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Problem Set 9.1, Page 436: Real Part Imaginary Part

The document provides solutions to exercises involving complex numbers and matrices. It includes: 1) Summaries of problems involving complex number operations, polar forms, and absolute values. 2) Explanations involving unitary, Hermitian, and normal matrices as well as their properties like eigenvalues and eigenvectors. 3) Derivations and examples related to the discrete Fourier transform and its inverse, including their matrix forms.

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Muhammad Umer Shah
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52 views

Problem Set 9.1, Page 436: Real Part Imaginary Part

The document provides solutions to exercises involving complex numbers and matrices. It includes: 1) Summaries of problems involving complex number operations, polar forms, and absolute values. 2) Explanations involving unitary, Hermitian, and normal matrices as well as their properties like eigenvalues and eigenvectors. 3) Derivations and examples related to the discrete Fourier transform and its inverse, including their matrix forms.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Umer Shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions to Exercises

150

Problem Set 9.1, page 436


1 (a)(b)(c) have sums 4, 2 + 2i, 2 cos and products 5, 2i, 1. Note (ei )(ei ) = 1.
2 In polar form these are

i
5e , 5e2i ,

3 The absolute values are r = 10, 100,

1 ei ,
5
1
,
10

5.

and 100. The angles are , 2, and 2.

4 |z w| = 6, |z + w| 5, |z/w| = 23 , |z w| 5.

3
2

5 a + ib =

+ 12 i,

1
2

3
i,
2

i, 12 +

3
i;
2

w12 = 1.

6 1/z has absolute value 1/r and angle ; (1/r)ei times rei equals 1.

c
ac bd real part
1

a
d
bc + ad imaginary part 3

a b
b

3
1

1
3

10
0

is the matrix

form of (1 + 3i)(1 3i) = 10.



A1 A2
x1
b
= 1 gives complex matrix = vector multiplication (A1 +
8
A2
A1
x2
b2
iA2 )(x1 + ix2 ) = b1 + ib2 .
9 2 + i; (2 + i)(1 + i) = 1 + 3i; ei/2 = i; ei = 1;

1i
1+i

= i; (i)103 = i.

10 z + z is real; z z is pure imaginary; zz is positive; z/z has absolute value 1.

11

0 1

includes aI (which just adds a to the eigenvalues and b


. So the
b a
1 0
eigenvectors are x1 = (1, i) and x2 = (1, i). The eigenvalues are 1 = a + bi and

2 = a bi. We see x1 = x2 and 1 = 2 as expected for real matrices with complex


eigenvalues.
12 (a) When a = b = d = 1 the square root becomes

(b) = 0 and = a + d when ad = bc

4c; is complex if c < 0

(c) the s can be real and different.

13 Complex s when (a + d)2 < 4(ad bc); write (a + d)2 4(ad bc) as (a d)2 + 4bc

which is positive when bc > 0.


14 The symmetric block matrix has real eigenvalues; so i is real and is pure imaginary.
15 (a) 2ei/3 , 4e2i/3

50ei/2 .

(b) e2i , e4i

(c) 7e3i/2 , 49e3i (= 49) (d)

50ei/4 ,

Solutions to Exercises
16 r = 1, angle

151

; multiply by ei to get ei/2 = i.

17 a + ib = 1, i, 1, i, 12

i .
2

The root w = w1 = e2i/8 is 1/ 2 i/ 2.

18 1, e2i/3 , e4i/3 are cube roots of 1. The cube roots of 1 are 1, ei/3 , ei/3 .

Altogether six roots of z 6 = 1.


19 cos 3 = Re[(cos + i sin )3 ] = cos3 3 cos sin2 ; sin 3 = 3 cos2 sin sin3 .
20 If the conjugate z = 1/z then |z|2 = 1 and z is any point ei on the unit circle.
21 ei is at angle = 1 on the unit circle; |ie | = 1e ; Infinitely many ie = ei(/2+2n)e .
22 (a) Unit circle

(b) Spiral in to e2

(c) Circle continuing around to angle = 2 2 .

Problem Set 9.2, page 443


1 kuk =

9 = 3, kvk = 3, uH v = 3i + 2, v H u = 3i + 2 (this is the conjugate of

uH v).

