K BRIK J. Blectrical Systems 4-2 (2008): 1-12 F. BEN AMMAR Regular paper The Fault tree analysis of the lead acid battery’s degradat In this paper the authors present an approach of reliability degradation. The construction of causal tree analysis offers a fra deductive analysis which consists in seeking the various possi to the loss of batteries capacity. The description of the causali analysis (FTA) established from the equivalent electric circuit rivileged to the Keywords: Battery, causal tree analysis, fault tree anal impedance, 1, INTRODUCTION It is very important to evaluate safety and rel analysis such as the causal tree and fault t undeniable framework for the inductive ant applications. lex system by using tools alysis. These tools [1, 2] offer an Wve analyses in the industrial ‘0 electrodes immersed in sulfuric acid attached to lead containing spongy active d d to a porous grid containing granules of metallic lead dioxide. These two materia anged in 2 matrix and are separated and immersed in concentrated sulfuric acid electralyitiio provide the mobile positive and negative charges. The matrix comprises a cell, several of which are placed in series to form the battery, The analysis of the causali The lead-acid battery consists of ¢ electrolyte. The negative terminal is mass, whereas the positive termind :id battery is based on tow stages: The first stage is intere| ent of a causal tree which presents the various possible combinati ch involves the batteries degradation. This degradation is generated by tree physicochmical phenomena sulfating, corrosion and the The second stage established starting experimental dete: the causality chain by fault tree analysis (FTA) nts of battery equivalent electric circuit and the val of parameters variation of the electric circuit S BY CAUSAL TREE battery proposed by the authors are described by figures ful technique to demonstrate the causes of undesirable events in battery failure fent all possible combinations of causes and faults leading to the loss of batteries capacity. Using a tree structure which is made of successive levels of events such as each event is generated from the events of the lower level via various logical operators. This method is recognized by international standard object (UTE C 20-318. ECSS-Q-4012 CEI 1025). The causal trees of a Te 1, 2,3 and 4, They are a po Laboratoire des Systanes Elecriques L S.E, Ecole Nationale dIngénieurs de Tunis-Tunisia ENIT BP 37-1002 Tunis leBelvésére. Email Kais.Brik@isetrrnu tnKAIS BRIK & FAOUZI BEN AMMAR: The Fault tree analysis of the lead acid battery's degradation ‘The aging mechanisms of batteries are the actual chemical or mechanical events that cause battery's degradation, The battery will be afffected in different ways depending on the conditions which is operated. All the types of lead acid batteries will suffer from the same damage mechanisms but with different degrees. The major aging processes, leading to gradual loss of performance and eventually to the end of service life, are stratification of electrolyte, sulfating of the electrodes, corrosion of the elegtrodes and the non cohesion of, active mass [3, 4, 5] Consequently, the modes of failure are noted as follows. ‘MI: stratification of the electrolyte, ‘M2: sulfating of the electrode, ‘MB: corrosion of the electrode, ‘M4: non cohesion of active mass. The analysis of the causality chain exploits “Cy” partly intervening luring the phases of charge and discharge a These reactions are summarized by the followin f Anode: Pb + H,SO, © PbSO,+2H* +2e- @ Cathode: PbO, + H,8O, + 2e” © PbSQ iy @ Pb + PbO» + 2H SO, enmee. SO), + 2H, @ 2.1, Stratification of electrolyte The battery tends to be stratified if it is kepeWUnder weak charge and if it did not receive ‘complete charge. As the battery undergoes charge and discharge cycles, the distribution of the electrolyte becomes not uniform; the ions being heavier than water tend to accumulate at the bottom of the battery thusgargating a stratification of electrolyte. Stratification leads to reduced battery capacity by, 1¢ chemical reaction to specific parts of the electrodes ‘Not uniforn distribution of electralyte i Discharge > 80% and absence from overcharge (Cycling with incomplete ‘charge Depth of dlischarge Fig. 4. Causal tree of the failure mode MLJ. Electrical Systems 4-2 (2008): 1-12 2.2. The sulfating of the electrodes The fundamental chemical reaction of the battery, sulfate crystals are created at both electrodes when the battery is discharged. When the battery is charged the crystals dissolve and are converted to PbO2 and Pb on the positive and negative electrode respectively. However, if the battery is not operated properly. such as left at a low state of charge for a long period of time, the sulfate crystals grow in size and fate crystals are created Since these large crystals do not dissolve easily when the is charged this leads to hard or irreversible sulfating under weak fasting t, Battery kept charge k Development of lead sulfate deposit Discharge > 50% Depth of discharge al tiee of the failure mode ML creation of an insulating electric layer that slows down the diffusion o| mmended to not discharge the battery more than SO it 100 %. 