh
aemiftem*wfb0wGif 'kut&d,opmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&aythH/ ,if; 'kut&d,opmw&m;pkwdkYrSm
odkY jzpfMu\/

tem*wftusKd;w&m; ig;yg;
aemiftem*wfb00,f xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&aom ..
1/ 0dnmP = b0wpfckESifh b0wpfckudk (= cEmwpfckESifh cEmwpfckukd) qufpyfwwfaom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh jzpfaom y#doEd0dnmPf?
2/ emrly = trd0rf;wGif;odkY ouf0ifvmvwHUaom y#doEd0dnmPfESifh twl,SOfwGJjzpfay:vmaom
apwodufemrfw&m;pkESifh kyfw&m;pk?
3/ tm,we = puK aomw Cme Zd0Sg um, rewnf;[laom twGif;tm,we (6)yg;?
4/ z = puKor aomwor Cmeor Zd0Sgor um,or raemorwnf;
[laom tawGU (= z) (6)yg;?
5/ a0'em = puKorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? aomworudk taMumif;cH
jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? Cmeorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? Zd0Sgorudk
taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em? um,orudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'em?
raemorudk taMumif;cH jzpfay:vmaom a0'emwnf;[laom cHpm;rI (= a0'em)?
tusKd;w&m;ig;yg;um; ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',t&d,opmw&m;aMumifh xif&Sm;
jzpfay:vm&aom tem*wftusKd;w&m;ig;yg; 'kut&d,opmw&m;pkwnf;/
odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfh y#dord'gr*ygVdawmfBuD;udk udk;um;awmfrlvsuf IuGuftusOf;csKyfudk
em;vnfoabmaygufEdkif&ef t|uxmBuD;rsm;47u odkY tusOf;csKyfum xyfrH&Sif;vif;wifjyxm;awmf
rlMu\/
twDaw a[wa0g y? 'ged zvyuH/
'ged a[wa0g y? tm,w zvyuH/
xdk&Sif;vif;csuf\ qdkvdk&if;rSm odkY jzpf\ ../
twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom twdwf
taMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',opmw&m;aMumifh ypKyefb0wGif 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z
tm,w y#doEd 0dnmPH? MouEd emrlyH? yoma'g tm,weH? zka|m zam? a0',dwH a0'em? ar y "rm
tm,w Oyywdb0o " uw ur yp,m/
wdar pwkoacFay wa,m ta' wdoE 0Dowd,m tmuma&[d y#dporkyg'H Zmemwd ywd tnmwd
y#d0dZwd/ (y#doH?50-51/)
47
(tbd?|?2?182/ 0dok'd?2?214/)

tcef; (1) - t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif; ! 49

a0'emwnf;[laom tusKd; cEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&\/ wpfzef ypKyefb0wGif

xyfrH jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg;
ork',opmw&m;aMumifh aemiftem*wfb0wGif 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'emwnf;[laom
tusKd; cEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&\/ twdwftqufquf tem*wftqufqufwdkY
enf;wloabmaygufyg/

b,fwkef;u wPSmvJ
odkYaomf "rpuy0weokwefponfh xdkxdka'oemawmfwdkY y"meenf;tm;jzifh wPSmudk ork',opm
[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ b0opfudk arQmfvifhawmifhwonfh wPSm tpdk"mwf tap;"mwf &SdolwdkYu
jyKpkysKd;axmifvkdufaom uHuomvQif b0opfudk xyfrHjzpfay:apEdkif\/ wPSm tpdk"mwf tap;"mwf
cef;ajcmufaeol &[Emt&SifjrwfwdkYtzdkY t&[wr*f t&[wzdkvfodkY rqdkufa&mufrDu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom
xdkukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH rSeforQwdkYonf b0opfudk vkdvm;awmifhwonfh wPSm tpdk"mwf tap;"mwf\
tm;ay;axmufyhHrI tultnDudk r&&SdMuonfhtwGuf b0opf[lonfh tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfay:apEdkifonfh
pGr;f tm;um; r&SMd uawmhNyD jzpf\/ odt
Yk wGuf y"meenf;tm;jzifh wPSmudk ork',opm[k a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlcJh\/ odkYaomf t&m qef;ppfoifhaom tcsufwpf&yfudk xyfrHum wifjyvdkayonf/
wPSmudk ork',opm[k bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfum; rSef\/ odkYaomf vuf&Sd 'kuopm
w&m;pk\ taMumif;&if;ppfjzpfaom ork',opm trnf&onfh wPSmum; b,fwkef;u jzpfcJhonfh
wPSmenf;[k pl;prf;qifjcifoifh\/
]]kyfemrfESpfyg;onf cEmig;yg;wnf;? xkdcEmig;yg;onf 'kuopmwnf;? xdk'kuopmudk jzpfapwwfaom
a&S;a&S;b0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom wPSmonf ork',opmwnf;/}}48
txufyg t|uxmBuD;rsm;\ zGifhqdkcsufESifhtnD twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom wPSmonf
omvQif b0 'kuopm\ taMumif;&if; jzpf\? b0wGif jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufaom wPSmum; b0
'kuopm\ taMumif;&if;um; r[kwfay? tem*wf 'kuopm\om taMumif;&if; jzpfayonf/ wpfenf;
qdk&aomf twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom taMumif;
ork',opmw&m;uomvQif b0 'kuopm\ taMumif;&if; jzpfayonf/ b0wGif jyKpkysKd;axmif
aeaom t0d Z m wPS m Oyg'gef ocF g & uH w nf ; [l a om ork ' ,op m w&m;pk u m; aemif t em*wf
'kuopm\om taMumif;w&m; jzpfayonf/ tu,f twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhaom t0dZm wPSm
Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom taMumif; ork',opmw&m;udk b0 'kuo
pmw&m;\ taMumif;&if;tjzpf
vufrcHEdkifcJhbl;qdkygu b0wGif jyKpkysKd;axmifaeaom t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom
taMumif; ork',opmw&m;wdkYu aemiftem*wf 'kuopmw&m;udk jzpfapEkdif\[laomtcsufudkvnf;
pOf;pm;&awmhrnf jzpfayonf? yg&rDukodkvfuHrsm;udkvnf; xlaxmifzdkY vdkrvdkudkyg xyfrHpOf;pm;&awmhrnf
jzpfayonf/

t0dZd m \ t"dyg ,f
wpfcsdefwGif &[ef;awmfwpfyg;u bk&m;&SifxHawmfodkY csOf;uyfNyD;aemuf bk&m;&Sifudk uJhodkY
ar;jref;avQmufxm;awmfrl\ ---- ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; ...]t0dZm t0dZm}[k ajymqdkaeygonf jrwfpGmbk&m;?
tb,fudk t0dZm[kac:qdkygovJ jrwfpGmbk&m; tb,frQaom twdkif;t&Snfjzifh t0dZmodkYa&muf&Sdaeonfh
yk*dKvf[k ac:qdkygovJ jrwfpGmbk&m;}} .. odkY xdk&[ef;awmfu jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ar;jref;avQmufxm;\/
odkY ar;jref;avQmufxm;onfhtcg bk&m;&Sifu atmufygtwdkif; tajzay;awmfr\
l ../
48

lyglyH yuEm? wH a[mwd 'kuopH? wHork|mydum yk&drwPSm ork',opH/ (tbd?|?2?68-69/)

50 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

1/
2/
3/
4/

]]cspfom; &[ef; ...

'kut&d,opmw&m;udk orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifrI?
'kujzpfaMumif; ork',t&d,opmw&m;udk orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
rodrjrifrI?
'kucsKyf&m eda&m"t&d,opmw&m;udk orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
rodrjrifrI?
'kucsKyf&m (edAmef)odkY a&mufaMumif; tusifhjzpfonfh 'kueda&m"*grdeDy#dy'g t&d,opm (= r*t&d,
opm)w&m;ukd orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifrI?

cspfom;&[ef; ... rodrjrifrI (4)rsKd;udk t0dZm[k ac:qdk\/ odkY (4)rsKd;aom rodrjrifrIodkY

a&muf&Sdaeaom yk*dKvfudk t0dZmodkY a&muf&Sdaeonfh yk*dKvf[k ac:qdk\}} ..[k bk&m;&Sifu jyefvnf
rdefYMum;awmfrlvdkuf\/49
t&d,opmw&m; (4)yg;udk rodru
I kd t0dZm [k ac:qdv
k Qif ,if; t0dZm (= arm[)onf tb,ft&mudk
od&Sdaeygoenf;[k ar;&ef&Sd\/ tajzudk t|uxmBuD;rsm;50u odkY zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlMu\ ../
]]y&rwtm;jzifh wu,fxif&Sm;&Sdaeonfh odoifhodxdkufonfh cEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m; ponfh
opmav;&yf w&m;jrwfwdkY orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf rodrjrifbJ kyfw&m;
emrfw&m;[k y&rwfodkY Pftjrif qdkufatmif rodrjrifbJ taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;[k rodrjrifbJ
,if;kyf-emrf-aMumif;-usKd; (= ocFg&) w&m;pkwdkYudk tedpw&m;tpktykH 'kuw&m;tpktykH teww&m;
tpktykH[k rodrjrifbJ ajymif;jyefvSefum rodoifh rodxdkufonfh rjrifoifh rjrifxdkufonfh a,mufsm;
rdef;r yk*dKvf ow0g vl ewf jA[mponfjzifh todrSm;aerIoabm ,if;cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYudk edp
okc okb[kvnf;aumif; ,if;cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;pkwdkYwGif cEmwpfyg;yg;udk odkYr[kwf cEmtrsm;pkudk
toufaumif vdyfjymaumif 0dnmPfaumif twaumif[kvnf;aumif; todrSm;aerIoabmudk t0dZm
(= arm[)[k ac:qdkaMumif;}}udk &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;awmfrlMu\/
,if; todrSm;rI t0dZmudk tajcwnfum trsKd;om;b0 trsKd;orD;b0 vlb0 ewfb0 jA[mb0
ponfh xdkxdkb0wdkY wG,fwmrufarmrI wPSmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm\/ wpfzef Oyg'gef (4)yg;wdkYwGif
ow0gtrsm;pkwdkY trsKd;om;b0 trsKd;orD;b0ponfh ouf&SdoufrJh vdkcsifp&m umr0wKtpkpkwdkYtay:
pGJvrf;rI umrkyg'gefum; tjzpfrsm;Mu\? 'd|Kyg'gef oDvAwkyg'gef tw0g'kyg'gefwdkYum; tjzpfenf;Mu\/
odkYtwGuf t|uxmBuD;rsm;51u umrkyg'gefudkyif &nfTef;um Oyg'gefudk odkY zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlMu\../
]]bk&m;&Sifonf 0dbif;ygVdawmf52wGif ]ouf&SdoufrJh vdkcsifp&m umr0wKtpkpkwdkYtay: vdkvm;
49

{urEH edodaEm acg aom bduK b*0EH {w'a0gp -- ]] ]t0dZm t0dZm}wd baE 0kpwd/ uwrm Ek acg baE
t0dZm udwm 0wm p t0dZm *awm a[mwD}}wd ]],H acg bduK 'kau tnmPH? 'kuo
rk'a, tnmPH? 'kue ad &ma"
tnmPH? 'kue ad &m"*grde,
d m y#dy'g, tnmPH? t,H 0kpw
d bduK t0dZm / {wm0wm p t0dZm *awm a[mwD}}wd/
(oH?3?376? pmydk'f?1087/ t0dZmokwef/)
50
y&rwawm t0dZrmaeok wdyk&dom'Dok Z0wd? 0dZrmaeokyd cEm'Dok e Z0wDwd t0dZm/ (tbd?|?2?127/
0dok'd?2?157/)
51
]ww uwrH umrkyg'geH a,m umarok umrpaEm umr&ma*g umreED umrwPSm umraoa[m
umry&dVma[m umrrkpm umraZmomeH -- 'H 0kpwd umrkyg'ge}Ed tm*wwm oacFyawm wPSm'VwH 0kwH/
wPSm'VwH emr yk&rd wPSmOyed,ypa,e 'VorLwm Ow&wPSm {0/ ......a,bka,se p tmv,&mrwm
yZm, ygu#H umrkyg'geH e w&med/ (tbd?|?2?172-173/ 0dok'd?2?204-205? pmydk'f?645/) 52 (tbd?2?389/)

tcef; (1) - t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif; ! 51

awmifhwrI NiduyfwG,fwmrI ESpfoufjrwfEdk;rI rufarmrI Niduyfwwfonfh tpdk"mwf tap;"mwf ylyefrI

awGa0arharmrI rsKdrwwfpGJvrf;rIudk umrkyg'gef}[k a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJh\/ ,if;odkY a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlaomaMumifh tusOf;tm;jzifh cdkifjrJaeaom wPSmudkyif umrkyg'gef[k qdkvdk\/ cdkifjrJaeaom wPSm[lonf
a&S;a&S;wPSm\ Oyed,yp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;rI t&Sdeft0gwdkYudk qufcH&onfh aemufaemufaom
wPSmwnf;/ ,if;odYk cdik jf raJ eonhf aemufaemufaom wPSmonfyif umrkyg'gef rnf\/ ,if;umrkyg'gefum;
ow0gtrsm;pkwdkY tjzpfrsm;Mu\/}} odkYtwGuf twdwftaMumif;w&m; ypKyeftaMumif;w&m; ponfwdkYudk
azmfjy&m ,if;umrkyg'gefudkyif OD;pm;ay;um azmfjyxm;ygonf/
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ok;H yg;wdu
Yk m; udavo0#fw&m; ok;H yg;wdw
Yk nf;/ ,if; t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefw\
kdY
taxmuftyhHudk &&Sdaom ocFg& uHwdkYuomvQif b0opf[laom 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z
a0'emwnf;[laom tusKd; cEmig;yg;udk jzpfapEdkif\/ ocFg& uHwdkYum; ur0#fwnf;/ 0dnmPf emrfkyf
oVm,we z a0'emwdkYum; tusKd; 0dygu0#fwnf;/
txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom tEkavmr y#dporkyg'fa'oemawmf0,f twdwftaMumif;w&m;ydkif;
t0dZmESifh ocFg&udkom wdkufkdufa[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ ,if;odkY a[mMum;awmfrl&m0,f t0dZmum;
udavo0#fwnf;? t0dZmwnf;[laom udavo0#fudk a[mMum;awmfrlvdkufvQif t0dZmESifh udavo0#fcsif;
wlnDaeMuonfh wPSmESifh Oyg'gefwdkYudkvnf; odrf;usKH;,l&\/ tvm;wlyif ur0#fydkif; ocFg&[laom
ur0#fudk wdkufkdufa[mMum;awmfrlvdkufvQif ur0#fcsif; wlnDaeonfh urb0 (= uH) udkvnf; odrf;usKH;
,l&\/ odkYtwGuf t0dZmESifh ocFg&udk wdkufkdufa[mMum;awmfrlvdkufvQif t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg&
uHwnf;[laom twdwftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;pvkH;udkyif odrf;usKH;um aumuf,l&ayonf/ twdwf
taMumif;w&m;ig;yg;um; twdwftaMumif;wpfvTmwnf;/
wpfzef ,if; twdwt
f aMumif;w&m;ig;yg;aMumifh xif&mS ;jzpfay:vm&onfh ypKye f tusK;d w&m;ydik ;f wGif
y#doaEtcdkuf jzpfay:aeaom 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'emwnf;[laom tusKd;w&m;ig;yg;udk
y"mexm;um a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ ,if;y#doaEtcdkuf xif&Sm;jzpfay:aeonfh 0dygu0#fw&m;ig;yg;udk
wdkufkdufa[mMum;awmfrlvdkufvQif ,if;twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg;aMumifhyif b0wpfavQmuf0,f xif&Sm;
jzpfay:aeMuonfh 0dygu0#fcsif; wlnDaeMuonfh 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'emwnf;[laom
tusKd;0dygufw&m;udkvnf; odrf;usKH;um aumuf,l&ayonf/ tusKd;w&m;ig;yg;um; ypKyeftusKd;
wpfvTmwnf;/
ypKyeftusKd;w&m; cEmig;yg;wdkYudk trSDjyK ESvkH;oGif;rSm;rI ta,medaomreodum&udk taMumif;
cHum aemiftem*wfb0twGuf &nfarQmfum t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom ypKyef
taMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',opmw&m;udk xyfrHum xlaxmifMujyef\/ taMumif;w&m;ig;yg;um;
ypKyeftaMumif;wpfvTmwnf;/ ,if;ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ydkif;wGif udavo0#fydkif;udk a[mMum;awmfrl&m
wPSmESifh Oyg'gefudkom wdkufkdufa[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ wPSmESifh Oyg'gef[laom udavo0#fudk
a[mMum;awmfrlvdkufvQif udavo0#fcsif; wlnDaeonfh t0dZmudkvnf; xnfhoGif;aumuf,l&ayonf/
t0dZmudk trSD&rSomvQif wPSm Oyg'gefwdkYum; jzpfEdkifcGifh&SdMuayonf/ wpfzef ur0#fydkif;wGif urb0
(= uH) udo
k m wdu
k f u
dk af [mMum;xm;awmfr\
l / ,if;odYk urb0 (= uH) udk wdu
k f u
dk af [mMum;awmfrv
l u
kd v
f Qif
ur0#fcsif; wlnDaeonfh ocFg&udkvnf; odrf;usKH;um aumuf,l&ayonf/ odkYtwGuf ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;
ig;yg; ypKyeftaMumif;wpfvTm jzpfayonf/
wpfzef ,if;ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg;aMumifh (oHo&mc&D; rqkH;ao;olwdkYtwGuf) tem*wfb0wGif
0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'emwnf;[laom tusKd;cEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:
vm&jyef\/ ,if;tem*wf tusKd;w&m;ydkif;wGif Oyywdb0ESifh Zmwdudk y"mexm;um a[mMum;xm;awmf

52 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

rl\/ Zmwdum; tem*wf y#doaEtcdkuf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmonfh cEmig;yg;wdkYyifwnf;/ Oyywdb0

