TIMER PROGRAMMING

The 89S52 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems

PROGRAMMING TIMERS
The 89S52 has three timers/counters, they can be used
either as
Timers to generate a time delay or as Event counters
to count events happening outside the microcontroller
Both Timer 0 and Timer 1 are 16 bits wide
Since 89S52 has an 8-bit architecture, each 16-bits
timer is accessed as two separate registers
g
of low
byte and high byte

I/O PROGRAMMING Port 3

P
Portt 3 has
h th
the additional
dditi
l function
f
ti off providing
idi some
extremely important signals
P3 Bit

F
Function
ti

Pi
Pin

P3.0

RxD

10

P3.1

TxD

11

P3.2

INT0

12

P3.3

INT1

13

P3.4

T0

14

P3.5

T1

15

P3.6

WR

16
6

P3.7

RD

17

Serial
communications
External interrupts
p
Timers
Read/Write signals of
external memories

Port 3 Alternate Functions

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Timer 0 & 1 Registers

Accessed as low byte and high byte

The low byte register is called TL0/TL1 and

The high byte register is called TH0/TH1
Accessed like any other register
unsigned char LED
TL0=0x40;;
LED=TL1;

TH0

TL0

D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

TH1

TL1

D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

PROGRAMMING TIMERS TMOD Register

Both timers 0 and 1 use the same register, called TMOD
(timer mode), to set the various timer operation modes
TMOD is a 8-bit register
The lower 4 bits are for Timer 0
The upper 4 bits are for Timer 1. In each case,
The lower 2 bits are used to set the timer mode
The upper 2 bits to specify the operation
(MSB)
GATE

(LSB)
C/T

M1

Timer1

M0

GATE

C/T

M1

Timer0

M0

COUNTER PROGRAMMING TCON Register

TCON (timer control) register is an 8
8-bit
bit register

It can be used to configure timers

TFx Overflow interrupt flag, used by the processor.
e /cou te x RUN
U b
bit,
t, set itt to 1 to e
enable
ab e tthe
e ttimer
e to cou
count,
t, 0 to
TRx Timer/counter
stop counting

PROGRAMMING TIMERS TMOD Register (cont)

Gatingg control
when set (GATE=1)
Timer/counter is enable
only while the INTx
pin is high and the TRx
TR
control pin is set
When cleared
(GATE=0)
the timer is enabled
whenever the TRx
control bit is set

M1

M0

Mode

Operating
p
g Mode

13-bit timer mode

8-bit timer/counter THx with TLx as
5-bit prescaler

16-bit timer mode

16-bit timer/counter THx and TLx are
cascaded; there is no prescaler

8-bit
8
bit auto reload
8-bit auto reload timer/counter; THx holds a
value which is to be reloaded TLx each time
it overfolws

Split timer mode

Timer or counter selected

Cleared for timer operation (input from internal system clock)
Set for counter operation (input from Tx input pin)

PROGRAMMING TIMERS TMOD Register (cont)

Example 1
Indicate which mode and which timer are selected for each of the
following.
(a) MOV TMOD, #01H (b) MOV TMOD, #20H (c) MOV TMOD, #12H

Solution:
We convert the value from hex to binary. From Figure 9-3 we have:
(a) TMOD = 00000001, mode 1 of timer 0 is selected.
(b) TMOD = 00100000, mode 2 of timer 1 is selected.
(c) TMOD = 00010010, mode 2 of timer 0, and mode 1 of timer 1
are selected.

PROGRAMMING TIMERS TMOD Register (cont)

Example 2
timer s clock frequency and its period for
Find the timers
various 89S52-based system, with the crystal frequency
11.0592 MHz when C/T bit of TMOD is 0.
Solution:
If C/T = 0, it is used
as a timer for time
delay
generation
generation.
The clock source for
the time delay is the
crystal frequency of
the 89S52

1/12 11.0529 MHz = 921.6 KHz;;

T = 1/921.6 KHz = 1.085 us

PROGRAMMING TIMERS TMOD Register GATE

Timers of 89S52 do starting
g and stopping
pp g by
y either software or hardware
control
In using software to start and stop the timer where GATE=0
The start and stop of the timer are controlled by the TR (timer
start)) bits TR0 and TR1
The TR0=1; starts it, and it is stopped by the TR0=0;.
These instructions start and stop the timers as long as
GATE=0 in the TMOD register
The hardware
hard are way
a of starting and stopping the timer b
by an e
external
ternal
interrupt source is achieved by making GATE=1 in the TMOD register

PROGRAMMING TIMERS TMOD Register GATE

Find the value for TMOD if we want to program timer 0 in mode
1, use 89S52 XTAL for the clock source, and use instructions to
start and stop the timer.
TMOD = 0000 0001

Timer 0, mode 2
C/T = 0 to use XTAL
clock source
gate = 0 to use
internal (software) start
and stop method.

