EN

Media literacy,
digital exclusion and older people

The European Older Peoples Platform

La Plate-forme europenne des Personnes ges
Drafted by Isabel Borges, AGE Policy Officer and David Sinclair in
collaboration with AGE Universal access and Independent Living
Expert Group in particular Heidrun Mollenkopf, Peter Rayner, Rodd
Bond and Anne-Sophie Parent, AGE Director.
Age Publcation December 2008
Graphic design: Liv Quackels - www.livquackels.be
 Media literacy,
digital exclusion and older people

I - Introduction
Technology is transforming the way we work, live, and entertain ourselves. In 2000,
the former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, noted that Half the worlds population
has never made or received a phone call but by 2007 more than half the world have
mobile phones. It took 75 years for telephones to be used by 50 million customers,
but it took only four years for the Internet to reach that many users. Plus over the last
three years, social networking websites have exploded in popularity with, for example,
Facebook attracting 35 million users in the 3 years since its launch.

Ive got a mate whose son is in Australia and they talk every weekend via
computer links, face-to-face. They think its great. And the kids. The kids get
on as well
But hasnt modern technology made life easier and much more interesting?
I can talk to my grandchildren and see them while Im talking. Its wonderful.
They can send me emails and they love using it, of course, to it helps them
stay in touch. They probably wouldnt sit down and write me a letter. They
wouldnt, but they can use a computer and send emails, which is lovely.
And so I thought it was ever so nice because they were talking to their
son and he said, hang on a minute, and he went and got a piece of toast.
I was astounded to think I was looking at somebody in New Zealand at that
moment, and he was back with his family.
You could see.1

In short, we live in a world of communications technology, a world where our work,

quality of life, health, and environment are all being transformed by technology.
Of course the changing world being delivered by new technology offers significant
opportunities for tackling the problems faced by older people. From home delivery for
housebound older people through to potential improvements in transport information
systems and to the easier delivery of single access points for services for older people.
The delivery mechanism for these changes need not be exclusively the internet. Around
50% of the older population rely on television as their main form of company and it
clearly plays an important role in the lives of many older people.

Forthcoming research to be published by Help the Aged on Future Communities.

1

3
Digital television can already deliver a wide range of services for older people from the
opportunity to book General Practitioners or to renew prescriptions through to crime
prevention initiatives or interactive book clubs.
But, at the moment, older people are not in the main making the most of the potential of
new technology. A survey by Help the Aged in the UK revealed that more than3 million
older people (36 per cent) feel out of touch with the fast pace of modern life. At the
same time as the UK Office of National Statistics shows that seven in ten over 65s have
never used the internet.
As one older person said in some recent research:
when you see something in a book and you think, ooh, thats nice, and then it says
if you want more information go to the website, and you think, well, how am I going to
do that? I dont have a computer!
Even National Governments have begun to recognise the challenges:
Excluded groups will increasingly get a worse deal from E-Government, argued the
UK office of Deputy Prime Minister Social Exclusion Unit in November 2005. Their
research showed that 77% of respondents to their survey revealed that ICT is likely
to increase inequality.2 This means that the internet can disadvantage older people
who are not online. The lack of web access means that older people are loosing
opportunities to shop around and get the best deals. It is also excluding them from the
labour market as most of employers frequently use the internet to advertise their job
vacancies.

2
Inclusion through Innovation: Tackling Social Exclusion Through New Technologies. Social Exclusion Unit, November 2005.

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II - A
 dvantages of Media Literacy
for Older People
New technologies can play a major part in helping older people engage with society and
better access public and private services. There are a number of significant potential
benefits for older people:

P
 roducts and services are often cheaper and more conveniently
available online,
T
 here is now a wide range of information of value to older people
available online,
E
 -health has the potential to increase the speed of access to health,
increase patient satisfaction, provide a more appropriate point of
delivery, reduce waiting times, improve the use of resources,
help provide equality of availability and reduce medical errors,
E-democracy
 and EGoverment have the potential of making both central
and local Governments more accessible to the public,
T
 he internet can help older people gain new skills through the provision
of online training and give access to new job opportunities through
the countless different recruitment websites,
The
 internet and email can provide an extremely useful tool for older
people to network with each other,
E
 mail and instant messaging can be a powerful tool for keeping in touch
with friends and family, particularly those overseas.