[lonfum; xdkuHaMumifh wpfenf; - t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[laom xdkypKyeftaMumif;w&m;
ig;yg;aMumifh tem*wfb0wpfavQmufwGif jzpfay:aeaom 0dygu0#fjzpfonfh 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we
z a0'em[laom tusKd; 0dygufcEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;pkwdkYyifwnf;?53 tem*wftusKd;wpfvTmwnf;/
odv
Yk Qif tEkavmry#dpo
rkyg 'fw&m;a'oemawmf twdwt
f aMumif;wpfvmT ypKye t
f usK;d wpfvmT
ypKyeftaMumif;wpfvTm tem*wftusKd;wpfvTm[k tvTm (4)yg; &Sdayonf/ wpfvTmwpfvTm tjcif;t&m
ig;yg;pD &Sdojzifh tvTm (4)vTm tjcif;t&m (20) &Sdayonf/ wpfzef twdwft"GefYumv ypKyeft"GefYumv
tem*wft"GefYumv[k t"GefYumv (3)yg; &Sdayonf/46
wpfzef twdwt
f aMumif;w&m;ig;yg;ESihf ypKye t
f usK;d w&m;ig;yg;wk\
Yd tMum;wGif (= ocFg&ESihf 0dnmPf
tMum;wGif) taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY qufpyfaeonfh tpyfwpfck? ypKyeftusKd;w&m;ig;yg;ESifh
tem*wfb0udk wpfenf; tem*wf tusK;d w&m;ig;yg;udk jzpfay:apEdik o
f nfh ypKye t
f aMumif;w&m;ig;yg;wk\
Yd
tMum;wGif (= a0'emESifh wPSmtMum;wGif) tusKd;w&m;wdkYudk pGJrSD taMumif;w&m;rsm; xyfrH jzpfay:vm
Mu&ojzifh tusKd;w&m;ESifh taMumif;w&m;wdkY qufpyfaeonfh tpyfwpfck? aemiftem*wfb0twGuf
jyKpkysKd;axmifxm;onfh ypKyeftaMumif;w&m; ig;yg;ESifh tem*wftusKd;w&m; ig;yg;wkdY\ tMum;wGif
(= urb0 = uHESifh Oyywdb0 = ZmwdtMum;wGif) taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY qufpyfaeonfh
tpyfwpfck - odkYvQif tpyf (3)ck &Sdayonf/54
tEkavmry#dporkyg'fw&m;a'oemawmfudk orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf
odjrifatmif wu,fvufawGU IyGm;&m odrf;qnf;&m azmfjyyg tvTm (4)yg; t"GefYumv (3)yg;
tpyf (3)yg; tjcif;t&m (20)wdkYudk orm'd|d Pfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmuf odatmif
jrifatmif usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rnf[k rSwfom;em,lygav/

eda&m"opm[lonf
1/ wPSm\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd tukeftpif csKyfNidrf;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;
2/ wPSm <uif;udavomwdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd tukeftpif csKyfNidrf;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;
3/ wPSm <uif;udavom <uif;tukodkvfw&m;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd tukeftpif csKyfNidrf;jcif;udk
vnf;aumif;
4/ wPSm <uif;udavom <uif;tukodkvfw&m; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom ukovrlvw&m;
(3)yg;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd tukeftpif csKyfNidrf;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;
5/ wPSm <uif;udavom <uif;tukodkvfw&m; tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tmkHjzpfaom ukovrlvw&m;
(3)yg; tmoa0gw&m;wkdY\ tmkHjzpfaom <uif;ukodkvfw&m;tm;vkH;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd
tuket
f pif csKyNf ird ;f jcif;udv
k nf;aumif; eda&m"opm[k op0b
d if;ygVdawmf55 a[mMum;xm;awmfr\
l /
wpfzef bk&m;&Sio
f nf t*kw
F & edum,f wduedygwf wdwm ,weokwe 56
f wGif odYk a[mMum;xm;awmf
rljyef\ ../
53

w'bdedAwm cEm Oyywdba0g/ (tbd?|?2?176/ 0dok'd?2?209? pmydk'f?650/)

54
wdoEdEd wa,m oEa,m tmwd wdoEd? wH wdoE/ twDwa[wkypKyEzvmerE&m {aum a[wkzvoEd?
ypKyEzvtem*wa[wlerE&m {aum zva[wkoEd? ypKyEa[wktem*wzvmerE&m {aum a[wkzvoEd/
55
56
(y#doH?|?1?225/)
(tbd?2?112-114-115/)
(tH?1?178/)

tcef; (1) - t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif; ! 53

uwr bdua0 'kueda&m"H t&d,opH t0dZm, awG0 taoo0d&m*eda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"m?

ocFg&eda&m"m 0dnmPeda&ma"m? 0dnmPeda&m"m emrlyeda&ma"m? emrlyeda&m"m oVm,weeda&ma"m? oVm,weeda&m"m zeda&ma"m? zeda&m"m a0'emeda&ma"m? a0'emeda&m"m
wPSmeda&ma"m? wPSmeda&m"m Oyg'geeda&ma"m? Oyg'geeda&m"m b0eda&ma"m? b0eda&m"m Zmwdeda&ma"m? Zmwdeda&m"m Z&mr&PH aomu-y&da'0-'ku-a'grek-yg,mom edkZEd/ {0arw
au0v 'kuuE eda&ma"m a[mwd/ 'H 0kpwd bdua0 'kueda&m"H t&d,opH/
]]&[ef;wdkY ...'kucsKyfaMumif; eda&m"t&d,opmw&m;[lonftb,fenf;
1/ t0dZm\omvQif t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&wdkYonf csKyfukef\/
2/ ocFg&wdkY\ csKyfjcif;aMumifh 0dnmPfonf csKyf\/
3/ 0dnmPf\ csKyfjcif;aMumifh emrf+kyfonf csKyf\/
4/ emrf+kyf\ csKyfjcif;aMumifh oVm,weonf csKyf\/
5/ oVm,we\ csKyfjcif;aMumifh zonf csKyf\/
6/ z\ csKyfjcif;aMumifh a0'emonf csKyf\/
7/ a0'em\ csKyfjcif;aMumifh wPSmonf csKyf\/
8/ wPSm\ csKyfjcif;aMumifhf Oyg'gefonf csKyf\/
9/ Oyg'gef\ csKyfjcif;aMumifh b0 (= urb0+Oyywdb0) onf csKyf\/
10/ b0 (= urb0)\ csKyfjcif;aMumifh Zmwdonf csKyf\/
11/ Zmwd\ csKyfjcif;aMumifh (12) Z&m+r&Ponf csKyf\? aomu-y&da'0-'ku-a'gre-Oyg,mo
wkdYonf csKyfukef\/
odkYvQif csrf;omrzuf oufoufaom 'kuwkH; 'kutpktykH\ csKyfjcif;onf jzpf\/ &[ef;wdkY...
aMumif;-usKd;-qufEG,frI = y#dporkyg'foabmw&m;wdkY\ csKyfpOfudk 'kucsKyf&m eda&m"t&d,opm
w&m;wnf;[l qdktyf\/}}
eda&m"opmum; 0dyemPfjzifh xdkwGif;odjrif&rnfh eda&m"opmjzpfonf/ tocFw"mwf
edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfum; t&d,r*fPf t&d,zdkvfPfwdkYjzifh xdkxGif;od&rnfh avmukw&m eda&m"opm
jzpfonf/

taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;wdkY csKyfNidrf;rnfhtcsdef

a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfwpfOD;onf 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk tpDtpOfwus pD;jzef;vmav&m O',A,
Pfydkif;odkY a&muf&Sdonfhtcg txufwGif &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; taMumif; ork',opmw&m;rsm;\ xif&Sm;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd; cEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmjcif;udkom 0dyem Pfynm
rsufpdjzifh odatmif jrifatmif I&onfom r[kwfao;? taMumif; ork',opmw&m;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd
ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh tusKd; cEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif
csKyfNidrf;oGm;rIudkvnf; odatmif jrifatmif I&awmhrnf jzpfonf/
t&mwGif y#dord'gr*t|uxmESifh 0dok'dr*r[m#DumwdkY57\ zGifhqdkcsuft& O',A,0dyem
Pfydkif;udk tm;opfvsuf&Sdaeonfh a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf b0rSmaomfvnf;aumif; aemiftem*wfb0
57

t0dZmeda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd tem*wb0 yp,blwm, ro ba0 t0dZm, t&[wr*aPe

eda&ma" uaw yp,mbm0g tem*w ly tEkyg'eda&ma"m a[mwDwd tawm/ (y#doH?|?1?236/)
t0dZmeda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd t*r*aPe t0dZm, tEkyg'eda&m"awm tem*w ly tEkyg'eda&ma"m a[mwd yp,mbma0 tbm0awm/ (r[m#D?2?421/)

54 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

wpfckckrSmaomfvnf;aumif; tem*wfwpfcsdefcsdef0,f t&[wr*fodkY qdkufa&mufonfhtcgwGif t&[wr*fPf\ pGrf;tm;aMumifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkYonf t<uif;tusef r&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;Murnf
jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkY t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mujcif;aMumifh
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwo
Ykd nf b0 t&[wr*foYkd rqdu
k af &mufrrD mS yifjzpfap twdwb
f 0xdx
k u
kd yifjzpfap
jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhonfh ocFg& uHwdkYudk tem*wfb0opf jzpfay:vma&;twGuf taxmuftyhH ray;EdkifMuukef/
uJhodkY t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY\ tm;ay;axmufyHhrI tultnDudk r&&SdMuonfhtwGuf t&[wr*fodkY
rqdkufa&mufrD oHo&mwpfavQmuf jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhonfh ocFg& uHwdkYonf aemiftem*wfb0opf[k
ac:qdt
k yfonfh tem*wfb0 cEmig;yg;wdu
Yk kd jzpfapEdik o
f nfh pGr;f tifrsm; ukecf ef;oGm;Mu\? t<uif;tuserf &Sd
csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\/ uJhodkY t&[wr*fPf\ pGrf;tm;aMumifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[laom
taMumif;ork',opmw&m;wdkY\ t<uif;tusef r&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;MuonfhtwGuf aemif
tem*wfb0 cEmig;yg;wdkYudk jzpfapEdkifonfh taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ xif&Sm; r&SdMujcif;aMumifh aemiftem*wf
b0opf tusKd;cEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;wdkYonfvnf; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh pGrf;tifrsm; r&SdMuawmhjcif;aMumifh tusK;d cEmig;yg; 'kuo
pmw&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf; y&deAd m epkwu
d kd aemufq;Hk xm;um t<uif;tuserf &Sd
ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\/ odkY taMumif;-tusKd; ESpf&yfvkH;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif
csKyfNidrf;rIudk eda&m"opmw&m;[k wdwm,weokwefwGif bk&m;&Sifu a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhayonf/
eda&m"opmw&m;onfum; O',A,mEkyemPf (= O',A,0dyemPf) jzifh xd;k xGi;f od&rnfh
eda&m"opmw&m; jzpfayonf/58

oOyg'daooedAmefESifh tEkyg'daooedAmef
uJhodkY O',A,Pfponfh 0dyemPfwdkYjzifh xdk;xGif;odjriftyfonfh eda&m"opmtaMumif;udk
qufvufum aqG;aEG;wifjytyfygonf ../
a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonfh ,ckuJhodkY O',A,Pfydkif;odkY qdkufa&mufvmonfhtcg O',A,Pfudk
tm;opfaeqJ tm;xkwfaeqJtcsdeftcgwGif ykxkZeftqifhrSmom wnf&Sdaeao;\/ qufvuf 0dyem
bm0emur|mef;udk tpOftwdkif; tqufrjywf tqifhqifh qufvuf BudK;yrf;&OD;rnfom jzpfonf/ xdkodkY
BudK;yrf;vdkufonfhtcg yg&rDw&m;taygif;wdkYuvnf; &ifhanmif;vmcJhaomf b0 odkYr[kwf aemiftem*wf
b0[lonfh wpfckaom tem*wf wpfcsdefcsdefwGif t&[wr*f t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufa&mufrnf jzpfonf/
uJo
h Ykd tem*wfwpfcsed cf sed w
f iG f rdr&d &Sad wmhrnfh t&[wr*fPf\ pGr;f tm;aMumifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwYkd
OD;aqmifaeonfh udavomxk tpdkiftcJwdkYonf t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;rIrsKd;udk &nfTef;
awmfrlum bk&m;&Sifu wdwm,weokwef ponfh xdkxdkokwef a'oemawmfwdkYwGif..]]t0dZm, awG0
taoo0d&m*eda&m"m}} ..ponfjzifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhayonf/
uJhodkY udavomwddkY\ csKyfNidrf;rIudk aemufxyfwpfzef jyefvnfum rnfonfhtcgrS jzpfay:jcif;
tvQif;r&SdMuawmhonfh csKyfNidrf;rIrsKd; jzpfonfhtwGuf tEkyg'eda&m"[lvnf; ac:qdkayonf? aemifwpfzef
jzpfay:jcif; tvQif;r&Sdonfh csKyfNidrf;rIrsKd;[k qdkvdkayonf/ uJhodkY udavomtylrD;wdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rIudk
udavoy&dedAmef[kvnf; ac:qdkayonf? oOyg'daooy&dedAmef[kvnf; ac:qdkayonf/ oOyg'daoo
y&dedAmef[lonf udavomawGu t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;aomfvnf; cEm (5)yg;um;
<uif;usefaeMuao;onfhtwGuf y&dedAmefpHonftxd qufvuf wnf&SdaeMuOD;rnf jzpfjcif;aMumifh
oOyg'daooedAmef[k ac:qdkjcif; jzpfayonf/
aemufwpfrsKd;onfum; cEy&dedAmef jzpfayonf/ uJhodkY t&[wr*fPf\ pGrf;tm;aMumifh t0dZm
wPSm Oyg'gef[lonfh udavomxk tpdkiftcJwdkYonf t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;Muonfh
58

(0dok'd?2?267-268/ r[m#D?2?423-424/)

tcef; (1) - t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif; ! 55

twGuf udavomwdkY\ tm;ay;axmufyHhrI tultnDudk r&&SdMuonfhtwGufaMumifh twdwfb0xdkxdkwGif

vnf;aumif; t&[wr*fqdkufa&mufrnfhb0wGifvnf;aumif; t&[wr*fodkY rqdkufa&mufrD jyKpkysKd;axmif
cJhMuonfh ocFg& uHwdkYonfvnf; aemifwpfzef b0opfudk jzpfapEkdifonfh pGrf;tifrsm; t<uif;tusefr&Sd
ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\/ uJhodkY t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[lonfh taMumif; ork',opm
w&m;wdkYonf t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;MuonfhtwGuf tusKd; cEm (5)yg; 'kuopm
w&m;wdo
Yk nfvnf; y&deAd m epkwt
d cdu
k w
f iG f y&deAd m epkwu
d kd aemufq;Hk xm;um t<uif;tuserf &Sd ukepf ifatmif
csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\/ uJhodkYaom csKyfNidrf;rIrsKd;ukd aemufxyfwpfzef rnfonfhtcgrS wpfzefjzpfay:vmjcif;
tvQif;r&dSMuawmhonfhtwGuf tEkyg'eda&m"[lvnf; ac:qdkayonf? cEy&dedAmef[lvnf; ac:qdkayonf? tEkyg'daooedAme"mwfodkY 0ifpHawmfrlonf[lvnf; ac:qdkayonf/ tEkyg'daooedAmefqdkonfrSm
twdwfu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhonfh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkonfh taMumif; ork',opmw&m;
awGaMumifh xif&Sm;jzpfay:aeMuonfh tusKd; 0dygufcEm 'kuopmw&m;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif
csKyfNidrf;rIudk tEkyg'daooedAmef[k ac:qdkayonf/59

udavoy&deAd m efEiS hf cEy&deAd m ef

ae&mwGif bk&m;&Sifudk OD;wnfum udavoy&dedAmefESifh cEy&dedAmeftaMumif;udk qufvuf
&Sif;vif;wifjytyfygonf ../
bk&m;&Sifonf r[mou&mZf (103)ckESpf? uqkefvjynhfaeYn rdk;aomuf,mrftqkH; aAm"dyifajc
jrwfaom yvifaAGxufwGif oAnKwPftxGwfwyfxm;awmfrlonfh t&[wr*fPf t&[wzdkvfPf
wdu
Yk kd &&Sad wmfro
l nft
h wGuaf Mumifh 0goemtaiGU"mwfEiS w
hf uG udavomwd\
Yk t<uif;tuserf &Sd ukepf ifatmif
csKyfNidrf;jcif;[lonfh udavoy&dedAmefudk 0ifpHawmfrlcJhayonf/ bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdawmfrlNyD;aemuf
(45)0g tcsdefumvudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufawmfrlNyD;aemuf r[mou&mZf (148)ckESpf? uqkefvjynhfaeYn
rdk;aomuf,mrfumv\ aemufqkH;ydkif;rSmyif ukodemkHjynf rvmrif;wdkY\ tifMuif;O,smOftwGif;0,f 0dyguf
cEm (5)yg;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;jcif;[lonfh cEy&dedAmefudk 0ifpHawmfrlcJhayonf??60
xdkaMumifh udavoy&dedAmef odkYr[kwf oOyg'daooedAme"mwf0ifpHawmfrl&m tcsdefumvESifh ae&m
a'owdkYonfvnf; xif&Sm;wnf&SdaecJh\/ tvm;wlyif cEy&dedAmef odkYr[kwf tEkyg'daooedAme"mwf
0ifpHawmfrl&m tcsdefumvESifh ae&ma'owdkYonfvnf; txift&Sm; wnf&SdaecJh\/
odkYaomf tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAmef[k ac:qdktyfonfh avmukw&m t&d,r*fPf t&d,zdkvf
PfwdkY\ tmkHjzpfonfh avmukw&meda&m"t&d,opmtppf tjzpfBuD;jzpfawmfrlonfh edAmefw&m;awmf
jrwfBuD;onfum; edpxm0& tjrJwnf&Sdaeonfh wpfckwnf;aom tNidrf;"mwfw&m;awmfBuD;om jzpfayonf/
xdkavmukw&m edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;onf taMumif;w&m;wdkYu jyKjyifjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vm&onfh
w&m;rsKd;um; r[kwfjcif;aMumifh xdkedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk tocFw"mwk (= tocFw"mwf) [kvnf;
ac:qdkayonf/61
59

y&deAd K awmwd a'G y&deAd m emed udavoy&deAd m e ,m oOyg'daooedAm e"mwk? cEy&deAd m e ,m tEkyg'daooedAme"mwk/ (ax&*gxm?|?1?55/)
0'kuu
ad vo'ku
mwd 0'ku
ap0 udavo'ku
p/ oOyg'daooedAm eOd udavo'ku
tEu&PH?
tEkyg'daooedAmeH 0'ku/ (r?#D?2?432/)
60
ww udavoy&dedAmeH aAm"dyvauF ta[mod? cEy&dedAmeH ukodem&m,H/ ('D?|?3?83/ r?|?4?81/ tH?|?1?70/
oarm[0daem'eD?413??)
61
uwar "rm tocFwm a,m {0 aom "arm typa,m? aom {0 aom "arm tocFawm/ (tbd?1?219??)

