The Structure of Matter

The study about field created by the charged particles especially electron, and the motion and
interaction of those particles we called an electricity. The electron is the extremely small particle of the
matter having a mass only 9.109×10-31.
Anything which has mass and volume are called matter. They don’t should be visible. All matters
such as solids, liquids and gases are composed of atoms. Therefore, atom is considered to be the basic
building block of matter.
Atom divided into two parts nucleus in center and orbits around the nucleus. In nucleus, there are
protons (positively charged particles) are stationary and neutrons (having no charge) are also stationary
and in orbits there are electrons (negatively charged particles) in constant motion. And the radius of an
atom is in the order of 10-10.
In a neutral atom the number of electron is equal to the number of protons therefore we can say that
the atom is electrically neutral because the positively charged protons neutralized the negatively
charged electrons.
Mass of proton=1.6726×10-27 kg charge on proton=+1.6×10-19c
Mass of neutron=1.6750×10-27kg charge on neutron=0c
Mass of electron=9.109×10-31kg charge on electron=-1.6×10-19c
Since protons and electrons have equal, but opposite electrostatic fields.

Niels Bohr was a Danish scientist who introduced the model of an atom in 1913. Bohr's model
consists of a central nucleus surrounded by tiny particles called electrons that are orbiting the nucleus in
a cloud. These electrons are spinning so fast around the nucleus of the atom that they would be just a
blur if we could see particles that small. In our pictures and exercises the electron appears to orbit in the
same path around the nucleus much like the planets orbit the Sun. But, please be aware that electrons
do not really orbit in the same path. The electrons actually change their orbit with each revolution.

Like charges repel, unlike charges attract

Two electrons will tend to repel each other because both have a negative electrical charge. Two protons
will also tend to repel each other because they both have a positive charge. On the other hand,
electrons and protons will be attracted to each other because of their unlike charges.

Since the electron is much smaller and lighter than a proton, when they are attracted to each other due
to their unlike charges, the electron usually does most of the moving. This is because the protons have
more mass and are harder to get moving. Although electrons are very small, their negative electrical
charges are still quite strong. Remember, the negative charge of an electron is the same as the positive
electrical charge of the much larger in size proton. This way the atom stays electrically balanced.

Another important fact about the electrical charges of protons and electrons is that the farther away
they are from each other, the less force their electric fields have on each other. Similarly, the closer they
are to each other, the more force they will experience from each other due to this invisible force field
called an electric field.
The copper atom has 29 protons in its nucleus with 29 electrons orbiting the nucleus. Notice that in the
copper atom, the electrons are arranged in several layers called shells. This is to graphically represent
that the electrons are at different orbits or energy levels within the atom. The energy of an electron is
restricted to a few particular energy levels. The energy is said to be quantized, meaning that it cannot
vary continuously over a range, but instead is limited to certain values. These energy levels or shells
follow a very predictable pattern. The closest shell to the nucleus can have up to 2 electrons. The second
shell from the nucleus can have up to 8 electrons. The third shell can have up to 18 electrons. The fourth
shell can have up to 32 electrons, and so on. Atoms can have this many electrons, but they do not have
to have this many electrons in each shell. The greater distance between the electrons in the outer shells
and the protons in the nucleus mean the outer shell electrons experience less of a force of attraction to
the nucleus than do the electron in the inner shells.

Electricity is a term used to describe the energy produced (usually to perform work) when electrons are
caused to directional (not randomly) flow from atom to atom. In fact, the day-to-day products that we
all benefit from rely on the movement of electrons. This movement of electrons between atoms is called
electrical current.

In an element ZXA X=element , Z=atomic no: , A=mass no:

Conductors: it conducts the electron current or flow of electrons fairly easily. Most metals are
considered to be good conductors of electrical current. Copper is just one of the more popular materials
that are used for conductors.

Other materials that are sometimes used as conductors are silver, gold, and aluminum. Copper is
still the most popular material used for wires because it is a very good conductor of electrical current
and it is fairly inexpensive when compared to gold and silver. Aluminum and most other metals do not
conduct electricity quite as good as copper.

Insulators: Insulators are materials that have just the opposite effect on the flow of electrons. They
do not let electrons flow very easily from one atom to another. Insulators are materials whose atoms
have tightly bound electrons. These electrons are not free to roam around and be shared by neighboring
atoms.

Some common insulator materials are glass, plastic, rubber, air, and wood.
Assignment of BEE “The Structure Of matter”

Name: Nasir Ahmed Khan