Distance Protection for transmission

lines: part 1
s S.A.E
IC - Smart Grid

Siemens AG 2006

SIPROTEC 7SA Distance Protection

Basics of Protection

Page 2

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
s
S.A.E - Smart
Distance Protection Device

Why impedance protection?

Situation:

Meshed network and two infeeds

Directional overcurrent time relays

0,6s

0,3s

0,6s

0,3s

0,6s

0,3s

0,6s

0,3s

non-selective trip
Page 3

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
s
S.A.E - Smart
Distance Protection Device

Basic principle of impedance protection

Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance measurement:
- fault on the protected line
Z1
relay A

Selectivity

- fault outside the protected line

margin

Z2
relay A

Objective:

Measure Z with Accuracy and Speed

Master transients and adverse system conditions

Page 4

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Principle of (analog) distance relaying

ZS

ISC

ZL
Usc

Isc

ZSC

U1= k1 USC= k1 ISC ZSC.

Relay design:
operation if
U1< U2
i.e. ZSC< Z Replica

comparator

X
Z Replica (line replica impedance)
(corresponds to the set zone reach)

ZReplica

External fault

U2=k2 ISC Z Replica

Internal fault
R

Page 5

Siemens
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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Distance measurement (principle)

IL1 ZL
6 loops :

ZL = RL + j XL

IL2

3 phase- phase loops and

3 phase- ground loops

IL3
IE

ZE = RE +j XE

ZE

UL1 UL2 UL3

phase- phase -loop: UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2)

Measured current
measured voltage

phase-ground-loop: UL1 =

L1

( RL + j XL )-

L1, E

UL1

The same applies to the remaining loops

Page 6

( RE +j XE)

measured current
measured voltage

The same applies to the remaining loops

Siemens
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Distance Protection Device

Complex impedance measurement

Normal operation:

Metallic fault:

ZL=RL+jXL

Resistive fault:
ZL

I
Z Load

ZL

Rf

Fault on the next line

X
XL

ZL

Resistive fault

Normal operation
Fault on the line

Fault distance can be estimated from the reactance

Page 7

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Load and short-circuit impedances

Z Load
Distance relay
operating
characteristic

ZLF1

ZLine

ZLF2

RF
F1

X
Fault area

ZL
ZLF2

D
RR
RR

ZLoad

Phase - Phase Fault

ZF2
ZLoad

ZLF1

RF
F2

ZF1

a
Incre

l oa
sing

RR

RF / 2

Phase - Earth Fault

RR

RF /(1 + RE/RL)

SC2

Fault in
reverse
direction

Page 8

SC1

R
Load area

Minimum Load Impedance:

Minimum voltage 0,9 Un
Maximum current 1,1 In
Maximum angle
30

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Typical distance zone-characteristic

MHO-circle

shifted circle

ZR

ZSC'

ZSC'
ZSC

external
fault

ZSC

centre

internal
fault

R
polarised
MHO-circle

quadrilateral

ZS = 0

RF

XA

ZL

R
ZS small

ZS high
Page 9

ZSC-L

settable arc
compensation

Rarc
RA

ZS

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Distance Protection Device

Determination of fault direction

Fault location

Where is the fault ?

Current area for
forward faults

USC

Impedance area for

forward faults

ZSC

SC

SC

SC
R

SC

Current area for

reverse faults

current / voltage diagram

Z'SC
Impedance area for
reverse faults

impedance diagram

The impedance also shows the direction, but ....

Page 10

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Impedance measurement and directional determination

Why impedance measurement and directional determination separately?

A

line characteristic
fault with arc resistance in forward direction
fault in forward direction

close-in fault
R
fault in reverse direction

direction may be determined together with the impedance measurement

but: problems may arise in certain cases (e.g. close-in faults)
separate directional determination required!
Page 11

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Alternatives for the directional measurement

~

Z grid

relay

Distance Measurement

fault L1-E

Z line

Direction Measurement
VL1

Vf

Vf

VL1
If

VL3

Method 1

VL1
Vf

Method 2

If

If

VL2
faulty phase voltage

VL3

VL2-L3

VL2

healthy-phase voltage
(phase to phase voltage)
Page 12

VL3

VL2

voltage memory
(pre-fault voltage)

Siemens
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Distance Protection Device

Directional measurement
Summery of all 3 methods

uRI = uL2-L3
uf = uL1

if(t)
uL1

Measuring
window

uL1

if
if
uL2-L3
if

Page 13

Distance measurement
Direction measurement
with voltage memory
Direction measurement
with unfaulted voltage

Siemens
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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Fault detection techniques

Over-current fault detection

Voltage dependant
over-current fault detection

Voltage and
angle dependant
over-current
fault detection

Impedance
fault
detection
I>

>

I >>

Not in 7SA522

Page 14

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Why several zones?