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Mode 1 Programming

The following are the characteristics and operations of
mode1:
1 It is
1.
i a 16-bit
16 bit ti
timer; th
therefore,
f
it allows
ll
value
l off 0000 to
t
FFFFH to be loaded into the timers register TL and TH
2 After
2.
Af TH and
d TL are lloaded
d d with
i h a 16
16-bit
bi iinitial
i i l value,
l
the
h
timer must be started
This is done by TR0=1 for timer 0 and TR1=1 for timer 1

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Mode 1 Programming

3 After the timer is started
3.
started, it starts to count up
It counts up until it reaches its limit of FFFFH
g a flag
g bit
When it rolls over from FFFFH to 0000, it sets high
called TF (timer flag)
Each timer has its own timer flag: TF0 for timer 0, and TF1
for timer 1
This timer flag can be monitored
When this timer flag is raised, one option would be to stop
the timer with the instructions CLR TR0 or CLR TR1, for
timer 0 and timer 1, respectively

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Mode 1 Programming (cont)

4. After the timer reaches its limit and rolls over, in order to
repeat the process
TH and TL must be reloaded with the original value
value, and
TF must be reloaded to 0

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Mode 1 Programming

Steps to Mode 1 Program
To generate a time delay
1. Load
oad the
e TMOD
O value
a ue register
eg s e indicating
d ca g which
c timer
e
(timer 0 or timer 1) is to be used and which timer mode (0
or 1) is selected
2. Load registers TL and TH with initial count value
3. Start the timer
4 Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) to see if it is raised
4.
Get out of the loop when TF becomes high

5. Stop the timer

6. Clear the TF flag for the next round
7. Go back to Step 2 to load TH and TL again

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Mode 1 Programming

Steps to Mode 1 Program (cont)
Example 3
In the following program, we create a square wave of 50% duty
cycle (with equal portions high and low) on the P1.4 bit. Timer 0
is used to generate the time delay.

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C
Accessing Timer Registers
Solution 3:
#include <regx52
<regx52.h>
h>
void T0Delay(void);
void main(void) {
while (1) {
P1_4=0;
T0Delay();
y();
P1_4=1;
T0Delay();
}
}

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C
Accessing Timer Registers
Solution 3:
void T0Delay(){
TMOD=0x01;
TL0=0xF2;
TH0=0xFF;
TH0
0xFF;
TR0=1;
while (TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TR0
0;
TF0=0;
}

FFFFH FFF2H = 0DH

= 13+ 1 = 14
14 1.085 s = 15.19us is the
approximate delay

PROGRAMMING TIMERS
Mode 1 Programming Steps to Mode 1 Program (cont)
Example 3 (cont)
1. The T0Delay() function using the timer is called.
2. In the T0Delay() function, timer 0 is started by the TR0=1
instruction.
3 Timer 0 counts up with the passing of each clock
3.
clock, which is
provided by the crystal oscillator. As the timer counts up, it
goes through
g
g the states of FFF3,, FFF4,, FFF5,, FFF6,, FFF7,,
FFF8, FFF9, FFFA, FFFB, and so on until it reaches FFFFH.
One more clock rolls it to 0, raising the timer flag (TF0=1). At
that point, the condition in while loop is false.

PROGRAMMING TIMERS
Mode 1 Programming Steps to Mode 1 Program (cont)
Example 3 (cont)
4 Timer 0 is stopped by the instruction TR0=0
4.
TR0=0. The
T0Delay() function ends, and the process is repeated.
Notice that to repeat the process, we must reload the TL
and TH registers, and start the process is repeated

PROGRAMMING TIMERS
Mode 1Programming Steps to Mode 1 Program (cont)
Example 3 (cont)
The number of counts for the roll over is FFFFH FFF2H = 0DH
(13 decimal). However, we add one to 13 because of the extra
clock
l k needed
d d when
h it rolls
ll over from
f
FFFF to
t 0 and
d raise
i the
th TF
flag. This gives 14 1.085us = 15.19us for half the pulse. For
th entire
the
ti period
i d it is
i T = 2 15.19us
15 19
= 30.38us
30 38
as the
th time
ti
delay generated by the timer.

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Mode 1 Programming

Finding the Loaded Timer Values (cont
(cont))
Example 4
Assume that XTAL = 11
11.0592
0592 MHz
MHz. What value do we need to load
the timers register if we want to have a time delay of 5 ms
(milliseconds)?
Solution:
Since XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, the counter counts up every 1.085 us.
We need 5 ms / 1.085 us = 4608 clocks.
To Achieve that we need to load into TL and TH the value 65536
4608 = EE00H. Therefore, we have TH = EE and TL = 00.

