CHAPTER 3
INVERTERS:
Converting DC to AC
CONTENTS
Introduction
Basic Principles of Inverter
Single-phase Half-Bridge Square-Wave Inverter
Single-phase Full-Bridge Square-Wave Inverter
Quasi Inverter
Three-phase inverter
Fourier Series and Harmonics Analysis
Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)
INTRODUCTION
- Converts DC input voltage into symmetric AC output
voltage of desired magnitude and frequency.
- O/p voltage can be fixed or variable at a fixed or
variable frequency.
- Variable o/p volt can be obtained by varying i/p dc
voltage and maintain the gain of inverter constant.
- Else, if input dc voltage is fixed, variable o/p voltage
can be obtained by varying the gain of inverter
(accomplished by PWM control within the inverter).
- Inverter gain ratio of ac o/p voltage to dc i/p voltage
Introduction .
- o/p voltage waveforms of ideal inverters should be
sinusoidal.
- however, waveforms of practical inverters are non
sinusoidal and contain certain harmonics.
- For low and medium power applications, square wave or
quasi square wave voltages may be acceptable. But for
high power applications, low distorted sin waveforms are
required.
- Harmonic contents of o/p voltage can be minimized or
reduced significantly by switching techniques.
Introduction ..
Applications - Induction motor drives, traction,
standby power supplies, and uninterruptible ac
power supplies (UPS).
I/p may be battery, fuel cell, solar cell, or other
dc source.
Broadly classified into 2 types: single phase and
three phase inverters.
Each type use controlled turn on and turn off
devices (eg. BJTs, FETs, IGBTs.
PWM control signals are use to produce ac o/p
voltage
INTRODUCTION
+
Vdc
-
+
Vac
General block diagram
INTRODUCTION
Three types of inverter:
DC LINK
Iac
+
+
Vdc
Vac
+
AC
Load
Inverter
switching
control
(a) Voltage source inverter (VSI)
Vdc
ILOAD
IDC
AC
Load
Inverter
switching
control
(b) Current source inverter (CSI)
INTRODUCTION
Three types of inverter: (cont.)
Iac
+
AC
Load
Vdc
-
Inverter
switching
control
Reference
Waveform
Output current
sensing circuit
Comparison
circuit
(c) Current regulated inverter
BASIC PRINCIPLES
T1
T3
D1
D3
+ V0 VDC
I0
T4
T2
D4
D2
The schematic of single-phase full-bridge square-wave
inverter circuit
BASIC PRINCIPLES
V0
S1
S3
VDC
+ V0 VDC
t
t1
t2
S2
S4
V0
S1
S3
+ V0 t2
VDC
S4
S2
-VDC
t3
Single-phase Half-bridge
Square-wave Inverter
VDC
V0
V0
2
The basic single-phase half-bridge inverter circuit
Cont ..
For inductive load, load current cannot change
immediately with o/p voltage.
If Q1 is turned off at t=To/2, load current would
continue to flow through D2, load, and lower half
of dc source until current falls zero.
If Q2 is turned off at t=To, load current would
continue to flow through D1, load, and upper half
of dc source until current falls zero.
When D1 and D2 conducts, energy is fed back
to DC source and these diodes are known as
feedback diodes.
Single-phase Half-bridge
Square-wave Inverter
For R load, the total RMS value of the load output voltage,
2 T / 2 VDC 2
VDC
VO
dt
0
T
2
2
The instantaneous output voltage is
2VDC
vO
sin nt
n 1, 3, 5,... n
0
for n 2,4,....
The fundamental rms output voltage (n=1)is
VO1
2VDC 1
0.45VDC
2
Single-phase Half-bridge
Square-wave Inverter
In the case of RL load, the instantaneous load current io can
be found by dividing instantaneous o/p voltage by
load impedance, Z=R+jnwl
io
where
n 1, 3, 5,..
2VDC
n R (nL)
2
sin( nt n )
n tan 1 (nL / R)
The fundamental output power is
Po1 Vo1 I o1 cos1
I o21 R
2VDC
2 R 2 (L) 2
^ 2.R
Single-phase Half-bridge
Square-wave Inverter
The total harmonic distortion (THD),
1
THD
VO1
THD
1
VO1
2
Vn
n 3,5, 7 ,....
2
o
Vo21
Single-phase Half-bridge
Square-wave Inverter
Example 3.1
The single-phase half-bridge inverter has a resistive load of R =
2.4 and the DC input voltage is 48V. Determine:
(a) the rms output voltage at the fundamental frequency
(b) the output power
(c) the average and peak current of each transistor.
(d) the THD
Single-phase Full-bridge
Square-wave Inverter
The switching in the second leg is delayed by 180
degrees from the first leg.
The maximum output voltage of this inverter is twice
that of half-bridge inverter.
Single-phase Full-bridge
Square-wave Inverter
The output RMS voltage
2
VO VDC
dt VDC
T
And the instantaneous output voltage in a Fourier series is
vO
4V DC
sin nt
n 1, 3, 5,... n
The fundamental RMS output voltage
V1
4VDC
2
0.9VDC
In the case of RL load, the instantaneous load current
io
n 1, 3, 5,...
4VDC
n R nL
2
sin nt n
Single-phase Full-bridge
Square-wave Inverter
Example 3.2
The single-phase full-bridge inverter has a resistive
load of R = 2.4 and the DC input voltage is 48V.
Determine:
(a) the rms output voltage at the fundamental frequency
(b) the output power
(c) the average and peak current of each transistor.
(d) the THD
Single-phase Full-bridge
Square-wave Inverter
Example 3.3
A single-phase full-bridge inverter has an RLC load with R
= 10, L = 31.5mH and C = 112F. The inverter frequency
is 60Hz and the DC input voltage is 220V. Determine:
(a) Express the instantaneous load current in Fourier series.
(b) Calculate the rms load current at the fundamental
frequency.
(c) the THD of load current
(d) Power absorbed by the load and fundamental power.
(e) The average DC supply current and