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III - L
 evels of Media literacy across
the European Union
There is a real scarcity of comparable data on digital literacy across the European
Union. In some individual member states, such as the UK,3 Ireland and Germany there
is some detailed data, but in others there is very little. This situation is not helped by
organisations such as Eurostat which publishes data on ICT use up to the age of 74,
which with todays demographic trend means that a significant percentage of the
population is missing from the picture.

The tables below highlight how, across Europe, internet usage falls with age. The first
table shows the picture across Europe, the second highlights the situation in Germany,
third highlights the situation in Great Britain and finally the situation in Ireland.

a) The situation across Europe

Table 1 - Individuals who used the Internet at least once a week by age
and gender, EU 27 (%)`
males Females
16 - 24 25 - 54 55 - 74 16 - 24 25 - 54 55 - 74
EU 27 79 61 31 77 55 19
BE 89 74 41 87 69 26
BG 55 32 7 61 33 5
CZ 73 49 21 74 44 11
DK 94 87 58 96 84 47
DE 90 78 44 87 69 26
EE 89 64 19 92 71 22
IE 71 59 24 61 54 17
EL 60 39 7 53 27 2
ES 77 54 17 77 46 9
FR 84 67 34 84 63 23
IT 61 45 17 57 34 6
CY 58 41 14 57 37 6
LV 90 57 15 93 58 14
LT 87 45 10 86 51 9
LU 92 86 60 88 71 29
HU 81 54 21 79 57 16
MT - - - - - -
NL 95 92 64 98 87 46
AT 79 76 41 80 63 24
PL 77 41 12 77 40 8
PT 77 41 13 77 33 6
RO 50 23 4 48 21 2
SI 83 56 16 82 58 9
SK 86 56 14 73 59 10
FI 98 86 48 98 87 40
SE 95 84 61 86 82 49
UK 83 76 50 83 68 33
IS 99 91 70 99 90 60
NO 95 90 61 88 86 54

Source: Eurostat statistics (Note: EU 27 without MT)

3
The Latest figures from the UKs National Statistics note that 71% of older people have never used the internet. Ofcom, the
UKs communications regulator, collates a vast amount of information about internet access.

6
 b) The situation in Germany
Table 2 - D
 evelopment of ICT use in Germany by age,
2000-2007
14 - 49 year old 50 - 59 year old 60 - 69 year old 70 - 79 year old + 80 year old
100%
13
15
17
22 20 6
7
80% 7
8 8
30 81
79 35
76 36
10 72 40
70 42
7
46
60% 7
7

60 8
9 58
58 57 58
53 61
50
46 65
40% 8 6
69 6
73
6
34 6 35
80 6 33 82 81
29 85
20% 89
87
6 25 91 3 4
21 3 95 94 95 93 91
3 95
3 2
3
14 3 1
3 2 3
7 9 18 12 14 15 2 3 5 4 6 7
0%
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
ONLINER: ICT user, independent from where and why PLANNER: Non user, but planning to use ITC in the next 12 months

OFFLINER: Non user without planning of futur use

Source: www.digitale-chancen.de

c) The situation in the UK

Table 3 - Ever used the Internet GB 2001-2005/ UK 2006-2008
100%
GB 2001

90% GB 2002

80% GB 2003

GB 2004
70%
GB 2005
60%
UK 2005

50% UK 2006

UK 2007
40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
16 - 21 year old 24 - 44 year old 45 - 54 year old 55 - 64 year old 65 +

Source: UKs National Statistics

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 d) The situation in Ireland
Table 4 - A
100%  wareness, Use, Ownership, Proficiency Awareness
90% and confidence by Age Use

80% Ownership

70% Proficiency

Confidence
60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
16 - 25 year old 26 - 35 year old 36 - 45 year old total 46 - 55 year old + 55

Source: Digital Divide Analysis of the Uptake of Information Technology in the Dublin Region (Haase & Pratschke 2003)

Looking across the age cohorts, in relation to the over 55s in Ireland, children
under 16 are four times more likely to be computer area, six times more like to use
a computer, seven times more proficient and six times more likely to feel confident
in relation to computers. The levels of computer availability across the cohorts
masks considerable within-household variation in use, proficiency and confidence.
The conclusions of this report indicated that the digital divide is inseparable from broader
forms of social inequalities, and that interventions which seek to provide access to and/
or training in the use of ICTs are likely to be of limited impact unless they are embedded
within a broader strategy for combating social exclusion.