56 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

xdktocFw"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfonf rysufrpD;bJ tjrJxm0& wnf&dSaeonfh w&m;rsKd;

jzpfjcif;aMumifh avmuwGif bk&m;&SifwdkY yGifhxGef;ay:aygufawmfrlonfyifjzpfap avmuwGif bk&m;&SifwdkY
ryGifhxGef; ray:aygufawmfrlcJhonfyifjzpfap tjrJxm0& wnf&Sdaeonfh wpfckwnf;aom w&m;awmfjrwfyif
jzpfayonf/
bk&m;&SifwdkY yGifhxGef;awmfrlvmonfhtcg xdkedAmefodkY y&dedAmef 0ifpHawmfrlMuonfh olawmfaumif;rsm;
rsm;jym;vmjcif;aMumifh xdkedAmef y&dedAmef0ifpHawmfrlMuonfh yk*dKvfwdkYjzifh jynfhESufydkvQHoGm;onf[lvnf;
r&Sd? bk&m;&SifwdkY ryGifhxGef;awmfrlonfhtcg oknurmrsm;pGmwdkY y&dedAmef 0ifpHawmfrlMuonfh olawmfaumif;
rsm; r&dSMuonfhtwGufaMumihf xdkedAmef y&dedAmef 0ifpHawmfrlMuonfh yk*dKvfwdkYjzifh ,kwfavsmhoGm;onf
[lvnf; r&Sd jzpfayonf?62 edpxm0& tjrJ wnf&Sdaeonfh w&m;awmfjrwfwpfqlom jzpfayonf/ xdk
tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;onf rnfonfhtcsdeftcgu pwifjzpfcJhonf[kvnf;
ajymqdo
k wfrw
S zf &Ykd ef tcsed u
f mvvnf; r&Sd jzpfayonf? ]]rnfonfah e&m rnfonfah 'owGif jzpfay:aeygonf}}
[k ajymqdkowfrSwfzdkY&ef ae&ma'ovnf; r&Sd jzpfayonf? edpxm0& rysufpD;bJ tjrJwnf&Sdaeaom
w&m;awmfjrwf wpfqo
l m jzpfayonf/63
odkYaomf udavomwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rI udavoy&dedAmef odkYr[kwf oOyg'daooedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfESifh
cEmwdkY\csKyfNidrf;rI cEy&dedAmef odkYr[kwf tEkyg'daooedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfwdkYwGif jzpfay:vmatmif
jyKjyifay;aeMuonfh taMumif;w&m;wdkYvnf; xif&Sm;&SdaeMu\? y&dedAmefpHawmfrl&m tcsdefumvESifh
ae&ma'owdkYvnf; xif&Sm;&SdaeMu\? rnfonhftaMumif;w&m;wdkYygenf;[k ar;&ef&Sd\/ avmuDr*if (8)yg;
usifhpOfw&m;[k ac:qdktyfonfh orx 0dyembm0emudk &ifhusufvmatmif tqifhqifh usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifygrS uJhodkY &ifhusufvmMuonfh tqifhqifhaom 0dyemPfwkdYu tm;BuD;aomrSD&m
Oyed,yp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;EdkifygrS uJhodkY &ifhusufvmonfh 0dyemPfwkdY\tqkH;
av;qifhaom t&d,r*fPf t&d,zdkvfPfwdkYonf avmukw&m eda&m"opmjzpfonfh tocFw"mwf
tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk tmkH,lum wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh (wpfqifhESifh wpfqifhtMum;wGif
pdwuPaygif;rsm;pGm 0dyemaZm0Dxdaygif;rsm;pGm jcm;vsuf) jzpfay:vmMu\/ av;qifhaom t&d,
r*fPfwdkYu rdrdwdkYudk tm&rPlyed,yp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeonfh tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf
edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D \ tNird ;f "mwf tat;"mwf t&Sed t
f 0gowx
d ;l Bu;D tultnDukd &,lum qdik &f mqdik &f m
udavomtylrD;wdkYudk wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh orkap'y[mef[lonfh t<uif;rJh y,fowfjcif;jzifh Nidrf;at;atmif
Nidrf;owfMu\/ av;qifhaom t&d,zdkvfPfwdkYuvnf; tvm;wlyif rdrdwdkYudk tm&rPlyed,yp,
owjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeonfh tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwf edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D \ tNird ;f "mwf tat;"mwf
t&Sed t
f 0gowx
d ;l Bu;D tultnDukd &,lum qdik &f mqdik &f m udavomtylr;D wdu
Yk kd wpfqifNh y;D wpfqifh y#dy'd
eda&m"oabmjzifh wpfzef xyfrHum Nidrf;oxuf Nidrf;at;atmif Nidrf;owfMu\/ uJhodkY Nidrf;owfMuonfh
twGuaf Mumifh udavomtylr;D [lonfh ork',opmw&m;wdo
Yk nf wpfenf;qd&k vQif txufwiG f &Si;f jycJo
h nfh
twdkif; t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH[lonfh ork',opmw&m;wdkYonf t<uif;tusef r&Sd ukefpifatmif
csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\/ uJhodkY taMumif;w&m;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mujcif;aMumifh
tusKd;cEm (5)yg; 'kuopmw&m;wdkYonfvnf; t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpifatmif csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\/
62

e awe edAme"mwk,m ODewH 0g yl&wH 0gwd toacsFa,syd uay Aka'ok tEkyaEok {uoawmyd y&dedAmwkH e
oaumwd? w'gyd ]]wkpm edAme"mwl}}wd e oum 0wKH/ Ak'umav p ye {auuo orm*ar toacsF,smyd owm
trwH tm&ma"Ed? w'gyd e oum 0wKH - ]]yl&m edAme"mwl}}wd/ (tH?|?3?221/)
63
edAmeH edpH "k0H owH t0dy&dPmr"rH (uxm0wKygVdawmf?101/)

tcef; (1) - t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif; ! 57

xdkaMumifh udavomtylrD;wdkY&JU Nidrf;at;jcif; udavoy&dedAmef odkYr[kwf oOyg'daooedAmef..

1/ 0dyemPf
2/ t&d,r*fPf
3/ t&d,zdkvfPf
4/ tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmef ---[lonfh uJhodkYaom taMumif;w&m;rsm; xif&Sm;wnf&SdaeMu\? uJhodkYaom taMumif;w&m;
rsm;aMumifh xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm&onfh oabmw&m;rsKd;om jzpfacsonf? jzpfay:vm&m tcsdefumvESifh
jzpfay:vm&m ae&ma'owdkYonfvnf; ,if; udavoy&dedAmef odkYr[kwf oOyg'daooedAmef txift&Sm;
&SdaeMu\/
wpfzef .. cEmwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rI cEy&dedAmef odkYr[kwf tEkyg'daooedAmefw&m;awmfjrwfvnf;
udavomwk\
dY csKyNf ird ;f jcif; udavoy&deAd m ef[o
l nfh taMumif;w&m;onf xif&mS ;&Sad e\/ udavoy&deAd m ef
0ifpH&jcif;aMumifhomvQif cEy&dedAmef 0ifpHEdkifjcif;jzpf\? wpfenf;qdk&vQif oOyg'daooedAme"mwfodkY
0ifpEH ikd jf cif;aMumifo
h mvQif tEkyg'daooedAm e"mwfoYkd 0ifpEH ikd jf cif;jzpf\/ t&mvnf; cEy&deAd m ef0ifp&H m
odkYr[kwf tEkyg'daooedAme"mwf 0ifpH&m tcsdefumvESifh ae&ma'owdkYonfvnf; txift&Sm; wnf&Sd
aeMuayonf/

tbm0 ynwfrQom
t&m oOyg'daooedAmefESifh tEkyg'daooedAmefwdkYonf wpfenf; - udavoy&dedAmefESifh
cEy&dedAmefwdkYonf O',A,PfuJhodkYaom 0dyemPfjzifh xdk;xGif;odjriftyfaom eda&m"opmw&m;
jzpfcJhvQif eda&m"opm trnf&Muonfh ,if; oOyg'daooedAmefESifh tEkyg'daooedAmefwdkYonf wpfenf;
udavoy&dedAmefESifh cEy&dedAmefwdkYonf avmuD eda&m"opmw&m;avavm odkYr[kwf avmukw&m
eda&m"opmw&m;avavm[k ar;jref;Mu\/ t&m0,f anmifvGefYawm&q&mawmfbk&m;u rdrd\
edAm ewyumoeDusr;f wGif ]]oOyg'daooedAm ef odrYk [kwf udavoy&deAd m ef[o
l nf udavomwd\
Yk csKyNf ird ;f rI
qdwfokOf;rI r&SdrI ]tbm0}oabmrQom jzpf\? tEkyg'daooedAmef[lonf odkYr[kwf cEy&dedAmef[lonf
cEmwd\
Yk csKyNf ird ;f rI qdwo
f Ok ;f rI r&Srd I ]tbm0}oabmrQom jzpf\}}[k qk;H jzwfxm;awmfr\
l / tmudnm,we
psmefpdwfonf tmumomem,wepsmefpdwf\ qdwfokOf;rI uif;qdwfrI r&SdrI ]ewdbm0}oabmudk tmkH
jyKouJhodkY tvm;wlyif O',A,PfuJhodkYaom 0dyemPfonfvnf; udavomwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rI
qdwfokOf;rI r&SdrI tbm0oabmudk cEmwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rI qdwfokOf;rI r&SdrI tbm0oabmudkom tmkHjyK\/
tmudnm,wepsmef\ tIcHtmkHjzpfonfh ewdbm0oabmudk ewdabmynwf[k qdkouJhodkY t&m
udavomwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rI qdwfokOf;rI r&SdrI cEmwdkY\ csKyfNidrf;rI qdwfokOf;rI r&SdrI tbm0oabmudkvnf;
tbm0ynwf[kyif qkH;jzwfxm;awmfrlonf/

r*opm[lonf
r*opmonfvnf; ..
(1) orxykdif; r*opm?
(2) 0dyemykdif; r*opm?
(3) t&d,r*fPftcdkuf avmukw&m r*opm - [k (3) rsdK;&Sd\/

orxykdif; r*opm
tmemygeur|mef;uJo
h aYkd om orxur|mef;wpfcck u
k kd psmef&atmif yGm;rsm;olwt
Ykd zdYk yxrpsmeform"d
tcdkuf r*ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg; &Sdayonf/ tmemygeyxrpsmefudk pHxm; wifjyaytHh/ tmemygeyxrpsmef

58 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

tcdkufwGif psmefemrfw&m; (34)vkH; &Sd&m ,if;wdkYwGif r*ifw&m;udk,f (5)yg; yg0ifayonf/

1/ orm'd|d
= tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkHudk xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;oabm?
2/ ormouFy = tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkHay:odkY pdwfudk a&SUIwifay;jcif;oabm?
3/ orm0g,mr = tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkHay: bm0empdwf uyfNyD; wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfjcif;oabm?
4/ ormowd = tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkHudk trSwf&aejcif;oabm?
5/ ormorm"d = tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkH pdwf Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnfaejcif;oabm?
tmemygeur|mef;udk tm;rxkwrf ED iS hf tm;xkwq
f u
J mvwdYk BuKd wif aqmufwnf usio
hf ;Hk xm;tyfaom
usifhokH;aeqJjzpfaom oDvr*if (3)yg; jzpfonfh ..
6/ orm0gpm = 0pD'kpkdufrS a&SmifMuOfum aumif;rGefrSefuefaom pum;udk ajymMum;jcif;?
7/ ormurE = um,'kpkduf okH;yg;rS a&SmifMuOfum aumif;rGefrSefuefaom vkyfief;&yfudk jyKvkyfjcif;?
8/ ormtmZD0 = rdpmtmZD0trsKd;rsKd;ESifh rtyfaom ukefoG,frI ig;rsKd;wdkYrS a&SmifMuOfum aumif;rGef
rSefuefaom qGrf;cHjcif; v,fvkyfjcif; ponfjzifh toufarG;jcif;?
tm;vkH;aygif;aomf orxydkif;tcdkuf r*ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg; jzpfonf/

ukefoG,frI ig;rsKd;
vlyk*dKvfrsm;twGuf ..
1/ ow 0PdZm = vufeufudk ukefoG,fjcif;
2/ ow 0PdZm = vludk ukefoG,fjcif;
3/ rHo 0PdZm = tom;wdk;yGm;atmif arG;jrLa&;vkyf ukefoG,fjcif;
4/ rZ 0PdZm = ao&nf ao&uf rl;,pfaq;0g;udk ukefoG,fjcif;
5/ 0do 0PdZm = tqdyfudk ukefoG,fjcif;[k ---&wemokH;yg;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaeaom Oygoum-'g,um Oygodum-'g,dumrwdkY rjyKusifh
rjyKxdkufaom ukefoG,frI (5)rsKd; vm&Sd\/ ,if;ukefoG,frI (5)rsKd;aMumifh &&Sdaom ypnf;rsm;udk rokH;pGJbJ
a&SmifMuOfrIoabmonfvnf; ormtmZD0yif jzpfonf/64

0dyemydkif; r*opm
xkdopmav;yg;wdkYwGif a&S;jzpfukefaom 'kuopm ork',opm ESpfrsKd;wdkYum; oHo&m0#f vnfywfae
aom 0opmw&m;rsm;wnf;/ aemufjzpfukefaom tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfwnf;
[laom avmukw&m eda&m"opmESifh ,if;eda&m"opmudk xGif;azmufodjrifwwfaom t&d,r*fPfESifh
,SOw
f aJG eonfh r*iw
f &m;ud,
k f (8)yg;wnf;[laom 'kuc sKy&f m eda&m"edAm efoYkd a&mufaMumif; usiphf Ofjzpfonfh
avmukw& m r*t&d,opmwdu
Yk m; oHo&m0#frS uif;&m csKy&f mjzpfonfh edAm efw&m;awmfjrwfEiS hf ,if;edAm efoYkd
a&mufaMumif; usifhpOfw&m;rsm; jzpfMuonfhtwGuf 0d0opmwnf;/ xkd 0opm 0d0opm ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif
0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;aeaom a,m*g0p&yk*dKvfonf 0opmjzpfonfh 'kuopmESifh ork',opm w&m;pkwdkY 0dyembm0emur|mef; pD;jzef;jcif;trIudk jyKvkyf&rnf jzpfonf/ 0d0opmw&m;
ESpfrsKd;wdkY 0dyembm0emur|mef; pD;jzef;jcif;onf r&Sday/65
64

(tH?2?183/ 0PdZmokwef/)
65
ww yk&drmed a'G opmed 0H? ypdrmed 0d0H/ awok bduKaem 0a ur|membdeda0aom a[mwd? 0d0a ewd
tbdeda0aom/ (tbd?|?2?109/)

tcef; (1) - t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif; ! 59

,if; 'kuopm trnf&onfh twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d' MoVm&du (=tMurf;) okckr
(= tEk) [De (= t,kwf) yPDw (= tjrwf) 'l& (= ta0;) oEdu (= teD;)[k ac:qdktyfonfh (11)rsKd;aom
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;ESifh ork',opm trnf&onfh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef
ocFg& uHwdkYum; rdrdwdkY\ qdkif&m qdkif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkYu jyKjyifay;rS jzpfay:vmMu&onfh w&m;wdkY
jzpfjcif;aMumifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY rnfMu\/ ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkYum; vuPma&; okH;wefodkY wifum 0dyem
IyGm;okH;oyf&rnfh 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmkHwdkY jzpfMu\/

0dyemqdkonfrSm bmvJ
tedpponfwdkY\ tpGrf;jzifh trsKd;rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mwdkYjzifh 'kuopm"r+ork',opm"r [lonfh
ocFg&"r (= ocFg&w&m;)wdkYudk IyGm;wwfaomaMumifh 0dyem rnf\/66
txufyg t|uxm\ &Sif;vif;wifjycsuft& 0dyem[lonf 'kuopm"rESifh ork',opm"rjzpfMuonfh ocFg&w&m;wdu
Yk kd tedp[
k 'ku[
k tew[k trsK;d rsK;d aom tjcif;t&mwdjYk zifh IymG ;ok;H oyfjcif;udk
qdkvdkayonf/
xdkaMumifh 0dyemydkif; r*ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfMu\/
1/ orm'd|d = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mudk xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;oabm?
2/ ormouFy = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&may:odkY pdwfudk a&SUIwifay;jcif;
oabm?
3/ orm0g,mr = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mudk odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwjf cif;
oabm?
4/ ormowd = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mudk trSwf&aejcif;oabm?
5/ ormorm"d = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mtmkH pdwf Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnf
aejcif;oabm?
0dyembm0emur|mef;udk tm;rxkwfrDESifh tm;xkwfqJumvwdkY BudKwif aqmufwnf usifhokH;
xm;tyfaom usifhokH;aeqJjzpfaom oDvr*if (3)yg; jzpfonfh ..
6/ orm0gpm = 0pD'kpkdufrS a&SmifMuOfum aumif;rGefrSefuefaom pum;udk ajymMum;jcif;?
7/ ormurE = um,'kpkduf okH;yg;rS a&SmifMuOfum aumif;rGefrSefuefaom vkyfief;&yfudk jyKvkyfjcif;?
8/ ormtmZD0 = rdpmtmZD0trsKd;rsKd;ESifh rtyfaom ukefoG,frI ig;rsKd;wdkYrS a&SmifMuOfum aumif;rGef
rSefuefaom qGrf;cHjcif; v,fvkyfjcif; ponfjzifh toufarG;jcif;?
tm;vkH;aygif;aomf 0dyemydkif;tcdkuf r*ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg; jzpfonf/
wpfzef txufwGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfhtwdkif; O',A,PfuJhodkYaom 0dyemPfonfvnf;
opmav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifonfjzpf&m 0dyemPftcdkuf jzpfay:aeaom opmav;yg;udk jcHKiHk
qdk&aomf avmuD0dyemPfjzifh opmav;yg;udk odjrifckdufvnf; r*ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg;wdkY &SdaeMu
ayonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfMu\ ../
(1) orm'd|d
= opmav;yg;tmkHudk xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;oabm?
(2) ormouFy = opmav;yg;tmkHay:odkY pdwfudk a&S;Iwifay;jcif;oabm?
(3) orm0g,mr = opmav;yg;tmkHudk xdk;xGif;odjrifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;oabm?
66

tedpm'd0aoe 0d0da"[d tmuma&[d "ar ywDwd 0dyem/ (tbd?|?1?175/)

60 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

(4) ormowd = opmav;yg;tmkHudk trSwf&aejcif;oabm?