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Mode 1 Programming

Finding the Loaded Timer Values (cont)
Example 5
Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, write a program to
generate a square wave of 2 kHz frequency on pin P1.4.
Solution:
we mustt toggle
t
l the
th bit to
t generate
t the
th square wave. Look
L k att
the following steps.
((a)) T = 1 / f = 1 / 2 kHz = 500 us the p
period of square
q
wave.
(b) 1 / 2 of it for the high and low portion of the pulse is 250
us.
(c) 250 us / 1.085 us = 230 and 65536 230 = 65306 which in
hex is FF1AH.
(d) TL = 1A and TH = FF,
FF all in hex.
hex

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C

Times 0/1 Delay Using Mode 1 (16-bit Non Autoreload) (cont)

Example 6
Write an 89S52 C program to toggle all bits of P2 continuously
every 500 ms
ms. Use Timer 1
1, mode 1 to create the delay
delay.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void T1M1Delay(void);
void main(void){
unsigned char x;
P2=0x55;
while (1) {

P2=~P2;
P2
P2
for (x=0;x<20;x++)
T1M1Delay();}
y();}
}

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C

Times 0/1 Delay Using Mode 1 (16-bit Non Auto-reload) (cont)

Example 6(cont)
Solution:
void T1M1Delay(void){
TMOD=0x10;
TL1=0xFE;
TH1=0xA5;
TH1
0xA5;
TR1=1;
while (TF1==0);
TR1=0;
TF1=0;
}

A5FEH = 42494 in decimal

65536 42494 = 23042
23042 1.085 s = 25 ms and
20 25 ms = 500 ms

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Mode 2 Programming

The following are the characteristics and operations of mode 2:
1. It is an 8-bit timer; therefore, it allows only values of 00 to FFH
to be loaded into the timers register TH
2. After TH is loaded with the 8-bit value, the 89S52 gives a copy
of it to TL
Then the timer must be started
This is done by the instruction TR0=1; for timer 0 and TR1=1; for
timer 1

3. After the timer is started, it starts to count up by incrementing

the TL register
It counts up until it reaches its limit of FFH. When it rolls over from
FFH to 00, it sets high the TF (timer flag)

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Mode 2 Programming (cont)

4. When the TL register rolls from FFH to 0 and TF is set

to 1, TL is reloaded automatically with the original value
k t by
kept
b the
th TH register
i t
To repeat the process, we must simply clear TF and let it
go without any need by the programmer to reload the
original value
This makes mode 2 an auto-reload,
auto reload, in contrast with mode
1 in which the programmer has to reload TH and TL

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Mode 2 Programming

Steps to Mode 2 Program
To generate a time delay
1 Load the TMOD value register indicating which timer (timer 0
1.
or timer 1) is to be used, and the timer mode (mode 2) is
selected
2. Load the TH registers with the initial count value
3. Start timer
4. Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) to see whether it is raised
Get out of the loop when TF goes high
5. Clear the TF flag
6. Go back to Step4, since mode 2 is autoreload

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Mode 2 Programming

Steps to Mode 2 Program (cont
(cont))
Example 7
Assuming
A
i th
thatt we are programming
i th
the titimers ffor mode
d 2
2,
find the value (in hex) loaded into TH for each of the
following cases
cases.
(a) MOV TH0,#-3
(b) MOV TH1,#-12
TH1 # 12
(c) MOV TH1,#-60

PROGRAMMING TIMERS Mode 2 Programming

Steps to Mode 2 Program (cont)
Example 7
Solution:
Decimal
-3
-12
12
-60

2s complement (TH value)

FDH
The advantage of using
F4H
negative values is that you
C4H
dont need to calculate the
value loaded to THx

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C
Times 0/1 Delay Using Mode 2 (8-bit Auto-reload)
Example 8
Write an 89S52 C p
program
g
to toggle
gg only
yp
pin P1.5 continuously
y
every 250 ms. Use Timer 0, mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload) to create
the delay.

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C
Times 0/1 Delay Using Mode 2 (8-bit Auto-reload)
Example 8
Solution:
#i l d <
#include
<regx52.h>
52 h>
void T0M2Delay(void);
sbit mybit=P1^5;
void main(void){
unsigned char x,y;
TMOD=0x02;
TH0=-23;
while (1) {
y
y
mybit=~mybit;
for (x=0;x<250;x++)
for (y=0;y<40;y++)
T0M2Delay();
y();
}
}

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C
Times 0/1 Delay Using Mode 2 (8-bit Auto-reload)
Example 8
Solution:
void T0M2Delay(void){
TR0=1;
while
hil (TF0
(TF0==0);
0)
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C

Times 0/1 Delay Using Mode 2 (8-bit Auto-reload) (cont)

Example 9
Write an 89S52 C program to create a frequency of 2500
Hz on pin P1.6 Use Timer 1, mode 2 to create delay.