Trip in first-zone time

7SA

Trip only if there is no fast fault

clearance by other relays

7SA

etc.
t

t3
X3
X2

t2

X1

Diagrams:

t1
R

Impedance plain
Page 15

X1

X2

Time-grading diagram

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Distance Protection Device

Determination of grading times

2nd Zone: It must initially allow the 1st zone on the neighbouring feeder(s) to clear the fault.
The grading time therefore results from the addition of the following times:
operating time of the neighbouring feeder mechanical 25 - 80 ms
static:
15 - 40
digital:
15 - 30
circuit breaker operating time

HV / EHV:
MV

40 ms (2 cycles) / 20 ms (1 cycles)
up to about 80 ms (4 cycles)

distance relay reset time

mechanical: approx. 60-100 ms

static:
approx. 30 ms
digital:
approx. 20 ms.

errors of the distance relay internal timers mechanical: 5% of the set time, minimum 60-100 ms
static:
3% of the set time, minimum 10 ms
digital:
1% of the set time, minimum 10 ms
distance protection starting time *)

mechanical: O/C starter: 10 ms, impedance starter: 25 ms

static:
O/C starter: 5 ms, impedance starter: 25 ms
digital:
generally 15 ms

safety margin

grading;

mechanical-mechanical:
static/digital-mechanical or vice versa:
digital-digital or static-static

100 ms
75 ms
50 ms

*) only relevant if the set relay times relate to the instant of fault detection / zone pick-up. This is the case with all Siemens relays. There are
other relays where the time is adapted by software to relate to the instant of fault inception. In the latter case the starting time has to be

dropped.
Siemens
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2006
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Distance Protection Device
Page 16

Reach and time co-ordination

Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4

Zone 5

-50%
Page 17

0%

85%

100%

120%

150%

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Impedance zones of digital relays (7SA6 and 7SA52)

for
rds
wa

Line

Distance zones

Z6

Inclined with line angle

Angle prevents overreach of Z1
on faults with fault resistance that
are fed from both line ends

Z5
Z4
Z2
Z1B
Z1

re v
e rs
e

Load

Load

fo rw
a rd
s

Z3

e
ers
re v

Page 18

Fault detection
no fault detection polygon: the
largest zone determines the fault
detection characteristic
simple setting of load encroachment
area with Rmin and Load

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Distance Protection Device

Graded distance zones

Z3
t = grading time
Z2

time
Z1

t3
t2

t1

B
D1

C
D2

Grading rules:

Z1 = 0,85 ZAB
Z2 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 ZBC)
Z3 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 (ZBC + 0,85 ZCD))
Page 19

D
D3
distance

Safety margin is 15 %:
- line error
- CT, VT error
- measuring error

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
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S.A.E - Smart
Distance Protection Device

SIPROTEC 7SA Distance Protection

Teleprotection

Page 20

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AG Grid
2006
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Distance Protection Device

20

Selectivity in distance protection,

Teleprotection is the solution
Normal setting: X1 = 0.85 XL
2

1
15%
Faults in this area are
tripped from side 2 in
t2

70%
Faults in this area are tripped
from both sides in first-zone
time

15%
Faults in this area are
tripped from side 2 in
t2

Faults on approximately 70% of the line length are cleared

without delay at both line ends
Faults in the remaining 30% of the line length
are cleared with a time delay.
Remedy:

Exchange of information between the two line ends

Required:

Communication channel (PLC, microwave radio, fibre optic, etc.)

Teleprotection logic (dedicated device or internal
function in numerical protection devices)

Page 21

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AG Grid
2006
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Distance Protection Device

Teleprotection schemes

Z1B
Z1
2

Z1
Z1B

7SA

7SA

I see the fault forward,

but outside zone 1

tio
rma
o
f
In

on
issi
m
s
an
n tr

I clearly see the

fault on my line

Prerequisite for the use of teleprotection schemes

After receiving the information
from the opposite end I recognize
that the fault is on my line

Page 22

Teleprotection logic in the devices

Transmission channel (Signal cables, PLC,
Radio link system, Optical fibers, Communication
network)

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
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Distance Protection Device

7SA522 - Permissive underreach transfer trip (PUTT)

Z1(A)

Z1B(B)

Z1B(A)

Z1(B)

Substation A
7SA522

Substation B
Dis. T. Send 2103

Tele-comm.

Tele-comm.