(5) ormorm"d = opmav;yg;tmkH pdwf Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnfaejcif;oabm?
(6? 7? 8) BudKwif aqmufwnf usifhokH;xm;tyfaom oDvr*if (3)yg;?
tm;vkH;aygif;aomf 0dyemydkif;tcdkuf r*ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg; jzpfonf/
vufawGUI&mum; ... kyfoufoufudk 0dyemIaecdkufjzpfvQif kyfw&m;wdkY\ tedptjcif;t&m
odkYr[kwf 'kutjcif;t&m odkYr[kwf tewtjcif;t&mudk tmkHjyK r*if (5)yg;?
emrfoufoufudk 0dyemIaecdkufjzpfvQifvnf; emrfw&m;wdkY\ tedptjcif;t&m odkYr[kwf
'kutjcif;t&m odkYr[kwf tewtjcif;t&mudk tmkHjyK r*if (5)yg;?
taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemIaecdu
k jf zpfvQiv
f nf; taMumif;w&m;wd\
Yk tedpt
jcif;t&m odrYk [kwf
'kutjcif;t&m odkYr[kwf tewtjcif;t&mudk tmkHjyK r*if (5)yg; ----odkY ponfjzifh oabmaygufyg/ aqmufwnfusifhokH;aeqJ jzpfaom oDvr*if (3)yg;ESifhaygif;vQif
r*if (8)yg;yif jzpfonf/ odkYaomf avmuD0dyemPf jzpfyGm;cdkuf oDvr*if (3)yg;wdkYrSm 0dyem
Pf\ tIcHtmkH jzpfMuonfh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedptjcif;t&m 'kutjcif;t&m tewtjcif;t&m
wdu
Yk u
kd m; tmkrH ,lEikd Mf uay/ rdrd rdrw
d \
Ykd qdik &f mqdik &f m olUtouf odrYk [kwf olUypn;f odrYk [kwf olUom;r,m;
ponfh a&SmifMuOfxdkufonfh 0d&rdwA0wKudkom tmkHjyKMuonf/ wpfzef avmuDoDvr*if (3)yg;wdkYrSmvnf;
wpfyg;ESifh wpfyg; tmkHcsif;um; rwlnDMuay/ ,if;odkY tmkHcsif; uGJjym;aomaMumifh ,if;r*if (3)yg;wdkYonfvnf; avmuDtcdkuf pdwuPwpfcktwGif;0,f twl,SOfwGJum rjzpfEdkifMuay? pdwuPwpfcktcdkuf
wpfrsKd;pDom ,SOfwGJjzpfEdkifayonf/ odkYtwGuf avmuD0dyemtcdkuf 0dyempdwuPwpfcktwGif;0,f
txufwGif wifjyxm;onfh r*ifw&m;udk,f (5)yg;wdkYom twl,SOfwGJum jzpfEdkifMuonf[k rSwfom;yg/
odkYaomf avmukw&m t&d,r*fPftcdkufum; r*ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg;vkH; NydKifwl,SOfwGJ jzpfEdkifMuayonf/

t&d,r*fPftcdkuf avmukw& r*opm

Oyrm ----- yxrpsmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk 0dyemIcdkuf t&d,r*fodkY qdkufa&mufcJhaomf xdkt&d,r*f
tckduf emrfw&m; (37)vkH; &Sdayonf/ xdkemrfw&m;wdkYwGif r*if (8)yg;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ xdkt&d,r*fESifh
,SOfwGJaeonfh ,if; pdwfapwoduftm;vkH;wdkYum; tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmef wpfckwnf;udkom
tmkHjyKMuonf? xdk;xGif;odjrifaeMuonf/ ,if;r*if (8)yg;wdkYrSm odkY jzpfMuonf ../
1/ orm'd|d = tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmeftmkHudk xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;oabm?
2/ ormouFy = tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwf edAm eftmkaH y:odYk t&d,r*fpw
d u
f kd a&SUIwifay;jcif;oabm?
3/ orm0g,mr = tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmeftmkHudk xdk;xGif;odjrifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;
oabm?
4/ ormowd = tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmeftmkHudk trSwf&aejcif;oabm?
5/ ormorm"d = tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmeftmkHay: t&d,r*fpdwf\ Nidrf0yfpGm uyfwnf
aejcif;oabm?
t&d,r*fonf tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwf\ tm&rPyp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;
jyKay;onfh tultnDjzifh orm0gpm rjzpfatmif ormurE rjzpfatmif ormtmZD0 rjzpfatmif wm;jrpf
aESmifh,Sufaeonfh udavomwdkYudk y,fowfvdkuf\/ odkYtwGuf t&d,r*fPftcdkuf orm0gpmoabm
ormurEoabm ormtmZD0oabmw&m;wdkYonf a&S;IwnfaeMu\/ xdkaMumifh ..

tcef; (1) - t&d,opmav;yg;ydkif; ! 61

6/ orm0gpm = rSefaom pum;udk ajymqdkjcif;?

7/ ormurE = rSefaom vkyfief;&yfudk jyKvkyfjcif;?
8/ ormtmZD0 = rSefaom toufarG;jcif;?
oDvr*if (3)yg;vnf; t&d,r*fPfESifh ,SOfwGJvsuf jzpfay:vmMu\/
tm;vkH;aygif;aomf t&d,r*fPftcdkuf r*ifw&m;udk,f (8)yg; jzpfonf/
odkYvQif .. orxydkif; r*if (8)yg; 0dyemydkif; r*if (8)yg; t&d,r*fPftcdkuf r*if
(8)yg;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ xdkwGif orxydkif;r*if (8)yg; 0dyemydkif;r*if (8)yg;wdkYum; avmuD r*opmw&m;wdkY
jzpfMu\? t&d,r*fPftcdkuf r*if (8)yg;wdkYum; avmukw&m r*opmw&m;wdkY jzpfMu\/ avmukw&m
r*opmw&m;wdkYjzifh tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefudk tmkHjyKEdkifa&;twGuf avmuD r*opmw&m;wdkYudk
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rnf jzpfonf/67
avmuDr*if (8)yg; usifhpOfw&m;wdkYudk ..
tpDtpOfwus usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifMuojzifh ...
rsufarSmufb0rSmyif ..
avmukw&mr*if (8)yg; usifhpOfw&m;wdkYESifh jynhfpkHaom t&d,r*fPf t&d,zdkvfPfwdkYjzifh
tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfBuD;udk rsufarSmufjyKEdkifMuygapaom0f...../

" " " " "

67

('D?|?2?336? r[mowdy|meokwftzGifh/ r?|?2?165? r[ma*gygvuokwftzGifh/)

62 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

y'krm Mumyef;ESihf wlol

,xm ouFm&Xmeo? OZdwo r[myax/

y'krH ww Zma,x? okpd*EH raem&rH/
{0H ouFm&blawok? tEblaw ykxkZae/
twda&mpwd ynm,? ormorK'om0aum/

vrf;rBuD;0,f ..
pGefYypfxm;aom trIdufykHtwGif; ...
arT;BudKifvIdifxHk ESpfoufzG,f&Sdaom y'krmMumyef;onf
aygufa&mufaeouJo
h Ykd ....
udavom trIu
d o
f kdufwdkYjzifh xlajymvsuf&Sdjcif;aMumifh
trIdufykHozG,fjzpfaom ow0gwdkYtv,f wnfaeonfh
ormorK' bk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom0uonf ..
y&rwft&mudk odjrifwwfonfh Pfynmrsufpd r&Sdjcif;aMumifh
tumPf;ozG,fjzpf aeMuonfh ykxZk efwu
Ykd kd ..
y&rwfudk xGif;azmufodjrifwwfonfh Pfynmjzifh
omvGe
f wifw
h ,fay\ ..../
("ry'? *gxm?58-59/)

! 63

tcef; (2) - ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}}

r[mowdy|meokwe f68
1/ wynfhawmf tmeEmonf bk&m;&Sif\xHawmfarSmufrS odkY emcHrSwfom;aqmifxm;vdkuf&ygonf
bk&m;/ tcgwpfyg; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ukkwkdif; urmo"r69 trnf&aom ed*Hk;&GmBuD; oDwif;oHk;pHaeawmf
rl\/ xkdtcg .. jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef;awmfwdkYukd ]]&[ef;wdkY...}}[k ac:awmfrl\/ &[ef;awmfwdkYonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ]]t&Sifbk&m;...}}[k jyefvnfavQmufxm;Muukef\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf w&m;awmfukd
a[mMum;awmfrl\ ../

tusO;f csKyf
2/ &[ef;wdkY ... c&D;vrf;onf .. ow0gwdkY\ pdwf"mwf oefY&Sif;pifMu,f&ef pkd;&drfylyefjcif;
ikda<u;jcif;wdkYukd ausmfvTm;vGefajrmuf&ef ukd,fqif;&Jjcif; pdwfqif;&Jjcif;wdkY csKyfNidrf;&ef t&d,r*fukd &&Sd&ef
edAmefukd rsufarSmufjyK&ef wpfaMumif;wnf;aom c&D;vrf; jzpfay\? ,if;onfhc&D;vrf;um; owdy|mefw&m; av;yg;wdkYyifwnf;/
tb,fav;yg;wdkYenf;[lrl ---- &[ef;wdkY... omoemawmf &[ef;onf ..
2-1/ tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaom vHkYv0D&d,&Sdonf jzpf orZOfPf&Sdonf jzpf owd70&Sdonf
jzpf avmu71 tbdZsm72 a'gre73ukd y,fazsmuf um, um,ukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonf
jzpf ae\/
68

1/ {0H ar okwH ---- {uH or,H b*0g uklok 0d[&wd urmo"rH emr ukleH ed*arm/
wMw acg b*0g bduL tmraEod - ]]bdua0g}}wd/
]]b'aE}}wd aw bduL b*0awm ypamokH/ b*0g {w'a0gp ----Oa'aom
2/ {um,aem t,H bdua0 ra*g owmeH 0dok'd,m aomuy&da'0geH orwdurm, 'kua'gremeH
tw*Frm, , t"d*rm, edAme opdud&d,m,? ,'d'H pwma&m owdy|mem/
uwar pwma&m " bdua0 bduK ..
2-1/ uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd tmwmyD orZmaem owdrm 0dae,s avmau tbdZma'greH?

64 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

2-2/ tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaom vHkYv0D&d,&Sdonf jzpf orZOfPf&Sdonf jzpf owd&Sdonf

jzpf avmu tbdZsm a'greukd y,fazsmuf a0'emwdkY a0'emwdkYukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonf
jzpf ae\/
2-3/ tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaom vHkYv0D&d,&Sdonf jzpf orZOfPf&Sdonf jzpf owd&Sdonf
jzpf avmu tbdZsm a'greukd y,fazsmuf pdwf pdwfukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonf jzpf
ae\/
2-4/ tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaom vHkYv0D&d,&Sdonf jzpf orZOfPf&Sdonf jzpf owd&Sdonf
jzpf avmu tbdZsm a'greukd y,fazsmuf ("r)oabmw&m;wdkY ("r)oabmw&m;wdkYukd
tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonf jzpf ae\/
tusOf;csKyf NyD;\/

0ifoufav-xGufoufavukd Iqifjcifjcif;tcef;
orxydkif;
3/ &[ef;wdkY... tb,fodkYvQif &[ef;onf um, um,ukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonf jzpf aeoenf;/
&[ef;wdkY... omoemawmf &[ef;onf awmodkY oGm;a&muf jzpfap opfyif&if;odkY oGm;a&muf
jzpfap qdwfNidrf&modkY oGm;a&muf jzpfap wifyvifacGNyD;vQif ukd,fukd ajzmifhrwfpGm xm; owdukd
(ur|mef;tmkHodkY) a&SUIjzpfapvsuf xkdif\/ xkd&[ef;onf owd&SdvsufomvQif 0ifoufavukd jzpfap\?
owd&SdvsufomvQif xGufoufavudk jzpfap\?
3-1/ &Snf&Snf 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;vQifvnf; ]]&Snf&Snf 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;\}}[k od\?
&Snf&Snf xGufoufavudk &SLxkwfvQifvnf; ]]&Snf&Snf xGufoufavudk &SLxkwf\}}[k od\?
3-2/ wkdwkd 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;vQifvnf; ]]wkdwkd 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;\}}[k od\?
wkdwkd xGufoufavudk &SLxkwfvQifvnf; ]]wkdwkd xGufoufavudk &SLxkwf\}}[k od\?
3-3/ (0ifoufav\) ]]tp tv,f tqHk; tukefvHk;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfapthH}}[k
usifh\?
2-2/ a0'emok a0'emEkyD 0d[&wd tmwmyD orZmaem owdrm 0dae,s avmau tbdZma'greH?
2-3/ pdaw pdwmEkyD 0d[&wd tmwmyD orZmaem owdrm 0dae,s avmau tbdZma'greH?
2-4/ "arok "rmEkyD 0d[&wd tmwmyD orZmaem owdrm 0dae,s avmau tbdZma'greH/
Oa'aom ed|dawm/
um,mEkyem - tmemygeyAH
orxydkif;
3/ ux ye bdua 0 bduK uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd " bdua 0 bduK t&n*awm 0g kur v
l *awm
0g oknm*g&*awm 0g edoD'wd yvu tmbkZdwGm OZkH um,H yPd"m, y&drkcH ow Oy|aywGm? aom oawm0
towd oawm0 yowd/
3-1/ 'DCH 0g toaEm ]'DCH tomrD}wd yZmemwd?
'DCH 0g yoaEm ]'DCH yomrD}wd yZmemwd/
3-2/ &H 0g toaEm ]&H tomrD}wd yZmemwd?
&H 0g yoaEm ]&H yomrD}wd yZmemwd/
3-3/ ]oAum,y#doHa0'D todmrD}wd oduwd?

tcef; (2) - ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}} ! 65

(xGuo
f ufav\) ]]tp tv,f tqH;k tukev
f ;kH udk xifxif&mS ;&Sm; odvsuf xGuo
f ufavudk jzpfaptH}h }
[k usifh\?
3-4/ ]]kefY&if;aom 0ifoufavukd Nidrf;apvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh}}[k usifh\?
]]kefY&if;aom xGufoufavukd Nidrf;apvsuf xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh}}[k usifh\/
4/ &[ef;wdkY...Oyrmaomfum; uRrf;usifaom yef;yGwform;onfvnf;aumif; yef;yGwform;\
wynfhonfvnf;aumif; ..
(yGwfBudK;ukd) &Snf&Snf qGJiifvQifvnf; ]]&Snf&Snf qGJiifonf}}[k od\?
(yGwfBudK;ukd) wkdwkd qGJiifvQifvnf; ]]wkdwkd qGJiifonf}}[k od\/
&[ef;wdkY...twlyif &[ef;onf ..
4-1/ &Snf&Snf 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;vQifvnf; ]]&Snf&Snf 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;\}}[k od\?
&Snf&Snf xGufoufavudk &SLxkwfvQifvnf; ]]&Snf&Snf xGufoufavudk &SLxkwf\}}[k od\?
4-2/ wkdwkd 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;vQifvnf; ]]wkdwkd 0ifoufavudk &SLoGif;\}}[k od\?
wkdwkd xGufoufavudk &SLxkwfvQifvnf; ]]wkdwkd xGufoufavudk &SLxkwf\}}[k od\?
4-3/ (0ifoufav\) ]]tp tv,f tqHk; tukefvHk;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfapthH}}[k
usifh\?
(xGufoufav\) ]]tp tv,f tqHk; tukefvHk;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odvsuf xGufoufavudk
jzpfaptHh}}[k usifh\?
4-4/ ]]kefY&if;aom 0ifoufavukd Nidrf;apvsuf 0ifoufavudk jzpfaptHh}}[k usifh\?
]]kefY&if;aom xGufoufavukd Nidrf;apvsuf xGufoufavudk jzpfaptHh}}[k usifh\/

0dyemydkif; - yxrqifh
5-1/ (u) odkYvQif tZw um,rlvnf; um,ukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf ae\?
]oAum,y#doHa0'D yodmrD}wd oduwd/
3-4/ ]yr,H um,ocFg&H todmrD}wd oduwd?
]yr,H um,ocFg&H yodmrD}wd oduwd/
4/ ao,sxmyd bdua0 'aum bruma&m 0g brum&aE0goD 0g ..
'DCH 0g t aEm ]'DCH t mrD}wd yZmemwd?
&H 0g t aEm ]&H t mrD}wd yZmemwd/
{0ar0 acg bdua0 bduK ..
4-1/ 'DCH 0g toaEm ]'DCH tomrD}wd yZmemwd?
'DCH 0g yoaEm ]'DCH yomrD}wd yZmemwd/
4-2/ &H 0g toaEm ]&H tomrD}wd yZmemwd?
&H 0g yoaEm ]&H yomrD}wd yZmemwd/
4-3/ ]oAum,y#doHa0'D todmrD}wd oduwd?
]oAum,y#doHa0'D yodmrD}wd oduwd/
4-4/ ]yr,H um,ocFg&H todmrD}wd oduwd?
]yr,H um,ocFg&H yodmrD}wd oduwd/
0dyemydkif; - yxrqifh
5-1/ (u) wd tZwH 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd?