3
1

are Hermitian matrices. They


2 AH A = 0
2
1 + i and AAH =

1 3
1i 1i
2
share the eigenvalues 4 and 2.
2

1+i

3 z =multiple of (1+i, 1+i, 2); Az = 0 gives z H AH = 0H so z (not z!) is orthogonal

to all columns of AH (using complex inner product z H times columns of AH ).


4 The four fundamental subspaces are now C(A), N(A), C(AH ), N(AH ). AH and not AT .
5 (a) (AH A)H = AH AHH = AH A again

(b) If AH Az = 0 then (z H AH )(Az) = 0.

This is kAzk2 = 0 so Az = 0. The nullspaces of A and AH A are always the same.

(a) False
0 1

A=Q=
(b) True: i is not an eigenvalue when S = S H .
6
(c) False
1 0
7 cS is still Hermitian for real c; (iS)H = iS H = iS is skew-Hermitian.

Solutions to Exercises

152

=
0 , P 3 =
i

0 1
0
i
= (i)33 P = iP . The eigenvalues of P are the roots of 3 = i,

8 This P is invertible and unitary. P 2 = 1

iI. Then P 100

0 1
0

which are i and ie2i/3 and ie4i/3 .


9 One unit eigenvector is certainly x1 = (1, 1, 1) with 1 = i. The other eigenvectors

are x2 = (1, w, w2 ) and x3 = (1, w2 , w4 ) with w = e2i/3 . The eigenvector matrix


is the Fourier matrix F3 . The eigenvectors of any unitary matrix like P are orthogonal
(using the correct complex form xH y of the inner product).
10 (1, 1, 1), (1, e2i/3 , e4i/3 ), (1, e4i/3 , e2i/3 ) are orthogonal (complex inner product!)

because P is an orthogonal matrixand therefore its eigenvector matrix is unitary.


11 If QH Q = I then Q1 (QH )1 = Q1 (Q1 )H = I so Q1 is also unitary. Also

(QU )H (QU ) = U H QH QU = U H U = I so QU is unitary.


12 Determinant = product of the eigenvalues (all real). And A = AH gives det A = det A.
13 (z H AH )(Az) = kAzk2 is positive unless Az = 0. When A has independent columns

14

15

16

17

this means z = 0; so AH A is positive definite.

1
1
+
i
2
0
1
1

i
1

1
.
S=
3 1+i
3 1 i
1
0 1
1

1
1

i
2i
0
1
1
+
i
1
1


;
K =(iAT in Problem 14) =
3 1i
3 1 + i
1
0 i
1
s are imaginary.

1
i
cos

+
i
sin

0
1
i
1

1
has || = 1.
U=
2 i
2 i 1
1
0
cos i sin

0 1 1+ 3
1i
1 1 + 3 1 + i 1

with L2 = 6+2 3.
U=

L
1+i 1+ 3
0 1 L 1 i
1+ 3
H
Unitary means || = 1. U = U gives real . Then trace zero gives = 1 and 1.

18 The vs are columns of a unitary matrix U , so U H is U 1 . Then z = U U H z =


H
(multiply by columns) = v 1 (v H
1 z) + + v n (v n z): a typical orthonormal expansion.

Solutions to Exercises

153

19 z = (1, i, 2) completes an orthogonal basis for C3 . So does any ei z.


20 S = A + iB = (A + iB)H = AT iB T ; A is symmetric but B is skew-symmetric.
21 Cn has dimension n; the columns of any unitary matrix are a basis. For example use

the columns of iI: (i, 0, . . . , 0), . . . , (0, . . . , 0, i)


a
b
+
ic
w
;
22 [ 1 ] and [ 1 ]; any [ ei ];
b ic
d
z

ei z
ei w

with |w|2 + |z|2 = 1


and any angle

23 The eigenvalues of AH are complex conjugates of the eigenvalues of A: det(AI) = 0

gives det(AH I) = 0.
24 (I 2uuH )H = I 2uuH and also (I 2uuH )2 = I 4uuH + 4u(uH u)uH = I.

The rank-1 matrix uuH projects onto the line through u.