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C

Times 0/1 Delay Using Mode 2 (8-bit Auto-reload) (cont)

Example 9 (cont)
Solution:
#include <regx52.h>
void T1M2Delay(void);
sbit mybit=P1^6;
mybit=P1 6;
void main(void){
unsigned char x;
TMOD=0x20;
TH1=-184;
while (1) {
mybit=~mybit;
T1M2Delay();
}

1/2500 H
Hz = 400 s
400 s /2 = 200 s
200 s / 1.085 s = 184

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C

Times 0/1 Delay Using Mode 2 (8-bit Auto-reload) (cont)

Example 9 (cont)
void
id T1M2D
T1M2Delay(void){
l ( id){
TR1=1;
while (TF1==0);
TR1=0;
TF1=0;
}

COUNTER PROGRAMMING
Timers can also be used as counters counting events
happening outside the 89S52
When it iis used
Wh
d as a counter,
t it iis a pulse
l outside
t id off
the 89S52 that increments the TH, TL registers
P
Programming
i th
the timer
ti
in
i the
th last
l t section
ti also
l applies
li tto
programming it as a counter
Except the source of the frequency

COUNTER PROGRAMMING C/T Bit in TMOD Register

The C/T bit in the TMOD registers decides the source of
the clock for the timer
When C/T = 1, the timer is used as a counter and gets its
pulses from outside the 89S52
The counter counts up as pulses are fed from Prot pins P3.4
and P.5, these pins are called T0 (timer 0 input) and T1
((timer 1 input)
p )

Port 3 pins used for Timers 0 and 1

Pin

Port

Function Description

14

P3.4

T0

Timer/counter 0 external input

15

P3.5

T1

Timer/counter 1 external input

COUNTER PROGRAMMING
C/T Bit in TMOD Register (cont)

COUNTER PROGRAMMING TCON Register

Case of GATE = 1
If GATE = 1, the start and stop of the timer are done
externally through pins P3.2 and P3.3 for timers 0 and
1, respectively
This hardware way allows to start or stop the timer
externally at any time via a simple switch

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C
C Programming of Timers as Counters
Example 10
Assume that a 1-Hz external clock is being fed into pin T1
(P3.5). Write a C program for counter 1 in mode 2 (8-bit auto
reload) to count up and display the state of the TL1 count on P1.
Start the count at 0H
0H.

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C
C Programming of Timers as Counters
Example Solution 10:
#include <regx52.h>
sbit T1=P3^5;
void main(void){
T1=1;
TMOD=0x60;
TH1=0;
while ((1)) {
do {
TR1=1;
P1=TL1;
} while (TF1==0);
TR1=0;
TF1 0 } }
TF1=0;}

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C
C Programming of Timers as Counters (cont)
Example 11
Assume that a 1-Hz external clock is being fed into pin T0
(P3.4). Write a C program for counter 0 in mode 1 (16-bit) to
count the pulses and display the state of the TH0 and TL0
registers on P2 and P1,
P1 respectively.
respectively

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C
C Programming of Timers as Counters (cont)
Example 11 (cont)
Solution:
#include <regx52
<regx52.h>
h>
void main(void){
T0=1;
TMOD 0x05;
TMOD=0x05;
TL0=0
TH0=0;
while ((1)) {
do {
TR0=1;
P1=TL0;
P2=TH0;
}while (TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;}}

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C

Times 0/1 Delay Using Mode 1 (16-bit Non Auto-reload) (cont)

Example 12
A switch is connected to pin P1.2.
P1 2 Write an 89S52 C
program to monitor SW and create the following
q
on p
pin P1.7:
frequencies
SW=0: 500Hz
SW=1: 750Hz,,
use Timer 0, mode 1 for both of them.

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C

Times 0/1 Delay Using Mode 1 (16-bit Non Auto-reload) (cont)

Example 12 (cont)
Solution:
#include
#incl
de <reg
<regx52.h>
52 h>
sbit mybit=P1^7;
sbit SW=P1^2;
void T0M1Delay(unsigned char);
void main(void){
SW=1;
while (1) {
mybit=~mybit;
if (SW==0)
T0M1Delay(0);
else
T0M1Delay(1);
}
}
.....

PROGRAMMING TIMERS IN C

Times 0/1 Delay Using Mode 1 (16-bit Non Auto-reload) (cont)

Example 12 (cont)
void T0M1Delay(unsigned char c){
TMOD=0x01;
FC67H = 64615
if (c==0) {
65536 64615 = 921
TL0=0x67;;
921 1.085 s = 999.285 s
TH0=0xFC;
1 / (999.285 s 2) = 500 Hz
}
else {
TL0=0x9A;
TH0=0xFD;
}
TR0 1
TR0=1;
while (TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}