66 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

5-1/ ( c ) A[d' um,rlvnf; um,ukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf ae\?

5-1/ ( * ) tZw A[d' um, ESpfrsKd;vkH;wdkYrlvnf; um,ukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf ae\/74

0dyemydkif; - 'kwd,qifh
5-2/ (u) um, jzpfaMumif;w&m;ESihf jzpfjcif;oabmukd tBurd Bf urd f Iavh&o
dS nfjzpfrlvnf; ae\?
5-2/ ( c ) um, csKyaf Mumif;w&m;ESihf csKy+f ysujf cif;oabmukd tBurd Bf urd f Iavh&o
dS nfjzpfrlvnf;ae\?
5-2/ ( * ) um, jzpfaMumif; csKyaf Mumif;w&m;ESihf jzpfjcif; csKy+f ysujf cif;oabmukd tBurd Bf urd f Iavh&o
dS nf
jzpfrlvnf; ae\/

0dyemydkif; - wwd,qifh
5-3/ xdjYk yif ]]um,onfomvQif &S\
d }}[k xk&d [ef;tm; owdonf a&S;Ixif\? (xko
d wdonf) 0dyemPf
tqifhqifh wkd;yGm;jcif;iSmom jzpf\? 0dyemPfESifh ,SOfaom owd tqifhqifh wkd;yGm;jcif;iSmom
jzpf\?

0dyemydkif; - pwkwqifh
5-4/ (xk&d [ef;onf wPSm-'d|w
d jYkd zif)h rrSrD wG,rf
l vnf; ae\? (Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wnf;[laom) avmu
wpfpHkwpfckaomw&m;ukdrQvnf; (ig ig\ Opm[k) pJGvnf; rpGJvrf;/
6/ &[ef;wdkY...odkYvnf; &[ef;onf um, um,udk tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf ae\/
0ifoufav-xGufoufavukd Iqifjcifjcif;tcef; NyD;\/
5-1/ ( c ) A[d'g 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd?
5-1/ ( * ) tZwA[d'g 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd/
0dyemydkif; - 'kwd,qifh
5-2/ (u) ork',"rmEkyD 0g um,o 0d[&wd?
5-2/ ( c ) 0,"rmEkyD 0g um,o 0d[&wd?
5-2/ ( * ) ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g um,o 0d[&wd/
0dyemydkif; - wwd,qifh
5-3/ ]twd uma,m}wd 0g ye owd ypKy|dwm a[mwd ,m0a'0 Prwm, y#dwdrwm,/
0dyemydkif; - pwkwqifh
5-4/ teddawm p 0d[&wd? e p udd avmau Oyg'd,wd/
6/ {0rd acg bdua0 bduK uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd/
tmemygeyAH ed|dwH/ ('D?2?231-232/ r?1?70-71/)
69

urmo'r-urmo"r[k rlESpfrsKd;&Sd&m urmo'r &Sdonfhtvkd ajcusm;ukd qHk;r&m (ajcaxmuf ikyfpl;rdojzifh

'Pf&mrsm; &&Sd&m ,if; 'Pf&mrsm;rS aysmufusm;vsuf&Sdojzifh ajcaxmufaysmufusm;vsuf&Sdaom ayg&dom'udk
qdkqHk;r&mae&m) jzpfaomaMumifh[k qkdvkdonf? urmo"r &Sdonfhtvkd usifh0wfusm;ukefaom olwdkY\ wnf&m
jzpfaomaMumifh[k qkdvkdonf/
70
73
atmufarhjcif;? 71 Oyg'geuEmavmuukd qkdonf? 72 vkdcsifwyfrufjcif;?
ESvHk;romjcif;?
74
uma,mwd a'G um,m emruma,m p lyuma,m p/ (y#doH?181/ pmydk'f?170/)
(um, = emrum, + lyum, = emrfw&m;taygif;tpk + kyfw&m;taygif;tpk)

tcef; (2) - ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}} ! 67

tmemyge orxydik ;f
tmemyge orxusifhpOfydkif;wGif ..
1/ 0ifoufav-xGufoufav\ t&Snfudk odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ef
2/ 0ifoufav-xGufoufav\ twdkudk odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ef
3/ 0ifoufav-xGufoufav\ tp-tv,f-tqkH; tukefvkH;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif BudK;pm;
tm;xkwf&ef75
4/ 0ifoufav-xGufoufavudk Nidrfatmif Nidrf;atmif csKyfNidrf;atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ef ----odkYvQif tqifh (4)qifh cGJum TefMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ xdkwGif ]]t&Snf-twdk}}udk t|uxm
#Dumrsm;76u odkY &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;Mu\/

t&Snf-twdk
]]tcsed u
f mv cyfMumMumjzpfaeaom 0ifoufav-xGuo
f ufavudk ]t&Sn}f [kvnf;aumif; tcsed u
f mv
cyfwdkwdk jzpfaeaom 0ifoufav-xGufoufavudk ]twdk}[kvnf;aumif; od&Sdygav/}}

yr,H = tmemygecsKyfNidrf;rnfhtcsdef
tEkykAeda&m"okwe77
f
&[ef;wdkY...tpOftwkdif; csKyfNidrf;jcif;wdkYonf ukd;rsKd;wdkYwnf;/ tb,fukd;rsKd;wdkYenf;[lrl ..
1/
2/
3/
4/

yxrpsmefukd 0ifpm;aomyk*dKvftm; umronmonf csKyfNidrf;\?

'kwd,psmefukd 0ifpm;aom yk*dKvftm; 0dwuf-0dpm&wdkYonf csKyfNidrf;ukef\?
wwd,psmefukd 0ifpm;aom yk*dKvftm; ESpfodrfhrI ]yDwd} onf csKyfNidrf;\?
pwkwpsmefukd 0ifpm;aom yk*dKvftm; 0ifoufav-xGufoufavwdkYonf csKyfNidrf;ukef\?

5/ tmumomem,wepsmefukd 0ifpm;aom yk*dKvftm; lyonmonf csKyfNidrf;\?

6/ 0dnmPm,wepsmefukd 0ifpm;aom yk*dKvftm; tmumomem,weonmonf csKyfNidrf;\?
75

oAum,y#doHa0'D todmrd/y/ yodmrDwd oduwDwd ouv tmoum, tm'drZy&da,momeH 0d'dwH ua&maEm ygu#H ua&maEm todmrDwd oduwd/ ouv ymoum,
tm'drZy&da,momeH 0d'dwH ua&maEm ygu#H ua&maEm yodmrDwd oduwd/ {0H 0d'dwH ua&maEm ygu#H
ua&maEm Por,kwpdawe towd ap0 yowd p/ wom ]]todmrd yodmrD}}wd oduwDwd
0kpwd/ (0dok'd?1?265/)
76
,m ye awoH 'DC&wm? om t'ge0aoe a0'dwAm/ (0dok'd?1?263/)
t'ge0aoemwd 'DCumv0aoe/ (r[m#D?1?320/)
77

]]e0,dar bdua0 tEkykAeda&m"m/ uwar e0 --1/ yXrH psmeH ormyE umronm edk'g a[mwd?
2/ 'kwd,H psmeH ormyE 0dwu0dpm&m edk'g a[mEd?
3/ wwd,H psmeH ormyE yDwd edk'g a[mwd?
4/ pwkwH psmeH ormyE tmoymom edk'g a[mEd?
5/ tmumomem,weH ormyE lyonm edk'g a[mwd?
6/ 0dnmPm,weH ormyE tmumomem,weonm edk'g a[mwd?

68 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

7/ tmudnm,wepsmefukd 0ifpm;aom yk*dKvftm; 0dnmPm,weonmonf csKyfNidrf;\?

8/ ae0onmemonm,wepsmefukd 0ifpm;aom yk*dKvftm; tmudnm,weonmonf csKyfNidrf;\?
9/ onm a0'emwdkY csKyfNidrf;&m eda&m"ormywfukd 0ifpm;aomyk*dKvftm; onmonfvnf;aumif;
a0'emonfvnf;aumif; csKyfNidrf;\/
&[ef;wdkY... tpOftwkdif; csKyfNidrf;jcif;wdkYonf ukd;rsKd;wdkYwnf;[k rdefYMum;awmfrl\/
tmemygeur|mef;udk orxydkif; tmemyge csKyfNidrf;onfhwdkifatmif usifh&ef TefMum;xm;awmf
rl\/ tmemygeonfvnf; txufygokweft& pwkwpsmeform"dodkY qdkufa&mufonfhtcgrSomvQif
csKyfNidrf;rnfjzpf\/ odkYtwGuf tmemygeur|mef;udk orxydkif; pwkwpsmefodkY qkdufonfhwkdifatmif
IyGm;&ef bk&m;&Sifu TefMum;xm;awmfrlonf[k oabmaygufyg/
edrdwH tmoymom? tem&rParupdw/
tZmeawm wa,m "ar? bm0emEkyvAwd/ 78
edrdwH tmoymom? tem&rParupdw/
Zmeawm0 wa,m "ar? bm0em OyvAwd/ 79
tm;xkwfp a,m*Drsm;twGuf ...
1/ edfrdwf[lonf ESmoD;zsm; odkYr[kwf txufEIwfcrf;t&yf jzpfonf/80
2/ tmo[lonf 0ifav jzpfonf/
3/ ymo[lonf xGufav jzpfonf/
edfrdwfESifh 0ifavonf odkYr[kwf edfrdwfESifh xGufavonf wpfckwnf;aom Ipdwf\ tmHk jzpfEdkifonf/
odaYk omf (1) edrf w
d f (2) 0ifav (3) xGuaf v - ok;H ckpvk;H onf wpfcw
k nf;aom pdw\
f tmHu
k m; rjzpfEikd af y/
tu,f wpfckwnf;aom pdwfu okH;ckpvkH;udk rodEdkifygu tmemygewdorm"d bm0emonf rNyD;pD;
rjynfhpkHEdkifay? od&SdygrSomvQif NyD;pD; jynfhpkHEdkifayonf/ tb,fodkY od&SdEdkifrnfenf;

tmemygewd orm"d bm0emu NyD;pD; jynfhpkHvmaomtcg

tmemygewdorm"dbm0emudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvsuf&Sdaom a,m*Dyk*dKvfonf bk&m;&Sif TefMum;
xm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; ...
1/ 0ifoufav-xGufoufav\ t&Snfudk odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;?
2/ 0ifoufav-xGufoufav\ twdkudk odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;?
3/ 0ifoufav-xGufoufav\ tp tv,f tqHk; tukefvHk;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfjcif;?
4/ 0ifoufav-xGufoufavudk Nidrfatmif Nidrf;atmif usifhjcif;?
7/ tmudnm,weH ormyE 0dnmPm,weonm edk'g a[mwd?
8/ ae0onmemonm,weH ormyE tmudnm,weonmonf edk'g a[mwd?
9/ onma0',dweda&m"H ormyE onm p a0'em p edk'g a[mEd/
ar acg bdua0 e0 tEkykAeda&m"m}}wd/ (tH?3?207/ tEkykAeda&m"okwef/)
78
79
(y#doH?169/)
(y#doH?169/ 0dok'd?1?277/)
80
edrdwEd OyedAEeedrdwH emodu*H rkcedrdwH 0g/ (0drwd?1?216-217/)

tcef; (2) - ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}} ! 69

tqifh av;qifhpvkH;udk atmifatmifjrifjrif usifhEdkifaom 0ifav-xGufavtmHk bm0empdwfudk

Nidyf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfNidrfEdkifatmif xm;Edkifaom a,m*Dyk*dKvf\ todPf0,f ESmoD;zsm; odkYr[kwf
txufEw
I cf rf;t&yf wnf&adS om 0ifoufav-xGuo
f ufavonf edrw
d t
f oGio
f Ykd ajymif;vJomG ;\/ xdek rd w
d u
f kd
tmHk,l orm"dudk qufvufxlaxmifvdkufaomtcg orm"duvnf; tm;aumif;vmaomtcg ..
1/ rD;cdk;a&mifuJhodkY jzLa,mifa,mif npfxyfxyf&Sdaom y&duredrdwfrS?
2/ 0g*Grf;qdkifuJhodk jzLazG;aeaom O*[edrdwfodkY ajymif;vJoGm;wwf\/ ,if;O*[edrdwfudk tmHk,l
orm"dudk qufvufxlaxmifvdkufaomtcg 0g*Grf;qdkifuJhodkY qGwfqGwfjzLaeaom O*[edrdwfonf..
3/ aomuf&LS ;Mu,f aomMumMu,fuo
hJ Ykd Muifvifawmufyaeaom y#dbm*edrw
d t
f oGio
f Ykd ajymif;vJomG ;\/
(bm0emonm\ uGJjym;rItay: tajcwnf edrdwfta&miftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh edrdwfykHoPmeftrsKd;rsKd;
jzpfay:Edkifygonf/)
,if;tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmHkonf Oypm&orm"dESifh wuGaom tyempsmef av;rsKd;wdkY\ tmHk
jzpfonf/ xdktcg ...
1/ edrdwf[lonf tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf jzpfonf/
2/ tmo (= 0ifav) [lonf tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf jzpfonf/
3/ ymo (= xGufav) [lonf tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf jzpfonf/
odt
Yk wGuf (1) edrf w
d f (2) tmo (3) ymoonf wpfcw
k nf;aom bm0empdw\
f tmHk jzpfEikd o
f nf/
xdkaMumifh tmemygewdorm"dbm0emonf NyD;pD; jynfhpkHEdkifayonf/
yuwd a om tmo-ymoud k trS D j yK jzpf a y:vmaom (y&d u r e d r d w f ^ O* [ ed r d w f ^ )
tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfudkvnf; tmo-ymo[kyif ac:qdkEdkifygonf/81

tmemyge 0dyemydik ;f - yxrtqifh

1/ (u) odkYvQif tZw um,rlvnf; um,ukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf ae\?
( c ) A[d' um,rlvnf; um,ukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf ae\?
( * ) tZw A[d' um, ESpfrsKd;vkH;wdkYrlvnf; um,ukd tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf ae\/74

kyfur|mef;ydkif;
orxydkif; ur|mef; (40) &Sdonfum; rSef\/ odkYaomf 0dyemydkif;um; kyfur|mef; emrfur|mef;
[l ESpfrsKd;om &Sdayonf/ xdkESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif kyfur|mef;udk a[mMum;awmfrl&m "mwfur|mef;tusOf;enf;ESifh
"mwfur|mef;tus,fenf;[k enf;ESpfrsKd;udkom a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ "mwfur|mef;tusOf;enf;udk
r[mowdy|meokwef 82wGif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/ "mwfur|mef;tus,fenf;udkum; r[m&m[kavm0g'okwef83ponfwdkYwGif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/84
81

tmoymao edm, OyEedrdwarw tmoymoornar0 0kwH/ (r[m#D?1?319/)

82
('D?2?234/ r?1?73/) 83 (r?2?86/)
84
'k0d"Od ur|meH - lyur|meH tlyur|me/ lyy&d*a[m tlyy&d*a[mwdyd {wa'0 0kpwd/ ww b*0g
lyur|meH uaxaEm oacFyreodum&0aoe 0g 0dwm &reodum&0aoe 0g pwk"mwk00wmeH uaxod/ w'kb,rd
oAmum&awm 0dok'dra* 'dwar0/

70 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

"mwfur|mef;tusOf;enf;
1/
2/
3/
4/

yx0D"mwf rm-Murf;-av;-aysmh-acsm-aygh[k oabmw&m; (6)rsKd;?

tmayg"mwf ,dkpD;-zGJUpnf;[k oabmw&m; (2)rsKd;?
awaZm"mwf ylrI at;rI[k oabmw&m; (2)rsKd;?
0ga,m"mwf axmufuefrI wGef;uefrI[k oabmw&m; (2)rsKd;?

