Kainth 1

Sahib Kainth
Mr. Shaw
TEJ2O0-A
October 11, 2016

Current flow

Experiment 1 (Current flow)

Introduction:
The purpose of this experiment was to search and detect the flow of current in an
electronic circuit using different resistors and see how it affects the light of several
LEDs. This was found using the electronic color code which determined how the
resistance affected the flow of current going into the LEDs.
Materials:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1 SK-50 breadboarding socket

1 battery
One 100 ohm resistor
One 1000 ohm resistor
One 47006B ohm resistor

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6. 3 LED (Light Emitting Diode)
7. 9 wires
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Assemble the circuit with resistors, wires and LEDs.

Observe the amount of light being emitted from the LEDs.
Compare how the LEDs are different or the same
Find out how the resistors affect the light emitted from LEDs.
Results:

Current flow

Resistance

This graph shows (on a scale of 1-5) that the higher the resistance, the lower the
brightness of the LED.
Observations:
Resistor Resistance (ohms)

LED Brightness

Current (amps)

100
1000
47, 000

Really bright
Bright
Dim

0.05 amps
0.005 amps
0.0012 amps

Discussion:
1. As the current flowed through the breadboard when the battery was connected,
the resistors affected the brightness of the LEDs. The first LED was connected
through a 100 ohm resistor and resulted with the LED being very bright. The
second LED, which was connected to a 1000 ohm resistor, was bright but not as

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much as the first LED. The last LED used was connected to a 47k ohm resistor
and resulted with a very dim light. It was visible but not bright enough.
2. I thought that if the resistor had a higher amount of resistance, eventually it would
affect the amount of brightness the LED would display and this is what actually
happened. The first resistor was 100 ohms and the light was really bright, and
the last resistor was 47k ohms and the light was very dull. This proves that the
higher the resistor, the less voltage goes through the circuit and this would affect
the amount of voltage that goes into the loads (LED).
Conclusion:
Therefore the use of different resistors found that the amount of resistance affects the
flow of current that impacted the brightness portrayed by LEDs.

Experiment 2 (Diodes)
Observations:
LED

DIODE

1 position

Doesnt light
up

Gray part is
away from the
LED

2nd position

It lights up

Gray part this

time is towards
the LED

st

Diode Markings

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Discussion:
1. The brightness in the LED changed when the diode was reversed because the
diode is facing/in the wrong direction. The LED didnt even light up when the
diode was reversed.
2. If the LED is reversed it will not light up because unlike the resistor, this has a
positive and a negative leg. The resistor wouldnt make a difference, it would still
allow the LED to bright up.
3. I thought that the LED wouldnt bright up with diode being reversed because I
knew the direction would have an effect on the brightness of the LED.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the diode can only work when the positive and the negative sides
is put in the right position.

Experiment 3 (Series and Parallel Resistors)

Observations:
Circuit

LED Brightness

Bright

B (series)

Dim light

C (parallel)

Very Bright
Discussion:

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1. The brightness of the LEDs for circuits a, b and c were quite different. The
brightness in circuit a was bright, but it was not as bright as the LED in circuit
c. From all the circuits, circuit b seemed to have the lowest brightness.
2. Parallel:
1/Rt= 1/470 + 1/470
1/Rt= 0.00212 + 0.00212
1/Rt= 0.00424
Rt= 1/0.00424
Rt= 235.849

Series : Rt= 470 + 470 + 0= 940

3. The brightness for the parallel and series circuit would be different because
the more resistors you add the more resistance there will be. The series
circuit light would dim even more because it is connected to one wire,
whereas the parallel circuit would stay the same because it is connected to
more than one wire.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the resistors in series overall affect the LEDs within the circuit, whereas
in a parallel circuit, the resistors do not make a difference to the amount of light a LED
emits.

Experiment 4a
Monitor)

(A Digital

Observations:

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Input

LED

high

Lights up

low

Doesnt light up

Discussion:
1. The state of the input affects the LED because of the negative and positive
charges. If the input is connected to a positive and the circuit ends at a negative,
the flow of current successfully goes through the entire breadboard. This
happens because positive attracts negative and vice versa. When the input was
connected to high or logic 1 (5 volt bus), it goes from positive to negative lighting
up the LED. But, connecting the input wire to the ground bus (low or logic 0), is
only connecting to a negative, not going through the circuit, resulting in the LED
not lighting up.
2. This circuit could be used to monitor any point in a digital circuit because the
input connected to the 5 volt bus (high) works using a binary system. Binary has
patterns of 1 and 0, which is the same as on and off. In this case, the input
connected on high (on) would work because as a digital circuit it would have a on
and off pattern. This system of patterns is used in computers today and helps
better understand how to monitor any point in a digital circuit.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the input wire connected to the ground bus (low) doesnt light up
the LED, whereas the input wire connected to the 5 volt bus (high) does light up
the LED.