Transmit

Transmit

4056

Z1
(A)

4056

Ts
TS Send signal

Send signal

T1B

Further
Zones

Z1
(A)

Ts
TS
T1

T1

Z1B
(A)

7SA522

2103 Dis. T. Send

&

>1

>Dis Tel Rec. Ch1

4006

Trip

Trip
receive

receive

>1

T1B

&

Z1B
(A)

Further
Zones

>Dis Tel Rec. Ch1

4006

TS
Page 23

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
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Distance Protection Device

7SA522 - Permissive overreach transfer trip (POTT)

Z1(A)

Z1B(B)

Z1B(A)

Z1(B)

Substation B

Substation A
7SA522

Tele-comm.

Dis. T. Send 2103

Z1B
(A)

Tele-comm.

Dis. T. Send 2103

4056

&
T1B

Z1 or
Further
Zones

Ts

&

>1

4006
>Dis Tel Rec. Ch1

Z1B
(A)

4056

Transmit

Send signal

>1

7SA522

Transmit

Trip

Send signal

Trip

>1

>1

Ts

&

4006

receive

receive

>Dis Tel Rec. Ch1

&
T1B

Z1 or
Further
Zones

TS

Page 24

Siemens
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2006
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Distance Protection Device

7SA522 - Blocking

7SA522

FD
(B)

Substation A
d (u,i)
dt
(A)

Z1(A)

FD
(A)

Z1B(A)

Z1B(B)

FD
(A)

FD
(B)

Z1(B)

Substation B
&

&
40 ms

2103 Dis. T. Send

&

Forw.
(A)

4060

4060

Dis. Jump Bl.

Dis. Jump Bl.

>1

&

FD
(A)

0
Ts

4056

Transmit

T1B

Z1 or
Further
Zones

&
Forw.
(A)

>1
4056
Ts

Send signal

Send signal

&

&
>1

Trip

Trip

T1B

1
1
0
0

receive

&

>1

0
4006
>Dis Tel Rec. Ch1

FD
(A)

Tv

TV
Page 25

Transmit

Tv

Z1B
(A)

Dis. T. Send 2103

Tele-comm.

Tele-comm.

d (u,i)
dt
40 ms
(A)

receive

4006
>Dis Tel Rec. Ch1

Z1B
(A)

Z1 or
Further
Zones

TS

Siemens
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2006
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Distance Protection Device

7SA522 - Unblocking

Z1(A)

Z1B(B)

Z1(B)

Substation A
7SA522

4056

&
T1B

Z1 or
Further
Zones

Ts

&

Substation B

Tele-comm.

Dis. T. Send 2103

Z1B
(A)

>1

Tele-comm.
fu

fu

fo

fo

Transmit

Send signal

Transmit

Send signal

Trip

4031

receive

7SA522

Dis. T. Send 2103

Z1B
(A)

4056

Trip

>1
Unblock
Logic

Z1B(A)

4030

>1

4031

4030

receive

>1

Ts

&

Unblock
Logic

Fo : Off frequency (monitoring frequency)

U : Unblocking signal

Fu : Unblock frequency (send frequency)

B : blocking signal

&
T1B

Z1 or
Further
Zones

TS

Page 26

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

SIPROTEC 7SA Distance Protection

Power Swing

Page 27

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

27

Power swing detection by trajectory monitoring

x
Fault Impedance

dR(k-n)

dX(k-n)

Jump from load to

fault impedance

swing trajectory
dR(k)
dX(k)

Load
impedance

Trajectory monitoring for

Continuous movement
No sign change

Page 28

Detection of power swing 30ms after

start!

Siemens
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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Principle of power swing detection

Continuous
calculation and
monitoring of
Impedances

Zone

First impedance in
power swing area:
algorithm starts to
analyze the
impedance trajectory

automatically sized
power swing area

Page 29

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Main criteria for power swing detection

Page 30

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

monotony criterion

X
X1
X2
X2

X11
R2
R2
R2

X2

R1

R1

power swing if
R1 and R2 or and
X1 and X22
have same direction
directions
no power swing if
R1 and R2 and
X1 and X2 have
different directions

Page 31

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

continuity criterion

power swing
if R or X
exceed a threshold

X
X

no power swing
if R and X are
below the threshold
R
R

Page 32

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

smoothness criterion

X
X1
X1
R2
R2

R1

R1 X 2

power swing if
R1 nearly R2
and X1 nearly X2

X2 no power swing if
R1 strong vary from R2
or
X1 strong vary from X2

Page 33

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

SIPROTEC 7SA Distance Protection

Practical Application Example

Page 34

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

34

Practical Application Example for 7SA6

220 kV

100 km OHL
Z1 = 0,25 Ohm/km 85
Z0 = 0,8 Ohm/km 75
7SA6

IF Min = 2 kA (phase)
IF Min = 0,5 kA (earth)
7SA6
1&3 Pole trip
21 with Quadrilateral
Teleprotection - POTT