tm;vkH;aygif;aom "mwfoabmw&m; (12)rsKd; jzpfonf/ xdk (12)rsKd;udk wpfvkH;pD wpfvkH;pD ajcqkH;

acgif;qkH; Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh orm"dudk xlaxmif&ef jzpfonf/ orm"d'D*&D pHcsdefrDvmaomtcg
cEmudk,fBuD;udk rawGUawmhbJ "mwfoabmw&m; tpktykHudkom Pfjzifh awGU&Sdaernf jzpfonf/
xdk"mwfoabmw&m; tpktykHBuD;udk tmkH,lum orm"dudk qufvufxlaxmifEdkifcJhaomf a&cJwkH;
zefwkH; rSefwkH;uJhokdY Munfvifaeonfh "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkY\ tMunf"mwf twkH;tcJ tpktykHBuD;udk pwif
awGU&Sdygvdrfhrnf/
1/ puKyom' (= puKtMunf"mwf = rsufpdtMunf"mwf)[lonf lygkHudk tmkH,lwwfaom puK0dnmPf
emrfw&m;pkwdkY\ rSD&m 0wKkyfom jzpfonf/
2/ aomwyom' (= aomwtMunf"mwf = em;tMunf"mwf)[lonf toH = o'gkHudk tmkH,lwwfaom
aomw0dnmPfemrfw&m;pkwdkY\ rSD&m 0wKkyfom jzpfonf/
tlyur|meH ye uaxaEm a,bka,se a0'em0aoe uaxod/ wd0da"m [d tlyur|mae tbdeda0aom
z0aoe a0'em0aoe pdw0aoemwd/ uxH {up [d oHcdawe 0g 0dwma&e 0g y&d*[daw lyur|mae
wod Htm&raP pdwapwodumeH yXrmbdedygawm wH tm&rPH zkoaEm OyZrmaem zam ygua#m a[mwd/
{up wH tm&rPH tEkb0ED OyZrmem a0'em ygu#m a[mwd/ {up wH tm&rPH y&d*a[wGm 0dZmeEH
OyZrmeH 0dnmPH ygu#H a[mwd/
ww , zam ygua#m a[mwd? aom ]]e au0vH zam0 OyZw
?d awe o' wa'0g&rPH tEkb0rmem
a0'emyd OyZw
?d omeermem onmyd apw,rmem apwemyd 0dZmeermeH 0dnmPrd OyZw
}D }wd zyraua,0
y&d*PSmwd/
, a0'em ygu#m a[mwd? aom ]]e au0vH a0'em0 OyZwd? wm, o' wa'0g&rPH zkormaem
zamyd OyZw
?d omeermem onmyd apw,rmem apwemyd 0dZmeermeH 0dnmPrd OyZw
}D }wd zyraua,0
y&d*PSmwd/
, 0dnmPH ygu#H a[mwd? aom ]]e au0vH 0dnmPar0 OyZwd? awe o' wa'0g&rPH zkormaem
zamyd OyZwd? tEkb0rmem a0'emyd omeermem onmyd apw,rmem apwemyd OyZwD}}wd zyraua,0 y&d*PSmwd/
aom ]]ar zyrum u eddwm}}wd Oy"ma&aEm ]]0wKH eddwm}}wd yZmemwd/ 0wK emr u&Zuma,m?
,H oEm, 0kwH ]]' ar 0dnmPH {w odwH {w y#dA'}}Ed/ aom twawm blwmedap0 Oyg'glyged p/ {0arw
0wK lyH? zyrum emrEd emrlyar0 ywd/ lyaw lyuaEm? emrH pwma&m tlydaem cEmwd yuErwH
a[mwd/ emrly0dedrkwm [d yuEm yuE0dedrkwH 0g emrlyH ewd/
aom ]]ar yuEm ud Ha[wkum}}wd Oyy&duaEm t0dZm'da[wkumwd ywd/ wawm ypa,m ap0
yp,kyE 'H? tanm oawm 0g yk*avm 0g ewd? ok'ocFg&ykrwar0gwd oyp,emrly0aoae0 wdvuPH
tma&maywGm 0dyemy#dyg#d,m tedpH 'kuH tewmwd oroaEm 0dp&wd/ (r?|?1?280-281/)

tcef; (2) - ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}} ! 71

3/ Cmeyom' (= CmetMunf"mwf = ESmacgif;tMunf"mwf)[lonf teHY = *EmkHudk tmkH,lwwfaom

Cme0dnmPfemrfw&m;pkwdkY\ rSD&m0wKkyfom jzpfonf/
4/ Zd0Sgyom' (= Zd0SgtMunf"mwf = vQmtMunf"mwf)[lonf t&om = &omkHudk tmkH,lwwfaom
Zd0Sg0dnmPfemrfw&m;pkwdkY\ rSD&m 0wKkyfom jzpfonf/
5/ um,yom' (= um,tMunf"mwf = udk,ftMunf"mwf)[lonf tawGU = azm|AmkHudk tmkH
,lwwfaom um,0dnmPfemrfw&m;pkwdkY\ rSD&m 0wKkyfom jzpfonf/
xdk puKyom'paom yom'kyf = tMunfkyf (5)ckwdkYonf lygkHponfh qdkif&mtmkHwdkYudk tmkH
,lwwfaom puK0dnmPfemrfw&m;pk ponfh qdkif&m qdkif&m emrfw&m;pkwdkYudk rSD&m 0wKkyftjzpfjzifh
(0wKyka&Zmwyp,owdjzifh) aus;Zl;jyKay;aeaom rSD&m 0wKkyfw&m;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
xdkuJhodkY rSD&m 0wKkyfjzpfaeonfh yom'kyf tMunfkyfwdkYonf ]]aMu;rkHrSeftjyifuJhodkY Munfvifaeonfh
twGufaMumifh}} yom'kyf (= tMunfkyf)rsm;[k ac:qdkayonf/85
xdktMunfkyfrsm;udk kyfCevdkYac:qdkonfh kyfwkH;kyfcJawGudk Pfjzifh rNzdKcGJ rzsufqD;EdkifrD a&cJwkH;
zefwkH; rSefwkH;uJhokdY Munfvifawmufyaeonf tMunf"mwf twkH;tcJhBuD;udk twkH;vdkuf tcJvdkuf tpkvdkuf
tykHvdkufBuD; awGUjrifaejcif; jzpfonf/
xdktcgwGif r[m&m[kavm0g'okwef "mwk0db*FokwefESifh tbd"rm0db*F "mwk0dbif;ygVdawmf86
wdkY ]]tmumo"mwf}}udk jrifatmif I&ef bk&m;&Sifu TefMum;xm;awmfrlcJhonfhtwdkif; ,if;tMunftjyif
tmumo"mwfudk jrifatmif Iyg/ tmumo"mwfudk awGUjrifonfESifh wpfNydKifeufwnf; kyfuvmyfrsm;udk
pwifawGU&Sdrnf jzpfygonf/
ae&mwGif r[m&m[kavm0g'okwe u
f kd zGiq
hf x
kd m;onfh rZrd yPmot|uxm87u atmufygtwdik ;f
&Sif;jyxm;ygonf/
1/ tmumo"mwfudk OD;wnfum qdkif&m qdkif&m kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh qdkif&m
qdkif&m "mwfBuD; (4)yg;udk rSDwG,f jzpfay:aeMuonfh qdkif&mqdkif&m Oyg'gkyfawGudk odrf;qnf;zdkY&ef
Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lzdkY&ef TefMum;jyoawmfrlvdkjcif;?
2/ kyfw&m;awGudk kyfy&rwfodkY qdkufatmif IyGm;odrf;qnf;&m vG,fulaom enf;pepfudk TefMum;
jyoawmfrlvdkjcif; ---xdkOD;wnfcsuf ESpfrsKd;jzifh tmumo"mwfudk IyGm;odrf;qnf;&ef bk&m;&Sifu TefMum;xm;awmf
rlaMumif;udk &Sif;vif;zGifhqdkxm;ygonf/
xdkaMumifh kyfuvmyfrsm;udk Pfjzifh awGUjrifaomtcg ,if;kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfcktwGif;
wnf&Sdaeaom "mwfBuD; (4)yg;ESifhwuG ,if; "mwfBuD; (4)yg;wdkYudk rSDwG,f jzpfay:aeMuonfh tqif; teHY
t&om MoZm tp&Sdaom Oyg'gkyfawGudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lEdkifygu kyfy&rwfw&m;rsm;udk pwifum
IyGm;odrf;qnf;EdkifNyD jzpfayonf/ 'Gg& (6)yg;ESifh (42)aum|mowdkY wnf&SdMuukefaom kyfw&m;wdkYudk
pepfwus Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lEdkifygu tZwwGif kyfur|mef;IuGufudk atmifjrifrI &&SdoGm;NyD jzpfayonf/
85
86

pum'dy0d"H lyg'DeH *[Pyp,bma0e tm'gowvH 0d, 0dyoEwm yom'lyH/ (0dok'd?2?81/)

87
(r?2?83-89/ r?3?281-290/ tbd?2?83-87/)
(r?|?3?97? pmykd'f?114/)

72 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

emrfur|mef;ydkif;
1/
2/
3/
1/
2/
3/

emrfur|mef;ydkif;IuGufwGif ...
zu p emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;aom enf;pepf?
a0'emu p emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;aom enf;pepf?
todpdwf 0dnmPfu p emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;aom enf;pepf?
[l enf;pepf (3) rsKd; &Sd\/ xdkwGif ...
zu p emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;aom enf;pepfum; "rmEkyemowdy|mefwGif tusKH;
0if\/
a0'emu p emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;aom enf;pepfum; a0'emEkyemowdy|mefwGif
tusKH;0if\/
todpdwf = 0dnmPfu p emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;aom enf;pepfum; pdwmEkyemowdy|mefwGif tusKH;0if\/

emrfur|mef;udk IyGm;vdkaom a,m*Dyk*dKvfonf kyfur|mef;udk IyGm;xm;NyD; jzpf&rnf[k 0dok'dr*

t|uxm88ESifh txufwGif wifjyxm;aom rZdredum,f rlvyPmot|uxm84 ponfwdkY zGifhqdk
xm;Muayonf/ rSD&m0wKkyfESifh tmkHkyfw&m;rsm;udk yl;wGJodrf;qnf;NyD;rS emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;&ef
Oy&dyPmo tEky'okweft|uxm89 zGifhqdkxm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
Oyrm .. tmemyge yxrpsmef emrfw&m;wdkYudk IyGm;odrf;qnf;vdkaom a,m*Dyk*dKvfonf ..
1/ [',0wK[laom rSD&m 0wKkyf odkYr[kwf b0ifraemtMunf"mwf[laom raem'Gg&ESifh
2/ tmemyge y#dbm*edrdwftmkHwdkYudk yl;wGJodrf;qnf;vsuf ..
(u) zu p jzpfap? (c) a0'emu p jzpfap? (*) todpdwf 0dnmPfu p jzpfap ..
psmefemrfw&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;&rnf? Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l&rnf jzpfayonf/
xdkodkY odrf;qnf;&m Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l&m zwpfckwnf; a0'emwpfckwnf; todpdwf = 0dnmPf
wpfckwnf;udkom odrf;qnf;IyGm;&rnf r[kwf? ,if;w&m;wpfckckudk OD;wnf psme0DxdpdwftpOftwdkif;
jzpfay:aeMuukefaom pdwuPwdkif; pdwuPwdkif; wnf&SdMuukefaom ,SOfzuf pdwf-apwoduf (= psmef
emrfw&m;) tm;vkH;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;&rnf Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,l&rnf jzpfayonf/
puK'Gg&0Dxdponhf 0Dxd (6)rsKd;pvkH;wdkY ykHpHwlyif oabmaygufyg/ puK'Gg&0Dxdponhf 0Dxd (6)rsKd;wdkY
wnf&SdMuukefaom emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;Edkif Pfjzifh odrf;qnf;Edkifygu emrfur|mef;odrf;qnf;jcif;
vkyfief;cGifonf NyD;pD;atmifjrifNyD jzpfayonf/
tZw kyfw&m; emrfw&m;rsm;udk IyGm;odrf;qnf;NyD;ygu .. A[d'wGifvnf; ykHpHwlyif IyGm;
odrf;qnf;&rnf jzpfayonf/
xdk kyef mrfwu
Ykd m; pdwu
P
wdik ;f pdwu
P
wdik ;f wpfv;Hk csi;f jzpfEikd o
f nfh pGr;f tm;um; r&S/d kyu
f vmyf
ac:onfh kyftkyfpktvdkuf emrfuvmyfac:onfh emrftkyfpktvdkufom jzpfdk; "rwm &SdMu\/ ,if; kyfw&m;
tkyfpkudk lyum, (= kyfw&m;taygif;tpk)[kvnf;aumif; emrfw&m;tkyfpkudk emrum, (= emrfw&m;
taygif;tpk) [kvnf;aumif; ac:qdkayonf/ tZw A[d' ESpfrsKd;pvkH;wdkY ,if; kyfw&m;tkyfpk emrfw&m;
tkyfpkwdkYudk ukefpifatmif 'Gg& (6)yg;pvkH; IyGm; odrf;qnf;Edkifygu r[mowdy|meokwef tmemygeyA
0dyemydkif;wGif yxrtqifhum; NyD;qkH;oGm;NyD jzpfayonf/
88

(0dok'd?2?226? pmydk'f?670/)

89

(r?|?4?60/)

tcef; (2) - ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}} ! 73

0dyemydkif; - 'kwd,qifh
2/ (u) um, jzpfaMumif;w&m;ESihf jzpfjcif;oabmukd tBurd Bf urd f Iavh&o
dS nfjzpfrlvnf; ae\?
2/ ( c ) um, csKyaf Mumif;w&m;ESihf csKy+f ysujf cif;oabmukd tBurd Bf urd f Iavh&o
dS nfjzpfrlvnf;ae\?
2/ ( * ) um, jzpfaMumif; csKyaf Mumif;w&m;ESihf jzpfjcif; csKy+f ysujf cif;oabmukd tBurd Bf urd f Iavh&o
dS nf
jzpfrlvnf; ae\/
tydkif;wGif .. bk&m;&Sifonf ....
1/ taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfonfh yp,y&d*[Pf?
2/ twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvokH;yg; tZw A[d'[laom oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&SdMu
ukefaom tMurf; (= MoVm&du) tEk (= okckr) t,kwf (= [De) tjrwf (= yPDw) ta0; (= 'l&)
teD; (= oEdu)[lonfh (11)rsdK;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnf&dSaeMuonfh Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkYudk
tedp 'ku tew vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wifum IyGm;okH;oyfwwfonfh oroePf?
3/ (u) ,if; (11) rsdK;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnf&dSaeMuonfh Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk
cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif Pfjzifh jrifatmif MunfhIvsuf vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wifum
IyGm;okH;oyfwwfonfh cPawm O',A,'ePf?
(c) t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;ig;yg; (= ork',opm
w&m;)aMumifh 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'emwnf;[laom tusdK; Oyg'geuEmig;yg;
(= 'kuopmw&m;)wdkY xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudk Ijrifwwfaom yp,awm O','ePf?
(*) (b0tem*wfwGif odkYr[kwf aemiftem*wfb0wpfckckwGif t&[wzdkvfodkY qdkufEdkifavmuf
atmif 0dyemPfrsm; &ifhusufvmaomtcg a,m*Dyk*dKvf &&Sdawmhrnfh t&[wr*fPf\
pGrf;tm;aMumifh) t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;rsm; t<uif;tusef r&dS ukefpifatmif aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh t&[wr*fodkY rqdkufa&mufrD
ypKyefb0wGifvnf;aumif; twdwfoHo&m tqufqufuvnf;aumif; jyKpkysKd;axmifchJonfh
ocFg&+uHwdkYonfvnf; y&dedAmepkwd\ aemufwGif aemufxyfwpfzef b0opfudk jzpfapEdkifonfh
pGr;f tifrsm; ukecf ef;oGm;Mu\/ xdu
k o
hJ Ykd taMumif;w&m;ig;yg; (= ork',opmw&m;)wd\
Yk t<uif;tusef
r&dS ukepf ifatmif aemufxyfwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;jcif;aMumifh tusKd ; Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg; (= 'kuopmw&m;)wdkYonfvnf; y&dedAmepkwdtcdkufwGif t<uif;tusefr&dS ukefpifatmif
aemufxyfwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\/ uJhodkYaom csKyfNidrf;rIudk tEkyg'eda&m"
[k ac:qdk\/ ,if;tEkyg'eda&m"oabmudk IyGm;wwfaom yp,awm 0,'ePf?
txufazmfjyyg yp,y&d*[Pf oroePf O',A,Pftm;vkH;wdkYudk pkaygif;um a[mMum;
xm;awmfrlayonf/
xdkaMumifh a,m*Dyk*dKvfonf tydkif;wGif t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom
twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; (= ork',opmw&m;) xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh ypKyefb0wGif 0dnmPf emrfkyf
oVm,we z a0'emwnf;[laom tusdK; Oyg'geuEmig;yg; (= 'kuopmw&m;)wdkY xif&Sm;jzpfay:
yHkudkvnf; Pfjzifh odatmif jrifatmif I&rnfjzpfonf/ wpfzef ypKyefb0wGif jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufaom
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; (= ork',opmw&m;)
xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh aemiftem*wfb0wGif 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'emwnf;[laom
tusdK; Oyg'geuEmig;yg; (= 'kuopmw&m;)wdkY xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudkvnf; Pfjzifh odatmif jrifatmif
I&rnfjzpfonf/

74 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

tvm;wlyif pGrf;EdkiforQ IEdkiforQ twdwftqufqufvnf;aumif; tem*wfb0&Sdolrsm;twGuf

tem*wfb0qkH;onfhtxd tem*wfqufqufvnf;aumif; .. taMumif; ork',opmw&m; xif&Sm;
jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusdK; 'kuopmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudk qufvufum odrf;qnf; IyGm;&rnfjzpfayonf/
xdkYaemif twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg; tZw A[d'[laom oEmef ESpfyg;twGif;
wnf&SdMuukefaom (11)rsdK;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnf&dSaeMuaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY\ ..
(u) jzpfrI ysufrIudk pGrf;EdkiforQ Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh tedp[kvnf;aumif;?
(c) jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tESdyfpufcHae&onfhoabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh
'ku[kvnf;aumif;?
(*) ,if;w&m;wdkY rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh tw [lonfh
tESpfom& r&SdrIoabmudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh tew[kvnf;aumif; ---odkY vuPma&; oHk;wef wpfvSnfhpD wifum IyGm;okH;oyfyg/ ,if;odkY Iaeaom Pfum;
oroePfwnf;/ ,if;odkY 0dyemIvm&m ,if; umvoHk;yg; oEmefESpfyg;twGif; wnf&SdMuukefaom
cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif uGufuGufuGif;uGif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
odjrifygu O',A,Pfydkif;odkY qdkufa&mufoGm;NyD jzpfayonf/ xdktcgwGif ..
,if; umvoH;k yg; oEmefEpS yf g;twGi;f wnf&MdS uukeaf om Oyg'geuEm ig;yg; kyw
f &m; emrfw&m;wd\
Yk
(u) cPypKyeftm;jzifh jzpfrI ysufrIudk Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh tedp 'ku tew vuPma&;
oHk;wefodkY wpfvSnfhpD wifum qufvuf 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk pD;jzef;yg/
(c) taMumif; ork',opmw&m;rsm; xif&Sm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusdK; 'kuopmw&m;rsm; xif&Sm;
jzpfay:yHkudkvnf;aumif;?
(*) taMumif; ork',opmw&m;rsm; csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh tusdK; 'kuopmw&m;rsm; csKyfNidrf;yHkudk
vnf;aumif; qufvufum odatmif jrifatmif Iyg/
xdaYk emif taMumif; tusKd ; ESp&f yfv;Hk wd\
Yk jzpfrI ysurf u
I kd cPypKye o
f Ykd qdu
k af tmif Pfjzifh jrifatmif
Munfh vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wpfvSnfhpD wifum qufvuf wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIyg/

