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Optik Optik: Optics

1) The document analyzes the vibrational energy eigenvalues of molecules in a diatomic gasdynamic laser, modeled as quantum anharmonic oscillators under a Morse potential. 2) It derives an expression for the vibrational energy levels and maximizes this expression with respect to the vibrational quantum number to determine the maximum energy. 3) By minimizing this maximum energy expression with respect to the anharmonicity parameter, it determines that the optimal laser corresponds to the ground state energy and relatively high anharmonicity.

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37 views2 pages

Optik Optik: Optics

1) The document analyzes the vibrational energy eigenvalues of molecules in a diatomic gasdynamic laser, modeled as quantum anharmonic oscillators under a Morse potential. 2) It derives an expression for the vibrational energy levels and maximizes this expression with respect to the vibrational quantum number to determine the maximum energy. 3) By minimizing this maximum energy expression with respect to the anharmonicity parameter, it determines that the optimal laser corresponds to the ground state energy and relatively high anharmonicity.

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TYu4443
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ARTICLE IN PRESS

Optik

Optics

Optik 119 (2008) 451452


www.elsevier.de/ijleo

SHORT NOTE

An optimization analysis on the molecular vibrational energy eigenvalues


of a diatomic gasdynamic laser
M.A. Grado-Caffaro, M. Grado-Caffaro
SAPIENZA S.L. (Scientific Consultants), C/ Julio Palacios 11, 9-B, 28029-Madrid, Spain
Received 23 August 2006; accepted 2 December 2006

Abstract
We study briey the eigenvalue spectrum corresponding to the vibrational-energy levels of the molecules as
anharmonic oscillators in a diatomic gasdynamic laser by calculating the maximum eigenvalue when all the possible
diatomic congurations are considered within the context of gasdynamic lasers. In this context, a parameter which
characterizes the anharmonicity of a given diatomic molecule as a one-dimensional oscillator is used in our
calculations.
r 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Optimization; Diatomic gasdynamic laser; Vibrational energy; Anharmonic oscillator

Theoretical research upon gasdynamic lasers presents


a number of very interesting aspects from both the
macroscopic and microscopic points of view. With
respect to the microscopic standpoint, there are a
number of problems that remain open; a great part of
these problems may be solved by using analytical
techniques based on powerful schemes of mathematical
physics. One of these questions is related to the
quantized vibrational energy of the molecules corresponding to a gasdynamic laser; in particular, we refer
to diatomic gasdynamic lasers for which Morse-type
potentials can be considered to simulate the behaviour
of the molecules as quantum anharmonic oscillators
[15]. As a signicant example of this, we can mention
the carbon-monoxide gasdynamic laser (see, for instance, Refs. [25]) which offers interesting features
from both the experimental and theoretical points of
view. In fact, in this type of laser, a Morse internuclear
Corresponding author.

E-mail address: [email protected]


(M.A. Grado-Caffaro).
0030-4026/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2006.12.013

potential is regarded for each molecule giving rise to a


discrete vibrational energy-eigenvalue spectrum (a given
molecule behaves as a one-dimensional quantum anharmonic oscillator). In the following, we shall tackle
special aspects related to the aforementioned eigenvalue
spectrum. We shall concentrate on eigenvalue maximization with respect to the values taken on by the
involved vibrational quantum number so that minimization of the upper bounds of the eigenvalue set will
be also carried out.
First let us consider a diatomic molecule as a onedimensional quantum anharmonic oscillator under the
action of a Morse potential (internuclear potential). The
vibrational energy levels of this oscillator are given by
the following expression [15]:


1
E n n  nn 1 _o n 0; 1; 2; . . .,
(1)
2
where _ is the reduced Planck constant, o the
fundamental angular frequency, and  an anharmonic
coefcient which, in practice, is relatively small
(0oep1). In Ref. [1], the term corresponding to the

ARTICLE IN PRESS
452

M.A. Grado-Caffaro, M. Grado-Caffaro / Optik 119 (2008) 451452

zero-point energy is omitted so that the expression


given in this reference is approximately valid for nc1
only.
Now, following Ref. [5], we want to maximize En with
respect to n. To get this end, by equating to zero the rst
derivative of En with respect to n, then it is very easy to
nd that n 1/2(1/e1) which corresponds to the
maximum energy (note that d2En/dn2 2eo0). By
replacing the above value of the quantum number into
formula (1), one has