Page 35

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Plant Data
220 kV
L1
L2
L3

1200 / 1

220 kV / 0.1 kV

Make a diagram
of how the plant
is connected to
the relay

220 kV / 0.1 kV

L1 L2 L3

Page 36

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Binary I/O

Refer to
System Description
Chapter 5

Relay PICKUP

Allocate the required

functions to the
available binary
inputs and outputs

Distance teleprotection send

Trip L1
Trip L2
Trip L3

The number of
available binary
inputs and outputs
depends on the
hardware version

AR Close

General supervision alarm

Relay alarm/live contact

Page 37

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Configuration

First step is configuration - Functions that are disabled here will not appear later.
Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1 General

Page 38

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Routing in DIGSI Matrix

Route the selected functions to the binary inputs and outputs in the matrix

Page 39

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Set Power system data1 - Transformers

Make sure the entered settings match the plant data

Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1 General

Page 40

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Power system data1 - Power system

Select the mode for zero sequence compensation: RE/RL and XE/XL or
K0 and angle K0
Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1

Page 41

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Setting Group A

Setting blocks for the functions enabled during configuration

are available in Setting Group A
(if setting group changeover is selected, also Group B, C and D)
Refer to Manual - Chapter 2.1

Page 42

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Setting Group A: Power System Data 2

Select entry of impedance in primary or secondary values.
CT and VT ratio may not change after entry with primary values

Separate setting
for Z1 and
remaining zones
Refer to Manual
Chapter 2.1

Page 43

Incorrect entries may lead to incorrect

measured value or fault location data

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Calculation of residual compensation factors

Use the RE/RL and XE/XL or K0 and angle K0 setting (selected during configuration)

RE

1
=

RL

XE

R0
-

X0

R1

XL

X1

As only ratios are used either primary or secondary impedance may be used. The
values may apply to the whole line or be per unit length

R1 = 0,25 cos 85 = 0,022

X1 = 0,25 sin 85 = 0,249

R0 = 0,8 cos 75 = 0,207

X0 = 0,8 sin 75 = 0,773

RE/RL = 1/3 (0,207/0,022 - 1) XE/XL = 1/3 (0,773/0,249 - 1)

RE/RL = 2,80*
XE/XL = 0,70
* Note that RE/RL setting increases earth fault reach in R direction. Recommend set < 2
In this example the same setting is used for Zone 1 and the other Zones

Page 44

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Setting Group A: Line Status

The line status (open/closed) is required by several functions
(e.g. E/F protection blocking during single pole open).
Current, voltage and
auxiliary contacts
may be used to
check the line status.
After line closure
special protection
functions may be
activated for a set
Time (SOTF)

Refer to Manual
Chapter 2.1
Page 45

Release of manual close command may be subject to sync check

Siemens
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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Setting Group A: Distance protection, general settings

This is similar
to ON/OFF with
binary input
Used to set
load area in
polygon
Single pole trip
in Zone 2 can be
selected

The overreach zone Z1b may be controlled by the Auto Reclosure

Page 46

Refer to Manual
Chapter 2.2

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Calculate the Load Area setting

Max Load Angle

Maximum load current = 2200 A

Minimum operating voltage = 90%
Min Power factor cos = 0,85

Z2
Z1B
Z1

RLOAD (min) = Umin / 3 ILmax

Load

RLOAD (min) = 0,9

= 95

220 kV / 3
(prim.)

2200 A

Max Load Angle = 1,2 * arccos (cos

)
RLOAD (min)

Max Load Angle

Page 47

= 1,2* arccos ( 0,85)

= 38

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Setting Group A: Distance protection, Earth faults

Set the threshold

for earth fault
pickup

Additional
settings have the
supplement A

Refer to Manual
Chapter 2.2

Page 48

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Setting Group A: Distance protection, Time Delays

Set the zone

timers:
Separate
setting for
1 and multi
phase faults
in Z1, Z2 and
Z1b

The same parameters are

also shown with the
individual zone settings.

Page 49

Setting infinity ( ) may be

applied for clarity to unused
zones.