0dyemydkif; - wwd,qifh
3/ xdjYk yif ]]um,onfomvQif &S\
d }}[k xk&d [ef;tm; owdonf a&S;Ixif\? (xko
d wdonf) 0dyemPf
tqifhqifh wkd;yGm;jcif;iSmom jzpf\? 0dyemPfESifh ,SOfaom owd tqifhqifh wkd;yGm;jcif;iSmom
jzpf\?
tydkif;um; b*FPfrS p txufydkif; 0dyemPftm;vkH;udk &nfTef;xm;awmfrlayonf/
xdak Mumifh a,m*Dy*k Kd vo
f nf tydik ;f wGif umvoH;k yg; oEmefEpS yf g;twGi;f wnf&MdS uukeaf om Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg; kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif Pfjzifh jrifatmif Munfh
vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wpfvSnfhpD wifum wGifwGifBuD; 0dyemIEdkifojzifh 0dyem\ npfnL;aMumif;
w&m;wdkYudk ausmfvTm;vGefajrmufoGm;aomtcg ,if;cEmig;yg; kyfw&m; emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfrIudk rIawmhbJ
ESvkH;roGif;awmhbJ ,if;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudkom tmkH,l 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk qufvufum
pD;jzef;vdkufaomtcg ,if;kyfemrfwdkY\ tjzpfudk rjrifawmhbJ tysufoufoufudkom Ijrifaeawmhrnf
jzpfonf/ xdktcgwGif ,if;Oyg'geuEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkY\ ..
(u) tysufoufoufudk tmkH,l tedp[kvnf;aumif;?

tcef; (2) - ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}} ! 75

(c) NydKNydK ysufysufaeojzifh aMumufvefYzG,faumif;onfh teufoabmudk tmkH,l 'ku[k

vnf;aumif;?
(*) rysufpD;bJ tusdwftcJ tcdkiftrm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfaeonfh tw [lonfh tESpfom&
r&SdrIoabmudk tmkH,l tew[kvnf;aumif; ---odkY vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wpfvSnfhpD wifum wGifwGifBuD; 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk qufvuf
um pD;jzef;yg/ xdkodkY pD;jzef;Edkifaomtcg &ifhusufvmaom ,if;b*FPf\aemufwGif b,Pfpaom
txufydkif; 0dyemPfrsm; wpfqifhNyD; wpfqifh qufvufum jzpfay:vmMurnf jzpfayonf/

0dyemydkif; - pwkwqifh
5-4/ (xk&d [ef;onf wPSm-'d|w
d jYkd zif)h rrSrD wG,rf
l vnf; ae\? (Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wnf;[laom) avmu
wpfpHkwpfckaomw&m;ukdrQvnf; (ig ig\ Opm[k) pJGvnf; rpGJvrf;/
tydkif;um; &ifhusufvmaom tqifhqifhaom 0dyemPfwdkY\ tqkH; jzpfay:vmMuukefaom
av;qifhukefaom t&d,r*fPfwdkYESifh av;qifhukefaom t&d,zdkvfPfwdkY tqifhqifh jzpfay:vmykHudk
Tefjyawmfrlaom tydkif; jzpfayonf/ xdkav;qifhaom t&d,r*fPfwdkYu tqifhqifh qdkif&m qdkif&m
udavomwdkYudk y,fowfvdkufMuojzifh t&[wr*fodkY qdkufa&mufaomtcg ,if;t&[wr*fu t0dZm
wPSm Oyg'gefwdkYudk t<uif;tusefr&dS ukefpifatmif y,fowfvdkufayonf/ odkYtwGuf Oyg'geuEmig;yg;wdkY
tay: pGJvrf;rIrsm; vkH;0 r&Sdawmhay/ ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}}b0odkY a&muf&SdoGm;NyD jzpfayonf/

a'oemawmfe*d ;Hk
]]cspfom; &[ef;wdkY ...
odkYvnf; &[ef;onf um, um,udk tBudrfBudrf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf ae\/}}
ed*kH;csKyf w&m;pum;awmfum; .. tmemyge orxusifhpOf jzpfonfh pwkwpsmeform"dudk
0dyemPf\ tajccH yg'upsmeftjzpf xlaxmif tqifhqifhaom 0dyembm0emur|mef;udk
t&[wzkdvfayguf usihfMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkygu ]]odkY usifh&rnf}}[k Tefjyawmfrlaom
a'oemawmfed*kH; jzpfayonf/

PfpOf (16) yg;

1/ emrlyy&dap'Pf = emrfkyfudk ydkif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odwwfaomPf (= 'kuopmudk odaomPf)?
2/ yp,y&d*[Pf = emrfkyf\ taMumif;w&m;udk ydkif;jcm;,lwwfaomPf (= ork',opmudk
odaomPf)?
(Pf ESpfyg;um; 0dyemPf\ tIcHtmHkjzpfMuonfh odoifh odxdkufaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg;
'kuopmw&m;ESifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom taMumif; ork',opmw&m;wdkYudk
xdk;xGif;odjrifwwfaom Pfrsm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh wy&dnm[laom trnfudk &&SdMuayonf/)
3/ oroePf = ,if; 'kuopm ork',opm trnf&onfh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k
IyGm;okH;oyfwwfaom Pf?
4/ (u) O',A,Pf (tEkydkif;) (wkP0dyemydkif;) = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk
cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif Ijrifvsuf tedp[k 'ku[k tew[k IyGm;okH;oyfwwfaomPf?
( c ) O',A,Pf (t&ifhydkif;) (Av00dyemydkif;) = 0dyemnpfnL;aMumif; Oyudavo
tnpftaMu;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufoGm;aom taMumif;w&m;ESifh wuGaom kyfemrf"r ocFg&w&m;
wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk cPypKyefodkY qdkufa&mufatmif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrifum vuPma&;

76 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

okH;wefodkY wifum IyGm;okH;oyfwwfaomPf?

(oroePf O',A,Pf ESpfrsKd;wdkYum; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ jzpfrI ysufrIudk tmHk,l tedp[k
'ku[k tew[k pl;prf;qifjcif qkH;jzwfwwfaom Pfrsm; jzpfjcif;aMumifh wD&Py&dnm[laom trnfudk
&&SdMuayonf/)
5/ b*FPf = (w+P trnf&onfh) ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufoufoufudk tmkH,lum tedp
'ku tew[k IjrifwwfaomPf?
6/ b,Pf = ocFg&w&m;wd\
Yk NyKd NyKd ysuyf suaf eojzifh aMuufvefzY ,
G af umifonfh oabmudk tmk,
H u
l m
tedp 'ku tew[k IjrifwwfaomPf?
7/ tm'De0Pf = NydKNydKysufysufaeonfh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tewjypfcsufwdkYudk Ijrifwwfaom
Pf?
8/ edAd'gPf = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew jypfcsufwdkYudk Ijrifae&onfhtwGuf ocFg&
w&m;wdkYtay: NiD;aiGU &GHrkef;aomPf?
9/ rkpdwkurswmPf = ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew jypfcsufwdkYudk Ijrifae&onfhtwGuf
ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufvdkaomPf?
10/ y#docFgPf = ocFg&w&m;wdkYrS vGwfajrmufvdkojzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudk tmkH,lum tedp
'ku tew[k wpfzef jyefIaomPf?
11/ ocFgkayumPf = ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew jypfcsufwdkYudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; Ijrifae&
ojzifh ocFg&w&m;wdkYtay: aMumifhMurI awmifhwrI r&SdawmhbJ tnDtrQ vspfvsLIwwfaomPf?
12/ tEkavmrPf = a&SUykdif; 0dyemPfrsm;ESifh aemufydkif; t&d,r*fPfudk qDavsmfatmif jyKvkyf
ay;aomPf?
13/ a*gMwbkPf = ykxkZeftEG,fudk vTrf;rdk;vsuf t&d,tEG,fodkY a&mufatmif edAmefudk tmkH,lum
jzpfay:vmaomPf?
14/ t&d,r*fPf = y,foifyh ,fxu
kd af om udavomwdu
Yk kd t<uif;rJyh ,fowfvsuf edAm efukd odaomPf?
15/ t&d,zdkvfPf = t&d,r*fPfu y,fowfxm;NyD;onfh udavomwdkYudk Nidrf;oxufNidrf;atmif
Nidrf;vsuf edAmefudk odjrifaeaomPf?
16/ ypa0uPPf ---(u) r*fudk qifjcifjcif;
( c ) zdkvfudk qifjcifjcif;
( * ) edAmefudk qifjcifjcif;
(C) y,fNyD;udavomudk qifjcifjcif;
( i ) ry,f&ao;aom udavomudk qifjcifjcif; ---(b*FPfrS p tEkavmrPfodkY wdkifatmifaom 0dyemPfwdkYum; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysuf
oufoufudkom tmkH,l vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wpfvSnfhpD wifum IyGm;okH;oyfwwfaom PfwdkYcsnf;
jzpfMuonf/ ,if;PfwdkYonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mudk ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odvsuf
y,foifyh ,fxu
kd af om udavomwdu
Yk kd w'*Ftm;jzifh y,fpeG EYf ikd jf cif;wnf;[laom taMumif;y&d,m,ftm;jzifh
y[mey&dnm[laom trnfudk &&SdMuayonf/ odkYaomf a*gMwbkPfum; ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tysufudk

tcef; (2) - ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}} ! 77

tmkHr,lbJ tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk pwif tmkH,laom Pfjzpfaomfvnf;

udavomwdu
Yk kd t<uif;rJh ry,fowfEikd o
f jzifh t&d,r*fPf[al om trnfukd r&&Sad y/ um; avmuDy&dnm
okH;yg;wnf;/)
av;qifhukefaom t&d,r*fPfwdkYum; odoifhodxdkufaom tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmef
w&m;awmfjrwfukd xd;k xGi;f odjrifMuvsuf y,foifyh ,fxu
kd af om qdik &f m qdik &f m udavomwdu
Yk kd t<uif;tusef
r&Sd ukefpifatmif y,fowfEdkifMuoonfhtwGuf rkcstm;jzifh y[mey&dnm[laom trnfudk &&SdMuayonf/
xdkodkY udavomwdkYudk y,fowf&m opmav;yg;udk rodatmif zkH;vTrf;xm;wwfonhf t0dZm (= arm[)
w&m;udkvnf; t<uif;tusefr&Sd y,fowfvdkufMu\/ odkYtwGuf t&d,r*fPfwdkYonf avmukw&m
eda&m"opmjzpfonfh tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAmefw&m;awmfjrwfudk tm&rPy#da0" oabmtm;jzifh
tmHkrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifMu\/ usefopmokH;yg;udk rawGra0 xdk;xGif; odjrifjcif;wnf;[laom
toarm[y#da0"oabmtm;jzifh xd;k xGi;f odjrifMu\/ odt
Yk wGuf 'kuo
pmw&m; ork',opmw&m; avmuD
r*opmw&m;wnf;[laom ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk toarm[y#da0"oabmtm;jzifh xdk;xGif;odjrifjcif;wnf;
[laom taMumif;y&d,m,ftm;jzifh wy&dnm[laom trnfudk &&SdMuayonf/
wpfzef ,if;t&d,r*fPfonf 'kuopmw&m; ork',opmw&m; avmuDr*opmw&m;wnf;
[laom ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew tjcif;t&mudk rodatmif zkH;vTrf;xm;wwfonfh t0dZm
(= arm[) w&m;udkvnf; t<uif;rJh y,fowfvdkuf\/ xdkaMumifh ,if;ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ tedp 'ku tew
tjcif;t&mudk rawGra0 xdk;xGif; odjrifjcif;wnf;[laom toarm[y#da0"oabmtm;jzifh xdk;xGif;
odjrifjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;y&d,m,ftm;jzifhvnf; wD&Py&dnm[laom trnfudk &&Sdayonf/

yXr ty&dZmeeokwe af umufEw

k cf suf
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY ...tvkH;pkHaom cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYudk ..
1/ wy&dnmynmjzifh xdk;xGif; rodcJhaomf
2/ wD&Py&dnmynmjzifh ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; rodcJhaomf
3/ xdkcEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYtay: wG,fwmrufarmaeaom wPSmw&m;udk y[mey&dnmynmjzifh
uif;jywf kwfodrf; csKyfNidrf;atmif rusifhEdkifcJhaomf ry,fpGefYEdkifcJhaomf oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku ukefjcif;iSm
rxdkuf (= oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku\ ukefqkH;&mjzpfonfh edAmefodkY a&muf&Sdjcif;iSm rxdkuf)/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY ...tvkH;pkHaom cEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYudk ..
1/ wy&dnmynmjzifh xdk;xGif; odcJhaomf
2/ wD&Py&dnmynmjzifh ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odcJhaomf
3/ xdkcEmig;yg; kyfemrfw&m;wdkYtay: wG,fwmrufarmaeaom wPSmw&m;udk y[mey&dnmynmjzifh
uif;jywf kwfodrf; csKyfNidrf;atmif usifhEdkifcJhaomf y,fpGefYEdkifcJhaomf oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku ukefjcif;iSm
xdkuf\ (= oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku\ ukefqkH;&mjzpfonfh edAmefodkY a&muf&Sdjcif;iSm xdkuf\)/90
90

oAH bdua0 tebdZmeH ty&dZmeH t0d&mZ,H tyZ[H tbaAm 'kuu,m,/y/

oAH p acg bdua 0 tbdZmeH y&dZmeH 0d&mZ,H yZ[H baAm 'kuu
,
m,/ (oH?2?249-250/ yXrty&dZmeeokwe )f
wd ro okaw wdamyd y&dnm uxdwm a[mE/d ]]tbdZme}}Ed [d 0paee wy&dnm uxdwm? ]]y&dZme}}Ed
[d 0paee wD&Py&dnm? ]]0d&mZ,H yZ[}}Ed 'GD[d y[mey&dnmwd/ (oH?|?3?6/)

78 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

azPyd@Lyrokwe t
f wGuf BuKd wiford w
S &f ef
azPyd@Lyrokwe u
f kd em,laeMuukeaf om &[ef;awmfwu
Ykd m; tm;aumif;armif;oefonfh 0dyem
[laom Av00dyemydkif;odkY a&muf&SdawmfrlMuNyD;onfh &[ef;awmfwdkY jzpfMuonf/ xdk&[ef;awmfwdkYonf
0dyemPf\ tIcHtmHkjzpfMuukefaom 'kuopmw&m; ork',opmw&m;[lonfh ocFg&w&m;wdkYudk
tedp 'ku tew vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wifum cPypKyefodkY qdkufatmif wGifwGifBuD; 0dyem
Iaewwfolrsm; jzpfawmfrlMu\/
xd&k [ef;awmfwo
Ykd nf pwkwp smeform"duo
hJ aYkd om psmeform"dwpfcck u
k jkd zpfap "mwfur|mef;uJo
h aYkd om
Oypm&ur|mef; wpfckckudk tmHk,lum Oypm&orm"dudk jzpfap 0dyem\ tajcyg'utjzpf orm"dudk
xlaxmifNyD;aemuf ---twdwf tem*wf ypKyef[laom umvoHk;yg; tZw A[d'[laom oEmef ESpfyg;twGif; ..
(1) kyfw&m;wdkYudk IyGm;wwf Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfaom lyy&d*[Pf?
(2) emrfw&m;wdkYudk IyGm;wwf Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfaom tlyy&d*[Pf?
(3) kyf-emrfwdkYudk yl;wGJum IyGm;wwf Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfaom lyglyy&d*[Pf?
(4) emrf-kyfwdkYudk ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;wwfaom emrly00wmePf ---PftjrifwdkYudk &&dSxm;NyD;jzpfMuojzifh twdwf tem*wf ypKyefponfh (11) rsdK;aom tjcif;t&m
tm;jzifh wnf&dSaeMuaom Oyg'geuEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;wdkYudk IyGm;wwf Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf
odrf;qnf;wwfNyD; jzpfawmfrlMu\/ wpfzef ..
(5) t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwnf;[laom twdwftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; (= ork',opm
w&m;) aMumifh ypKyefb0wGif 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'emwnf;[laom tusKd; Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg; (= 'kuopmw&m;) xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudkvnf;aumif;?
(6) tvm;wlyif ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; (= ork',opmw&m;)aMumifh aemiftem*wfb0wGif
tvm;wl tusKd; Oyg'geuEmig;yg; (= 'kuopmw&m;) xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudkvnf;aumif;?
(7) enf;wlyif twdwftqufquf tem*wftqufqufvnf; taMumif;ork',opmw&m;aMumifh
tusKd; Oyg'geuEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudkvnf;aumif; ...
IyGm;wwf Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfaom taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfonfh
yp,y&d*[PfwdkYudkvnf; &&dSxm;awmfrlNyD;Muonfh &[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; jzpfawmfrlMu\/
(8) xdk 'kuopmw&m; + ork',opmw&m;wdkYudk tedp 'ku tew vuPma&; oHk;wefodkY wifum
wGifwGifBuD; 0dyem Iwwfolrsm;vnf; jzpfawmfrlMu\/
(9) twdwftqufquf tem*wftqufqufwdkY .. taMumif;ork',opmw&m;aMumifh tusKd;
Oyg'geuEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:yHkudkom IyGm;wwfMuonfom r[kwfao;? aemifwpfcsdef
tem*wfwGif (ypKyefb0 tem*wf odkYr[kwf aemifvmrnfh tem*wfb0 wpfckckwGif) t&[wr*fudk
rdrd&&dSaomtcg xdkt&[wr*f\ pGrf;tm;aMumifh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY t<uif;tusefr&dS ukefpifatmif
aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifY t&[wr*fodkY rqdkufa&mufrD ypKyef
b0wGifvnf;aumif; twdwfoHo&m tqufqufuvnf;aumif; jyKpkysdK;axmifchJonfh ocFg&+uHwdkYonf
y&dedAmepkwd\ aemufwGif aemufxyfwpfzef b0opfudk jzpfapEdkifonfh pGrf;tifrsm; ukefcef;oGm;Mu\?
xdkuJhodkY taMumif;w&m;ig;yg;wdkY\ t<uif;tusefr&dS ukefpifatmif aemufxyfwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh

tcef; (2) - ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}} ! 79

csKyfNidrf;oGm;jcif;aMumifh tusdK;Oyg'geuEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;wdkYonfvnf; y&dedAmepkwdtcdkufwGif

t<uif;tusefr&dS ukefpifatmif aemufxyfwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu\/ uJhodkYaom
csKyfNidrf;rIudk tEkyg'eda&m"[k ac:qdk\/ xdk&[ef;awmfwdkYonf ,if;tEkyg'eda&m"oabmudkvnf; Ixm;
wwfolrsm; jzpfawmfrlMu\/
um; azPyd@Lyrokwef91udk em,laeawmfrlMuukefaom &[ef;awmfwdkY\ aemufcH-buf*a&mif;
(Back-ground) jzpfayonf/ uJo
h aYkd om 0dyemIuu
G u
f kd pepfwus IymG ;xm;wwforl sm;udk tm;aumif;
armif;oefaom Av00dyemodkY qdkufa&mufaeolrsm;[k ac:qdkayonf/ `Ed,y&dygu = o'g 0D&d,
owd orm"d ynm (= 0dyemynm) [laom a`E ig;yg;wdkY &ifhusufjcif;odkY qdkufa&mufaeolrsm;[kvnf;
ac:qdkayonf/ r[mr@v c&D;0ef; rZdrr@v c&D;0ef; taEmr@v c&D;0ef;[laom c&D;0ef; okH;rsKd;
taMumif;udk &Sif;vif;zGifhqdkxm;onfh 'DCedum,ft|uxm92wGif Munfhyg/

azPyd@Lyrokwe f
tcgwpfyg; .. jrwfpGmbk&m;onf t,kZNrdKU **Fgjrpfurf; oDwif;oHk; pHaeawmfrl\/ xkdtcg
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef;awmfwdkYukd rdefYMum;awmfrl\ ../
(1) cspo
f m; &[ef;wd.Yk .. Oyrmaomfum; **Fgjrpfonf Bu;D rm;vSaom a&jrK ypf idk Bf u;D wpfcu
k dk o,faqmif
arQm,lvmav&m\/ xkda&jrKyfpkdifBuD;ukd rsufpdtjrif&Sdaom a,mufsm;onf MunfhI&m\? pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf
MunfhI&m\? enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcifav&m\/ xkda&jrKyfpkdifBuD;ukd MunfhI aeaom
pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhIaeaom enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcifaeaom xkda,mufsm;\
todPf xdka&jrKyfpkdifBuD;onf ckdifrmonfh tESpfom&wdkYrS qdwfokOf;aeonfh oabmw&m;[lomvQif
xifvmav&m\? cdkifrmonfh tESpfrrSD; tcsnf;ESD;[lomvQif xifvmav&m\? ckdifrmonfh tESpfom&
bmrQr&Sd[lomvQif xifvmav&m\/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... a&jrKyfpkdif cdkifrmonfh tESpfom&[lonf
tb,frSm &SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... Oyrmtwlyif twdwf tem*wf ypKyefvnf;jzpfaom? tZw A[d'vnf;
jzpfaom? tMurf; (= MoVm&du) tEk (= okckr)vnf;jzpfaom? t,kwf (= [De) tjrwf (= yPDw)vnf;
jzpfaom? ta0; (= 'l&) teD; (= oEdu)vnf;jzpfaom kyfw&m;tm;vHk;ukd a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf
0dyemPfjzifh MunfhI\? pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhI\? enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcif\/
xdo
k Ykd Munfh
I aeaom pl;pl;pdu
k pf u
kd f Munfh
I aeaom enf;rSev
f rf;rSet
f m;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcifaeaom
xdk&[ef;\ todPf xkdkyfw&m;onf edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESpfom&wdkYrS qdwfokOf;aeonfh
oabmw&m;[lomvQif xifvm\? edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESprf rS;D tcsn;f ES;D [lomvQif xifvm\?
edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESpfom& bmrQr&Sd[lomvQif xifvm\/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... kyfw&m;
edp okc tw okb[lonfh ckdifrmonfh tESpfom&onf tb,frSm &SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
(2) cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... Oyrmaomfum; wefaqmifrkef;vtcg rkd;BuD; onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;vwfaomf
a&jyifay: a&yGuo
f nf jzpfvnf; jzpf\? csKyv
f nf; csKyyf su\
f / xkad &yGuu
f dk rsupf t
d jrif&adS om a,mufsm;onf
MunfhI&m\? pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhI&m\? enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcifav&m\/ xkda&yGufudk
MunfhIaeaom pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhIaeaom enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcifaeaom
xkda,mufsm;\ todPf xdka&yGufonf ckdifrmonfh tESpfom&wdkYrS qdwfokOf;aeonfh oabmw&m;
[lomvQif xifvmav&m\? cdkifrmonfh tESpfrrSD; tcsnf;ESD;[lomvQif xifvmav&m\? ckdifrmonfh
91

(cE0*oH,kwfygVdawmf? oH?2?114-117? pmydk'f?95/)

92

('D?|?1?215/)

80 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

tESpfom& bmrQr&Sd[lomvQif xifvmav&m\/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... a&yGuf cdkifrmonfh tESpfom&

[lonf tb,frSm &SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... Oyrmtwlyif twdwf tem*wf ypKyefvnf;jzpfaom? tZw A[d'vnf;
jzpfaom? tMurf; (= MoVm&du) tEk (= okckr)vnf;jzpfaom? t,kwf (= [De) tjrwf (= yPDw)vnf;
jzpfaom? ta0; (= 'l&) teD; (= oEdu)vnf;jzpfaom a0'emw&m;tm;vHk;ukd a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf
0dyemPfjzifh MunfhI\? pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhI\? enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcif\/
xdkodkY 0dyemPfjzifh MunfhIaeaom pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhIaeaom enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh
ynmouf0if qifjcifaeaom xdk&[ef;\ todPf xkda0'emw&m;onf edp okc tw okb[lonfh
tESpo
f m&wdrYk S qdwo
f Ok ;f aeonfh oabmw&m;[l omvQif xifvm\? edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESprf rS;D
tcsn;f ES;D [l omvQif xifvm\? edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESpo
f m& bmrQr&S[
d
l omvQif xifvm\/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... a0'emw&m; edp okc tw okb[lonfh ckdifrmonfhtESpfom&onf tb,frSm
&SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
(3) cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... Oyrmaomfum; aEGOwkwdkY\ aemufqHk;v0,f rGef;wnfhtcsdef wHvQyfonf
wjzwfjzwf wkev
f yI \
f / xkw
d v
H Qyu
f dk rsupf t
d jrif&adS om a,mufsm;onf Munfh &I m\? pl;pl;pdu
k pf u
kd f Munfh &I m\?
enf;rSev
f rf;rSet
f m;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcifav&m\/ xkw
d v
H Qyu
f dk Munfh
I aeaom pl;pl;pdu
k pf u
kd f Munfh
I
aeaom enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcifaeaom xkda,mufsm;\ todPf xdkwHvQyfonf
ckdifrmonfh tESpfom&wdkYrS qdwfokOf;aeonfh oabmw&m;[l omvQif xifvmav&m\? cdkifrmonfh
tESpfrrSD; tcsnf;ESD;[lomvQif xifvmav&m\? ckdifrmonfh tESpfom& bmrQr&Sd[lomvQif xifvm
av&m\/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... wHvQyf cdkifrmonfh tESpfom&[lonf tb,frSm &SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... Oyrmtwlyif twdwf tem*wf ypKyefvnf;jzpfaom? tZw A[d'vnf;
jzpfaom? tMurf; (= MoVm&du) tEk (= okckr)vnf;jzpfaom? t,kwf (= [De) tjrwf (= yPDw)vnf;
jzpfaom? ta0; (= 'l&) teD; (= oEdu)vnf;jzpfaom onmw&m;tm;vHk;ukd a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf
0dyemPfjzifh MunfhI\? pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhI\? enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcif\/
xdkodkY 0dyemPfjzifh MunfhIaeaom pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhIaeaom enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynm
ouf0if qifjcifaeaom xdk&[ef;\ todPf xkdonmw&m;onf edp okc tw okb[lonfh
tESpo
f m&wdrYk S qdwo
f Ok ;f aeonfh oabmw&m;[lomvQif xifvm\? edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESprf rS;D
tcsnf;ESD;[lomvQif xifvm\? edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESpfom& bmrQr&Sd[lomvQif xifvm\/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... onmw&m; edp okc tw okb[lonfh ckdifrmonfhtESpfom&onf tb,frSm
&SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
(4) cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... Oyrmaomfum; tESpfukd tvkd&Sd tESpfukd &Smavh&Sdaom tESpf&SmrSD;&ef
vSnfhvnfaeaom a,mufsm;onf xufvSaom "m;rukd ,laqmif awmodkY 0ifa&mufoGm;av&m\/
xkda,mufsm;onf xkdawm ajzmifhrwfaom vwfqwfaom twGif; oD;ckdifwH ra&mufao;aom iSufaysm
wHk;BuD;ukd jrif&m\? xkdiSufaysmwHk;ukd t&if; jzwf&m\? t&if; jzwfNyD;vQif tzsm; jzwf&m\? tzsm;
jzwfNyD;vQif txyfxyfaom tyyfukd cGm&m\? xkda,mufsm;onf iSufaysmwHk;\ txyfxyfaom tyyfukd
cGmaomf tumukdrQaomfvnf; r&Edkifav&m? tESpfukdum; tb,frSmvQif &&dSEdkifygtHhenf;/ xkdiSufaysmwHk;ukd
rsufpdtjrif&Sdaom a,mufsm;onf MunfhI&m\? pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhI&m\? enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh
ynmouf0if qifjcifav&m\/ xkdiSufaysmwHk;ukd MunfhIaeaom pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhIaeaom
enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcifaeaom xkda,mufsm;\ todPf xdkiSufaysmwHk;onf
ckid rf monfh tESpo
f m&wdrYk S qdwo
f Ok ;f aeonfh oabmw&m;[lomvQif xifvmav&m\? cdik rf monfh tESprf rS;D

tcef; (2) - ]]tpJGjyKwf wJukyf a&Teef;awmf}} ! 81

tcsnf;ESD;[lomvQif xifvmav&m\? ckdifrmonfh tESpfom& bmrQr&Sd[lomvQif xifvmav&m\/

cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... iSufaysmwHk; cdkifrmonfh tESpfom&[lonf tb,frSm &SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... Oyrmtwlyif twdwf tem*wf ypKyefvnf;jzpfaom? tZw A[d'vnf;
jzpfaom? tMurf; (= MoVm&du) tEk (= okckr)vnf;jzpfaom? t,kwf (= [De) tjrwf (= yPDw)vnf;
jzpfaom? ta0; (= 'l&) teD; (= oEdu)vnf;jzpfaom ocFg&uEmw&m;tm;vHk;ukd a,m*g0p&
&[ef;awmfonf 0dyemPfjzifh MunfhI\? pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhI\? enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if
qifjcif\/ xdkodkY 0dyemPfjzifh MunfhIaeaom pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhIaeaom enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh
ynmouf0if qifjcifaeaom xd&k [ef;\ todPf xko
d cFg&uEm w&m;onf edp okc tw okb[lonfh
tESpo
f m&wdrYk S qdwo
f Ok ;f aeonfh oabmw&m;[l omvQif xifvm\? edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESprf rS;D
tcsnf;ESD;[lomvQif xifvm\? edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESpfom& bmrQr&Sd[lomvQif xifvm\/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY ...ocFg&uEmw&m; edp okc tw okb[lonfh ckdifrmonfhtESpfom&onf tb,frSm
&SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
(5) cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... Oyrmaomfum; rsufvSnfhorm;jzpfap rsufvSnfhorm;\ wynfhjzpfap
vrf;qHkvrf;r rsufvSnfhjyav&m\/ xkdrsufvSnfhukd (rHorsufpd + ynmrsufpd[lonfh) rsufpdtjrif&Sdaom
a,mufsm;onf Munfh &I m\? pl;pl;pdu
k pf u
kd f Munfh &I m\? enf;rSev
f rf;rSet
f m;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcifav&m\/
xkdrsufvSnfhukd MunfhIaeaom pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhIaeaom enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if
qifjcifaeaom xkad ,mufsm;\ todPf xdrk suv
f n
S o
hf nf ckid rf monfh tESpo
f m&wdrYk S qdwo
f Ok ;f aeonfh
oabmw&m;[l omvQif xifvmav&m\? cdkifrmonfh tESpfrrSD; tcsnf;ESD;[lomvQif xifvmav&m\?
ckdifrmonfh tESpfom& bmrQr&Sd[lomvQif xifvmav&m\/ cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... rsufvSnfh cdkifrmonfh
tESpfom&[lonf tb,frSm &SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... Oyrmtwlyif twdwf tem*wf ypKyefvnf;jzpfaom? tZw A[d'vnf;
jzpfaom? tMurf; (= MoVm&du) tEk (= okckr)vnf;jzpfaom? t,kwf (= [De) tjrwf (= yPDw)vnf;
jzpfaom? ta0; (= 'l&) teD; (= oEdu)vnf;jzpfaom 0dnmPfw&m;tm;vHk;ukd a,m*g0p& &[ef;awmfonf
0dyemPfjzifh MunfhI\? pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhI\? enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcif\/
xdkodkY 0dyemPfjzifh MunfhIaeaom pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhIaeaom enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh
ynmouf0if qifjcifaeaom xdk&[ef;\ todPf xkd0dnmPfw&m;onf edp okc tw okb[lonfh
tESpo
f m&wdrYk S qdwo
f Ok ;f aeonfh oabmw&m;[lomvQif xifvm\? edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESprf rS;D
tcsnf;ESD;[lomvQif xifvm\? edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESpfom& bmrQr&Sd[lomvQif xifvm\/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... 0dnmPfw&m; edp okc tw okb[lonfh ckdifrmonfhtESpfom&onf tb,frSm
&SdEkdifygtHhenf;/
cspfom; &[ef;wdkY... odkY 0dyemPfjzifh &Ijrifaeaom tMum;tjrif A[kkw&Sdaom
t&d,mjzpfawmfrlaom igbk&m;&Sif\ wynfhonf kyfvnf; NiD;aiGU\? a0'emvnf; NiD;aiGU\? onmvnf;
NiD;aiGU\? ocFg&wdkYvnf; NiD;aiGU\? 0dnmPfvnf;NiD;aiGU\/ NiD;aiGUaomf pGJrufrI &m* uif;\? pGJrufrI
uif;jcif;aMumifh udavomrS vGwfajrmuf\? udavomrS vGwfajrmufaomf ]]udavomrS vGwfajrmufNyD}}[k
ypa0uPm todPfonf jzpf\/ ]]ightm; y#doaEaerI ukefNyD? t&d,r*fwnf;[laom jrwfaomtusifhudk
usifhokH;NyD;NyD? omoemawmf jyKoifhjyKxdkufaom t&d,r*fudpudk jyKvkyf NyD;chJavNyD? r*fudptvdkYiSm
wpfyg;aom jyKzG,f r&SdawmhNyD}}[k od&dSav\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf w&m;pum;awmfukd a[mMum;awmfrlNyD;aemuf xkdrSwpfyg;aom *gxmwdkYukd
a[mMum;awmfrljyef\ ../

82 ! Mumyef;ESifh yrmwlonfh bk&m;&Sif

kyfukd a&jrKyfpkdifESifh wl\[lvnf;aumif;? a0'emukd a&yGufESifh wl\[lvnf;aumif;? onmukd

wHvQyEf iS hf wl\[lvnf;aumif;? ocFg&wdu
Yk dk iSuaf ysmwH;k ESihf wl\[lvnf;aumif;? 0dnmPfudk rsuv
f n
S Ehf iS hf
wl\[lvnf;aumif; aerif;taqG jzpfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a[mawmfrltyf\/
tMuifynm&Sdonf xkdcEmig;yg;ukd tMuiftMuif tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm 0dyem
Pfjzifh MunfhI\? pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf MunfhI\? enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;jzifh ynmouf0if qifjcif\? xkdxkd
tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm 0dyemPfjzifh MunfhIqifjcifaom xkdynm&Sdtm; xkdcEmig;yg;onf
edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESpfom&wdkYrS qdwfokOf;aeonfh oabmw&m;[lomvQif xifvm\? edp
okc tw okb[lonfh tESpfrrSD; tcsnf;ESD;[lomvQif xifvm\?
cEmukd,fukd taMumif;jyK r[myx0DajrBuD;yrm BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom ynm&Sdawmfrlaom
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf uJhodkY cEmig;yg;wdkYukd a[mMum;awmfrl\? w&m;oHk;yg;wdkY\ uif;aysmufjcif;aMumifh
pGefYypftyfaom oabm&dSaom cEmukd,fukd MunfhIMuukefavmh/
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ponfwdkY\ tpmjzpf tdyfae&\/
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d ? 0dnmPuEm onf vlru
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trSm;rSm;t,Gi;f ,Gi;f ajymqkad paom rsuv
f n
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hf nf jzpf\? cEmuk,
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edp okc tw okb[lonfh tESpf[l bmrQr&Sd/
xufoefaom vkv
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d &Sad om &[ef;onf aeY jzpfap nOfh jzpfap qifjcifwwfaom orZOfPf
&Sdonf atmufarhrI owd&Sdonf jzpf cEmwdkYukd odkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrlcJhonfhtwdkif; Iqifjcif&m\/
aojcif;uif;&m tNrKd ufeAd m efudk vdv
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(tu,fpifppf vdkvm;awmifhwolrSefvQif) ..
1/ oHa,mZOf taESmiftzGJU tm;vHk;ukd pGefYvTwfvdkufyg?
2/ rdrd\ ukd;uG,f&m tm;xm;&mukd rdrdudk,fwdkifyif jyKvkyfyg?
3/ ]OD;xdyfxuf rD;pGJavmifaeolyrm} .. orx 0dyem bm0emwdkYudk tjyif;txef usifhMuHBudK;ukwf
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfyg}}/91
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tjyif;txef usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEdkifMuygapaom0f ....../
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf