Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
S. R. Zinka
[email protected]School of Electronics Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology
October 19, 2012
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Maxwells Equations Till Now ...
~D
~B
m (Gauss Law)
~H
~Je (Ampere Law)
~E
~B
~Jm
(Ampere Law + Faraday0 s Law)
t
e (Gauss Law)
Now, what is wrong with the above set of equation ??? ...
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Maxwells Equations Till Now ...
~D
~B
m (Gauss Law)
~H
~Je (Ampere Law)
~E
~B
~Jm
(Ampere Law + Faraday0 s Law)
t
e (Gauss Law)
Compared to equation 4, equation 3 is missing something ... dont
you think?
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
So, Maxwells Equations Should Look Something
Like...
~D
e (Gauss Law)
~B
m (Gauss Law)
~H
~E
~
~Je + D (Ampere Law + Faraday0 s Law)
t
~B
~Jm
(Ampere Law + Faraday0 s Law)
t
Now, equation 3 and 4 look similar ... and the term
displacement current
~D
t
is called
Then what is the name for~Je ?
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Derivation of Modified Maxwells 3rd Equation
Lets start with assumption that ~
H = ~Je is correct. Now, taking divergence on both sides give
~H
~Je
0, From DCG chart
(1)
e
, From continuity equation.
(2)
Since RHS of (1) and (2) are not equal, obviously our assumption that ~
H = ~Je is incorrect. So,
some correction term should be added to Amperes law to make it correct. Lets add this additional
term (~Jd ) as shown in the next slide.
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Derivation of Modified Maxwells 3rd Equation
After adding the correction term,
~H = ~Je +~Jd .
Once again, lets take divergence on both sides.
~H
~Je +~Jd
0,
(3)
e
+ ~Jd .
t
(4)
Equating RHS of (3) and (4) gives
~D
e
~Jd =
=
=
t
t
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
~D
t
~D
~Jd =
t
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(5)
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Thats it Folks, Final Form of Maxwells Equations is ...
~D
e (Gauss Law E)
~B
m (Gauss Law M)
~H
~E
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
~
~Je + D (Ampere Law M + Faraday0 s Law M)
t
~B
~Jm
(Ampere Law E + Faraday0 s Law E)
t
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
And Wait ... One More Thing ...
Equations given in the previous slide are called point form Maxwells equations. Their equivalent
integral forms can be derived using divergence and Stokes theorems and are given as
~
~D ds
~D dv =
e dv =
~
~B ds
~B dv =
m dv =
!
~
~ = ~H ~dl
~ =
~Je + D ds
~H ds
t
!
~
~ =
~ = ~E ~dl
~Jm + B ds
~E ds
t
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Complex Notation
Given the vector field
~F = Fx
we assume that the component F is given as
F = F (x, y, z) cos (t + ) .
Making use of Eulers identity,
h
i
h
i
h
i
F = Re F (x, y, z) ej(t+) = Re F (x, y, z) ej ejt = Re Fs ejt .
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Lets Re-write Maxwells Equations in Complex Form
~Ds ejt = e,s ejt
~Bs ejt = m,s ejt
~Ds ejt
= ~Je,s + j~Ds ejt
~Hs ejt = ~Je,s ejt +
t
~Bs ejt
~Es ejt = ~Jm,s ejt
= ~Jm,s j~Bs ejt
t
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Wave
The wave shown in the above diagram can be represented as
F (x, t) = sin ( x vt) = sin ( x t)
(6)
= 2f = v.
(7)
where,
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Wave Equation
Simple 1 - dimensional wave equation is given as
2 F
1 2 F
= 2 2
x2
v t
Using the complex notation, the above equation can be simplified as
2 Fs
=
x2
2
(j )2 Fs = 2 Fs
2 Fs
+ 2 Fs = 0
x2
(8)
Using the theory of linear differential equations, solution for the above equation is given as
Fs = Aejx + Bejx
h
i
h
i
F = Re Aejx + Bejx ejt = Re Aej(t+ x) + Bej(t x) .
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
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Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Helmholtz Wave Equation
In a source-less dielectric medium,
~Ds = 0
~Bs = 0
~Hs = j~Ds = j~Es
(10)
~Es = j~Bs = j~Hs
(11)
Taking curl of (11) gives
~Es = j~Hs
~Es 2~Es = j ~Hs
~Es 2~Es = j j~Es
2~Es = ~Es 2 ~Es
2~Es = ~0 2 ~Es
(12)
2 ~Hs = 2 ~Hs .
(13)
Similarly, it can be proved that
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Finally, Lets Analyze the Helmholtz Wave Equation
Lets compare general wave equation (8) and Helmholtz wave equation (12).
2 Fs
x2
2~Es + 2 ~Es = 0
+ 2 Fs = 0
From the above comparison, we get,
= .
(14)
But, we already knew that
v=
So, from the above equations, we get
1
1
v= =
c
r r
where c is the light velocity.
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
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Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Solution of Helmholtz Equation (in Cartesian System)
Vector Helmholtz equation can be decomposed as shown below:
2 Exs + 2 Exs = 0
2~Es + 2 ~Es = 0
2 Eys + 2 Eys = 0
2 Eys + 2 Eys = 0
Since all the differential equations are similar, lets solve just one equation using variable-separable
method. If Exs can be decomposed into
Exc = A (x) B (y) C (z)
then substituting the above equation into Helmholtz equation gives
2 Exs + 2 Exs = 0
2
B (y) C (z)
Exs
2 Exs
Exs
+
+
+ 2 Exs = 0
x2
y2
z2
2 A
2 B
2 C
+ A (x) C (z) 2 + A (x) B (y) 2 + 2 A (x) B (y) C (z) = 0
x2
y
z
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
1 2 A
1 2 B
1 2 C
+
+
2 = 0
A (x) x2
B (y) y2
C (z) z2
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Solution of Helmholtz Equation ... Contd
1 2 A
1 2 B
1 2 C
+
+
2 = 0
A (x) x2
B (y) y2
C (z) z2
1 2 A
1 2 B
1 2 C
+
+
x2 y2 z2 = 0
A (x) x2
B (y) y2
C (z) z2
(16)
The above equation can be decomposed into 3 separate equations:
1 2 A
x2 = 0
A (x) x2
1 2 B
y2 = 0
B (y) y2
1 2 C
z2 = 0
C (z) z2
It is sufficient to solve only one of the above equations and its solution is given as
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
2 A
x2 A (x) = 0
x2
A (x) = L1 ex x + L2 ex x = L ex x + L+ ex x
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Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Solution of Helmholtz Equation ... Contd
So, finally Exc is given as
Exs = L ex x + L+ ex x M ey y + M+ ey y N ez z + N + ez z
h
i
Ex = Re L ex x + L+ ex x M ey y + M+ ey y N ez z + N + ez z ejt
with the condition
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
x2 + y2 + z2 = 2 .
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(18)
(19)
(20)
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Maxwells Equations in General
~Ds = e,s
~Bs = m,s
h
i ~
~Hs = ~Je,s + j~Ds = ~Es + j~Es = j 1 j
Es
~Es = ~Jm,s j~Bs
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Propagation Constant
So, from the previous slide, for lossy dielectrics, s is a complex number and is given as
s = 1 j
.
Then propagation constant is given from the equation
2 = 2 s
= 2 1 j
= 2 + j.
(21)
From the above equation, can be written as = + j. Now, we need to find out the values of
and . We have
2 = ( + j)2 = 2 2 + j (2)
(22)
Comparing (21) and (22) we get,
2 2 = 2
=
.
2
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Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
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Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
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Propagation Constant ... Contd
Solving the set of equations (23) gives
2
2
= 2
2
44 2 2 2 = 42 2
44 + 42 2 2 2 2 = 0
4 2 + 4 2 2 2 2 = 0
" r
#
2
2
1
1+
2
v
"r
#
u
u
p
2
= = t
1+
1 .
2
(24)
Similarly it can be proved that
v
"r
#
u
2
u
= t
1+
+1
2
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
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(25)
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Skin Depth
Skin Depth:
The distance , through which the wave amplitude decreases by a factor
penetration depth of the medium, that is
E0 e =
1
e
is called skin depth or
E0
.
e
From the above equation,
=
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
(26)
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Poynting Vector
One Vector Identity:
~A ~B = ~B ~A ~A ~B
From the above vector identity,
~E ~H = ~H ~E ~E ~H
!
!
~B
~D
= ~H ~Jm
~E ~E +
t
t
!
!
~
~D
B
~E ~E + ~E
= ~H ~0 ~H
t
t
!
!
~
H
~E
= ~H
~E ~E + ~E
t
t
!
~
H~
H
~E ~E
~H
~E
1
1
~E ~E
= ~H
+ ~E
~E ~E =
+
t
t
2
t
2
t
2
~
2
2
=
H
+
~E
~E
.
t 2
2
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Poynting Vector ... Contd
2
~
2
2
~E ~H =
H
+
~E
~E
t 2
2
2
~
2
2
~E ~H dv =
H
+
~E
~E
dv
t 2
2
2
~
2
2
~ =
~E ~H dS
~E
dv
H
+
~E
dv
t
2
2
|
{z
} |
{z
}
{z
} |
???
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
Rate of decrease of stored Energy
Ohmic power dissipated
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Poynting Vector ... Physical Interpretation
~P = ~E ~H =
H
sin k
~E
~
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
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(27)
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Poynting Vector ... Physical Interpretation
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Free Space / Uniform Dielectric Medium Impedance
~Es = j~Bs
E0 ez z x = j~Hs
j
~Hs =
E0 ez z x
j
E0 ez z x
=
Exs
j
(E0 ez z )
j
=
y =
y
z
j0
j +
=
Exs y =
Exs y
Wave Propagation Direction
In source-less medium,
For loss-less case (i.e., = 0),
So,
Exs
j
=
.
Hys
+ j
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
Exs
=
= =
Hys
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Reflection of Plane Wave at Normal Incidence
Electric fields on both sides are given as,
1
~Es,i
Ei ez z x ,
~Es,t
Et ez z x , and
~Es,r
Er ez z x .
Similarly, magnetic fields on both sides are given as,
~Hs,i
Ei z1 z
e
y ,
1
~Es,t
Et z2 z
e
y , and
2
~Es,r
Er z1 z
e x .
1
From (28),
From the boundary conditions (at z = 0),
Ei + Er
Ei Er
1 1
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
=
=
Et , and
Et
.
2
(28)
Er
Ei
2 1
,
2 + 1
Et
Ei
22
, and (30)
2 + 1
1+
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
(29)
(31)
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
v=
= x2 + y2 + z2 = 2
s q
= + j = 2
1+
2
s q
1+
1 + j
2
2
+1 ; =
~P = ~E ~H
HExsys = j
+j for the special case of lossless dielectric materials,
Er
Ei
2 1
2 + 1
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
,=
Et
Ei
22
2 + 1
Exs
Hys
, and 1 + =
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Outline
1 Maxwells Equations
2 Time Harmonic Fields
3 Helmholtz Wave Equation
4 Propagation Constant
5 Poynting Vector
6 Reflection
7 Summary
8 Problems
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Summary
Problems
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Summary
Problems
Waves
1 The electric field in free space is given as ~E = 50 cos 108 t + x y V/m. (a) Find the direction
of wave propagation. (b) Calculate and the time it takes to travel a distance of /2.
Ans: x , 31.42 ns [S1, E10.1, P415]
2 In a lossless medium for which = 60, r = 1, and
~H = 0.1 cos (t z) x + 0.5 sin (t z) y A/m, calculate r , , and ~E.
Ans: 4, 1.5 108 rad/sec, and ~E = 94.25 sin (t z) x + 18.85 cos (t z) y V/m, [S1, E10.3,
P430]
3 A plane wave in a nonmagnetic medium has ~E = 50 sin 108 t + 2z y . Find (a) the direction
of wave propagation (b) , f , and r (c) ~
H.
Ans: z , 3.142 m, 15.92 MHz, 36, ~
H = 0.7958 sin 108 t + 2z x A/m, [S1, P10.3, P432]
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
EE208, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Maxwells Equations
Time Harmonic Fields
Helmholtz Wave Equation
Propagation Constant
Poynting Vector
Reflection
Reflection
Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields
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Summary
Problems