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Across Europe, older people are arguably the most excluded group of citizens in terms
of media literacy. The table below highlights how older people from lower social classes
are likely to be the most excluded of all. Statistics from other countries also highlight
how older women, and/or older people belonging to an ethnic minority are also amongst
the most digitally excluded.

Table 5 - Individuals using computers or the Internet (2005), EU

100%
90%
92
80% 84
81 80
77
70% 79 77
61 53 69
60% 68 64
50% 57 57 57
51
51 51 46
40% 50 46 48
36
30% 34 32 36
27 31
20% 25 28 23 23 25
21 21 22 22
10% 12
9 8 7
0%
55 , l du ed

ed ted
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4

ed on
el ation

ion

Em ts

tir nem d
ac yed
etc

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e1
ta

ted

el ted

hig edu d

ed

Re U loye
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Ag 5 - 5

-7

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55 , m edu d

lf- en
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at
54 er ed
To

ti

ca
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at

de reg

tiv
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at

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Ag 25 - hige uca

Ag 5 - 5 idd uca

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Ag 6 -2 idde cat

- 7 ow cat
Ag 16

se tud
Ag 5 - low cat
55

uc

uc

tiv

jec
uc
ed

1
m du
d

ed

, m ed
ed

S
u
ed

Mi el e

Ou ive
d
4, r e

e
Ag

ed 5 r e
el

4 er

er
ed - 7 er

t
ev

ev

-2 we

jec
ed
Ag 55 hig

tsi
rl

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d-

Ob
16 , lo
we

4,
ge

ye
4

4
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ed 4,
ed 24

plo
Hi
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Ag 16 -

Em
2
1

2
ed

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Ag
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Not regulary using internet Never used a computer

Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals

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Given the evidence that ICT use declines with age, it is interesting to consider the reasons
why. One of the key issues is the level of media literacy or basic computer skills. The
table below highlights the key fact that older people are much less likely to have basic
computer skills than other ages. If we are to breach the digital divide therefore, it is vital
that this skills gap is closed.

Table 6 Individuals level of basic computer skills (2005), EU 25

(as percentage of the total numbers of individuals aged 16 to 74)

Total 37 15 26 22

Men 34 15 23 29

Women 39 15 29 15

Aged 16 -24 10 13 37 40

Aged 25 - 34 22 14 31 33

Aged 35 - 44 27 14 31 33
Aged 45 - 54 39 19 31 25
Aged 55 - 64 55 16 19 10
Aged 65 - 74 78 10 9 3

Lower level education 61 13 17 13

Mid-level education 29 19 30 23

Higer-level education 11 12 35 41

Students
4 11 41 43
Employee, self-Employed 25 16 31 28
Unemployed 39 19 25 17
Retired, inactive, etc 68 14 13 6

No basic computer skills low level Medium level High level

Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals

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 e) Other new technologies
It isnt just the internet and ICT where older people are lagging behind the rest of the
population. Ownership and usage of Digital Televisions, mobile phones and other new
technologies, decline with age. The figure below highlights for example, how usage of
SMS messaging declines with age across a number of European countries.

Table 7 - P
 roportion of SMS users by age and country
2000 - 2001

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
15 - 24 25 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 54 55 - 64 65 years +

Norway 34% Italy 23% Denmark 16%

Holland 30% Czech Republic 41% UK 11%

Germany 36% France 20% Spain 8%

Source: www.eurescom.de

f) Changes over time

It is often assumed that the cohort effect alone will solve the digital divide.
However figures from Eurostat in 2005 highlight that across Europe, by 2015, internet
users will still be outnumbered by non-users in all the age groups above 45 and it will
take 30 years before internet users become the majority of Europeans aged 55 to 64.4

Analysis conducted by empirica and wrc for the European Commission in LOT 7
4

The Demographic Change Impacts of New Technologies Society August 2005

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IV - Barriers to Digital Inclusion
a) Not interested:
Older people are less likely than younger people to go online and there is a real risk that
as a result, they will be excluded from the benefits of the internet. According to research
carried out in 2006 in Ireland the percentage of individuals 55-74 who have never used
a computer was of 28.5 per cent and those who have never used the Internet amounted
to 20.9 per cent5. UK statistics have also shown that the vast majority of non users (60%
in July 2003) argue that they havent really considered using the internet before and are not likely to
do so in the future6. However neither Government nor the providers of services have done
enough to sell the benefits to older people.

b) B
 uying and using a computer/
Opportunities to Learn:
The fear of viruses, spam, or intrusion can act as a barrier to learn. The language used
by providers of computers and other information technology suppliers can often be full
of jargon and difficult for any lay person to understand. For those who may have never
worked with or used a computer before the problems will be bigger. The rapid pace of
information technology can also cause problems and what one learns today maybe
outdated tomorrow.
Whilst many voluntary sector organisations, alongside some Government departments
and some companies, fund courses for older people to learn how to use the internet
or other new technologies. The funding is often short term and lacks sustainability.
There is also a postcode lottery of provision with many areas offering little in the
way of learning opportunities to help older people engage with new technology.

There are certain things I dont know how to do on my laptop, which is

quite new to me. Im having fun doing it but it would be quite nice if there
was somebody I could talk to about it. They used to do it for older people.
They used to come out and they used a lounge in our sheltered housing
complex in the village. Theyve stopped doing it apparently because
theyve run out of money.
Ive taken a couple of courses with the council, courses on computers
and things like that which are very goodIve got a grandson, seven years,
and hes taking computer lessons. He sends me emails. Thats my hobby,
the Internet7.

5
Central Statistics Office, Ireland. 2006
6
National statistics online, July 2003, Internet Access
7
Forthcoming research to be published by Help the Aged on Future Communities.

12
The process of purchasing a computer can be confusing and there is little or no
independent advice available for older people. Whilst many people can buy a computer
on credit (often interest free), older people often do not have access to such credit
either because they have no credit history, or because companies will not provide credit
to people over 70 or 75.

c) Cost:
Cost can be a barrier to access to digital technology but the situation is likely to vary by
country and the cost of ICT and internet access has fallen in recent years. In the UK for
example, National Statistics reveal that between Oct 2000 and July 2003, an average of
just 9% of people blame the cost as a reason for not using the internet. In fact, research
by Claritas UK revealed that half of those aged 60-64 actually own a computer as do
44% of those aged 65-698.

d) Usability and Accessibility:

Medial literacy cannot be seen in isolation from the issues of usability and accessibility.
With more useable and accessible products, the challenge of media literacy would
almost certainly be a smaller challenge.

The Typewriter was invented in 1829 by William Burt and its layout
has barely changed, despite the fact that it is ergonomically inappropriate
for modern technology.

Although you can now buy better-designed computers, keyboards and other hardware, it
is certainly the case that some people struggle to use mainstream equipment.
Despite positive efforts over recent years, the design and layout of most websites remain
inaccessible to some older people. Recent research by the Disability Rights Commission
and City University has revealed that less than one in five websites (of a sample of 1000)
conformed with even the lowest priority checkpoints for accessibility. A the same time,
research for the UK Cabinet Office as part of their e-accessibility project, has highlighted that
only 3% of European public websites meet the WC3 web content accessibility guidelines.
70% completely fail; 17% partially fail and only 10% limited pass. This is despite the fact
that inaccessible websites potentially breach the UK Disability Discrimination Act.
Sadly for most consumers there isnt much choice in terms of accessibility and usability.
Older peoples experience of going into high street stores and attempting to find the most
useable and accessible equipment is often met with resounding silence. At the same time
the market is delivering products which are competing on price and not on usability and
accessibility.

Quoted in the Guardian, 13th December 2003. Why over-60s are happy to become mouse bound Jobs and Money section, p14.
8

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V - International commitments
Madrid International Action Plan
on Ageing 2002
The Political Declaration made in Madrid at the Second World Assembly on Ageing in
2002 under the auspices of the United Nations committed 160 countries worldwide
(including the 27 European Union member states) to promote a society for all ages. To
achieve these political commitments governments adopted the Madrid International
Plan of Action of Ageing, which involves the consideration of ageing into social and
economic development where the role of technology is key. Some extracts of these
commitments showing the role of technology in older peoples lives are exhibited and
highlighted below.

