CITY
AR 443A Lecture
Arch. Eduardo F Bober Jr.
REVIEW
3 Distinct Phases of Human Evolution:
Hunting & Gathering small population; primitive technology;
without permanent settlement (nomadic), healthy
Agricultural surplus in production = large population; market
places as areas for trade & commerce; permits specialization
on crafts & structured settlements (cities)
Industrial technology driven production; supports much larger
population; highly exploitive of resources; widespread
environmental problems
Growth of civilization has been supported by resource use (by
way of production), knowledge & specialization, and the use of
technology.
CITIES
have distinct cultural (heterogeneity), economic, demographic and
political characteristics.
usually market or trading centers, and focal points from public
administration of the states citizens.
CITY CHARACTERISTICS
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
ADDITIONAL CHAR.
Size & Density
Monumental Public
Works
Transportation
Full-time (Labor)
Specialization
Long distance trade
Communication
Concentration of Surplus Standardized
monumental artwork
Class-structured Society
Writing
State Organization
Arithmetic, geometry
and astronomy
Environmental
Protection
Other Important NOTES:
1. Large number of people requires some form of government
2. Specialization leading to development of technology, science & a wide
variety of institutions
3. Trade linkages may be created in other areas in order to exchange
agricultural goods
Cities have their life-cycle
WHAT IS A CITY?
A city is an area consisting of more urbanized and developed barangay
which serves as a general-purpose government for the coordination and
delivery of basic, regular and direct services and effective governance of
the inhabitants within its jurisdiction (territorial).
Philippine Cities Requisites:
Income: PhP 20M average annual income
Population and Land: 150,000 populations and a contiguous area of 100 square kms
The city is what is what it is because our citizens are what they are (Plato)
A great city is not to be confounded with a populous one (Aristotle)
All cities are mad: but the madness is gallant. All cities are beautiful: but the beauty is
grim. (Christopher Morley, Where the Blue Begins)
A great city is that which has the greatest men and women (Walt Whitman)
A city is the people, resources, leaders and structures (Anonymous)
Ways to define city depending on different perspectives:
Type
Characteristics
Problem
Cultural
A state of mind, a body of customs
and traditions, a society of formal
relations rather than a folk community
Where do the
boundaries of the urban
area lie?
Economic
A place where more than half of the
labor forces is engaged in
nonagricultural
work; or a site where there
is a bulk of processing and services.
How urbanized is the
area? Does the urban
area include outsourced
production?
Political
The site of certain administrative
functions; where governance is done.
Cant governance be
centralized to non-urban
areas?
Demographic A place where certain number of
people, with a certain density live.
Ecological
A place where the environment is
modified to fit and enhance the living
conditions of the inhabitants.
Is this comparable with
cities in other countries?
Doesnt this vary
overtime?
URBAN that of or pertaining to
a city; structures and ways of life
that are characteristics of cities
and/or living in a city. TOWN is a
term commonly used in the UK,
and its former colonies in place
of cities. RURAL (COUNTRY)
areas outside the poblacion.
DEFINITION (CHARACTERISTICS) OF URBAN AREAS (NSCB, 2003):
Poblacion, CBD of cities or municipalities with 50,000 population with some scattered
industrial establishment
All cities regardless of population density and municipality with a population density of
500 persons per square kilometers.
All barangay, or portion of which comprising the poblacion CBD, and other built-up areas
including urbanizable lands in and adjacent to said areas with 50% of the population are
engaged in nonagricultural activities.
If a barangay has a population size of 5,000 or more, then it is considered urban OR if a
barangay has at least one medium or one large establishment*, or barangay facilities**,
then a barangay is considered urban.
* Establishment defined according to size of employees as follows:
Small: 10-99 employees
Medium: 100-199 employees
Large: 200 and over employees
** Presence of facilities in the barangay also considers the 2KM radius distance from the
barangay hall, if the facility is not present in the barangay.
Other urban areas:
METROPOLIS/METROPOLITAN (areas) region (from the Greek
mother city) a big city, in most cases with at least 1M inhabitants. A
relatively large area that could have formed through the gradual
expansion of the urban core.
MEGALOPOLIS - an extended metropolitan area, or a chain of roughly
continuous metropolitan areas, as first coined by geographer Jean
Gottman, 1915-1994.
CONURBATION - a term coined in 1915 by Patrick
Geddes, Scottish biologist/botanist (1854-1932) to
describe a built-up area created by the coalescence of
once a separate urban settlements. It is nowadays often
used to describe multi-nodal functional urban units.
WORLD CITY OR GLOBAL CITY a city with a direct
and tangible effect on global affairs by socio-economic
means; it may have been coined, or at least used by
American sociologists and economists.
MEGACITY - urban development with more than 10M
inhabitants. Metro Manila, an agglomeration of 17 cities
with 11.5M population (2007 census) is a megacity by
UN definition.
URBANIZED AREA as defined by Philippine NSO, Census of Pop. &
Housing, Manila: NSO, 1970-1990
a) In their entirety, ALL cities and municipalities having a
population density of 1000 persons per square kilometers
b) Poblaciones/central districts of municipalities and cities: 500
persons per square kilometers
c) Poblaciones/central districts [not included in (a) or (b)] which
HAVE: network of streets, 6 establishments (commercial,
manufacturing,, recreational, and/or personal services) AND at
least 3 of the following:
town hall, church/chapel with religious service once a
month, public plaza, park or cemetery, market place, or
building where trading activities takes place once a week,
public building like school, hospital, puericulture, health
center and library
d) Barangays having at least 1000 inhabitants which meet the
conditions set forth in [c] above, and where the occupation of the
inhabitants is predominantly non-farming or fishing.
The classification of urban and rural areas is an important indicator for
many data users as it provides for sound policies and decisions
pertaining to urban planning and delivery of basic services.
Every municipality/city should have at least one (1) MHC/CHC (for
every 50,000 population)
Standard area:
Municipal Hospital = 1.5 has
Provincial Hospital = 1.5 has
Regional Hospital = 2.5 has
Medical Center
= 3.5 has
Every 500 families (HH) must have 1 day care (RA 6972)
Senior Citizen Center @ least 500 sqm (RA 7876)
Ideal Police-Pop Ratio = 1:500 pax (ideal)/1:1000 pax (standard)
Fireman-Pop Ratio = 1:2000pax/Fire Truck-Pop Ratio = 1:28,000pax
Fire Truck-Fireman = 1:14
Jail Guard-Inmate Pop Ratio = 1:5 (ideal)/1:7 (standard)
Classification of Police Stations By Population
STANDARDS IN R.H.U PERSONNEL
POPULATION PER R.A. 1082
Category
LGU/Catchment
Population
Personnel
Doctor
Nurse
Midwife
RSI
2,000 or less
II
2,001 5,000
1a
1a
III
5,001 10,000
IV
10,001 20,000
20,001 30,000
VI
30,001 40,000
VII
40,001 50,000
VIII
50,001 over
Measuring Cities & Municipalities
Competitiveness & Performance
Cities and Municipalities
Competitiveness Indicators (CMCI)
A National Framework for
Enhancing the Competitiveness of
Philippine Cities and Municipalities
whose of the Indicators as
developed
by
the
National
Competitiveness Council (NCC)
through the Investment Enabling
Environment Project (INVEST) can
be applied to measure the level of
competitiveness.
Three (3) pillars of competitiveness:
1. ECONOMIC DYNAMISM
2. GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY
3. INFRASTRUCTURE
DILG Local Governance
Performance Management
System (LGPMS)
The State of Local
Governance Performance Report
(SLGPR) provides for the results
of the assessment and evaluation
of the performance of the LGU. It
features local government
performances in Administrative,
Social, Economic and
Environmental Governance.
The LGUs performance is
rated with a numerical scale with
5, denoting excellent performance
and 1, the lowest, indicating the
need for improvement.