Experiment 4b (A digital monitor)

Observations:
Input

LED

high

Lights up

low

Doesnt light up

Discussion:

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1. When input is connected to a 5 volt bus (high/logic 1) the LED lights up because
current goes through successfully, whereas when connected to the ground bus
(low/logic 0) the LED doesnt light up because the current does not go through
successfully.
2. This circuit could be used to monitor the state of any point in a digital circuit
because just like any other circuit, this has an on and off pattern. When the circuit
is connected through an on and off pattern, the circuit works well and such
circuits are used in computers today.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the input wire connected to the ground bus (low) doesnt light up the LED,
whereas the input wire connected to the 5 volt bus (high) does light up the LED.

Experiment 5 (7-Segment Display)

Observations:
Pin Number

LED Segment on

Do not connect

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10

11

13

14

Do not connect
Conclusion:

In conclusion, the pin numbers of a 7-segment LED display light up a certain segment
(or letters from a-g) on the display.

Experiment 6

(AND Gates)
Observations:

Input A

Input B

Output (LED On or Off)

High (1)

High (1)

On

High (1)

Low (0)

Off

Low (0)

High (1)

Off

Low (0)

Low (0)

Off

Discussion:

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1. The input states required to obtain an output at 5 volts are having both inputs
( A and B) connected to high and high(1). For the input states to obtain an
output at 5 volts, the first input (A) needs to be connected at high for the LED
in the circuit to turn on. There needs to be a positive charge first for the
current to pass and light up the LED.
2. The input states required to obtain an output at 0 volts are having input A
connected to low and input B connected to high, input A connected to high
and B connected to low, and both inputs connected into low. This is because
a negative charge (current) will not go through the circuit and turn on the LED.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the inputs need be connected to high (positive) first for the LED to emit
light

Experiment 7 (OR Gates)

Observations:
Input A

Input B

Output (LED On or Off)

High (1)

High (1)

On

High (1)

Low (0)

On

Low (0)

High (1)

On

Low (0)

Low (0)

Off

Discussion:

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1. The input states required to obtain an output at 5 volts are having inputs A
and B connected to high(1) or having input A connected to high and input B
connected to low or having A connected to low and B connected to high. A
positive charge needs to be used for the current to pass and light up the LED.
2. The input states required to obtain an output at 0 volts are having input A and
B connected to low. This is because a negative charge (current) will not go
through the circuit and turn on the LED.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the input (A or B) has to be connected to high (positive) for the LED to
emit light.

Experiment 8 (Inverters)
Observations:
Input A

Output (LED On-Off)

High (1)

Off

Low (0)

On

Discussion:
1. A 7404 integrated circuit was probably designed so it could be used as an
inverter for circuits.

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2. The output would be the same if 2 inverters were to be used in series because
when inverted, the IC goes from off to on, and then off to on again, resulting in
the same conclusion with 1 integrated chip.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, an inverter changes direct current in a circuit into alternating
current.

Experiment 9 (NAND Gates)

Input A

Input B

Output (LED On or Off)

High

High

Off

High

Low

On

Low

High

On

Low

Low

On

Discussion:
1. For the circuit to obtain a voltage of 5 volts (LED-On), there needs to be at least
1 input connected to low for the LED to emit light.

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2. For the circuit to obtain a voltage of 0 volts (LED-Off), the two inputs need to be
connected on high.
3. The N in the word NAND stands for negative.
4. The relationship between the AND and NAND gates is that on AND gates, the
first input needs to be put on high for the LED to turn on (second input doesnt
matter) and the NAND gate needs at least 1 input to be put on low for it to turn
on.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the output of the NAND gate (LED) only emits light when at least 1
input is connected/put on low.

Experiment
(NOR Gates)

10
Observations:

Input A

Input B

Output (LED On or Off)

High

High

Off

High

Low

Off

Low

High

Off

Low

Low

On

Discussion:

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1. For the circuit to obtain a voltage of 5 volts (LED-On), both inputs need to be
connected to low for the LED to emit light.
2. For the circuit to obtain a voltage of 0 volts (LED-Off), the two inputs need to be
connected on high, or high and low, or low and high.
3. The N in the word NOR stands for negation.
4. The relationship between OR and NOR gates are that their reactions are
opposite. In an OR gate, all input combinations work except for low and low, but
for a NOR gate, only low and low works.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the output of the NOR gate (LED) only emits light when both inputs are
connected/put on low.

Experiment 11 (Exclusive OR Gates)

Observations:
Input A

Input B

Output (LED On or Off)

High

High

Off

High

Low

On

Low

High

On

Low

Low

Off

Discussion:

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1. The input states required to obtain an output at 5 volts (LED-On) is to have input
A on high and B on low and input A on low and B on high.
2. The input states required to obtain an output at 0 volts (LED-Off) is to have both
inputs on either high or both inputs on low.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the output of the OR gate (LED) only emits light when it has both high
and low inputs connected.

Experiment 16: (Digital

Clock)
Observations:

R2
47k
100k
470k
680k
1M
230 ohms

Time sec
15 hertz
1.164 hertz
1.5303 hertz
1.658 hertz
6.7146 hertz
3.2579 hertz

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