25 Unitary U H U = I means (AT iB T )(A+iB) = (AT A+B T B)+i(AT BB T A) = I.

AT A + B T B = I and AT B B T A = 0 which makes the block matrix orthogonal.


H
T
T
T
T
26 We are
given A+ iB = (A + iB) = A iB . Then A = A and B = B . So

that

is symmetric.

27 SS 1 = I gives (S 1 )H S H = I. Therefore (S 1 )H is (S H )1 = S 1 and S 1 is

Hermitian.
28 If U has (complex) orthonormal columns, then U H U = I and U is unitary. If those

columns are eigenvectors of A, then A = U U 1 = U U H is normal. The direct test


for a normal matrix (which is AAH = AH A because diagonals could be real!) and H
surely commute:
AAH=(U U H )(U H U H )=U (H )U H = U (H )U H = (U H U H )(U U H ) =AH A.
An easy way to construct a normal matrix is 1 + i times a symmetric matrix. Or take
A = S + iT where the real symmetric S and T commute (Then AH = S iT and
AAH = AH A).

Solutions to Exercises

154

Problem Set 9.3, page 450


1 Equation (3) (the FFT) is correct using i2 = 1 in the last two rows and three columns.

2 F 1

3 F =

4 D=

1
1
1
1

1
1
1

1
e2i/6



1 1

2


1

1 i2

1
i2

1
1
1 1 H

= F .

4

1 1 2 1
1

2
1 i
i
i

1
1

permutation last.

1 1 1
1

1
1 i2
i
i

1
1
1

(note 6 not 3) and F3 1 e2i/3 e4i/3 .

e4i/6
1 e4i/3 e2i/3

5 F 1 w = v and F 1 v = w/4. Delta vector all-ones vector.

4 0 0 0

0
0
0
4
2

and (F4 )4 = 16I. Four transforms recover the signal!


6 (F4 ) =

0 0 4 0

0 4 0 0



1
1
2
2
0
0
0
2




0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0


7 c=
=F c. Also C = =F C.
1 0 0 2
0 1 2 2


0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
Adding c + C gives (1, 1, 1, 1) to (4, 0, 0, 0) = 4 (delta vector).
8 c (1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0) (4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) (4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0) = F8 c.

C (0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1) (0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0) (4, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0) = F8 C.


9 If w64 = 1 then w2 is a 32nd root of 1 and

w is a 128th root of 1: Key to FFT.

Solutions to Exercises

155

10 For every integer n, the nth roots of 1 add to zero. For even n, they cancel in pairs. For

any n, use the geometric series formula 1 + w + + wn1 = (wn 1)/(w 1) = 0.

In particular for n = 3, 1 + (1 + i 3)/2 + (1 i 3)/2 = 0.


11 The eigenvalues of P are 1, i, i2 = 1, and i3 = i. Problem 11 displays the eigen-

vectors. And also det(P I) = 4 1.

0 1 0

12 = diag(1, i, i2 , i3 ); P = 0 0 1 and P T lead to 3 1 = 0.

1 0 0

13 e1 = c0 + c1 + c2 + c3 and e2 = c0 + c1 i + c2 i2 + c3 i3 ; E contains the four eigenvalues

of C = F EF 1 because F contains the eigenvectors.


14 Eigenvalues e1 = 2 1 1 = 0, e2 = 2 i i3 = 2, e3 = 2 (1) (1) = 4,

e4 = 2 i3 i9 = 2. Just transform column 0 of C. Check trace 0 + 2 + 4 + 2 = 8.


15 Diagonal E needs n multiplications, Fourier matrix F and F 1 need 12 n log2 n multi-

plications each by the FFT. The total is much less than the ordinary n2 for C times x.
16 The row 1, wk , w 2k , . . . in F is the same as the row 1, wNk , wN2k , . . . in F because

wNk = e(2i/N)(Nk) is e2i e(2i/N)k = 1 times w k . So F and F have the same


rows in reversed order (except for row 0 which is all ones).
17 0

000 reverses to 000 = 0

001 reverses to 100 = 4

010 reverses to 010 = 2

011 reverses to 110 = 6

100 reverses to 001 = 1

101 reverses to 101 = 5

110 reverses to 011 = 3

111 reverses to 111 = 7

Now evens come before odds !

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