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Circuit Theorems: Linearity & Superposition

This document discusses circuit theorems including linearity, superposition, and source transformation. 1) Linearity describes a linear relationship between input and output in a circuit. A linear circuit's output is directly proportional to its input. 2) Superposition uses the principle that a circuit's output due to various inputs is the algebraic sum of the outputs due to each input individually. It is applied by finding the contribution of each independent source when the others are removed. 3) Source transformation replaces a voltage source in series with a resistor by an equivalent current source in parallel with a resistor, or vice versa, as they have the same voltage-current relationship.

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75 views16 pages

Circuit Theorems: Linearity & Superposition

This document discusses circuit theorems including linearity, superposition, and source transformation. 1) Linearity describes a linear relationship between input and output in a circuit. A linear circuit's output is directly proportional to its input. 2) Superposition uses the principle that a circuit's output due to various inputs is the algebraic sum of the outputs due to each input individually. It is applied by finding the contribution of each independent source when the others are removed. 3) Source transformation replaces a voltage source in series with a resistor by an equivalent current source in parallel with a resistor, or vice versa, as they have the same voltage-current relationship.

Uploaded by

silverhandx
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Circuit theorems
4.1 Linearity property

Linearity: The property of an element describing a linear


relationship between cause and effect.
A linear circuit: One whose output is linearly related (or directly
proportional) to its input.
Example: A linear circuit with input vs , and output i.

vs Linear circuit R

f (vs ) = f (vs )
i = f (vs )
f (v1 + v2 ) = f (v1 ) + f (v2 )
EE Concepts
4.1 Linearity property

Example: Find I0 when vs = 12V and vs = 24V.

EE Concepts
4.1 Linearity property

Example: Find I0 when vs = 12V and vs = 24V.

Solution:

12i1 4i2 + vs = 0
KVL:
4i1 + 16i2 vs + 3vx = 0

EE Concepts
4.1 Linearity property

Example: Find I0 when vs = 12V and vs = 24V.

Solution:

Note that vx = 2i1 , hence


(
i1 = 6is

12i1 4i2 = vs vs

2i1 + 16i2 = vs I0 = i 2 =
76
EE Concepts
4.1 Linearity property

Example: Find I0 when vs = 12V and vs = 24V.

Solution:

vs
I0 =
76
Linearity?

EE Concepts
4.1 Linearity property

Example: Assume I0 = 1A and use linearity to find the actual value


of I0 .

EE Concepts
4.1 Linearity property

Example: Assume I0 = 1A and use linearity to find the actual value


of I0 .

Solution:
The circuit is linear. Assume I0 = 1A we have

V1 = 1(3 + 5) = 8V I1 = V1 /4 = 2A

I2 = I1 + I0 = 3A V2 = V1 + 2I2 = 8 + 2 3 = 14V
EE Concepts
4.1 Linearity property

Example: Assume I0 = 1A and use linearity to find the actual value


of I0 .

Solution:

I3 = V3 /7 = 14/7 = 2A I4 = I2 + I3 = 3 + 2 = 5A
If I0 = 1A then Is = I4 = 5A. Since the actual value of Is = 15A and
the circuit is linear, hence I0 = 3A.
EE Concepts
4.2 Superposition

Principle of superposition
The voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit
is the algebraic sum of the voltage across (or current through) that
element due to each independent source acting alone.
Example: Find v?

EE Concepts
4.2 Superposition

Step to apply superposition principle


1. Turn off all independent source except one. Find the output
(voltage or current) due to that active source.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the
contributions due to the independent sources.
Notes:
Voltage sources by short circuits
Current sources by open circuits

EE Concepts
4.3 Source transformation

Equivalent circuit
The one whose v i characteristics are identical with the original
circuit.

EE Concepts
4.3 Source transformation

The process of replacing a voltage source vs in series with a


resistor R by a current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or vice
versus.

The two circuit have the same voltage-current relation at terminals


a b.
Short circuit isc = vRs isc = is
Open circuit voc = vs voc = is R
vs
Source transformation requires vs = is R or is = R
.
EE Concepts
4.3 Source transformation

Notes:
Directions of current and voltage source are the same
The resistance is not zero.

EE Concepts
4.3 Source transformation

Example: Find vx using source transformation.

EE Concepts
4.3 Source transformation

Example: Find vx using source transformation.

Solution:
Voltage to current source: 6V current source to 3A current source.
Current to voltage source: 0.25vx current source to 1vx voltage
source.
EE Concepts

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