Topic Name:
Student Name and
ID numbers:
Section No.:
Instructor:
Assignment guidelines
For each of the below questions please write your answers to each
question. The marks distribution has been mentioned below. Please
submit the assignment on blackboard as it will be through safe assign for
plagiarism check. Please make sure to include your full names and IDs
and use the cover page in the beginning. Please email your course
instructor Ms. Mini Sara: [email protected] or Ms. Veena
Raigangar [email protected] for any queries. The assignment is
worth 60 marks (10% of total course mark). The rubric for marking is
attached as a separate word file. PLEASE INCLUDE REFERENCES/
CITATIONS (meaning from where you took the material- please dont
copy and paste from websites as it will show that the assignment is
plagiarized. Please use your own words and creativity to write)
DUE DATE: 20th December 2016, 12:00 pm (SOFT COPY THROUGH
BLACKBOARD). After this date and time you will not be able to upload
your assignment. Max 3000 words
Questions
Marks
5
Definition of Pain (any 2 )
Acute, Chronic and Referred Pain definition and brief
10
description with examples
Mechanism of pain reception and transmission (you can
15
use a diagram to illustrate)
Pain Modulation and Pain control theories (eg. gate
15
control)- Elaborate on at least 2 theories of pain control(you can use a diagram to illustrate)
Management
of
pharmacological
Painwith
pharmacological
examples
of
and
non-
managing
some
15
common painful conditions (include at least 2 examples)
Total
60
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual,
potential tissue damage, mental, emotional suffering or torment. It means also
physical distress as due to illness or injury. When you feel anguish sensation in a
particular part of your body it is also called a pain, this feeling can be diversity
from mild to severe. It may appear sudden or can come with time.
Pain usually protect by prevent them from performing activities that would
cause tissue damage, and it is interfere with normal activities and leads to
limitation and disability. It may be the result of an underlying pathology such as
inflammation or malignancy.
pain relieving may improve the level of activity including physical agents
which it can control pain or altering the underlying process causing sensation , and
it can act by regulating transmission at the spinal cord level , also it change the rate
of nerve conduction or adjust the CNS or PNS release of neurotransmitters .
physical agents can alter the process that lead or cause pain by revising or
modifying tissue inflammation and healing , changing collagen extensibility or
modifying muscle tone .it may indirectly reduce pain by decreasing the softly of
the muscle spindle system . By using therapy to reduce the muscle spasms which
its also reduce the ischemia and edema or changing vascular tone and the rate lf
blood flow , it gives the patient a way to control their own pain by providing them
to perform exercise for instance stretching or strengthening .
It is caused by stimulation of nerve ending, which it acts as a warming. Pain
define as a state in which can anyone experience it or severe uncomfortable
sensation. Pain receptors mainly stimulated ,which are free nerve ending of group
of unmyelinated and myelinated neural fibers distributed in skin , periosteum
arterials walls ,surfaces of the joint and in the cranial cavity .
Most of the pain receptors are sensitive to mechanical of trauma, or sensitive to
heat and cold, sensitive to chemical substance for instance: potassium ions,
bradykinin, acetylcholine, acids, prostaglandins and histamine. This type of
receptors does not reduce the sensitive while it affected to repeated stimulation.
The pain has more than one type and its classified to acute, chronic and referred
pain. Acute pain its onset and suddenly happened and has a limited period of time,
it is caused by damage to tissue for example bone, muscles or organs.
This type of pain is usually sharp in quality and comes quickly; its as a warning
of disease or a risk in the body. It might be caused by many affairs for instance a
surgery, broken bones, burns, labor, dental work and cuts.
It might be mild and last for a moment ,for a weeks or for months and in most
cases this type of pain does not last longer than six months , which its disappears
when the cause has been healed or treated so, finally the acute pain may leads to
chronic pain which its the opposite .
Second type of the pain is Chronic which a disease stays for long period (usually
three month) as per U.S. National Center for Health Statistics reports or condition
that persists over time. Mentioned type unfortunately cannot be solve by vaccines
or cured by medication and not disappear totally from the body.
The main things which may lead for chronic are lack of physical activates such as
walking delay, bad life style which include wrong eating habits and tobacco use.
Arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, epilepsy and seizures, diabetes and
obesity are the best examples which we suffer from it internationally.
Last type called as Referred Pain, usually placed in
internal organs and it is effect other body area such as
pancreas which caused pain felt in the back and
angina pectoris brought on by a myocardial infarction
(heart attack) which the pain felt mostly in the neck,
shoulders, and back.
Pain is a basic function of the human body, associate nociceptors and the central
nervous system (CNS) to broadcast messages from noxious stimuli to the brain.
Structure for neuropathic pain is noticeable as it is caused by injury to the agitated
system itself and can crop up without the existence of noxious stimuli.
Nociceptors are sensory receptors that answerable for encounter harmful or
noxious stimuli and transmitting electrical signals to the nervous system. Receptors
are current in skin, viscera, muscles, joints and meninges to detect a range of
stimuli, which may be mechanical, thermal or chemical in nature.
Two main types of nociceptors are including on human body:
C-fibers which is too slow to conduct and respond to stimuli.
A-delta fibers which is more rapidly and convey messages.
In addition to that there are silent nociceptors that are usually insensitive to stimuli
but can be rouse with high-concentration mechanical stimuli in response to
chemical intermediary in the body.
Nociceptors may have a array of voltage-gated channels for transduction that
advantage to a set of action potentials to initiate the electrical warn into the
nervous system. The affection and behavior of the cell depend on the types of
channels current in the nociceptor.
It is relevant to analyze between nociception and pain
when considering the instrument of pain. Nociception
is the normal feedback of the body to noxious stimuli,
including reflexes below the suprathreshold that
assure the body from disservice. Pain perceived when
superthreshold for nociceptors to ability an action
potential and commence the pain pathway is reached.
Nociceptors handling the electrical signaling message
to dorsal alerts of the spinal cord, where a complicated
array of neurons are involved in the synaptic connections that operation
nociception and pain both.
The portions of the nervous system responsible for the sensation and perception of
pain which divided into areas CNS and afferent pathways
Audiovisual pathways terminate in the dorsal alerts of the spinal cord as the first
step than creates spinal part of afferent system. CNS involved in the analysis of the
pain signals are the limbic system, reticular formation, thalamus, hypothalamus
and cortex. In addition to the efferent pathways, confident of the fibers connecting
the reticular formation, midbrain, and substantial gelatinous, is responsible for
modulating pain sensitivity.
References
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK32659/
http://brainblogger.com/2014/06/23/gate-control-theory-and-painmanagement/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852643/
http://www.pnas.org/content/98/21/11845.full
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/anaesthesia/StudentsandTrainees/PainPathwaysIntroductio
n
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964977/
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4723