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
2012
Rating
ADMINISTRATIVE GOVERNANCE
Local Legislation
3.28
Development Planning
4.12
Revenue Generation
5.00
Resource Allocation & Utilization
4.00
Customer Service-Civil Applications
4.80
Human Resource Management & Development
5.00
SOCIAL GOVERNANCE
Health Services
4.49
Support to Education Services
4.90
Support to Housing and Basic Facilities
5.00
Peace, Security and Disaster Risk Management
4.72
ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE
Support to Agriculture
3.76
Entrepreneurship, Business & Industry Promotion
3.98
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
Forest Ecosystem Management
5.00
Freshwater Ecosystems Management
5.00
Urban Ecosystems Management
3.00
Source: DILG-eSLGPR, 2012
Cities of Opportunity Index
1. Tools for a
changing
world
All things move and
nothing remains
still Heraclitus
3 Indicators:
1. Intellectual
Capital &
Innovation
2. Technology
Readiness
3. City Gateway
Cities of Opportunity Index
2. Quality of
Life
Attaining a good life
is anything but a
walk in the park
4 Indicators:
1. Infrastructure
2. Health, Safety &
Security
3. Sustainability &
the Natural
Environment
4. Demographics &
Livability
Cities of Opportunity Index
3. Economics
Robots are coming
to a city near you
and they want your
job
3 Indicators:
1. Clout
2. Cost
3. Ease of
Business
London tops the world cities in these indicators, followed by
New York & Singapore
Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index
1st Frankfurt, 2nd London, 10th Singapore. 20th New York,
46th Manila
THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN
No primary activities performed
AREAS
Cities, as urban centers, are high
density concentrations of people
and their activities
Economic activities:
1.
Primary agriculture, mining,
forestry, fishery
2.
Secondary industries,
manufacturing, construction
3.
Tertiary retail, wholesale
trading, finance, professional &
personal services, business &
repair services
4.
Quaternary information
processing services, tourism
in cities
Manufacturing, a type of
secondary activity, served in the
past as catalyst for
concentration of people, due to
employment
Now, tertiary & quaternary
activities have emerged as
more significant source of
employment in most cities
Cities exist because of the
advantages of locating
economic activities close to
people serving as markets
THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN
AREAS
CATEGORIES of Urban Economic
Functions:
No primary activities
are performed in cities
1.
Tertiary & Quaternary Functions
(Services & Information) retail
and wholesale trading, business &
repair services, public
administration, personal services
(entertainment), professional
services (medical, legal
accounting, etc.), finance,
insurance, real estate, utilities &
sanitation services
2.
Secondary Functions
manufacturing, construction
industries
3.
Transportation &
Communication Functions
THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN
2 Reasons for Higher Level of
AREAS
Growth of cities, is primarily
caused by the attraction and rise of
tertiary and quaternary
activities/urban functions, while
secondary economic activities
principally causing the emergence
of cities.
What attracts such broad range
of urban economic functions?
Higher levels of productivity by
clustering rather than dispersing
such activities
Higher levels of production
efficiency translates into higher
levels of earnings/personal income
for urban residents
Urban Production Efficiency
1. Economy of Scale
a. Internal Economy of Scale
economic advantage of an increasing
rate of output of a single production unit
(firm, farm, factory)
b. Agglomeration Economies
savings derived from the geographic
concentration of economic activities of
the same type/category.
Advantages Derived: proximity and
access to:
Raw material supply
Skilled labor
Repair & maintenance services
Machineries & equipment
Supplies & auxiliary materials
THE ECONOMICS OF URBAN
AREAS
- Cities as nodal points for the
2 Reasons for Higher Level of
Urban Production Efficiency
1. Economy of Scale
c. Urban Economies savings derived
from the concentration of various types
of economic activities
Advantages Derived: access to:
Transport services
Banking & commercial services
Fire & police protection
Varied labor market
2. Communication Economies
collection, sorting and
dissemination of information.
- Information, and their
communication, play a vital role
in the functioning of numerous
economic activities in a city.
Examples:
Documentation & information on
business transactions
Business decisions invariably
requires information before they
are made
savings/advantages derived from
Information on new trends,
communications expenses due to access
products, technologies, etc.
to needed information within the area.
THANK YOU & GOOD DAY
REMINDER:
READING assignment 1, due on November 24, 2016.
Readings No. 2a and 2b are recommended to
supplant information and learning on the topics
presented today.
ENJOY READING!