Political Declaration
Madrid, 8-12 April 2002 United Nations

Article 6
The modern world has unprecedented wealth and technological capacity and has
presented extraordinary opportunities: to empower men and women to reach
old age in better health and with more fully realized well-being; to seek the full
inclusion and participation of older persons in societies; to enable older persons to
contribute more effectively to their communities and to the development of
their societies; and to steadily improve care and support for older persons as they
need it.

We recognize that concerted action is required to transform the opportunities and the
quality of life of men and women as they age and to ensure the sustainability of their
support systems, thus building the foundation for a society for all ages. When ageing is
embraced as an achievement, the reliance on human skills, experiences and resources
of the higher age groups is naturally recognized as an asset in the growth of mature, fully
integrated, humane societies.

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Madrid International Plan of Action
of Ageing

Madrid, 8-12 April 2002 United Nations

II. Recommendations for action

A. Priority direction I:
Older persons and development
() lack of access to technology that promotes independence and other socio-
economic changes can marginalize older persons from the mainstream of
development, taking away their purposeful economic and social roles and weakening
their traditional sources of support.
28. Objective
 1: Employment opportunities for all older persons who want to work.
c) T
 ake action to increase participation in the labour market of the working age
population and to reduce the risk of exclusion or dependency in later life.
This action is to be promoted through the implementation of policies such as:
increasing older womens participation; sustainable work-related health-care
services with emphasis on prevention, promotion of occupational health and
safety so as to maintain work ability; access to technology, life-long learning,
continuing education, on-the-job training, vocational rehabilitation and flexible
retirement arrangements; and efforts to reintegrate the unemployed and persons
with disabilities into the labour market;
38. Older persons facing technological change without education or training can
experience alienation. Increased access to education at a younger age will benefit
persons as they grow older, including in coping with technological change. Despite
such access, however, illiteracy continues to remain high in many areas of the world.
Technology can be used to bring persons together and thereby contribute to
the reduction of marginalization, loneliness and segregation between the ages.
Measures that enable older persons to have access to, take part in and adjust to
technological changes should therefore be taken.
40. Objective 1: Equality of opportunity throughout life with respect to continuing
education, training and retraining as well as vocational guidance and placement
services
(f) E
 ncourage the design of computer technology and print and audio materials
that take into account the changes in the physical abilities and the visual
capacity of older persons;

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 B. Priority
 direction II:
Advancing health and well-being into old age
61. T
 he growing need for care and treatment of an ageing population requires
adequate policies. The absence of such policies can cause major cost increases.
Policies that promote lifelong health, including health promotion and disease
prevention, assistive technology, rehabilitative care, when indicated, mental
health services, promotion of healthy lifestyles and supportive environments, can
reduce disability levels associated with old age and effect budgetary savings.
Issue 2: Universal and equal access to health-care services
70. P
 rimary health care is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound
and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible
to individuals and families in the community through their full participation,
and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at
every stage of their development, in the spirit of self-reliance and self-
determination. Older persons can experience financial, physical, psychological
and legal barriers to health-care services. They may also encounter age
discrimination and age-related disability discrimination in the provision of services
because their treatment may be perceived to have less value than the treatment of
younger persons.
74. O
 bjective 1: Elimination of social and economic inequalities based on age,
gender or any other ground, including linguistic barriers, to ensure that older
persons have universal and equal access to health care.
 tilize technology such as telemedicine, where available, and distance learning to
(g) U
reduce geographical and logistical limitations in access to health care in rural areas.
99. Objective
 2: Improvement in housing and environmental design to promote
independent living by taking into account the needs of older persons in
particular those with disabilities.
 romote employment of technology and rehabilitation services designed to
(b) P
support independent living.