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Setting Group A: Distance zones, Zone 1

Set mode for Zone1

- Forward
- Reverse
- Non-directional
- Inactive
Set reach for
Zone1 Primary
or secondary
Set time delay
for Zone1
(Same as under
general settings

The zone reduction angle is only available for Zone1

(Used to prevent overreach resulting from load current
in the presence of resistive faults)

Settings for further Zones is similar

Page 50

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Short-circuit with fault resistance and infeed from both

sides - equivalent circuit

EA

A
UA

ZL
D

U A = I A ZL + I A + I B RF
U A = I A ZL + RF + I B RF
UA
IB
ZA =
= ZL + RF +
RF
IA
IA

RF

EB

X
RF
ZL

RF

The fault resistor RF is seen larger

Page 51

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Influence of load flow on the distance

measurement for faults with fault resistance
U2

U1
load

ZL2

ZL1
U1

RF

L
SC2
SC1

U2

RF = fault resistance
1

RF

2
1

RF

RF

RF

ZL1

ZL2
ZSC2

ZSC1
ZSC1 sin

ZSC2 sin

SC1

SC2

SC1

ZK1 = ZL1 + RF +

2
1

Page 52

RF

ZK2 = ZL1 + RF +

SC2

An Over-reach
(left) or
an Under -reach
(right) is possible.
The grading
characteristic must
be adapted.

RF

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2006
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Distance Protection Device

Settings for zone Z1

X(Z1)

Line

R(Z1)

RE(Z1)
R

Page 53

Recommendation for zone 1 settings:

X1
80...90% of the line reactance
R1
120% of the arc (1/2) resistance
R1E
120% of the arc resistance
T1(1-phase.)
0 ms
T1(multi-phase) 0 ms

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
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S.A.E - Smart
Distance Protection Device

Impedance zones of digital relays (7SA6 and 7SA52)

for
rds
wa

Line

Distance zones

Z6

Inclined with line angle

Angle prevents overreach of Z1
on faults with fault resistance that
are fed from both line ends

Z5
Z4
Z2
Z1B
Z1

re v
e rs
e

Load

Load

fo rw
a rd
s

Z3

e
ers
re v

Page 54

Fault detection
no fault detection polygon: the
largest zone determines the fault
detection characteristic
simple setting of load encroachment
area with Rmin and Load

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
s
S.A.E - Smart
Distance Protection Device

Setting Group A: High Current Switch on to Fault

Following energisation of the line (recognition of CB close) the

high speed SOTF clears bolted faults.

Function must be switched ON

2404

I>>>

L1

I>>>

L2

>1

4282

SOTF-OC Pick up L1

&

4283

L3

SOTF-OC Pick up L1

2. 2 .I>>>

4284

SOTF-OC Rel. L1

SOTF-OC Pick up L1

>1

SOTF-OC Rel. L1

Pick-up setting must be

above maximum expected
charging current

4281

SOTF-OC Rel. L1

>1

SOTF-OC Rel. L123

L1
L2

SOTF-OC Trip L123

L3

Page 55

SOTF-OC Pick up
4295

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
s
S.A.E - Smart
Distance Protection Device

SIPROTEC 4 Distance Protection

Buck up over current

Address 2601 is set according to the desired mode of operation of the overcurrent protection: Operating
Mode = ON: always active means that the overcurrent protection works independently of other protection
functions, i.e. as a backup overcurrent protection. If it is to work only as an emergency function in case of
loss of VT supply, ON: with VT loss must be set
Page 56

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
s
S.A.E - Smart
Distance Protection Device

SIPROTEC 4 Distance Protection

Buck up over current

If not all stages are required, each individual stage can be deactivated by setting the pickup threshold to .
But if you set only an associated time delay to this does not suppress the pickup signals but prevents the
timers from running
Page 57

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
s
S.A.E - Smart
Distance Protection Device

SIPROTEC 4 Distance Protection

STUB protection for 11/2-circuit breaker arrangement

IA
CB
(A)

IK= I A+ I B

Line isolator 1

Feeder 1

Busbar A

stub fault
CB
(C)

IB

Feeder 2

Line isolator 2

CB
(B)

Release of STUB-stage with open line isolator:

Busbar B

The stub protection is an over current prot. which is only in service when the state of the
isolator indicates the open conditions via a binary input >I-STUB ENABLE

Page 58

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
s
S.A.E - Smart
Distance Protection Device

SIPROTEC 4 Distance Protection:

High Resistance Earth Fault Protection
Definite-time characteristic
T

T3I0>
T3I0>>

T3I0>>>
3I0>

Page 59

3I0>>

3I0>>>

3I0

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
s
S.A.E - Smart
Distance Protection Device

Polarizing Options for Directional Earth Fault Relays

Settings for direction:

Directional Characteristic (U0 and IY)

*)

I0P

U0P U2P

*)

not needed for numerical relays,

U0P may also be internally calculated

Page 60

I0L, I2L

Siemens
AG Grid
2006
s
S.A.E - Smart
Distance Protection Device