2.3. The corrosion ol Corrosion of the electrode) Bas an impact on the internal resistance and available increases as the corrosion layer increases because of the reduced conductivity of ded material and also the reduced cross section of the grid.KAIS BRIK & FAOUZI BEN AMMAR: The Fault tree analysis of the lead acid battery's degradation ‘Water los byte ranformaion into gas by electrolysis Oversharge Overheat “Bad choice of the change yee Bau eperation ofthe shnger| Presence stair Fig. 3. Causal tree of mode M3 The reduction in capacity results from the fact that as part of the grid corrodes, some of, the active mass has reduced electrical connection to the terminals. There are several mechat voltage, acid concentration; concentration increase the xrosion but the three main factors are battery general high voltages and increased acid atically. Elevated temperature also plays a The non cohesion Over time the Acti some of the electri: The shedding the bottom of th builds up at the bottom: ed by the active mass degradation and shedding. plates degrades and changes structure, loosing fe active mass of the plates falls down and collects at, ually cause battery cell shorting if enough material ittery case to cause an electrical short, Shedding can also be cause active material from the active mass is the depth o charge and discharge). y overcharging the battery as gassing bubbles can detach les, The mechanisms responsible for the non cohesion of ‘charge and the repetitive chemical transformation (cyele ofJ. Electrical Systems 4-2 (2008): 1-12KAIS BRIK & FAOUZI BEN AMMAR: The Fault tree analysis of the lead acid battery's degradation Deficiency cpaciy ofthe battery ‘Deteionaon ofthe electrodes Statifeaion Sulphatng lasts Comosion ‘Non cohesion of etve mane A 2 Fig. 5. Causal tree of the loss o 3. THE DEGRADATION ANALYSIS BY FAU, The causality chain presented previously established starting from the basic elements of Ttis, thus determined to know which para ipplemented by a fault tree analysis alent electric circuit of the battery. 3.1. Electric equivalent circuit of ba At the time of charge or discharg’ y two great electrochemical phenomena act amic phenomena [6, 7, 8]. As shown in Fig. 6. Electric equivalent circuit representing the electrochemical phenomena operating the electrodesJ. Electrical Systems 4-2 (2008): 1-12 To build the fault tree analysis we analyzed the influence of each degradation mode on the variation of the elements of the electric equivalent circuit, ‘The equilibrium potential of each electrode can be summoned in @ single term which we will note Egy This potential E 4, is measured for standard condition it depends on the electrolyte employed because it is the latter which determipes how many electrons will be released during the dissolution of metal. The total potefiial @f the battery is then the difference between the potentials of the two electrodes: E,, = E°* —E* The internal resistance of the battery results in the sum various connector resistances Rycand Ryo, the other is the Rg =Rye + Rye + Ry The variation of this resistance shows the existence the mechanical deterioration of the electrodes a pet terms, One is the oS he electrolyte R,. 6) ication phenomenon or Cha and Cg represent the double layer capacitan trode. The double layer capacitance is the capacitance caused by a charge dist gen the electrode and the electrolyte Rig and Ry represent the phenomenon of d sfer. The charge transfer resistance is caused by the transferring charge res; be electrode and the electrolyte, which causes on the electrode pote variation during the cycle life of bat electrodes. voltage of charge transfer my. Their jes a ny, and shows the corrosion of the Zr and Zaq, Tepresent the phenomend sion, The diffusion layer is caused by the grade of concentration of the electrolyte near thelBleetrode, which causes on the electrode potential a second over voltage called "over voltage of concentration" thaw This effective impedance is also called the Warburg impedance. Their variation during the cycle life of “Ny onthe level, on the level n)gsron the level 1e positive of the negative of the negative electrode electrode electrode 7 neon the level of the positive electrode Fig. 7. Electric equivalent circuit showing over voltage to the levels of the electrodes ‘The parameters of electric equivalent circuit vary during the cycle life of the battery. These variations involve the increase in the intern impedance and the augment in the voltage dropKAIS BRIK & FAOUZI BEN AMMAR: The Fault tree analysis of the lead acid battery's degradation of charge transfer and diffusion during the discharge. Figure 8 presents all these variations and their effects on degradation of the battery. Dalegy cpa ofthe batey Detton ft dearoder a Sighs] [Istainsiatoem |] [omni ‘iisaion Suliig ote Sing ofthe ‘Comin af be paste sletade give decode ponte aed coma otie regitve deste Die The parameters identifi experimental measurements 110 having a capacity of 110 the photovoltaic, pumy beacons, refrigeration, -quivalent circuit is carried out starting from ry of Tunisian mark ASSAD SOLAR SLP tural electrification and of the isolated sites,J. Blectrical Systems4-2 2008): 1-12 ‘The measurement of the terminal voltage of constant current of C/10 is to be given by figure, 43;--- Phenomenon of diffusion oy. g becomes lena fe Ming oceans nahn sacl tension (env) The plan of the voltage zones. the internal resistance, leads us to dissociate