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 Riga Declaration 2006
On 11 June 2006, Meeting in Riga on the occasion of the Ministerial Conference ICT
for an inclusive society of the Austrian Presidency of the European Council and of the
European Commission and hosted by the government of Latvia, Ministers of European
Union (EU) Member States, responsible for eInclusion policy, agreed on a number of
actions named Riga Declaration9 to bridge the technological divide of groups often
neglected, such as older people. They acknowledged that in 2005 only 10% of people
over 65 used Internet. Several actions were mentioned as a way to achieve the agreed
political objectives namely:

Reducing Internet usage disparities

Increasing broadband coverage - there is still a challenge in rural areas
(reach 90% of the EU population by 2010)
Enhancing Accessibility of public web-sites
Increasing Digital literacy low education, economically inactive as well
as older population

Riga Declaration 2006 established specific targets

in relation to ICT and Ageing
Halving the gap in average internet use between older people and the EU
population
Removing barriers to the internal market of ICT services and products for
older people
Supporting active ageing at work, through greater training for ICT skills,
Supporting active participation of older people in society
Supporting independent living and quality of life of older people

Despite of these international political declarations older people continue, as

demonstrated in the previous sections, far from being actively involved and fully benefiting
of the advantages of information society. Of course, personal choice of involvement
(right to opt in) in information society is a key issue but one can conclude that the
numerous barriers that older people face act as a blockage discouraging them to access
adequate technology services and products and ultimately marginalising them from the
Information Society. It is worth noting a report by Dr Albert Jordan (Information Society
Policy Unit , Dept of the Taoiseach Oct 2007) called Seniors and Surfing Why Not?
which notes that 9 out of 10 seniors in Ireland are NOT internet users, or have lapsed
not using it for over a year. While cost and technical aspects were considerations, the
key challenges identified were relevance awareness to create the motivation to engage
and availability of appropriate help and training in the right form and at the right pace.
This situation can be easily be applied not only in Ireland but in the rest of the European
Union and certainly expressed by AGE members.

http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/events/ict_riga_2006/doc/declaration_riga.pdf
9

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VI - Recommendations at National and EU level

AGE the European Older Peoples Platform

believes that:
A comprehensive EU legislation on eAccessibility and usability of
communications technology is urgently needed to ensure that older people
have equal access and are not forgotten from the information society
The European Union must closely monitor the progress of Member states
and industry in terms of their commitment to the Riga obligations and
ensure that member states exchange best practice examples
Member states must take measures to increase the levels of media literacy
across the EU ensuring that it develops sustainable actions at local and
regional level.
Further community-wide studies should validate and test statistical models
examining if the neighbourhood of the residence has an independent and
additional effect on social exclusion. If this is the case the community
could support policy initiatives targeted at the most disadvantaged
communities. The EU should ensure that technology can be used as a
enabling tool to tackle social exclusion and poverty among older people
Informal networks of friends and acquaintances have a strong impact
on the uptake of ICTs. Every computer literate older individual in
disadvantaged areas constitutes an invaluable resource to the local
community. The EU should examine how it can directly impact on these
train the trainer initiatives that could both accelerate literacy propagation,
and strengthen direct links between the EU and individual citizens.
Better statistics are needed on the levels of media literacy across Europe.
The European Union must also ensure the development of accurate
statistics in accordance with the current demographic change.
Government Ministers must break down the silo structures of Government
and look now at the potential, as using digital switchover to deliver new,
better, more accessible information services to older people
While physical access is a pre-requisite, European initiatives should
promote interventions to reduce differentials in the way computers are
used (proficiency and confidence).
The EU should invest in a major (and non ageist) public campaigns to
highlight the benefits of getting online
The EU should issue a major campaign to highlight the business benefits
of accessibility for all. Initiatives should be multi-channel and multi-media
and strongly embrace mobile access via PDAs and mobile phone

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 About AGE
AGE the European Older Peoples Platform is a European network of organisations
of older people aged 50 plus and brings together 145 organisations from across the
European Union. AGE represents over 22 million people in Europe through its Member
organisations and seeks to voice and promote the interests of 157 million inhabitants
aged over 50 years and to raise awareness of the issues that concern them the most.

AGE - the European Older Peoples Platform This brochure is funded by the European Community
Rue Froissart 11 - B-1040 Bruxelles Programme for Employment and Social solidarity (PROGRESS)
Tel+32 2 280 14 70 Fax +32 280 15 22
This brochure reflects its authors views.
[email protected] The European Commission is not liable for the information
contained therein.

www.age-platform.org

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