1
1
E n pE   _o  .
(2)
4

In relationship (2), it is appreciated that the right-hand
side depends on parameter e. Within this framework, we
consider all the possible diatomic gasdynamic lasers so
that one value of e corresponds to each laser. Then we
are interested in nding the supremum of En so that we
wish to determine the smallest upper bound for the
vibrational energy since we are interested in selecting a
laser that corresponds to the supremum in question.
Then, by minimizing the right-hand side of relation (2)
with respect to , it follows that dE/de 1/4_o(1(1/
e2)) 0 which gives e 1 that corresponds to a
minimum (note that d2E/de2 _o/2e340). Consequently, we obtain E(1) E0, that is, the ground-state
energy. In view of the process above, we can say that we
have determined an optimum diatomic gasdynamic laser
with maximal vibrational energy compatible to a
relatively high degree of anharmonicity (given by e). In
other words, the problem in question deals with nding
a laser of the smallest (with respect to anharmonicity)
upper bound for vibrational energy which becomes
useful from a practical point of view; in essence, we can
claim that there is, say, a trade-off between anharmonicity and energy in terms of optimization. At this point,
notice that the value e 1 corresponds to a relatively
large degree of anharmonicity, which is not usual in
current diatomic congurations as, for example, the
carbon-monoxide gasdynamic laser.
Finally, it is interesting to evaluate the resulting
kinetic energy in a typical collision process by which two
diatomic molecules at the jni vibrational state collide
giving rise to one of the molecules at the |n+1S state
and the other molecule at the jn  1i state [24]. This
process obeys the following relationship:
2E n E n1 E n1 E k ,

(3)

where Ek denotes kinetic energy. By formulae (1) and


(3), it follows Ek 2_oe which, with the value e 1

obtained previously, becomes Ek 2_o, that is,


Ek 4E0.
The main physical processes [6] underlying operation
of systems based upon gasdynamic laser may be
described quantitatively by using analytical methods
and by employing simulation techniques. With respect
to analytical methods, we wish to remark the necessity
of powerful techniques from the mathematical-physics
point of view. In this context, the study of energy
eigenvalues referring to quantum differential equations
has a notable relevance (see, for instance, [79]). In fact,
our preceding discussion can be included in the above
study; vibrational energy of diatomic molecules has been
treated in a special way. We have developed an
optimization scheme in order to maximize vibrational
energy with respect to quantum vibrational states under
the condition by which minimization with respect to e of
the involved upper bounds takes place. By virtue of this
mathematical process, we have arrived at E0 as optimum
energy, which can be regarded as a result from the
conjunction of maximal energy with anharmonicity
(consider the smallest upper bound for the vibrational
energy). Our formulation is useful to optimize the design
of systems based on diatomic gasdynamic lasers.

References
[1] R.L. McKenzie, Diatomic gasdynamic lasers, Phys. Fluids
15 (1972) 21632173.
[2] J.D. Anderson Jr., Gasdynamic Lasers: An Introduction,
Academic Press, New York, 1976, pp. 113115.
[3] M.A. Grado-Caffaro, M. Grado-Caffaro, A generalized
model for carbon monoxide gasdynamic laser, Mod. Phys.
Lett. B 8 (1994) 19131915.
[4] M.A. Grado-Caffaro, M. Grado-Caffaro, Some comments
on energy spectrum and kinetic energy of CO molecules in
gasdynamic lasers within the quasi-harmonic approximation, Optik 111 (2000) 475476.
[5] M.A. Grado-Caffaro, M. Grado-Caffaro, Quasi-classical
behaviour of carbon monoxide molecules as anharmonic
oscillators in the carbon-monoxide gasdynamic laser,
Optik 115 (2004) 4344.
[6] W.G. Vincenti, C.H. Kruger, Introduction to Physical Gas
Dynamics, Robert Kreiger Publications, New York, 1977.
[7] J. Feldman, H. Knorrer, E. Trubowitz, The perturbatively
stable spectrum of a periodic Schrodinger operator, Invent.
Math. 100 (1990) 259.
[8] M. Reed, B. Simon, Methods of Modern Mathematical
Physics, IV, Academic Press, New York, 1975.
[9] A. Mohamed, Asymptotics of the density of states for the
Schrodinger operator with periodic electromagnetic potential, J. Math. Phys. 38 (1997) 4023.

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