the electric circuit used for the i figure e enables us to graphically visualize three influence charge transfer and the phenomenon of diffusion. That structure in three distinct electric elements. Thus, the final tification of the battery’s parameters is that of the following,KAIS BRIK & FAOUZI BEN AMMAR: The Fault tree analysis of the lead acid battery's degradation He a Charge transfert, Fig. 11. Electric equivalent circuit simplified fa Internal resistance ‘on of parameters The expression of the impedance of the equiyal S given by the following equation: © is governed by diffusion condition of semi 2p =Rq+ “+2, TR Lahio) © The phenomenon of diffusion can b With a Warburg impedance whos infinite [11] a 2 Z,=0m? ~jow? a ‘With a transfer function intognonpinteger derivatives [9] z,(e)= “+ eeeF* ®) * (r,s) “ With an infinite sum of Re ansfer function is given by the following equation [11] o ince we use the equation 4. The development of inverse Laplace transfor reveal an infinite sum of parallel cells RC. Fig, 12. Warburg impedance under the form ofnn RC network 10J. Electrical Systems 4-2 (2008): 1-12 ‘The expression of the constants is given by the following system: fe Bhs 2) 2k? We can note through the observation of figure 11 that the voltage response presents a voltage drop in discharge at the potential of the electrode. jMhis voltage drop represents the sum of voltage drop of Ohmic, activation and diffusion, c (oy Vice = Bag — Motoague — Meo — asp ap These voltage drops allow us to identify the parameters, equivalent circuit TABLEL Estimated parameters of the elec Ea(¥) RaQ) RQ) Ki 12.87 0.026 0.028 9 1%. 125) R tension (an v) 0 700200 300 «400 00 00 Temps (en min) ‘Voltage response of the identified function The voltage response of electric circuit also gives result ction identified by using the estimated parameters of the ar the real measurements. 3.3. Interval of para variation of the electric equivalent circuit simplified ‘The lifetime of a battery is achieved when its potential capacity fell to 80% from its nominal capacity. Figures 14, 15, 16 and 17 present the limits of the parameters of the electric circuit for which it is admitted that the battery is degraded, These limits are given for a voltage at the end of the discharge of 10.5V with a potential capacity of 80% of Cn. llKAIS BRIK & FAOUZI BEN AMMAR: The Fault tree analysis of the lead acid battery's degradation rr / | R1=0,0858 f a % 5 8 g & 5 (a) 260100, 00 at 00 ay 4 300 x Time (rnin) 0858) 02 Fig. 14, Variati Rte. Limit of the variation of 300 400 500) 600 Time (min) a of Re, (0.028: 200 100 '< Re <0,0868) 12J. Electrical Systems 4-2 (2008): 1-12 2 125 rap NOS ‘Limit of the- variation of K4-- 1K1=3,15) Vattage (v) 1" 105 10 1B 125 Veltage (v) 105: 10 05 ‘Time (min) Fig, ‘ariation of K, (0.009 k,=0.011565) The intervals of parameters yadistion of the electric equivalent circuit are given in table 2. 13KAIS BRIK & FAOUZI BEN AMMAR: The Fault tree analysis of the lead acid battery's degradation TABLET Intervals of parameters variation parameters of the electric circuit Variation intervals Intemal resistance: Ra Charge transfer resistance: Ry, 0.0265 Rez .0858 ).028 SLI.565 &° 3.4, Fault tree analysis simplified The figure 18 presents the parameters variatior their effects on batteries degradation ic circuit simplified and Deticency eapaciy of the battery ‘Sia calon >Re 008S8 2 ‘coneion [Persea erates ‘Sitaing allilysis simplified of the deficiency capacity The detectability of the s is based on the voltage response of the battery by a current of C/10, in order to chabagterize the battery as well as possible. This approach gives invaluable information on ‘mical state of the battery (level of the electrolyte, porosity of the electrodes, intensity of the electrochemical activity, cycle life) Simulation results prove that the degradation of battery has an impact on the voltage responses. If the plot of voltage response is higher than the limiting plot, the battery is considered damaged, it cannot be recharged and preserve its charge correctly 14J. Electrical Systems 4-2 (2008): 1-12 4, CONCLUSION In this paper, we described an approach to study lead acid battery’s degradation using tools analyses of reliability. This approach presents a causal tree to describe the origin of the capacity deficiency and a fault tree analysis that is developed to study the degradation by examination of the electric equivalent circuit. wit ‘The experimental voltage response enabled us to model thi circuit made up by the serialization of an internal resi capacity in parallel with a resistance of charge transf ‘The parameters of electric equivalent circuit determined by y by an electric equivalent edance made up of a near impedance gives a result that is close to those measurements, Finally the Limiting parameters of the identified model ar cletermine the state and the degradation mode battery Our prospects is the evaluation of the branches fragility 6 order of the degradation based on the calculation of modes, effect and criticality analysis (FMECA). free analysis and the Sulting from the failure References [1] Jose Antonio, Bogarin Geymayr, Nelson francis cen, Fault-Tree Analysis: A ‘Knowledge-Engineering Approach, IEEE transactign on reliability, VOL.44, NO. 1.1995 March. 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